Presenter: Marty Mlynczak

CLARREO Science Meeting July 2010 MGM: 5a- 1

Presenter: Marty Mlynczak

Infrared Instrument Overview- CLARREO Infrared Team

CLARREO IR Science Lead


• IR Requirements, Concept, Calibration Drivers, etc.

• Review Instrument Re-Scope Study

• Current Radiometric Modeling– Measured Pyroelectric Detector Performance– Updated Noise Performance – Updated Systematic Uncertainty Assessment

• NIST Activities– Investments in FY2011

• Overview of Phase-A Planning

• Status, Concerns, Summary

Outline


• Infrared Baseline Science Measurement: CLARREO shall obtain infrared radiance spectra of the Earth and its atmosphere using nadir views from orbiting satellites. The benchmark and reference intercalibration measurements require:

• a Broad spectral coverage of the earth emitted spectrum, including the Far-Infrared, that captures climate trend information about atmospheric structure, composition, clouds, and surface properties;

• b Spectral resolution chosen for greenhouse gas species separation and for vertical structure information;

• c Radiance measurement systematic error that corresponds to < 0.1 K brightness temperature radiometric calibration uncertainty (3-s confidence, excluding random noise) for the range of expected earth scene temperatures and wavelengths relevant to climate;

• d Spatial and temporal sampling sufficient to provide global coverage and reduce sampling errors to levels that degrade the measured climate trend accuracy by less than 15%, and that degrade the time to detect climate trends less than 10%. The degradation of trend accuracy is relative to the limits of accuracy caused by climate natural variability.

Level 1 IR Requirements


• Spectral Range: 200 to 2000 cm-1 (2760 cm-1 goal)– Rationale:

Spectral Range for Climate Benchmark and Fingerprinting Spectral Range for Reference Intercalibration of Longwave Broadband

Sensors (CERES; GERB; Megha-Tropiques)

• Spectral Resolution: 0.5 cm-1 unapodized– Rationale:

Ability to resolve effects of temperature and water vapor as functions of altitude

• Systematic Uncertainty: 0.100 Kelvin (3s, i.e. coverage factor, k=3)– Rationale:

0.1 K is half of the expected trend in global temperature change per decade

• IFOV: No less than 25 km– Rationale: Enables climate record, reference intercalibration

• Ground sampling: One calibrated spectrum every 200 km or less– Rationale: Nyquist samples the autocorrelation length of the radiation field

• Nadir Viewing within +/- 0.2 deg– Rationale: Keeps temporal bias between satellites < few milli-Kelvin

Level 2 requirements defined

Level 2 IR Instrument Requirements

CL.SYS.1.REQ.1001


Space View (Off-Zenith)

Heated Baffles

Int. SphereVerification

Phase-Change

Blackbody

QCL Scene Select

Space View (Zenith)

Earth View (Nadir)

Calibra

tion

Phase

-

Chang

e

Blackb

ody

Mid-IR Detector

Electronics

Far-IR Detector

Electronics

Mid-IR Cryocooler

Mid-IR Aft Optics

Mid-IR Detector

Far-IR Aft Optics

Far-IR Detector

Fore Optics

Reference Blackbody

Scan Mechanism

FTS

Calibration/CollectionElectro-Optical

Verification

IR Concept Consists of Electro-Optical and Calibration-Verification Modules

Unique verification system quantifies calibration uncertainties


Driving error terms defined

Major Terms Driving Calibration

Hot Calibration Blackbody Radiance

Cold Calibration Blackbody Radiance

FTS Error TermsSignal Gain Term

•Measurement equation converts sensor output signals into calibrated scene radiance

ThermometrySpace View UsedOn-Orbit – Not a Significant Contributor

Uncertainty inLinearity Correction

FTS Instrument Temperature Changes

Between Calibrations

Error Drivers

TargetRadiance


Methodology for Measuring Spectral Radiance

Measure spectral radiance with quantified uncertainties

Emissivity

Temperature

SI Traceable Fixed Points Provide Known Temperature with Known Uncertainty

Compare to NIST BBs

Enabling SI Traceable measurements of absolute spectral radiance, spectral emissivity and temperature of Blackbody sources

NIST Approaches for Emissivity Determination

Paint and Cavity Reflectivity Measurements

Monte Carlo Modeling

NIST Approach for Temp Sensor Calibration

Planck Equation

NIST’s Advanced Infrared Radiometry and Imaging (AIRI) Facility -IR Spectral Radiance and Radiance Temperature at Ambient Conditions


Maintaining Accuracy On-Orbit

On-orbit, SI traceable measurements of temperature and emissivity

• High accuracy determination of the time-dependent bias is critical to creating trusted, enduring climate records.

• Traditional Approach:Space-based measurements of emitted thermal radiances are determined using blackbodies that have been well-characterized on the ground. The dominant sources of uncertainties include those in the BB cavity temperature and emissivity.

• Challenge: On-orbit sensors generally change/degrade over time. -- Temperature sensors and electronics drift-- BB surface coatings are known to change after extended exposure to

LEO environment (e.g., atomic oxygen, outgassing)

• Solution: SI traceable measurements that quantify the BB T and e on-orbit


On-Orbit Verification

SI Traceability: Unbroken chain of comparisons with stated uncertainties

Emissivity Temperature3 Phase Change CellsProvide SI Traceable Fixed Points (-40oC, 0oC, 30oC)

Cavity Emissivity Measurement

SI (Kelvin)-Based IR Radiance Scale Realization

Quantum Cascade

Laser (QCL)

Heated Baffle

Phase Change Cells

Melt Material

Planck Equation


Verification System Overview


• Three initial and independent studies of FTS instruments show that the CLARREO accuracy requirements can be met

– University of Wisconsin/Harvard University analysis indicates CLARREO accuracy requirement (total combined uncertainty) will be met over full spectrum

– Analysis by Space Dynamics Lab (SDL) indicates requirement will be met at wavelengths > ~ 5.5 mm (280K scene)

Calibration Equation used to quantify > 40 contributors to total uncertainty

» Major contributors identified and tolerances assigned» Risk factors identified and mitigation plan prepared

– Current analysis at Langley for CLARREO design also indicates requirement can be met

Can L1 Accuracy Requirement be Met?


IR Instrument Meets Level 1 Requirements

Meet level 1 & level 2 requirements

Combined Type BUncertainty

54 mK

Calibration Blackbody Radiance

31 mK

Space ViewRadiance

< 1 mK

Gain Nonlinearity

29 mK

FTS Uncertainty

Terms33 mK

Estimated k=3 uncertainties at 1000 cm-1 for scene temperature of 250K, with calibration BB

at 270K

IR Level 1 Requirement

100 mK, 3s (k=3)

Annual Type A

Uncertainty< 1 mK

Total Combined

Uncertainty 54 mK

SI Traceability: Unbroken chain of comparisons with stated uncertainties


• CLARREO, with its climate focus, looks to generate accurate radiances on annual to semi-annual time scales, on global average– Random uncertainty is present as noise on the measured radiance– Random uncertainty is reduced by averaging

More than 2 x 106 spectra per year reduce random uncertainty by ~ 1440

• IR FTS noise is dependent on detector type (Pyroelectric vs. Solid State)

• Prior analyses indicated single spectrum noise: 0.05 K < NeDT < 10 K

– Annual average uncertainty due to random noise: 0.034 mK to 7 mK

• Random noise substantially impacts time to calibrate on ground and in-orbit

• Examined current off-the-shelf pyroelectric devices to verify performance

Random Measurement Uncertainty

Random uncertainty is not a science concern

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Acquired 15 pyroelectric detectors from SELEX and their Specifications:

• IR waveband range: 15 to 50-micrometer for CLARREO Far-IR• Material: DLATGS (Deuterated L-alanine doped Triglycine Sulfate)• Operating temperature: ~300K• Element active area: 3 mm• Window: CsI• Frequency range of operation: 10 Hz to 1 KHz

Type Number: P5504 (5)• Detectivity: 4.5x108 cm-Hz1/2/W @ 100 Hz, 2.5x108 cm-Hz1/2/W @ 1KHz

Type Number: P5546 (5)• Detectivity: 6x108 cm-Hz1/2/W @ 100 Hz, 3.2x108 cm-Hz1/2/W @1KHz

Type Number: P5550 (5) • Detectivity: 1.8x109 cm-Hz1/2/W @10 Hz

SELEX Pyroelectric Detector Characterization

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Detector Temperature: 20oCDetector/Monochromator with N2 Purge

Vendor Specifications (Spec.): Frequency: 10 HzD*: 25.0×108 Jones

Note: This is beginning of life performance. We are looking into flight performance of similar pyroelectrics to estimate end of life performance

SELEX P5550-03 DLATGS Pyroelectric Detector

100

101

102

103

104

107

108

109

1010

Frequency [Hz]

D*

[Jon

es]

1.94471X108

16.1996X108

4.64423X108

CalculatedSpec.

Detectivity variation with Chopper Frequency

SELEX Pyroelectric D* Calculations

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Selected Four SELEX Pyroelectric Detectors

SELEX Pyroelectric D* Summary

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NEdT Comparison of SELEX DLATGS and Old Pyroelectric

(200 cm-1 to 700 cm-1 with 25 cm-1 interval, Scene Temperature: 250K)

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 7000

2

4

6

8

10

12

Wavenumber (cm-1)

NEdT

(K)

NEdT comparison results of SELEX DLATGS and Old Pyroelectric Detector

P5546-04P5550-03Old Pyroelectric detectorSELEX Detectors:

D* (P5546-04): 1.296×109 Jones @100Hz 5.82×108 Jones @1000HzD* (P5550-03):1.62×109 Jones @100Hz 4.64×108 Jones @1000Hz

Old Pyroelectric Detector:D*:2.5×108 Jones @100Hz 1.5×108 Jones @1000Hz

NeDT Comparison, SELEX and Prior Pyro

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Detector NER Summary

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Detector NeDT Summary

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Total Radiance Uncertainty by Detector and Scene

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Total Error (TB) by Detector and Scene

Third Independent Study Supports CLARREO IR can meet Accuracy Reqm’t.


Radiometric Modeling Status

• Testing at Langley and GSFC of SELEX pyroelectrics will continue

• Devices tested at Langley show much improved far-IR noise performance than previously calculated with data from SELEX catalog

– Maximum NeDT is ~ 2 K vs. ~ 15 K at 200 cm-1 previous

• Three separate modeling efforts (UW; SDL; LaRC) all indicate CLARREO systematic error requirement (0.1 K, k = 3) can be achieved

• Integrated Product Team (selection coming soon) will continue to refine and update radiometric model to further guide instrument development


Instrument Mass, Power, Thermal


IR Instrument Suite

Instrument suite is of moderate size and complexity

QCL Radiator

Metrology Laser Radiator

IR Bench Radiator

Cryo-Cooler Radiator

Blackbody Radiator

IR Scene Select Assembly

IR FTS Scan Mechanism

Cryo-Cooler

Mid IR Detector Optical Assembly

IR Instrument Mount

Far IR DetectorOptical Assembly

IR Instrument Mount

Verification Assembly


IR suite is moderate class

Infrared Instrument Comparison

Class Instrument Mass (kg)

Pwr (W)

Vol (m3)

SpectralBand

Spectral Rsltn (cm-1)

Absolute Accuracy

(K)

IFOV (km);

Swath Width (km)

Detector Format

Explorer

IRIS 22 5-25 mm 4.3 0.4-1.7 ~110 km Single element

CIRS 39 33 0.35 7-1000 mm 0.5 - 20 1.9-6.2 N/A Detector

array

ACE 41 37 0.17 2.3-13.3 mm 0.02-1.0 Solar occult Single

element

CLARREO IR Suite* 76 124 0.277 5 – 50 mm 0.5 0.1 K (k=3) 25

nadir onlyThree single-

element

Sounders

CrIS 165 123 0.60 4 – 15 mm 0.62-2.5 0.3 K 14 +/- 1000

9 element array

AIRS (Grating) 177 220 1.75 4 – 15 mm 0.5-2.5 0.3 K 13.5 +/- 900

2378 element array

IASI 236 210 1.71 4 – 15 mm 0.25 0.5 K 12 +/- 1000

Single element

* Values reflect results of “DAC-5” activity to become compatible with Falcon 1-e

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• Vital Stats as of 5/2010– Mass: 85 kg– Power: 152 W

• Falcon 1-e accommodation requires – Mass target: 80 kg– Power target: 140 W

• Held IDC session to evaluate alternate instrument configuration– Identify driving requirements and evaluate impact (e.g., risk,

science) and benefit (e.g., mass, power, cost reduction) of relaxing the requirement

Task: Develop IR Compatible with Falcon 1-e

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• Modified or no fore-optics• Smaller blackbodies (emissivity vs. size)• No dedicated instrument controller (i.e., use s/c processor)• Reduce spectral range• Reduce mid-IR detectors from 2 to 1• Reduce measurement requirements (e.g., resolution, accuracy, etc.)• Methods for reducing and handling non-linearity• Reduce temperature stability/control requirements• Operation of verification system when excess power is available• Use of composite materials• Data rate reduction with compression

IDC Potential Trades

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• Use more “evolved” instrument design• Breadboard-like design, with smaller volume and surface area• Reduced cooling requirements and power• Update mass in cooling system hardware

• Mass change: - 3.7 kg

• Heater Power change: - 1.1 W

• Volume: 0.277 m3 (Prior 0.49 m3)

Instrument Geometry Trade

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CLARREO IR Instrument Assembly, 05/01/2010

0.560 m 0.76 m

0.65 m

Nadir

Zenith

Volume0.277 m³

LaRC Optic Design, Four Port FTS, Pupil Image and Winston Cone Combined SystemBreadboard Version IR Instrument Configuration

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• Knowledge of system response non-linearity in observed scene temperatures on orbit required

• More than 98% of earth scenes are between -70C and +50C

• Have cold calibration via space view below -70C

• Reduce cooling requirement (DAC4: -80C) to -70C

• Little impact (-1W) in reducing high (+50C) temperature; retain this for complete non-linearity verification

• Heater Power change: - 8W

Verification Blackbody Temperature

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• Analysis: Mid-IR MCT detectors with similar spectral ranges and sensitivities– BAE (AIRS-LITE) operates at 60K– Teledyne (CrIS) operates at 80K

• Change to higher temperature (80K) Teledyne HgCdTe over prior baselined BAE AIRS-LITE 60K cryocooler temperature

• No change in science performance

• Cryocooler power change: - 11.1W

Mid-IR Cryocooler Temperature

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• Details now available concerning components sketched out in prior design cycles

• Determined specific component and board masses and powers

• Assumed cabling is 7% of final instrument mass

• Separate survival board electronics removed – Function to be provided by s/c

• Mass Change: - 4.1 kg• Power Change: - 7.7W

Refined Electronics Hardware Definitions

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• Reviewed MEL in detail to identify areas in need of additional refinement

– FTS Assembly and Scanner: - 2.95 kg

– Scene Select Components: + 0.6 kg

– Thermal Control (Heat Pipes): + 1.5 kg

MEL Scrub

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• Implemented the following changes– Instrument form factor changed– Raised minimum verification blackbody temperature to -70C– Changed mid-IR detector (increased operating temperature)– Refined MEL definition

• Results– Mass Change: - 8.6 kg (- 5 kg target)– Power Change: - 27.9 W

DC-DC converter power reductions with this change: - 6.4 W– Total Power Change: - 34.3 W (- 18 W target)

• Current IR Instrument: 76 kg, 124 W

Current IR Instrument fits well within envelope for Falcon 1-e

“Falcon 1-e” Summary

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• NASA has funded, via Instrument Incubator, Advanced Component Technology, and Advanced Technology Initiatives several projects since 2001

• These have addressed fundamental needs for CLARREO IR instrument– FTS Technology– Verification system– Calibration– Component hardware– Detector technology

Technology Development Status

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NASA Technology Investments in CLARREO IR

• IIP 2001: FIRST– FTS; Focal planes; Beamsplitters; Far-IR science

• IIP 2004: INFLAME– FTS; Calibration;

• IIP 2007: CORSAIR – Beamsplitters, Blackbodies, Detectors

• IIP 2007: AASI– Blackbodies; Phase Change Cells; QCL; Verification system

• ACT 2008: FIREBIB – Far-IR detectors and Calibration

• ATI 2008: Melt Cell– Testing of Wisconsin and Utah State/SDL melt cells on the ISS– First launch in January 2011


• LaRC has developed technology for CLARREO for nearly one decade– FIRST and INFLAME FTS instruments developed and flown– CORSAIR, FIREBIB, Melt Cell projects in progress

Detectors, beamsplitters, blackbodies in development

• UW/Harvard developing CLARREO Technology– Verification system elements in development

Key CLARREO technologies in development to TRL 6

Technology Development Heritage

Melt Material

BlackbodiesEmissivity Monitoring

Phase ChangeCells

QCL


September 5 2009 – PWV = 0.75 mm

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19



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IIPs and Breadboard Provide Early Risk Reduction

Technology Development Plan Leverages Hardware Matured Through Breadboard and IIP Programs

AASI

Phase-ChangeBlackbodies Emissivity

MeasurementFlight

Qualification

LaRC Breadboard

DetectorPackaging

4-port FTS

FIRST INFLAME

Far-IR Measurements

4-port FTS

Cryocooler Electronics

Vendor

Mid-IR Detector

Electronics

Far-IR Detector

Electronics

Mid-IR Cryocooler

Phase-Change

Blackbody Assembly #1

Phase-Change

Blackbody #2

Scene Select

Assembly

Mid-IR Aft Optics

Assembly

Mid-IR Detector Assembly

Far-IR Aft Optics

Assembly

Far-IR Detector Assembly

Fore Optics Assembly

Reference Blackbody

Scan Mechanism Assembly

FTS

Space View (Zenith) Space View

(Off-Zenith)

Earth View (Nadir)

QCL Integrating Sphere

Heated Baffle

TRL 4/5

TRL 6

CORSAIR

BeamsplitterCoatings

CORSAIR(NIST Support)

SI Traceable Far-IR BB


Technology Assessment

Item TRL Status

Calibration and Verification Module4

Developed as part of the University of Wisconsin (UW) & Harvard (HU) and Space Dynamics Laboratory IIPs.

Verification and Calibration Blackbody4

Developed as part of the UW & HU IIP. Phase change cells, thermometry, and emissivity monitor are the pacing items.

Scene Select Assembly6

Standard technology; design will be configured and tested for CLARREO.

Integrating Sphere6


Structure6


Reflects Current TRL AssessmentExpect TRL-6 at Completion of IIP


Technology AssessmentItem TRL Status

Electro-Optical Module4

Pacing items are the Quantum Cascade Laser and beam-splitter.

FTS Assembly4

Coating spots on beam-splitter for reference laser -unknown TRL

Mid-IR Assembly5

The detector assembly is comprised of two single-element detectors, MCT and InSb, sharing a pupil image.

Far-IR Assembly6

Far-IR: baseline of a pyroelectric detector system is a configuration of high TRL parts not yet selected and tested for CLARREO. Selex pyros have flown on TES and Mini-TES

Optical Bench6

Standard Al honeycomb technology.

Quantum Cascade Laser4

Laboratory QCLs are available from several vendors and low power QCLs have been flight qualified on SAM.

Fore-Optics6

Standard optical components.

Structure6

Not a new technology, have flown before. Design will be tailored for CLARREO; standard practice.

Radiator6

Not a new technology, have flown before. Design will be tailored for CLARREO; standard practice.

Electronics Module6

Electronics 6

Mostly standard electronics design with high TRL components

Reflects Current TRL AssessmentExpect TRL-6 at Completion of IIP

NIST-CLARREO (IR-Instrument) Partnership- Activities Funded in Next Few Months -

1. QCL Laser (23 mm) will be purchased this summer. The laser will be used to measure the BRDF of various candidate surface treatments. It will also be used for Reflectometry measurements in CHILR to measure reflections (emissivity) of actual assembled blackbodies

2. STEEP-3 Emissivity Modeling Software will be upgraded to incorporate BRDF for better blackbody modeling and design prior to construction.

BRDF Integrating Sphere

CLARREO Calibration Facility Requirements- Activities Under Consideration for Phase A -

CHILR Investments: Complete Hemispherical IR Laser Reflectometer will provide necessary data to the blackbody designers in order to develop high-fidelity models of emitting surfaces at wavelengths beyond ~15 mm. Currently, there are no facilities that can acquire this data. These data will be fed back into the STEEP-3 upgrade as actual working parameters.

CBS3 Investments: The Controlled Background Spectroradiometry and Spectrophotometer System will serve as NIST’s premier calibration facility for high accuracy (15 mK at 10 mm / 300 K k = 2) investigations of blackbodies and detectors in the near to far IR (Range of operation: 1 mm to 100 mm, 190K to 350 K) This will provide absolute radiometric calibrations of the CLARREO flight blackbodies with high accuracy and confidence

CHILR CBS 3

CavityIntegrating sphere

Detector

Sphere rotation& X -Y stage

23 µ m 10.6 µ m

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Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory(CLARREO)

IR Instrument Phase A Trades

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• T1: Operating Temperature and Control

• T2: Optical Alignment Sensitivity

• T3: Detector Frequency Response

• T4: Temperature Measurement Electronics

• T5: Linearity

• Potential Trades discussed on following charts

List of Potential Phase-A Trades

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• Operating temperature, thermal control, and thermal knowledge

– Examines the trade between accurately measuring changes in temperature, reducing sensitivity to temperature changes by reducing the operating temperature, and the difficulty in controlling temperature at different operating temperatures.

– Includes scene select mirror and baffles, fore optics and baffles, temperature difference between beamsplitter and compensator, and internal reference blackbody source.

T1: Operating Temperature and Control

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• Optical alignment Sensitivity

– Examine the ability of the optical path (including input and output optical axes, the beamsplitter and corner cube mounts, and FTS scan mechanism) to maintain shear alignment over the 15s calibration cycle.

– Derive tolerance for changes in temperature gradients in the optical bench over the calibration period.

T2: Optical Alignment

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– Examine the trade between leveling the frequency response of the pyroelectric detector (by boosting gain for high frequency?), maintaining well-behaved group delay in the signal chain, and maintaining velocity reproducibility in the FTS scan mechanism.

– Right now the fact that the pyroelectric response decreases so rapidly with frequency means that slight changes in FTS scan velocity give significant changes in responsivity and decrease calibration accuracy.

T3: Detector Frequency Response

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• Electronics trade to evaluate best sensors for measuring absolute temperature (used primarily for calibration and verification sources) vs. best sensors for measuring small relative changes in temperature where you don't really care so much about the absolute temperature.

• Suspect that this means using a very linear temperature sensor; otherwise you need to know the temperature to get the temperature difference. There are places like the reference source where we need to measure changes in temperature over 15s to significantly better than 10 mK, but don't really need to know the absolute temperature.

T4: Temperature Measurement Electronics

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• Electronics linearity knowledge and stability.

– Sensitivity analysis to see if detector signal processing chain, detector through preamp and ADC to bits, can be linearized to better than 3e-5 (1> sigma) and if the electronics gain can be kept stable over 15s to better than 0.01%.

T5: Linearity


• Thermometry – – Challenging radiometric accuracy requirements (0.1 K, k = 3) result in

stringent accuracy of temperature measurements in the entire IR system– Addressing requirements through instrument modeling,– Temperature metrology labs (e.g., Langley, UW, SDL) are characterizing

thermistor and PRT performance

• Radiometry – sources for calibration across the spectrum– Verifying accuracy of radiometric sources continue to be an issue– Continuing to work with NIST – Mlynczak to visit PTB/Berlin (NIST for Germany) July 19– Will view their far-IR and Thz synchrotron sources for possible

applicability to CLARREO

Issues and Concerns


• IR Instrument Suite Concept meets the science objectives and is feasible– Instrument– Calibration (preflight and on orbit)

• Instrument design concept is viable– Uncertainty budget is defined and continually being updated– Key trade studies have been completed; Others defined for Phase A

• Plans to mature technologies are in place– IIPs– Breadboard under development

• Engaged fully with NIST

• Fully experienced team is (pending IPT and SDT selection) in place and ready to begin Phase A

Ready to proceed into Phase A

IR Summary & Status


• Backup Material


Verification System Overview

Check systematic errors on-orbit

Calibrated Earth spectra L(ν) and total systematic uncertainty are derived from observed spectra SE using calibration equation, Ambient BB (LHBB; SH) and Deep Space (LCBB; SC)

Total Systematic Uncertainty estimate validated with Verification System:

Verification Blackbody Integrating sphere with

monochromatic (QCL) source Verification blackbody checked with:

Phase change cells to recalibrate temperature sensors

Emissivity monitor and QCL to check cavity emissivity

Off-zenith view to check for polarization effects

Vary temperature of verification BB to check nonlinearity

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Grating Monochromater from Optronics Lab

• Spectral Range: 250 nm to 30-mm• Calibrated Detectors: InGaAs (1- to 2.6-mm), PbS (1- to 3.2-mm), and Pyroelectric Detector (1- to 30-mm)

Fourier Transform Spectrometer

Nicolet 6700 FT-IR Spectrometer from Thermo Fisher Scientific

• Spectral Range: UV – Far IR (0.25- to 200-mm, or 40,000 to 50 cm-1)• Beam Splitters: CaF2, KBr, and Polyethylene (Solid Substrate) • Detectors: DTGS (CaF2 and KBr) and DTGS (Polyethylene-Solid Substrate)• Sample Compartment: Internal Beam-splitter and Filter Characterization• TOM (Tabletop Optical Module) Box: External Detector Charaterization

Detector Characterization at Langley

Presenter: Marty Mlynczak

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