Presented by: Noura Mansouri PhD Student Materials Department
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Carbon Management for Sustainable Development:
An Examination of Potential Technological Transition Paths of the Saudi Arabian System of Innovation to a Cleaner
Energy Economy
Presented by: Noura Mansouri
PhD StudentMaterials DepartmentUnit for Strategic Studies in NanotechnologyTechnology Exploitation and Management GroupQueen Mary, University of LondonUnited Kingdom
Globelics 4th PhD School at Lisbon, May 2007
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Outline
1. Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development a. Carbon emissions since the industrial erab. The greenhouse effect and global warminge. Sustainable development
2. Technology: Carbon Capture and Sequestrationa. CO2 captureb. CO2 transportc. CO2 sequestrationd. CCS system
3. Theories: Innovation and Transitiona. Systems of Innovationb. Transition
4. Methodology: Saudi Arabia as a Case Studya. Research methodsb. Illustrative Saudi National Systems of Innovationc. Carbon management in transition paths
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Research Questions
• What might be the role of carbon management technologies in facilitating a transition in Saudi Arabia’s energy economy towards sustainability?
• What might be the transition paths in implementing carbon management technologies onto Saudi Arabia’s energy sector and industries over time?
• How might Saudi Arabia’s energy policies spur innovation in carbon management technologies?
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Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development
Carbon Dioxide Emissions
• Historical recorded carbon dioxide emissions since the industrial era
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Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development
Greenhouse Gas Effect
• Greenhouse effect and global warming
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Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development
Climate Change
• Environmental Linkages
Ozone Depletion
Desertification Water Forestry
Biodiversity Loss
Climate Change
Greater impact Less impact Equal impact
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• Definition
• “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” - Brutland Commission
• Live responsibly
• Balances the three keys of sustainable development: economy, environment and society.
Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development
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Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development
Keys of Sustainable Development
Mother Earth Sustainable
Development
Economic
Social Environmental
Ozone Depletion
Desertification
Biodiversity Loss
Forestry
Water
Inertia
Carbon Lock-in
Electricity Power
Generation
Transportation
CCS
Climate Change
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Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development
Economic Social
Environmental
Growth Efficiency Stability
Biodiversity Natural Resources
Pollution
Institutional
Empowerment Inclusion and Consultation
Governance
Dimensions of
Sustainable
Development Infrastructure Policies Regulations
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Technology: Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)CCS
• Definition:
• CCS is a process consisting of the separation of CO2 from industrial and energy-related sources, transport to a storage location and long-term isolation from the atmosphere.
• The technology of CCS constitutes of three stages: Carbon CaptureCarbon TransportCarbon Sequestration/Storage
• Capture of CO2 can be applied to large point sources. The CO2 would then be compressed and transported for storage in geological formations, in the ocean, in mineral carbonates , or for use in industrial processes.
IPCC, 2005
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Technology: Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)Carbon Sequestration - Geological
• Prospective areas in sedimentary basins where suitable saline formations, oil or gas fields, or coal beds may be found.
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Technology:Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)CCS System
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Technology:Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)CCS System
•The net reduction of emissions to the atmosphere through CCS depends on the fraction of CO2 captured, the increased CO2 production resulting from loss in overall efficiency of power plants or industrial processes due to the additional energy required for capture, transport and storage, any leakage from transport and the fraction of CO2 retained in storage over the long term.
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Technology:Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)CCS System Technology Status
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Technology: Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)CCS System Global Locations
Location of sites where activities relevant to CO2 storage are planned or under way.
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Technology: Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)Mineral Carbonation
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• National System of Innovation:
• Freeman, Lundvall, Nelson, Edquist, Metcalfe etc.
• Sectoral System of Innovation
• Franco Malerba
• Technological System of Innovation
• Thomas Hughes, Bo Carlsson
Theories: Innovation and TransitionsSystems of Innovation
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• Innovation System framework to be applied is an intersection:
Theories: Innovation and TransitionsSystems of Innovation
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Theories: Innovation and TransitionsTransition
• Technological Transition:
• Multi-level Perspective (Kemp and Geels, 2004)
• Socio-technical System (Geels, 2002, 2006)
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Theories: Innovation and TransitionsTransition
Source: Geels, 2002Source: Geels, 2002
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Methodology: Case StudyWhy Saudi Arabia?
•World’s largest oil reserves:
•Benefit from the global carbon lock-in
•Sustainable oil demands
•Tackle the environmental concern by pursuing “cleaner” energy
•Sustainable Development - should be the ultimate objective internationally
•Retain a strong position in the global energy markets
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Methodology: Research MethodsData Collection
• Primary Data:
• Governmental reports
• Existing literature and case studies
• Secondary Data:
• Saudi government authorities, companies, and academics
• Semi-structured in-depth interviews
• Email correspondence
• Phone interviews
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Time
Innovation
Trajectory Defined
Trajectory Disturbed
Radical Innovation
CCS
Diminishing Returns to Innovation
Incremental Innovations
Early Optimization
Hydrocarbons
Climate ChangePolicies
KSA
NSI
Markets
Science
PolicyTechnology
Culture
?Cleaner
Hydrocarbons
Fuel cellNuclear fusion
Solar PV
Oil DepletionOil Prices
Geopolitics
KSANSI
Energy Sectoral
SI
Technological
SI
Landscape DevelopmentsMacro level
Socio-technical RegimeMeso level
Technological NichesMicro level
Deg
ree
of
mat
uri
ty
and
d
eplo
ymen
t o
f p
ote
nti
al
Systematic application of innovation criteria
Wind
KEYCCS: Carbon Capture and Sequestration KSA: Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaNSI: National Systems of InnovationSI: Systems of Innovation PV: Photovoltaic
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Methodology: Theory ApplicationAn Illustrative Technological Transition of the Saudi Arabian’s NSI to a Cleaner Energy Economy
KSA NSI
Markets
Science
PolicyTechnology
CultureKSANSI
Energy Sectoral
SI
Technological SI
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Methodology: Theory ApplicationAn Illustrative Technological Transition of the Saudi Arabian’s NSI to a Cleaner Energy Economy
Time
Innovation
Trajectory Defined
Trajectory Disturbed
Radical Innovation
CCS
Diminishing Returns to Innovation
Incremental Innovations
Early Optimization
Hydrocarbons
Climate ChangePolicies
?Cleaner
Hydrocarbons
Fuel cellNuclear fusion
Solar PV
Oil DepletionOil Prices
Geopolitics
Landscape DevelopmentsMacro level
Socio-technical RegimeMeso level
Technological NichesMicro level
Wind
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• Actors and Linkages in the Saudi Arabian NSI (Source: Author, derived from OECD, 1999)
Industrial Pillars
Supporting Institutions
KACST SAGIA
Universities Private Sector
Saudi Aramco
Ma’aden SABIC
Global Innovation Network
National Innovation System
Clusters of Industries
Regional Innovation System
Macroeconomic and Regulatory Context
Communication Infrastructures
Factor Market Conditions
Product Market Conditions
Education and Training System
Saudi Arabia’s Performance Growth, Job Creation, Competitiveness
National Innovation Capacity
Knowledge Generation, Diffusion and Use
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Conclusion
1. Expected Theorertical Contributions
1. The merging of NSI + SSI + TSI in Transition Paths
2. Expected Practical Contributions
1. National System of Innovation in Saudi Arabia
2. CCS Technological System of Innovation
3. Saudi Energy Sectoral Innovation System
4. Transition Paths to Sustainability in Saudi Arabia
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Obrigada!
• Thanks for your attention..