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Gender AnalysisPresented by: Jagriti Shankar

Gender-KM OfficerAPMAS –Gender Sensitive Management Project

Asian Institute of Technology

Gender and Development – Practical approaches

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1. What and Why of Gender Analysis2. Gender Analysis Frameworks and Tools

Overview

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After this session you should be able to: recognise the importance of gender analysis for

project planning, implementation and evaluation use tools for gender analysis as part of

development interventions

Learning Objectives

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Gender is a social construction depending upon time and culture

Women’s and men’s division of labour and access and control over resources is different

There is a global gender inequality in favour of men

Men’s work = paid = considered more importantWomen’s work = unpaid= considered less important

Due to gender discrimination women do not get their fair share of opportunities and benefits

We learned so far..

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Can development initiatives fail because they do not consider gender ?

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Have a look at this development intervention (source: UNDP)

We have brought Food for everyone,

Go get from the tree.

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Do you think this is Equal Opportunity for all animals?

Does the same thing happens in development projects?

Who will be able to get the Food? What should be done instead?

Answer these Q. based on the Picture

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Assumptions during Project design and implementation:

Men are the head of household -> Project activities for economic benefits should focus men

Housework or child care is not much efforts -> Women can handle outside work with house work, women’s priorities go unnoticed

Women do care work -> Interventions related to family health should focus women

Development benefits will automatically reach women

Implicit Assumptions of Development Programs

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Gender analysis is a tool to better understand the different social, economic, cultural

and political realities of women and men, girls and boys.

At its core is understanding culture (underlying values, norms and beliefs), expressed in the construction of gender identities and inequalities. (Word Fish)

What is Gender Analysis

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Better understand our community (women, men, girls and boys)

Get better results from development programs

Goals of Gender Analysis

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Analysis of the Division of Labour and Access and Control of Resources

Understanding of gender relations and their Implications for development policy and implementation

Specific gender disaggregated statistics

A Review of Women’s Priorities, Women’s Practical Needs and Strategic Interest and ways to address them

A Review of Social, Economic, Political Power Dynamics

Absence of GA propose high risk of program failure, less success or reinforce inequity

What Gender Analysis Will Provide?

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A gender analysis of health program will inform you how inequalities disadvantage women’s health, the constraints women face, ways to overcome constraints.

A gender analysis of women worker’s situations, their needs, work places, wages, market trends will provide practical information to advocate for all (women and men) worker’s rights

A gender analysis of product supply chain will tell you women’s involvement at different stages in the supply chain so to increase their visibility and gain economic benefits

A gender analysis of water project will inform you where women collect water, what should be done to increase women’s access to safe water

Some examples

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Gender Analysis should/can be undertaken at any/all stages of a program/project cycle, including:

Identification of the project; Planning or design of the activity; Implementation; and Monitoring and evaluation of program

When to conduct a Gender Analysis

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Government Policy makers Donors Program Managers Development Staff Field workers, etc.GA should be participatory involving key

stakeholders from the field where the intervention is to take place

Gender Analysis can be conducted through a variety of Tools and Frameworks

Who should do gender analysis

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Collect Relevant Data: Sex–disaggregated information for analysis (Who does what? Gender roles, responsibilities, priorities of men and women both within and outside the household? Who has what? Who controls what?)

Identify Relevant Gender Issues (women’s and men’s practical needs and strategic interests)

Understand the institutional, economic, social, and political contexts (What are the differences, constraints, influences, power dynamics between women and men?)

Understand the priorities and needs of both men and women affected by the project (what do they need/want?)

How To Do Gender Analysis

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Gender roles framework (Harvard) Triple roles framework (Carolyn Moser) Web of institutionalisation framework (Caren

Levy) Gender analysis matrix (GAM) Equality and empowerment framework (Sara

Longwe) Capacities and vulnerabilities framework (CVA) People oriented planning framework (POP) Social relations framework (SRF)

Gender Analysis Frameworks

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Harvard framework - 1

• Can help planners design efficient projects

• Improves visibility of women in target area

Three main tools: Tool 1: The socio-economic activity

profile – who does what, when, where and for

how long?

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Activities Women/Men Time

Productive/Livelihood activitiesAgricultureIncome generationEmploymentOthers

MMM

SeasonalSeasonal

Reproductive activitiesWaterFuelFoodChildcareHealthCleaning and repairMarketOther

WWWWW

W/MW

Everyday – 2 hrsEveryday – 2 hrsEveryday – 2 hrsEveryday – 4 hrs

Tool 1: Activity profile

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Tool 2: The access and control profile – who has access to resources (ex. land,

equipment, capital etc.)?who has access to benefits (ex. education,

health services, political power etc.)? who has control over resources and

benefits?

Harvard framework - 2

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Access Control

Assets, ResourcesLandEquipmentCashEducationTrainingOther

W/MW/MMMM

MMMMM

BenefitsIncomeEducationHealthWater User GroupPolitical powerOther

MMW/MWM

MMMMM

Tool 2: Access and control profile

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3. Identify factors that determine the gender differences – Political, economic, cultural etc.Communtiy norms, social hierachiesTraining and educationAttitude of community towards external

development workersPast and present influencesOpportunities and constraints

Tool 3: Influencing factors

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Gender Analysis of Projects

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The tool uses participatory methodology to facilitate the definition and analysis of gender issues by the communities that are affected by them. Using the Gender Analysis Matrix will provide a unique articulation of issues as well as develop gender analysis capacity from the grassroots level up.

All requisite knowledge for gender analysis exists among the people whose lives are the subject of the analysis

Gender analysis does not require the technical expertise of those outside the community being analyzed, except as facilitators

Gender analysis cannot be transformative unless the analysis is done by the people being analyzed.

Gender Analysis Matrix

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CATEGORIES OF ANALYSIS

Unit s of Analysis #1:LABOR

Unit s of Analysis #2:TIME

Unit s of Analysis #3

Unit s of Analysis #4

Levels of Analysis/ Stakeholders

Stakeholder #1 : Men

Stakeholder #2: Women

Stakeholder #3: Community

Stakeholder #4

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Sample Gender Analysis Matrix

Dimensions of AnalysisLivelihood activities, roles, relations

Assets, Capabilities

Power and Decision-making

Needs, Priorities

Institutions, Mechanisms, Governance

WOMEN • What activities they do?

• Where?• When?

• What assets, capabilities, opportunities they have?

• What are different vulnerability?

• What are their different coping mechanism?

• What decision making do men and women participate in?

• What decision making they control?

• What constraints they face?

• What are women’s needs and priorities

• What are their aspirations for future

• How markets work differently for women and men?

• Do governance takes into account women’s concerns

MEN -do- -do- -do- -do- -do-

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The urban population in Cambodia collect water from a variety of sources, including piped water, public tap, well, surface water, and water sold by private vendors which is usually high cost and from unreliable sources. Though men help sometime but traditionally women collect water for household use. Most slum dwellers face drainage and sewerage problems, esp. during the rainy season. MRD installed 5 tube-wells without consultations with community or testing ground water quality. The tube well water contained high iron, lime, arsenic and could not be used for washing cloths, cooking food or bathing. After a number of health problems people stopped using water from the tube wells.

Case study for gender analysisSource: ‘Hor Sophea, AIT’