Scale is the relationship between distance on a map and distance on the ground

A scale of 1CM to 1 KM means that every centimetre on the map is equal to 1 kilometre on the ground

Representative Fraction (RF) – a ratio that tells us the scale. Eg. 1:50,000 means every one centimetre on the map equals 50,000 centimetres on the ground

Statement of Scale – scale is stated. E.g. on most maps, scale is 2cm (on map) to 1Kilometre (on ground)

Linear Scale – A line on the map showing the scale

Linear Scale

Statement of Scale

Small Scale Map – Shows a Large Area with little detail

Large Scale Map – Shows a Small Area with great detail

Straight Line Distance: Place a straight edge of paper on a map, mark the paper where each point touches it, use the linear scale to measure the distance

Curved Line: Break the line into little straight sections and measure them

In an Ordinance Survey (OS) Map, North is always towards the top

2 Centimetres on an OS Map represents 1 Kilometre on the ground

Each grid box on a map represents 1 square Kilometre

1km² 1km² 1km² 1km² 1km² 1km² 1km² 1km² 1km²

1km² 1km² 1km² 1km² 1km² 1km² 1km² 1km² 1km²

To calculate the area of a square or rectangular shape –just count all the squares

To calculate the area of an irregular shape (e.g. a lake, bay etc.) – only count the squares that are more than half full

2 Es and 1 S –More east than southeast

2 Ns and 1 W – more north than Northwest

Used to pinpoint location on a map

Four Figure – location of a Square Six Figure – location of a Point in a square

How do you write down a grid reference? LEN will tell you

LEN – Letter, Easting, Northing

Always pick the Bottom Left Corner of the square for your reference

“Go along the corridor before you go up the stairs”

Remember the Key Term – LEN – Letter, Easting, Northing

•Find the BOTTOM LEFT Corner of the square •Write the Letter (P)• Go straight down until you find the Easting •Go left until you find the Northing

1. Find the Square 1. Draw line down from the left hand corner

1. Draw line left from the left hand corner

This box is located at

M 29 23

What is the location of this island?

Same process as before – except that you imagine that the side of each grid square is divided into ten

Four figure – M 33 24

Six Figure – M 335 244

The numbers in red are the extra imaginary numbers

The Campsite is located at M 324 246

4

6

Colour gives you a rough idea of how high up a place is

Brown is used to show high areas –the higher you go, the darker the brown

Green shows low-lying areas

These show exact height of a point – both give height in metres

Triangulation pillars are usually seen on mountain tops.

Spot heights .153 can be anywhere on a map.

Contours are lines on maps that join places of equal height.

Usually drawn at 10 metre intervals

Slope (also called gradient) is shown by spacing of contours on maps.

Contours widely spaced apart – gentle slopes

Contours close together – steep slopes

What type of slope exists between G 649 369 and the top of Cummeen Hill?

What type of slope exists on the western sides of Benbulben?

What type of slope exists on the eastern side of Knocknarea?

How high is your mountain?

What kind of slopes are on it? Convex, Concave or Even?

Guaranteed Junior Cert Question – Sketch only what the question asks

Marking Scheme:◦ Frame (1 mark)

◦ Orientation (1 mark)

◦ Show & Label 4 features (1 mark each shown, 1 mark each labelled)

◦ Has it got a frame?

◦ Is it the right shape?

◦ Everything fully drawn?

◦ Labelled?

How many marks would this map get?

Draw a sketch of this map and show the following:◦ Frame

◦ Proper Orientation

◦ The N4/15

◦ The R291

◦ The Built up area of Rosses Point

◦ The Coastline

◦ Land above 100m above sea level

Sketch this map and show the following◦ The Coastline

◦ The N70 Road

◦ The built up area of Caherdaniel

◦ The Finglas River

Relief – shape of the landscape (height, slope, landforms)

Upland area (lots of brown)Roads cutting across steep slopesLowlying areas (green)

Gap between two high (brown) areas

Well drained areas – few rivers and lakes, many roads and settlement

Poorly drained areas – lots of surface water, few roads, much coniferous forest

Ancient Settlement – very old, often no longer occupied –marked in Red

Urban Settlement – towns, villages and cities. Also called Built Up Areas – marked in grey

Rural Settlement – Isolated houses in the countryside.◦ Nucleated Settlement – around a centre point, e.g. Houses near a

crossroads

◦ Linear or Ribbon Settlement – houses stretched along a line (usually a road)

◦ Dispersed Settlement – scattered around the landscape at random. Usually farmers houses.

Page 193

W 305 737 ______________________

W 348 695 ______________________

W 317 733 ______________________

W 346 728 ______________________

Altitude (height above sea level)

Aspect (if you face south you will get more sunshine)

Shelter (a valley is usually sheltered from winds, a hill or mountain is not)

Slope – flat or gentle slopes are easier to build on

Drainage – poorly drained areas are prone to flooding and may be unsuitable for agriculture

Communications – An area that has good roads (like a town) is more suitable for development

These are usually provided in urban areas.

Services are usually provided by people in towns –such as Garda, Post Office, tourism (hotels, restaurants etc), educational (schools), sports (swimming pools, sports stadiums etc)

Functions are usually provided by land use – e.g. Roads, railways, castles etc.

Forests are either Coniferous, Deciduous (natural) or mixed (both types)

Most well drained lowland in Ireland is used for agriculture (in the countryside) or building (in urban areas)

Houses back from the main road are usually farmhouses

Industrial Areas (called Industrial Estates, or IndEst on maps) need to be close to services, transport and built up areas

Tourists can come to an area for:◦ Landscape types (e.g. Mountains, Beaches, Forests)

◦ Services and Facilities (Hotels, Campsites, Tourist info centres)

◦ Antiquities

◦ Why would tourists come

here?

1. Name the Attraction

2. Locate it using a Grid Reference

3. Explain Why it could be used

“There is a beach located at

W005 285 which can be used for

swimming and sunbathing”

1 ____________________________

2 ____________________________

3 ____________________________

...then go onto page 193

A Slice through a landscape to show its shape or profile