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The Copenhagen AccordThe Copenhagen Accord
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Imagine you’re President Imagine you’re President ObamaObama
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““The fate of my country rests The fate of my country rests in your hands”in your hands”
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Copenhagen Accord Copenhagen Accord • History of International Agreements History of International Agreements
on Climate Changeon Climate Change
• Commitments/Requirements under Commitments/Requirements under the Copenhagen Accordthe Copenhagen Accord
• Current status & Next Steps of the Current status & Next Steps of the AccordAccord
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Climate Change – IPCC 2007 Climate Change – IPCC 2007 ReportReport““Warming of the climate system is Warming of the climate system is
unequivocal.”unequivocal.”
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History of International History of International Agreements on Climate Agreements on Climate ChangeChange• 19881988: : formation of the IPCCCformation of the IPCCC• 19921992: : Adoption of the United Nations Adoption of the United Nations
Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC)Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC)• 1997: 1997: Adoption of the Kyoto protocol to Adoption of the Kyoto protocol to
the UNFCCCthe UNFCCC • 20052005::Kyoto Protocol enters into forceKyoto Protocol enters into force• 2007: 2007: Bali Road MapBali Road Map• 2009: 2009: Conference of the Parties 15 & Conference of the Parties 15 &
Copenhagen Accord Copenhagen Accord
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United Nations Framework United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Convention on Climate Change - 1992- 1992• Objective: stabilize greenhouse gas (GHG) Objective: stabilize greenhouse gas (GHG)
concentrations to prevent anthropogenic concentrations to prevent anthropogenic climate interference.climate interference.
• Common but differentiated responsibilityCommon but differentiated responsibility
• GHG emissions inventoriesGHG emissions inventories
• Return to 1990 emissions levels by 2000.Return to 1990 emissions levels by 2000.
• But no quantitative limitsBut no quantitative limits
• Annual Meetings – Conference of the PartiesAnnual Meetings – Conference of the Parties
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Kyoto Protocol - 1997Kyoto Protocol - 1997
• Legally binding emissions targets for Legally binding emissions targets for developed countriesdeveloped countries
• Entered into force - 2005Entered into force - 2005• Reduce GHG emissions 5% by 1990 Reduce GHG emissions 5% by 1990
between 2008 and 2012.between 2008 and 2012.• Cap and TradeCap and Trade• Carbon offsetsCarbon offsets• US is NOT a partyUS is NOT a party
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Bali Road Map - 2007Bali Road Map - 2007• Conference of the Parties 13Conference of the Parties 13
• ““Bali action plan”Bali action plan”
• Adopt post Kyoto international Adopt post Kyoto international agreement by COP 15 (Copenhagen; agreement by COP 15 (Copenhagen; December 2009).December 2009).
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Copenhagen Accord –Copenhagen Accord –“an important first step”“an important first step”
• Negotiated among five countries: Negotiated among five countries: US, China, India, South Africa, and US, China, India, South Africa, and Brazil.Brazil.
• ““Politically binding”Politically binding”
• UNFCCC “took note” of the UNFCCC “took note” of the AgreementAgreement
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Commitments - MitigationCommitments - Mitigation
• Acknowledges that temperatures Acknowledges that temperatures cannot exceed 2 degrees celsiuscannot exceed 2 degrees celsius
• Developed Countries: Quantified Developed Countries: Quantified economy-wide emissions reductions economy-wide emissions reductions targets for 2020 due January 31, targets for 2020 due January 31, 2010.2010.
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Requirements - Requirements - communicationcommunication
• Registry of mitigation actions, Registry of mitigation actions, technology, financial, and capacity technology, financial, and capacity building support.building support.
• National GHG inventory reports every National GHG inventory reports every 2 years.2 years.
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Commitments- FinancingCommitments- Financing
• Green climate fund for adaptationGreen climate fund for adaptation– $10 billion a year from 2010 to 2012$10 billion a year from 2010 to 2012– $100 billion a year by 2020$100 billion a year by 2020
• No discussions about where the No discussions about where the money would come from and where money would come from and where it would goit would go
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Commitments – Technology Commitments – Technology MechanismMechanism
• Accelerate technology developmentAccelerate technology development
• Transfer technology in support of Transfer technology in support of adaptation and mitigation for adaptation and mitigation for developing countries.developing countries.
• No discussion of transfer No discussion of transfer mechanismsmechanisms
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Commitments - REDDCommitments - REDD• Recognizes crucial role of REDD: Recognizes crucial role of REDD:
“Reducing Emissions from “Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Deforestation and Forest Degradation“ Degradation“
• Deforestation is responsible for 20% Deforestation is responsible for 20% of GHG emissionsof GHG emissions
• Weak on details Weak on details
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Current Status/next stepsCurrent Status/next steps• 55 countries signed on (80% of GHG 55 countries signed on (80% of GHG
Emissions)Emissions)
• US – 17% below 2005 (only if US US – 17% below 2005 (only if US legislation is passed).legislation is passed).
• China and India – “endeavor” to reduce China and India – “endeavor” to reduce carbon intensity (40% and 20% carbon intensity (40% and 20% respectively)respectively)
• EU – 5% below 2000 and 20% below 1990.EU – 5% below 2000 and 20% below 1990.
• Many other nations’ commitments are Many other nations’ commitments are “conditional”“conditional”
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Current Status/Next StepsCurrent Status/Next Steps• Assessment of the implementation of Assessment of the implementation of
Copenhagen accord in 2015.Copenhagen accord in 2015.
• International community still lacks International community still lacks binding post Kyoto agreementbinding post Kyoto agreement
• COP 16 – Mexico; December 2010COP 16 – Mexico; December 2010
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Questions?Questions?• History of International Agreements History of International Agreements
on Climate Changeon Climate Change
• Commitments/Requirements under Commitments/Requirements under the Copenhagen Accordthe Copenhagen Accord
• Current status & Next Steps of the Current status & Next Steps of the AccordAccord