HH 514 – NUTRITIONHH 514 – NUTRITION

- CARBOHYDRATE -- CARBOHYDRATE -

OUR GROUP MEMBER :-OUR GROUP MEMBER :-

SUZANA BT. BADRISUZANA BT. BADRI ( F2018 )( F2018 )

NOR IZYAN BT. RIDYAN NOR IZYAN BT. RIDYAN ( F2037 ) ( F2037 )

NUR AEN BT. ANWARI NUR AEN BT. ANWARI ( F2029 )( F2029 )

NUR AINI MARDZIAYAH BT. NUR AINI MARDZIAYAH BT. JAMALUDINJAMALUDIN (F2004 )(F2004 )

WHAT IS WHAT IS CARBOHYDRATE ???CARBOHYDRATE ???

DEFINITION OF DEFINITION OF CARBOHYDRATE CARBOHYDRATE

Carbohydrates are one of the main types of nutrients.

All carbohydrates are primarily molecules of sugar that are used to fuel the body and provide energy.

They are basically chemical compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which join together to

form molecules. 

Most , but not all , carbohydrate have a ratio of one carbon molecule to water molecule :

Formula = CH² O• Carbo - ( C )

• Hydrate - with water ( H²O )

TYPES OF…..

Simple Carbohydrate :-Simple Carbohydrate :-

Carbohydrates are called simple or complex, depending Carbohydrates are called simple or complex, depending on their chemical structure . Simple carbohydrates include on their chemical structure . Simple carbohydrates include sugars found naturally in foods such as fruits, vegetables, sugars found naturally in foods such as fruits, vegetables, milk, and milk products . They also include sugars added milk, and milk products . They also include sugars added during food processing and refining . during food processing and refining . The simple The simple carbohydrate are those that chemist describe as carbohydrate are those that chemist describe as

a) Monosaccharide'sa) Monosaccharide's – single sugar – single sugar

b) Disaccharides b) Disaccharides – sugars composed of pairs of Monosaccharide's – sugars composed of pairs of Monosaccharide's

* mono = general formula CnH2nOn* mono = general formula CnH2nOn

Complex Carbohydrate :-

Complex carbohydrates include whole grain breads and cereals, starchy vegetables and legumes. Many of the complex carbohydrates are good sources of fiber.

Polysaccharide composed of straight or branched chain of monosaccharide

Complex carbohydrate foods have been shown to enter the blood stream gradually and trigger only a moderate rise in insulin levels, which stabilizes appetite and results in fewer carbohydrates that are stored as fat.

DIGESTIONDIGESTION : :

- - Carbohydrates are foods containing sugars and Carbohydrates are foods containing sugars and starches, including the healthful dietary fiber found in starches, including the healthful dietary fiber found in whole grains and the swiftly-absorbed simple sugars whole grains and the swiftly-absorbed simple sugars found in candyfound in candy

- Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth and proceeds - Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth and proceeds through the digestive tract as most carbohydrates are broken through the digestive tract as most carbohydrates are broken down into their simplest forms for use as fuel. Insoluble fiber down into their simplest forms for use as fuel. Insoluble fiber forms are eliminated through excretion.forms are eliminated through excretion.

ABSORPTION :

- Glucose is unique in that it can be absorb to some extent through the lining of the mouth, but for the most part , nutrient absorption takes place in the small intestine . Glucose and galactose traverse the cells llining the small intestine by active transport ; fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion , with slows its entry and produce or smaller rise in blood glucose

FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATE

Carbohydrates are the macronutrient that we need in the largest amounts. 45% - 65% of calories should come from carbohydrate. We need this amount of carbohydrate because:

WHAT?????????

* Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of fuel.* Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of fuel.* * Carbohydrates are easily used by the body for energy.Carbohydrates are easily used by the body for energy.* * All of the tissues and cells in our body can use glucose for All of the tissues and cells in our body can use glucose for energy.energy.* * Carbohydrates are needed for the central nervous system, Carbohydrates are needed for the central nervous system, the kidneys, the brain, the muscles (including the heart) to the kidneys, the brain, the muscles (including the heart) to function properly.function properly.* * Carbohydrates can be stored in the muscles and liver and Carbohydrates can be stored in the muscles and liver and later used for energy.later used for energy.* * Carbohydrates are important in intestinal health and waste Carbohydrates are important in intestinal health and waste elimination.elimination.* * Carbohydrates are mainly found in starchy foods (like grain Carbohydrates are mainly found in starchy foods (like grain and potatoes), fruits, milk, and yogurt. Other foods like and potatoes), fruits, milk, and yogurt. Other foods like vegetables, beans, nuts, seeds and cottage cheese contain vegetables, beans, nuts, seeds and cottage cheese contain carbohydrates, but in lesser amounts.carbohydrates, but in lesser amounts.

ADVANTAGE AND ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF DISADVANTAGE OF CARBOHYDRATE TO CARBOHYDRATE TO

HUMANHUMAN

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE

-Good diet in daily

- Blood circulation in the body

- To reduce muscle tissue breakdown

- Give energy to the human body

- Thinking will be more active

-Obesity

- High blood pressure

- Muscle tissue breakdown will

- Fatigue will set in

- Brain power will diminish

EXCESSIVE AND LACK OF

CARBOHYDRATE TO HUMAN

EXCESSIVE LACK

- Give energy

-Weight Gain

- High Blood Sugar Levels

- High Triglycerides

- Low HDL Cholesterol Levels

-Tiredness or fatigue

-Not in accordance with standard weight BMI- Cause blood deficiency

- Low Triglycerides

- High HDL Cholesterol Levels

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

As conclusion , carbohydrates are As conclusion , carbohydrates are important they serve as source of important they serve as source of energy as well as serving as structural energy as well as serving as structural components for organisms . As components for organisms . As polysaccharides , carbohydrates form polysaccharides , carbohydrates form big molecules , which are considerate big molecules , which are considerate macromolecules .macromolecules .