Radiographic and Ultrasonographicimages of urogenital tract

RAVINDER SINGH M5382

Anatomical Postion of of kidney And Bladder

• Right Kidney extend from T12 or T13 to L2 OR L3

• Left kidney from L1 TO L3

• UB when moderately full can be palpated as roundish mass that floats midway along dorsal to ventral dimension of caudal abdomen.

• When very full heavy blader sinks to ventral abdominal wall where it is easily palpable.

• The normal reference range sizes for kidneys are 2.5-3.5 x the length of L2 for dogs, and 2-3 x the length of L2 for cats. It’s measured best on the v/d projection where the kidneys remain in a more consistent position.

• Enlargement of the right kidney can cause medial and ventral displacement of the descending duodenum, and medial and ventral displacement of the ascending colon.

Special procedures for bladder evalaution

• ultrasound

• positive contrast cystography

• negative contrast cystography double contrast cystography

• Both negative and positive contrast cystographywill enable the bladder wall, mucosal margin and lumen to be visualised.

For negative contrast cystography, simply catheterise the bladder (using sterile technique), drain all the urine from the bladder and through a three way stop cock, instil air or gas into the bladder until it becomes slightly turgid (judged by palpation of the bladder through the abdominal wall). Take lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs.

Normal pneumocystograpm, enabling the bladder wall, mucosal margin and lumen to be visualised.

Negative [a] and double contrast [b] images of the bladder, demonstrating a mass infiltrating the

ventral bladder wall.

Double contrast cystogram of Dalmatian

urinary bladder with uric acid stones. The black dotsshow stones that are not visible on a normal radiograph.This is a close up of a urinary bladder with contrast material inside

Positive contrast cystography

Positive-contrast retrograde cystography was performed to assess bladder integrity because the urinary bladder was not visualized on survey films and because there were pelvic fractures, a loss of peritoneal serosal detail with streaking especially in the caudal retroperitoneal space, and azotemia consistent with a bladder rupture. A balloon catheter was placed within the urinary bladder neck, and the urinary bladder was distended with 14 ml of a positive contrast agent (Figure 2A). Contrast leakage was not seen.

Complication of the contrast cystogram:iatrogenic ruptureinflammation of the bladder walliatrogenic infectionkinked urinary catheterair emboli - rare

Air bubbles causing this intraluminal filling defect. air bubbles are usually located in the intraluminal filling defect of bladder.

Cystic calculi causing this intraluminal fillinf defect.

Stones in urinary bladerHall mark for recognisation of stones is acoustic shadow

Anatomical positon of reproductive system

• Uterus: If non-gravid cannot be seen on survey films. In obese dogs and cats the uterine body can be seen between the rectum and the bladder. The uterus may be radiographed to diagnose pregnancy and determine the number of foetuses by visualising and

counting foetal skulls.

• Ovaries located caudal and ventral to kidneys,

• lateral to great vessels

• Uterine body located dorsal to bladder, ventral to colon

• Uterine horns located “somewhere” in

• betweenVagina and cervix located in pelvic canal.

Radiogarphy of gravid uterus is done to count the number of foetus

Ultrasonographic procedure of female reproductive system

• Dorsal recumbency

• As usual, use highest frequency

• transducer possible - >7.5 MHz

• 5.0 MHz adequate for most disease states

• Multiple scanning planes may be

• necessary to visualize entire tract

• Unclipped hair coats compromise the

exam

Canine pyometra

• Variable appearance

• Usually symmetrically enlarged, but may be

• focal or segmental

• Luminal contents usually homogenous and

• echogenic, but may be anechoic

• Uterine wall variable

• smooth and thin, thick and irregular, cystic

• DDx: hydrometra, mucometra

Radiographic image of canine pyometra (

distended uterine horns with pus)

Stump pyometra

• Usually a granulomatoid, mass-like lesion rather than an “abscess”

• Must differentiate from uterine stump tumor

• Rare• Variable appearance, usually intraluminal

• Often benign• May cause fluid build-up

Antomy of prostate gland

• Normally small, oval, symmetrical, bilobed

• Castrated males hypoechoic to surrounding fat, intact may be iso to hyper

• May or may not appreciate urethra running through

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