Presentation to Ergoship 2011, Gothenburg

Ergoship 2011, Göteborg Slide 1

Bringing Human Tasks into the Mainstream of Ship Design and Operation: Developing a Toolset to Integrate Task Analyses with Systems Engineering.

David CarrHuman Factors Consultant, BAE Systems Advanced Technology Centre [email protected]

Advanced Technology Centre

Ergoship 2011, Göteborg Advanced Technology CentreSlide 2

Where I work


Ships are large and complicated.

- Many interacting systems and components.

- Developed by different engineering teams under complex procurement arrangements.

- Many different interfaces between ship systems and the crew.

- Crew size, workload, performance and living conditions depend on many different ship systems.


People are an important (and complex) ship system

- ‘The People System’ is the most expensive single system on the ship.

- The People System has to be designed. Its design is interdependent with ship design.

- Design drivers for people include:

- Cost of ownership- Demographic trend- Keeping people out of harm’s way- Providing flexibility- Giving sailors good careers- Keeping the Royal Navy going- Accommodation/Ship sizing- People/Automation trade-off- etc.


People vs Automation trade-offs

- There is a trade-off between people costs and automation level/system costs

But

- Beware of ‘satisficing’ on one variable

- Is the optimum really an optimum?

- Is the optimum negotiable?

Acknowledgements to Bob Bost, US Naval Sea Command


A complex, multivariate systems engineering problem

- There are many engineering disciplines involved in negotiating an optimally balanced design.

- There are many competing goals to satisfy.

- There is no single ‘right answer’: the optimum is a Trade Space rather than a fixed point.

- ‘Show your working out’

Equipment

Complement

Capability / Functionality

Naval Organisation


Problem: Different disciplines look at the system in different ways


UK Royal Naval ‘Lines of Development’

Military Capability

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on

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cil

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Specific platforms

Equipment

Personnel

InfrastructureDoctrine and Concepts

Training

Organisation

InformationLogistics

• Interdependent building blocks

• Avoid ‘platform myopia’• A concurrent engineering

problem• Integration is the key to

success

“The levers across the department that contribute directly to the generation of

military capability”

‘TEPID-OIL’


Problem: Different disciplines talk about the same system in different ways

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luftpudefartøj er fyldt med ål

Acknowledgements to www.omniglot.com


Solution: Use a Systems approach!

- ‘Systems Thinking’ is a mature concept.

- Various ‘Systems Architecture Frameworks’ include ‘Human Views’

- US DoDAF

- UK MoDAF

- UK/US/Can/Aus/Sweden IDEAS

But

- Does it work better in theory than in practice?

- Is it remote from ‘Hard Engineering’?

- Has it acquired a language of its own?

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Can Task Analysis help?

- Its is traditionally a Human Factors technique. Can it be extended?

- Engineers already do more-or-less the same thing: ‘Functional Analysis’.

- It is simple and straightforward.

- It allows traceability between Requirements, Equipment and People.

- It could easily be captured in Systems Development Environments.

- Let engineers look after Task Analysis! Stealth Human Factors.

- It provides a Common View for discussing tradeoffs.

Requirements Operational Profile

Ship Equipment People

Functions

Tasks


flexiCRU: The Advanced Technology Centre’s complementing tool

- It provides a link between equipment and manpower data for warship designs.

- Key requirements:

- Flexibility: data can be at different levels of detail as designs mature.

- Transparency: clear explanations of how complements are derived supports reasoning about design.

- Interoperability: uses existing datasets within an Systems Design Environment.

- It allocates people to tasks. It allows for tasks to be re-scheduled until people are available.

- It collates resource demands over time and defines the minimum number of people needed in the crew.


How flexiCRU works

Data input- Functions derived from and linked to

requirements statements- People resources specified:

- Ranks/Rates- Departments/ Specialisms- Specific skills- Availability (watch patterns)

- Equipment resources specified by the Product Breakdown Structure.

- Equipment Maintenance demands from Logistics data:

- Mean Time Between Failure/ Meant Time To Repair- Planned Maintenance Schedules

- Skill/ People requirements allocated to Watchkeeping and Daywork tasks

Modelling- Rule-based resource allocation and task

scheduling

Outputs- Collated complement- Timeline views (who is doing what when)- Resource profiles


flexiCRU: To Infinity and Beyond!

- Training Needs Analysis?- Human Factors Risk

Management?- Managing systems

interdependencies for Systems Engineers?

- Logistics strategy? At seas vs Alongside maintenance?

- Cost modelling?- Links to CAD?

- Traffic flow modelling?- Evacuation modelling?- Human vulnerability

modelling?

Future possibilities?


Tack så mycket. Frågor?

David [email protected]

“See me? See eels? Mah hoavercraft’s pure

hoachin’, by the way.”

Presentation to Ergoship 2011, Gothenburg

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