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dosesdoses
J.L. Gut ier r ezJ.L. Gu t ier r ez-- Vi l lan u ev aV i l l anueva
Depa r t m en t o f So i l and Env i r onm en tDepa r t m en t o f So i l and Env i r onm en t
Upp sala, SW EDENUpp sala, SW EDEN
Un ive rs i t yUn i v e r si t y o f Ca n t a b r i ao f Can t ab r ia
Sant ander , SPAI NSant ander , SPAI N
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1. Introduction
2. Basic concepts
3. Radon Gas and Natural Radiation: risk assessment
.
5. Summary: Some key messages
. c v y: ne m nu e paper
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1. Introduction
2. Basic concepts
3. Radon Gas and Natural Radiation: risk assessment
4. Doses
5. Summary: Some key messages
6. Activity: One minute paper
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Date Location
Cost
(in millions
2006 $US)
INES
level
January 3, 1961 Idaho Falls, Idaho, US 22 4
December 7, 1975 Greifswald, East Germany 443 3February 22, 1977 Jaslovsk Bohunice, Czechoslovakia 1,700 4
March 28, 1979 Middletown, Pennsylvania, US 2,400 5
pr , r pya , ra n an ,
September 30, 1999 Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan 54 4
February 16, 2002 Oak Harbor, Ohio, US 143 3
August 9, 2004 Fukui Prefecture, Japan 9 1, , ,
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Radithor radium solution -1928
min. 37 kBq Ra-226 and Ra-
3 glass/ day
stimulating,
relaxingincrease the sexual potencial
M. Byers death due to
Radithor- 1932
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At the end of this lecture:
You will understand basic concepts on radioactivity
ou w earn a oses rom
are more important than those from artificial sources
You will be able to explain the main risk of radon gas
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1. Introduction
2. Basic concepts
3. Radon Gas and Natural Radiation: risk assessment
4. Doses
5. Summary: Some key messages
6. Activity: One minute paper
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When was the word radiactivity first time used ?
Nobel prize in Physics (1903)
Nobel prize in chemistry (1911)
She is the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two
different sciences
Irne Joliot-Curie (Nobel prize in chemistry - 1935)
Frdric Joliot-Curie (Nobel prize in chemistry - 1935)
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Al ha deca : Emission of an al ha article b a nucleus
HeHe4 +4 +
22
High enery (MeV)
Elements heavy nucleus
2 3 82 3 82 2 22 2 2 2 1 02 1 0
9 29 28 68 6 8 48 4
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Alpha spectrum
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Beta decay: Emission of beta particle (positive or
nega ve y a nuc eus. so e ec ron cap ure y anucleus.
Less energy than alpha emission
Continuous spectrum of energy
9 09 0
HH11
3 83 8
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Gammna decay: Photons emission by a nucleus when
reaching steady state of energy.
Photons with different energies
X Rays Gamma Rays (with different
energies)
Gamma rays = Nucleus
X Rays = Atomic crust
CoCo6 06 0
2 72 7TcTc
9 99 9
4 34 3
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Gamma spectrum
450000
350000
400000
200000
250000
300000
Co
unts
100000
150000
0
50000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Channel
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Lets remember
Half life (T1/2): Neccesary time for an isotope to decrease its nucleus by
Decay constant (): Probability of disintegration by time
Decay chain: chained series of transformations (4 Natural decaychains)
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Units on radioactivity
Becquerel (Bq) : unit of activity in the International System of
Units 1Bq = 1 DPS (disintegration / second)
Curie (Ci) : Old unit of activity 1 Ci = 3.7 1010 Bq
Concentration : Bq/kg, Bq/l, Bq/m3
Sievert (Sv) : Unit for equivalent dose
Working Level Month (WLM): Occupational exposure
(1 WLM is approximately equivalent to an exposure of 150 Bq
m-3 in a year)
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Expontentials decay law
T1/2 = 0.693/ A = A0 e-t
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Natural decay series
Serie Father Half life ears Final roduct
Thrium 232Th 1.41 1010 Pb-208
Neptunium 237Np 2.14 106 Pb-209
ran um . -
Actinium 235U 7.18 108 Pb-208
= 9
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Natural Radioactivity
Every second values are lower and lower : Exponentialdecay
In our bodies : 40K
In the rocks, air, water, food, clothes, EVERYWHERE More than 50 % of dose is NATURAL RADIATION
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Radioactive isotopes can be created
Fission and fusion = Energy AND/OR destruction
X-ray detectors
Medical applications
n us r a app ca ons
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Natural Radioactivity
Cosmic radiation
Radiation, people and the
environment (IAEA, February2004)
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What have we learnt ?
What have we learnt ?
Radiactivity: natural and artificial
3 decay modes: alpha, beta and gamma
Units: activit B Ci WLM
4 Natural decay series
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1. Introduction
2. Basic concepts
3. Radon Gas and Natural Radiation: risk
assessment
4. Doses
5. Summary: Some key messages
6. Activity: One minute paper
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238238UU Natural seriesNatural series
238U : Earth crust
Average content in soils in the world: 35 Bq Kg-1 (UNSCEAR 2000)
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222222
Noble gasNoble gas
AlphaAlpha EmitterEmitter (5.49(5.49 MeVMeV))
TT11/2/2 = 3.82 d= 3.82 d
mechanisms
SoilsSoilsBuildingBuilding
MaterialsMaterialsWaterWater
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81 % comes from
Radon and others
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Radon health risksRadon health risks
Radon inhalation (and progeny)Radon inhalation (and progeny)causes alpha irradiation in the cellscauses alpha irradiation in the cellso e resp ra ory raco e resp ra ory rac
Mutations, ma ignant trans ormationMutations, ma ignant trans ormationLung cancer riskLung cancer risk
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Radon health risksRadon health risks
RADON PROGENY INHALATIONRADON PROGENY INHALATION
Increase in risk of lung cancer:
16% for 100 Bq/m3 95% CI (5, 31)
After correction for the dilution due to random
year-to-year variability in residential radon
concentrations, as well as stratification for
study, age, sex, broad region of residence withinstudy, and detailed smoking history.
(Darby el al. 2006)
INTERNATIONAL RADON PROJECT (WHO, 2005 - 2009)
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Radon health risksRadon health risks
WHO HANDBOOK ONINDOOR RADON, WHO 2009
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Radon health risksRadon health risks
WHO HANDBOOK ONINDOOR RADON, WHO 2009
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Radon health risksRadon health risks
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RADON CONCENTRATION MAY PRESENT VARIATIONSRADON CONCENTRATION MAY PRESENT VARIATIONS
-- 3 ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE3 ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE
-- FROM ONE BUILDING TO ANOTHERFROM ONE BUILDING TO ANOTHER
--
SO MEASUREMENT CAMPAINGS ARE ESSENTIAL
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Radon decay productsRadon decay productsii
Radon exhalation
ratin
RADON
Disinte
n
t
Unattached progeny+ 88 %+ 88 %Neutro 12 %Neutro 12 %
0.50.5 -- 11
,Soil
Attachm
Recoil
OnlyOnly 218218PoPo
Deposit
Attached ro en1010 -- 10001000
Aerosol particle
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Radon sources andRadon sources and
SoilsSoils BuildingBuildingmaterialsmaterialsWaterWater
DiffusionDiffusionThroughThrough concentration differencesconcentration differencesRelative gas movement within containing materialRelative gas movement within containing material
ransporransporConvectionConvection
ThroughThrough pressure/temperature differencespressure/temperature differencesGas containing fluid acts as a carrierGas containing fluid acts as a carrier
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Major Radon entry routes
INFORMATION SHEET March 2004 (WHO)
UE Recomendation 90/143 On the protection of population
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UE Recomendation 90/143 On the protection of population
against the risks of indoor radon exposure (1990)
New and existing dwellings
New buildings: 10 mSv/year equivalent to an annual average radonconcentration of 200 Bq/m3
x st ng u ngs: m v year equ va en o an annua average ra on
concentration of 400 Bq/m3
COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION of 20 December 2001 on the
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COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION of 20 December 2001 on the
protection of the public against exposure to radon in drinking water
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Passive
Alpha track
Activated charcoal
Electrets
c ve
Electronic Integrating Device
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INDOOR RADON, WHO 2009
Alpha Track Detectors
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Alpha Track Detectors
-
Measuring equipment
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Alpha Tracks
Picture from Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland
Activated charcoal detectors
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Activated charcoal detectors
Picorad
radondetectors and Quantulus
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Electrets radon detectors
Active Radon detectors
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Active Radon detectors
RTM 2100 SARAD GMbH
Alphaguard Saphymo GmbH
RAD7 Durridge Radon Instrumentation
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WHO HANDBOOK ON
INDOOR RADON, WHO
2009
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Radon in Dwellings
The Irish National Radon
Survey, RPII-02/1
Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland
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Health Protection Agency
SPAI N: W HAT W E KNOW
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RADON MEASUREMENTS : MAIN RESULTS FROM
THE NATIONAL SURVEY (1989-1991)
Number of dwellings surveyed: 2,000
Around 500 cities and villages
3 3
Percentage of dwellings above 400 Bq/m3 : 2%
Highest value found: 15,400 Bq/m3
IDENTIFIED, IN THE CENTER AND THE WEST OF THE
COUNTRY
SPAI NSPAI N:: W HATW HAT W EW E KNOWKNOW
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SPAI NSPAI N:: W HATW HAT W EW E KNOWKNOW ......
7% 7%0% 3% 0%
18% 0%
19%
0%0%
0%0%
4%
4%
0%
0%
0%0%
16%
8%
2%17%
0%
3%
0%
0%
6%
0%
4%
0%0%
7% 0%
0% 0%
0%
0%
0%
0% 0% 0%
SPAI NSPAI N:: W HATW HAT W EW E KNOWKNOW ......
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SPAI NSPAI N:: W HATW HAT W EW E KNOWKNOW ......
21%
18% 14%2% 7% 4%
0%6%
28%
32% 0%
36%
0%
4%
0,3%
12%
8%0%
0%
1%
0%4%
> 2 0 0 Bq / > 2 0 0 Bq / mm 3320%
39%
3%
13%
3%
11%
0%
22%
12%0%
10% 1% 0%
1%
4% 7% 4%
0%
SPAI NSPAI N:: W HATW HAT W EW E KNOWKNOW ......
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SPAI NSPAI N:: W HATW HAT W EW E KNOWKNOW ......
NATURAL RADIATION MAP (MARNA Project) (1991- )
AN ONGOING PROJECT THAT IS BEING CARRIED OUT BY THE CSN , THE
URANIUM NATIONAL COMPANY, SOME UNIVERSITIES AND AUTONOMOUS
COMMUNITIES.
CURRENTLY IT IS IN THE LAST PHASE. THIS PROJECT PROVIDES US
RADIATION LEVELS ARE SHOWED.
1.500.000 nationwide terrestrial gamma radiation values
1320 nationwide activity concentration data of40K, 226Ra, y 232Th in soil.
SPAI NSPAI N:: W HATW HAT W EW E KNOWKNOW ......
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N ATURAL GAMMA RADI ATI ON MAP ( MARN A) AN D I N D OOR RADON LEVELS I N SPAI N
En v i r o n m e n t I n t e r n a t io n al , 2 9 ( 8 ) , 1 0 9 1 - 9 6 , 2 0 0 4
SPAI NSPAI N:: W HATW HAT W EW E KNOWKNOW ......
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21%
32%
18% 14%2% 7% 4%
0%
0%
36%
6%0%
4%0,3%
12% 0%
0%4%
28%
22%
20%
11%39%
8%
3% 0%
3%
13%
0%1%
3%
11%
0%
12%
0%
0%
10% 1% 0%
4% 7% 4%
Resu l t s of l u ng cance r i n m en
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g
2008
Data from Instituto de
Resu l t s o f l un g cance r i n w om en
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g
Data from Instituto de
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WHO HANDBOOK ON
INDOOR RADON, WHO
2009
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WHO HANDBOOK ON
INDOOR RADON,
WHO 2009
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What have we learnt ?
What have we learnt ?
Radon natural radioactive noble gas
a on causes ung cancer or q m
Recommended levels: 400 Bq/m3 and 200 Bq/m3
Measurement devices: active and passive
Solutions to the radon problem
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1. Introduction
2. Basic concepts
3. Radon Gas and Natural Radiation: risk assessment
4. Doses
5. Summary: Some key messages
6. Activity: One minute paper
RADON CONC.
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7400 Bq/m3
740 Bq/m3
q m
7.4 Bq/m3
0.74 Bq/m3
Lets remember
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Let s remember
Absorbed dose: is a measure of the energy deposited in a medium by
Equivalent dose : Absorbed dose in a tissue. Weighting factors depending onthe type of radiation SIEVERT (Sv)
HT = RwRDT,R
wR (fotones) = 1
wR (alfa) = 20
Effective dose : SUM of all equivalent doses in all tissues and organs of thebody due to internal and external radiations SIEVERT (Sv)
w (gnadas) = 0.20
E = T wT RwRDT,Rw
T(mdula) = 0.12
Effective Dose calculationsEffective Dose calculations
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H ~CxF x O xDCF
H: effective doseC: concentration of radonO: OccupancyF: E uilibrium factor
IntegratedIntegratedoror
DCF: Dose conversion factor
Fixed valuesFixed values
Dose conversion factor, DCF, of UNSCEAR 2000Radon : 5 mSv per WLM
E uilibrium factor F of UNSCEAR 2000 for
SignificantSignificantdifferences in dosedifferences in dose
indoor environment
Radon: FRn = 0.4
Occupancy workers: 2000 h/y, public: 8000 h/y
assessmentassessment
COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of
water intended for human consumption
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Risk assessment
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Dosimetric model
from respiratory tract model
Progeny retention period
Weighting factor for alpha particles
Sensibility of pulmonary tissue
Weighting factors for esch region
Probability density function
Applied to miners conditions (Birchall 1994) 15 mSv WLM-
Applied to dwellings (Marsh 2002) 12 mSv WLM-1
Risk assessment
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Epidemiological studies
Groups of miners
g exposure ra es
Smoking factor
Other agents are included, not only radon
Specific exposure conditions(breathing rates, different concentrations of particles, etc)
Case/control studies in dwellings
risk exposure in dwellingsat the moment
Risk assessment
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EpidemiologicalEpidemiological DosimetricDosimetric
Factor 3Factor 3
Need to modify weighting factor used by ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection)Need to modify weighting factor used by ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection)
-- Lung (0.12 to 0.04)Lung (0.12 to 0.04)
-- Alpha particles (20 to 7)Alpha particles (20 to 7)
-- Pulmonary regionsPulmonary regions
gn can c anges n os me ry o o er ra onuc esgn can c anges n os me ry o o er ra onuc es
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arise from terrestrial radionuclides present at trace levels in all soils
238U and 232Th series and 40K
Factors to be taken into account:
Conversion coefficient from absorbed dose in air to effective
dose (0.7 Sv Gy-1)
indoor occupancy factor (0.8) outdoors occupancy factor (0.2)
EXTERNAL EXPOSURES
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(Natural radiactivity)
,
arising from naturally occurring radionuclides can be determined in
terms of the absorbed dose rate in air at 1 m above the ground surface
Annual effective dose equivalent for adults from outdoor terrestrial
gamma radiation
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oses: ot er aspects
Internal exposures other than radon
Doses by ingestion are mainly due to 40K and to the 238U and 232Th
series
210Po which is present in relatively high concentrations in seafood
Artificial sources: 137Cs
What have we learnt ?
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a ave we earn
Risk assessment: two approaches (dosimetrical
and epidemiological)
How to estimate external ex osures
Other contributors to the dose
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1. Introduction
2. Basic concepts
3. Radon Gas and Natural Radiation: risk assessment
4. Doses
. ummary: ome ey messages
6. Activity: One minute paper
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Radioactivity: artificial and natural sources
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Concepts on radiactivity
Units:
Activity: Bq, Bq/m
3
, Ci, WLM
Doses: Gy and Sv
Radon recommended levels: 400 Bq/m3 and 200 Bq/m3
Estimation of absorbed dose and effective dose rates
WHO HANDBOOK ON
INDOOR RADON, WHO
2009
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www.elradon.com
. .
Atomic Radiation)
http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/ (Chart of nuclides)
http://www.epa.gov/radon/pubs/citguide.html (A Citizen's Guide to Radon, EPA)
...............................
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1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n
2 . Basic con cept s
3 . Radon Gas and Nat ur a l Rad ia t ion : r i sk
assessment
.
5 . Sum m ary : Som e key m essages
6 .Act i v i t y : On e m i n u t e p ap er
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