Presentation on Latest Trends in Power System by Chandan Kumar Chanda

Recent Trends in Power System

Dr. Chandan Kumar ChandaProfessor, Department of Electrical Engineering,

Bengal Engineering & Science University, Shibpur.MIEEE, FIE(I), MISTE

Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 2

1. Power System Fundamentals2. Problems in the Indian Power Sector & the New Era3. Indian Electricity Act 20034. Latest Facts & Figures (Indian Power Sector)5. Indian Grid System6. Grid Discipline7. World’s Worst Power Outage8. Changing Trends: Power Deregulation9. New Technologies coming up in the Power System

(WAMS v/s SCADA)10. Smart Grids11. Energy Audit12. Carbon Footprint

Topics to be briefly discussed


At the substation, the 132 kV is transformed to 33kV, and then eventually to 440V (three-phase) OR, 220-240 V(single phase) which we use in our homes & small industries.

, depending upon geographical location

11 kV.

132/220 kV.

bare conductors,

OR

11 kV


Power System SegmentsGENERATION TRANSMISSION

DISTRIBUTION POWERTRADING

+


Keeping in mind the modern challenges, Indian Government came up with a new Indian Electricity Act in 2003.

7

WHICH IS THE ROOT OF SEVERAL OTHER PROBLEMS IN INDIA LIKE IRRIGATION & EDUCATION

Financial constraints.

Non uniform load density.

Limited resource utilization.

Limited no. of EHV lines.

Lack of grid discipline.

Limited power margins.

Inadequate power supply

Low capacity utilization of nuclear and non-conventional

energy.

Poor quality of supply (low voltage), bad frequency profile

and frequent loadsheddings.

PROBLEMS


POWER SYSTEM CONTROL HIERARCHY Control area: divided by area

System Voltage Profile

System Frequency

UNIT COMMITMENTDetermining the generators that must be operated to meet daily demand.

POWER SYSTEM SCHEDULING

POWER SYSTEM CONTROL

MANUAL

COMPUTER1. Reliable2. Economic3. Fast

Source: Ministry of Power, Government of India 10

India’s Installed Capacity = 205341 MW (5TH in world) (as on 30th June, 2012 – latest installation of 660MW plant at Jhajjar, Haryana)•Thermal = 136436 MW•Nuclear = 4780 MW Hydro = 39291 MW•Renewable = 24832 MW

MAHARASHTRA is #1 in terms of installed capacity

WEST BENGAL is #9 in terms of installed capacity

Captive Power Plant Generation = 31500 MWGUJRAT IS INDIA’S ONLY POWER SURPLUS STATE (Excess 2-3GW

generation)


INDIANGRIDSFIVE INDIAN

GRIDS

The power generating stations are hooked onto an interconnected network of transmission lines and substations

Heart of the National Grid system = POWERGRID CORPORATION OF INDIA

technical minimum

SHARING CONCEPTTo distribute resources uniformly all through out India. [i.e. places far away from coal & hydel sources shouldn’t be at a loss].

Exchange of surplus and compensation of deficit power now possible.

1

2 3

Connected using EHV Transmission lines, above 383,000 circuit kilometers

4


INTER-REGIONAL LINKS AT PRESENT


INDIAN GRIDS BY THE END OF 2012

NOTE:A back-to-back HVDC arrangement is used when twoasynchronous AC systems need to be interconnected forbulk power transmission or for AC system stabilizationreasons.

•ADVANTAGES Reduction of short circuit current in strong AC systems.•Better Frequency Control•Asynchronous connection between weak AC networks


ENERGY RESOURCES IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF INDIA


BUT, WE HAVE205 GW

Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India 16*the data of the 12th plan, 2007-2012 is not yet published


GRIDDISCIPLINE (IEGC 2010)•Formally Mentioned in: Indian Electricity Grid Code 2010, (w.e.f 3rd May, 2010)

•It brings together a single set of technical and commercial rules, encompassing all the Utilities connected to/or using the inter-state transmission system (ISTS)

It determines the responsibilities & defines the relationship between the various Users of the inter-State transmission system (ISTS), National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC), Regional and State Load Despatch Centers (RLDC & SLDC).

1. OPTIMAL POWER SCHEDULING

2. POWER SYSTEM SECURITY

3. OUTAGE PLANNING

KEY RESPONSIBILITIES

4. DEVELOP RENEWABLE SOURCES

IF GRID DISCIPLINE IS NOT MAINTAINED

ANOTHER DISASTROUS BLACKOUT


Ensure that, grid frequency always remains within the 49.5 –50.2 Hz band.

Except under an emergency, or to prevent an imminent damage to a costly equipment, no User shall suddenly reduce his generating unit output by more than 100 MW ( 20 MW in case of NER) without prior intimation to and consent of the RLDC, particularly when frequency is falling or is below 49.5 Hz

IMPORTANT POINTS OF GRID DISCIPLINE

no User / SEB shall cause a sudden variation in its load by more than 100 MW without prior intimation to and consent of the RLDC.

All generating units shall normally have their automatic voltage regulators (AVRs).

All SEBS, distribution licensees / STUs shall provide automatic under-frequency and df/dt relays for load shedding in their respective systems, to arrest frequency decline that could result in a collapse/disintegration of the grid.


GRIDCONGESTION

Auctions are the key tool of congestion management

Electricity traders and producers export excess electricity to other countries or procure the electricity they lack from other grids.

transmission capacity of the network is limited, and this can lead to congestion in the grid.

1. Consumers may not get access to power2. Grid Stability & Power System security problems.

A limited volume of electricity conforming to the system security criteria can be transmitted in a power grid.

GRIDCONGESTION PROBLEMS

GRIDCONGESTION MANAGEMENT


WORLD’S WORST POWER OUTAGEWHERE 22 States in North, East & N.E India

AFFECTED 700 Million People

WHEN JULY 30-31, 2012

WHY • Cause yet to be determined accurately.• July 30 Failure: According to IPPAI,

‘oversupply’ and not ‘overdrawal’• At 2.35AM, when grid collapsed: line

frequency was 50.4 Hz(above normal)• July 31 Failure: Overdrawal from a weak

grid. • 2001 N.E.India Blackout: Was due to

machinery failure.

IMPACT • Daily life badly hit.• Train transportation stopped• Schools, colleges, public offices were shut

down. • Huge economic losses• Bad impression of India to the world.

PREVENTION

• States must declare to Center how much power it requires next day.

• Prevent Power Theft• ISLANDING

REAL PROBLEMPOWER DEMANDINCREASINGPOWER SUPPLYDECREASING


POWERDEREGULATIONo Vertically integrated vertically unbundledo Regulated cost based unregulated price

basedo Monopoly competitiono Service commodityo Consumer customero Privilege choiceo Engineers

Manager+Engineer+Lawyer+Economist

A CONSEQUENCE OF ALL THESE MODERNIZATIONS IN POWER SECTOR

Price Drop

Due to competition

Consumer

Importance

Innovatio

n

WHAT DEREGULATION PRACTICALLY IMPLIES?


MODERNPOWER MARKET STRUCTURE

T & BS

C CC

D & RS

GIndependent

Power Producers

Regulated Market

Limited Competition for

the market of bulk supply

PRE ELECTRICITY ACT 2003

Competitive market segments

POST


POTENTIAL PROBLEMS OF DEREGULATION1. Congestion and market power2. Obligation to serve3. Some suppliers at disadvantages 4. Price volatility 5. Loss operating flexibility6. Pricing of energy and transmission

services7. ATC calculations8. Market settlement and disputes

AN EXAMPLE FROM TEXAS, USA

You can see the Texan success story of Power Deregulation in this website: http://www.texaspolicy.com/center/economic-freedom/reports/texas-electricity-market

Indian Power Deregulation is still an incomplete dream

http://www.texaspolicy.com/center/economic-freedom/reports/texas-electricity-market

http://www.texaspolicy.com/center/economic-freedom/reports/texas-electricity-market


UPCOMING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE POWER SYSTEM

NOTE: WHAT IS SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING?A transmission line loaded to its surge impedance loading:(i) has no net reactive power flow into or out of the line, and(ii) will have approximately a flat voltage profile along its length.


REAL-TIME MONITORING OF THE POWER SYSTEM

• Power system is dynamic, and the operating conditions are changing

continuously.

• System topology (network interconnections) also changes frequently.

• Uncertainties in the Rapid growth in the demand of electricity.

• Power system components are being operated closer to their designed

limits.

• High penetration of renewable energy sources adds to power quality and

control problems.

WHY IS IT NOW REQUIRED?


COMPONENTS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM(E.M.S)


CURRENT TECHNOLOGYSUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION

(SCADA)


UPCOMING TECHNOLOGY: WIDE AREA MONITORING

(WAM)

Figure: A Typical PMU based WAMS Architecture

1. Capturing the power system data in real-time• Clearer anticipation of incipient problems• Development of faster control action to improve power grid security2. Measuring the power system data with precise time stamping• Electric grid behavior over a wide area can be tracked in asynchronized manner• Development of wide-area controls. Has SCADA at the heart of the system!

WHAT WAM CAN DO?

A Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU or SYNCHROPHASOR) is a device which measures the electrical waves on an electricity grid, using a common time source for synchronization. It can be a dedicated device or incorporated in Relays. The technology has the potential to change the economics of power

delivery by allowing increased power flow over existing lines.

29Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India

COMPARISON BETWEEN SCADA & WAMS

Demerit of WAMS: Synchro-Phasor Technology is currently very expensive!


The Project is approved by CSIR & Funded by CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) under New Millennium India Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI)

Along with POWERGRID (PGCIL) other members of this project are:-TCS-LeaderIIT Bombay Tata Power Company Limited (Tata Power)

EXAMPLE OF WAMS IMPLEMENTATION IN WEST INDIA

According to PGCIL’s 2010 Pilot Project plan in N.India, it was claimed that: PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units ) with GPS system, will be installed at four substations

of Northern Region and PDC at NRLDC, Delhi.PMU Locations: Moga- 400 KV, Kanpur- 400 KV S/s, Vindhyachal- HVDC, Dadri- HVDC To use Phasor Measurements data for better situational awareness and technology evaluation using minimal hardware & software.

EXAMPLE OF WAMS IMPLEMENTATION IN NORTH INDIA


SMARTGRIDS1. Empower the Customer2. Enhance Transmission &

Distribution3. Improve Efficiency4. Reduce Costs5. Assist use of renewable energy

sources

} BETTER ENERGY

MANAGEMENT

In longer term, we can expect the Smart Grid to spur the kind of transformation that the internet has already brought to the way we live, work, play and learn.

FIRST POWER GRID

1896, based on Nikola Tesla’s design

FIRST SMART GRID

2005, by ENEL S.P.A in Italy

• 109 Years• Population increased by 5 billion

people• Energy demand increased, Fossil

Fuels decreased.


THAT’S WHY SMARTGRIDS

While modernizing, simply replacing the copper wires in our transmission grids, will not improve its efficiency. We need a

technological overhaul in our power system.

1. Integrate isolated technologies : Smart Grid enables

better energy management.

2. Proactive management of electrical network during

emergency situations.

3. Better demand supply / demand response

management.

4. Better power quality

5. Reduce carbon emissions.

6. Increasing demand for energy : requires more complex

and critical solution with better energy management

WORLD NEWS

All Smart Grid Companies have shown great revenue projections in

the coming years.

2-way communication Between Utility & User

SELF-HEALING

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AN OVERVIEW OF SMART GRID


DISTRIBUTION IN SMART GRID

• Automatic Distribution

• Demand Optimization - Selective Load Control

• Operation Islanding of Micro-grids

• Managing Distribution Network Model

• Outage management and AMI Integration

• DMS & Advanced Switching Applications

• Integrated Voltage / VAR Control

WHAT IT MEANS

Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is an architecture for automated, two-way communication between a smart meter with an IP address and a utility company. The goal of an AMI is to provides utility companies with real-time data about power consumption and allow customers to make informed choices about energy usage based on the price at the time of use.

A.M.I

Smart Grid Distribution Automation Spending to Total $46 Billion Worldwide by 2015

WORLD NEWS


A smart meter is usually an electrical meter that records consumption of electric energy in intervals of an hour or less and communicates that information at least daily back to the utility for monitoring and billing purposes.

SMARTMETERS

ELECTRICVEHICLESVehicle-to-grid (V2G) describes a system in which plug-in electric vehicles, such as electric cars (BEVs) and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs),

communicate with the power grid to sell demand response services by either delivering electricity into the grid or by throttling their charging rate.

One very, very promising V2G project in the US is at the University of Delaware

ASPECTS OF THE SMART GRID


THE NEAR-FUTURE


ENERGYAUDITAs per the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, Energy Audit is defined:

“the verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission of technical report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency

with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption”.

The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on: - Function and type of industry - Depth to which final audit is needed, and - Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired

Thus Energy Audit can be classified into the following two types. i) Preliminary Audit ii) Detailed Audit

TYPES OF ENERGY AUDIT ADVANTAGES OF ENERGY AUDITING

•Gives us a very accurate picture of your property (both the good and the bad).•Gives the end-buyer significant peace-of-mind.

YOU CAN ACTUALLY DO IT AT YOUR HOME TO DETERMINE YOUR OWN ELECTRICITY CONSUMTION & SEE

WHERE YOU CAN SAVE!


1. Determine the overall efficiency in the energy usage of a property.

2. Discover any and all problem areas as they relate to #1.

3. Provide an impartial recommendation of what the property owner/tenant

should do to fix #2.

GOALS OF AN ENERGY AUDIT

HOW TO DO AN ENERGY AUDIT?

1. Visual inspection of the home and appliances/systems.

2. Blower door test – Used to de-pressurize the home, see airflow patterns and

see where there are leaks that need to be fixed.

3. Thermal imaging pictures – Used to spot potential problem areas behind

walls/ceilings and floors. These infrared pictures can literally see through

drywall to give you an accurate view of hot spots, missing insulation, electrical

issues, etc.

4. A typical energy audit will take about 3-4 hours to complete.

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EXAMPLE OF THERMAL IMAGING PICTURE DURING ENERGY AUDIT

40Prof C K Chanda, BESU, India

It is a MEASURE of the impact human activities have on the environment in terms of the amount of CO2 & other green house gases produced, measured in units of carbon

dioxide.

CARBONFOOTPRINT

So that every person or industry understands his/ its own impact upon the health of our environment

Modern Objective: Greener & Cleaner Power

So, we should REDUCE Carbon Footprint

So, we should REDUCE CO2 production during entire life cycle of power production.

HIGH CARBON FOOTPRINTMore Pollution

More Penalties (Bills)


CARBONFOOTPRINTMEASUREMENTUNIT: grams of CO2 equivalent per kilowatt hour of generation (gCO2eq/kWh)

Calculated using a method called Life-Cycle-Approach (LCA), calculated at every step from production to consumption of electricity

Calculation method accredited internationally by: ISO 14000

Robust Method of Calculation [means ranking of electricity generation technologies does not change with different sources of data.]


CARBONFOOTPRINTOf Fossil Fuel Power Plants

Direct ImpactWhile power production and consumption

Indirect ImpactWhile to fuel extraction

Carbon Footprint of Typical Coal Power Plant: >1,000 gCO2eq/kWh

Approaches to deal with it

1. CARBON CAPTURE & STORAGE (CCS)It is a technology attempting to prevent the release of large quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere from fossil fuel use in power generation and other industries by capturing CO2, transporting it and ultimately, pumping it into underground geologic formations to securely store it away from the atmosphere.

2. LOW CARBON TECHNOLOGIES

PV Cells [58gCO2eq/kWh]

Biomass [25gCO2eq/kWh]

Wave & Tidal [25-50gCO2eq/kWh]

Wind Energy [4-6gCO2eq/kWh]

Nuclear [5gCO2eq/kWh]

THANK YU

Feel free to contact me with any query at:

Website: www.ckchanda.co.ccEmail: [email protected] , [email protected]

Presentation on Latest Trends in Power System by Chandan Kumar Chanda

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