presentation on Hubble Space Telescope
description
Transcript of presentation on Hubble Space Telescope
SCAN THE HEAVENS WITH HUBBLE
Presented by
Nayan Raj J(1MJ05TE03
2)
Introduction Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is located in space.
Cooperative program of ESA & NASA.
Takes amazing pictures of our universe which are not seen from ground based telescope
Destination of the Mission
Gather information for teams of scientists studying virtually all the constituents of our universe, including planets, stars, starforming regions of the Milky Way galaxy, distant galaxies and quasars, and the tenuous hydrogen gas lying between the galaxies.
Image of Hubble in space.
Time Line of Mission
National Academy of Sciences gave its approval for the Large Space Telescope (LST) project
Congress approves funding for The HST.
NASA names its largest, most complex, and capable orbiting telescope in honor of Edwin Hubble.
Operations begin in Baltimore Maryland
April 24th HST Deployed
Service Mission 1 COSTAR corrective optics installed, replacing HSP
Service Mission 2 Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph
HST Orbital Systems Test
Service Mission 3A Replacement of RSU (Rate Sensing Units containing gyroscopes). Installation of new computer.
Service Mission 3B Installed Advanced Camera for Surveys
1969 1977 1981 1990 1993 1997 1998 1999 2002
Configuration of HST
What does HST see??
How image gets to Earth?
HST receives the starlight
This data is transferred to TDRS
TDRS sends the data to its companion ground station at White Sands, NM
How image gets to Earth? (cont..)
GSFC formats the data for delivery to STScI
STScI is responsible for calibrating the data and providing them to the astronomer who requested the observations
Hubble takes amazing images...
Current and planned science instruments
Wide Field Planetary Camera 2.Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph.Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object
Spectrometer.Advanced Camera for SurveysFine Guidance Sensors.Cosmic Origins Spectrograph.Wide Field Camera 3
Wide Field Planetary camera 2 (WFPC2)
WFPC2 is basically 4 cameras
Consists of L-shaped wide field sensors
Most of pic available today is taken by this camera
WFPC2 will be replaced by WFC3 in 2009
Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS)
SITS used to spread the lights
Spreading allows to determine properties of celestial objects
Uses 3 detectors
Capability for 2 dimensional spectroscopy
Near Infrared camera & Multi-object spectrometer (NICMOS)
Mainly used for infrared imaging
Infrared detectors are HgCdTe arrays
NICMOS must operate at very cold temp, hence it is kept inside dewar
Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS)
Provides deep, wide- field survey capability in visible, IR & UV regions
Designed to achieve a factor of 10 in DE improvement compared to WFPC2
Detectors used in ACS is Charged Coupled Devices (CCD)
Most heavily used Hubble instrument
Fine Guidance Sensors (FGS)
It is a integral part of HST’s Pointing control System (PCS)
Has 2 observing mode
i. Position mode ii. Transfer mode
Cosmic Origin Spectrograph (COS)
To be installed on HST during 2009 servicing mission
Used for observing faint source ultraviolet light
Has far & near UV channel
Wide Field Camera 3(WFC3)
Will be installed in HST during 2009 service mission
WFC3 has 2 camera channels
i. UVIS channelii. IR channel
Previously Flown Instruments
Faint Object Spectrograph.Goddard High Resolution
Spectrograph.Corrective Optics Space Telescope
Axial Replacement.Faint Object Camera.High Speed Photometer.
Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS)
Replaced by NICMOS in 1997
Uses 512 element Digicon sensors
There are 2 mode of operation:
i. Low resolution.ii. High resolution.
Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS)
Replaced by STIS.
Uses 521 element Digicon sensors
Has 3 modes of operation:
i. Low resolution.ii. Medium resolution.iii. High resolution.
Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement
(COSTAR) Costar is not a science
instrument
Designed to optically correct the effects of primary mirror’s aberration on FOC, HRS,& FOS
It is no longer needed
Faint Object Camera (FOC)
Developed by ESA
Uses 2 detectors
FOC offered 3 diff focal ratios: f/48, f/96, f/288.
The Science of HubbleIt is not even remotely possible to cover all the science that Hubble has done in a single presentation. Tens of thousands of papers and hundreds of books
have been written based on HST data, and every day generates 20 GB of data. Astronomers will be mining this resource for generations to come.
Hubble’s greatest achievements
Dark EnergyAge of the UniverseBaby galaxiesChemical makeup of
extra-solar planetsBlack holes in
galaxies
Powerful stellar explosions
Source of quasar light
Forming PlanetsComet impact on
JupiterDeaths of stars
Beginning with Dark
Energy
What is the Universe made of?Ordinary matter is only part of the story…
96% of the Universe is something else
The universe is expanding faster today than it did in early times
This expansion cannot be caused by ordinary or dark matter, which slows expansion.
The acceleration suggests a new repulsive force (anti-gravity) acting on very large scales
The Universe is speeding up!
Dark energy accounts for 73% of the content of the universe
Dark matter accounts for 23%The content we’re familiar with is only 4%
The New Force Is Called “Dark Energy”
We don’t know
What is Dark Energy?
Identifying what dark energy is requires bigger
telescopes and new techniques
Planets around other stars
Ground-based telescopes find planets Hubble can measure their chemical makeup
sodium, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen in the atmosphere of a Jupiter-sized planet
Does life exist on extra-solar planets? Hubble also measured the masses of two distant
worlds One is the oldest known planet - 13 billion years
Monster Black Holes
The centers of galaxies contain black holes with masses millions to billions times that of our Sun.
Big galaxies contain big black holes, small galaxies have small black holes.
Black holes may grow with their galaxies, feasting on gas and stars swirling around the hearts of those galaxies.
Biggest Booms
Hubble showed that these brief, bright flashes come from distant galaxies forming stars at enormously high rates
The "bursts“ are the collapse of massive stars A nearby gamma ray burst would burn away the
ozone in Earth's atmosphere
Gamma ray bursts are the most powerful explosions in the universe
The Age of the
Universe
One of Hubble's key observations Age is found using 2 independent methods Hubble narrowed the age to 13 - 14 billion years
Quasar Light
Hubble tracked down the "homes" of quasars, proving that these dynamos reside in the centers of galaxies
Quasars are massive black holes swallowing stars and has from their host galaxies
Quasars are no larger than our solar system but outshine galaxies of hundreds of billions of stars.
Stellar Deaths
Planetary Nebulae: A Sun-like star's death is a colorful event. Such stars die gracefully by ejecting their outer gaseous layers into space. The outer layers glow in vibrant colors of red, blue, and green. Hubble revealed the details of this process, showing that the shapes of planetary nebulae are quite complex.
Supernovae: Massive stars end in glorious explosions. Hubble found three mysterious rings of material
encircling a doomed star that exploded as a supernova in 1987.
During the years since the eruption, Hubble spied brightened spots on the
middle ring caused by material ejected from the explosion slamming
into it.
Estimated Cost of the Mission
Initially Hubble cost $1.5 billion to build and put into orbit.
Hubble's total budget in one year is in the range $230-250 million. That money does more than simply keep Hubble operating on a daily basis. In addition to operational costs, the total dollar figure includes funds for scientific data analysis, as well as for the development of future hardware and its associated software.
The concept of servicing Hubble to upgrade its instruments rather than launching a whole new telescope has saved billions of dollars.
Conclusion Hubble is one of NASA's most successful and long-lasting science missions.
It has beamed hundreds of thousands of images back to Earth, shedding light on many of the great mysteries of astronomy. Its gaze has helped determine the age of the universe, the identity of quasars, and the existence of dark energy.
Eventually, Hubble's time will end. In the years after servicing mission, Hubble's components will slowly degrade to the point at which the telescope stops working.
When that happens, Hubble will continue to orbit the Earth until its orbit
decays, allowing it to spiral toward Earth. Astronauts or a robotic mission could either bring Hubble back to Earth or crash it safely into the ocean.
But Hubble's legacy — its discoveries, its trailblazing design, its success in showing us the universe in unparalleled detail — will live on. Scientists will rely on Hubble's revelations for years as they continue in their quest to understand the cosmos — a quest that has attained clarity, focus, and triumph through Hubble's rich existence.
Thank You