Created by: Richa Pant Created by: Richa Pant

BBA (I st year)BBA (I st year)

Roll no: 35Roll no: 35

A Computer languages are the languages by A Computer languages are the languages by which a user command a computer. Just like which a user command a computer. Just like human languages computer’s also have human languages computer’s also have certain languages which they can understand. certain languages which they can understand. There are four generations of computer There are four generations of computer language, first generation ,second language, first generation ,second generation, third generation and fourth generation, third generation and fourth generation.generation.

Computer languages are of two types :-Computer languages are of two types :- 1: Low level language -:first & second 1: Low level language -:first & second

generationgeneration 2:High level languages-:Third generation 2:High level languages-:Third generation

It is also known as binary or machine language.It is also known as binary or machine language. These binary languages are mostly based on These binary languages are mostly based on

0&1.0&1. These languages are quite difficult to These languages are quite difficult to

understand.understand. To develop a program in first generation To develop a program in first generation

language language is complicated task.is complicated task. They are machine dependent language.They are machine dependent language. They are also known as low level language (lll).They are also known as low level language (lll). The programs written on binary language used The programs written on binary language used

toto executed very fast.executed very fast.

These languages are also belong to the These languages are also belong to the category of low level language (lll).category of low level language (lll).

Second generation language were also Second generation language were also known as assembly language.known as assembly language.

The binary digits o&1 were replaced by The binary digits o&1 were replaced by some special symbol known as Mnemonics some special symbol known as Mnemonics eg:-sub = -, add=+,div=/,sav=save.eg:-sub = -, add=+,div=/,sav=save.

This language is machine independent This language is machine independent language.language.

They are also known as high level language They are also known as high level language (h.l.l).(h.l.l).

In this the commands written are in simple In this the commands written are in simple English language.English language.

Third generation language were portable.Third generation language were portable. As the commands written are in simple As the commands written are in simple

language so special software were develop language so special software were develop which are known as Language processor.which are known as Language processor.

For example:-LOGO, PASCAL;For example:-LOGO, PASCAL; COBOL,JAVA etc…. COBOL,JAVA etc….

As 3gl were based on certain As 3gl were based on certain syntax ,which a programmer has to follow syntax ,which a programmer has to follow during developing a progran which is during developing a progran which is known as procedural language.known as procedural language.

To overcome from this problem fourth To overcome from this problem fourth generation language were evolved.generation language were evolved.

These programs were written in non-These programs were written in non-procedural wayprocedural way

For example SQL, LIPS, PROLOG etc……For example SQL, LIPS, PROLOG etc……

They are system software they are used to They are system software they are used to translate high level language into machine translate high level language into machine language and vice –versa.language and vice –versa.

These language processor converts high level These language processor converts high level language into computer understandable binary language into computer understandable binary language(0&1).language(0&1).

These language processor are of 3 types;-These language processor are of 3 types;- Compiler Compiler InterpreterInterpreter Assembler Assembler

It is a special type of software that It is a special type of software that converts high level program into binary converts high level program into binary code.code.

It transfer whole program into a single It transfer whole program into a single goal it means the whole program will be goal it means the whole program will be converted into equivalent binary language.converted into equivalent binary language.

Its speed of translation is quite high but Its speed of translation is quite high but the execution speed is low.the execution speed is low.

It use to convert high level language It use to convert high level language program into equivalent binary code program into equivalent binary code by translating whole program line by by translating whole program line by line.line.

Interpreter has slow speed of Interpreter has slow speed of translation than compiler.translation than compiler.

T he program execution time is T he program execution time is interpreter is less than compiler.interpreter is less than compiler.

It is also a language processor it converts It is also a language processor it converts the assembly language programs into the assembly language programs into object code,object code,

They are required in low level languages They are required in low level languages which were machine dependent.which were machine dependent.

Today these assemblers are used to Today these assemblers are used to collect all component of the program and collect all component of the program and send to the leader and linker.send to the leader and linker.

ModemModem : :It is modulator and demodulator that is used to It is modulator and demodulator that is used to convert analog signal into digtal signal and vice versa.convert analog signal into digtal signal and vice versa.

Amplifier/RepeatersAmplifier/Repeaters: : It is used to boost up the weak It is used to boost up the weak signals.signals.

Routers:Routers: It is like traffic police that is used to direct the data It is like traffic police that is used to direct the data that are transfer through networks.that are transfer through networks.

Clint &serversClint &servers: : Clint are the computer that has more Clint are the computer that has more storage capacity and are more powerful than other computer and storage capacity and are more powerful than other computer and server are the computer that are serve by clints .server are the computer that are serve by clints .

T here are some other networking devices:T here are some other networking devices: BridgeBridge CablesCables Hubs etc…..Hubs etc…..