e-Waste Trends and Assessment in Mumbai

AtMulti-stakeholder workshop on e-waste Management,

Mumbai

Presentation by:

Dr. Ajay DeshpandeRegional Officer, I/c PCI-II

Maharashtra Pollution Control Board

November 28, 2006

WHAT IS ELECTRONIC WASTE

Electronic Waste (E-Waste) comprises of

waste electronic goods which are not fit for

their originally intended use. These range

from household appliances such as

refrigerator, air conditioner, cellular phone,

personal stereos and consumer electronics to

computers.

IS IT HAZARDOUS WASTE ? E-Waste contains several different substances

and chemicals, many of which are toxic and are

likely to create adverse impact on environment

and health, if not handled properly. However,

classification of E-waste as hazardous or

otherwise shall depend upon the extent of

presence of hazardous constituents in it.

TOXIC CONSTITUENTS

CONSTITUENTS COMPONENTS

Lead and cadmium Printed circuit boards

Lead oxide and Cd Cathode ray tubes (CRTs)

Mercury Switches & flat screen monitors

Cadmium Computer batteries

PCB Capacitors and transformers

Brominated flameretardant

Printed circuit boards, plasticcasings cable

PVC Cable insulation / coating

ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH HAZARDS

Computer /E-WasteComponents

Process PotentialOccupational Hazard

PotentialEnvironmentalHazard

Cathose raytubes (CRTs)

Breakingremoval ofcopperyoke anddumping

Silicosis

Cuts from CRT glassin case of implosion

Inhalation or contractwith phosphorcontaining cadmiumor other metals

Lead, Barium andother heavy metalsleaching intogroundwater,release of toxicphosphor

Contd..

Printed circuitboards

De-solderingandremovingcomputerchips

Tin and leadinhalation

Possible brominateddioxin, beryllium,cadmium, mercuryinhalation

Air emission ofsame substances

Dismantledprinted circuitboardprocessing

Openburning ofwasteboardsthat havehad chipsremovedto removefinalmetals

Toxicity to workersand nearby residentsfrom tin, lead,brominated dioxin,beryllium, cadmiumand mercuryinhalation

Respiratory irriation

Tin and leadcontamination ofimmediateenvironmentincluding surfaceand groundwaters.Brominateddioxins beryllium,cadmium andmercury emissions

Contd..

Chips andother goldplatedcomponents

Chemicalstrippingusing nitricand hydro-chloricacid alongriverbanks

Acid contact witheyes, skin may resultin permanent injury.

Inhalation of mistsand fumres of acids,chlorine and sulphurdioxide gases cancause respiratoryirritation to severeeffects includingpulmonary edema,circulatory failure anddeath

Hydrocarbons,heavy metals,brominatedsubstances, etc.,dischargeddirectly into riverand banks.

Acidifies theriver destroyingfish and flora.

Contd..

Plastics fromcomputer andperipheralse.g. printerskeyboards,etc.

Shreddingand lowtemperatu-re meltingto bereutilizedin poorgradeplastics

Probable hydrocarbon,brominated dioxin andheavy metal exposure.

Emissions ofbrominated dioxinsand heavy metalsand hydrocarbons

Computerwires

Openburning torecovercopper

Brominated andchlorinated dioxin,polycyclinc aromatichydrocarbons (PAH)(carcinogenic)exposure to workersliving in the burningworks area.

Hydrocarbonashes includingPAHs dischargedto air, water andsoil.

Contd..

Miscellaneo-us computerpartsencased inrubber orplastic e.g.steel rollers

Openburning torecoversteel andothermetals

Hydrocarbon includingPAHs and potentialdioxin exposure

Hydrocarbonashes includingPAHs dischargedto air, water andsoil.

Tonercartridges

Use ofpaint-brushes torecovertonerwithoutanyprotection

Respiratory tractirritation

Carbon blackpossible humancarcinogen

Cyan, yellow andmagenta tonersunknown toxicocity

Cyan, Tellow andmagenta tonersunknown toxicity

Contd..

Secondarysteel orcopper andpreciousmetalsmelting

Furnacerecoverssteel orcopperfromwasteincludingorganics

Exposure to dioxinsand heavy metals

Emission ofdioxins and heavymetals.

Removal and smelting of e-Waste

POLLUTION PROBLEMS

E-Waste Scrap

Melting in open pit furnace without APC (wood/charcoal/oil)

Fugitive emission

Slag & Ingot Sale

Pulverizer Dust

Ash & Metallic Recirculation

Mixed with acid in reactor

Contd..

Filtration

Cu sol. & Mud (HW) Disposal

Fe-fillings

Cu & supernatant Liquid effluent

Heating in open (wood) to remove water

Cu & CuO is recovered

Examples of Pollution

Plastic Shredding:

In 01: Computer Plastic ABS

P 01: Shredder used for Shredding

P 02: Washing in water for dust Removal

In 02: Electricity and Human Labour

Ou 03: Washed Plastic

In 03: Water and Human Labour

Ou 02: Contaminated Water

Ou 01: Shredder Plastic

P 03: Sun DryingOu 04: Plastic Send

for Grain Making

POSITION OF ELECTRONIC WASTES

(a) HW Rules, 1989 Not covered in Schedule 1. Schedule 2 can be

applied in case of their disposal. Schedule 3 entry at Sl.No. A1180 : waste electrical

and electronic assemblies (For EXIM). Schedule 3 entry at Sl.No. B1110 : electrical and

electronic assemblies not valid for direct reuse but for recycling (For EXIM).

(b) Basel A 1180: Annex I (Cd, Hg, Tb, PCB) to exhibit

Annex III. B 1110: Mirror entry of A1180

FINDINGS STATED IN REPORT BY BAN

50 to 80% E-wastes collected are exported forrecycling by U.S. Export is legal in U.S.

Export is due to cheaper labour and laxedstandard in poor countries.

E-waste recycling and disposal in China, Indiaand Pakistan are highly polluting.

China has banned import of E-waste.

Lack of responsibility on the part of FederalGovernment and Electronics Industry,Consumers, recyclers and local governmentstowards viable and sustainable options fordisposal of E-wastes.

International Scenario

Scenario of WEEE Generation in India{Top ten States}

Sr.No States WEEE Tones/Yr

1 MAHARASHTRA 20270.592 TAMIL NADU 13486.243 ANDHRA PRADESH 12780.334 UTTAR PRADESH 10381.115 WEST BENGAL 10059.366 DELHI 9729.157 KARNATAKA 9118.748 GUJARAT 8994.339 MADHYA PRADESH 7800.6210 PUNJAB 6958.46

Top ten cities

CITY WEEE (Tonnes)/year

MUMBAI 11017.1

Ahemadabad 3287.5

Banglore 4648.4

Chennai 4132.2

Delhi 9730.3

Hyederabad 2833.5

Kolkata 4025.3

Nagpur 1768.9

PUNE 2584.2

Surat 1836.5

Contd…

INTERVENTION REQUIRED

1. Policy

2. Technical

3. Financial

4. Implementation & capacity building

INITIATIVES OF CPCB

• Participation in Basel

• Expert Group on HWM

• Need assessment study

• Indo German Collaboration

• INDO - SWISS Study / Workshop

Efforts made by MPCB for e-Waste management

• A National working group constituted by CPCB for managing e-Waste in India. Member Secretary, MPCB is the member of this Group

• MPCB conducted Public consultation meeting for e-Waste management in Maharashtra on 22.09.2006.

• Decision taken to carry out Rapid e-Waste assessment study for Maharashtra

• MPCB formed an Expert Committee on e-Waste management

• UNEP agreed to extend partial financial assistance totaling US $ 12000 for this study

• EMPA (Swiss Agency) has offered technical support to carry out the e-waste assessment study

• UNEP has released US $ 6000 to MPCB on 16 Jan 2006 for this study.

Contd..

• The Terms and References for e-waste Assessment study prepared

• Invited Expression of Interest from the consulting agencies for carrying out e-Waste Assessment study in MMR and Pune and Pimpari- Chinchwad Municipal Corporation Areas

• Three consultants short listed and given Tender Documents

• Time frame is fixed for carrying out the assessment study i.e. Six month

• Technical and Financial Bids are evaluated• LoI issue to successful Bidder

Contd…

• Service agreement has signed with consultant on 17 May 2006

• Study has started in June 2006• Amount of Rs. 3,67,490 released by MPCB

as a first installment to consultant on 19.6.2006

• Consultant has submitted the Inception Report to MPCB

• Preliminary report is expected shortly.

e-Waste Assessment Study Objectives

• Assessment of existing and future quantity of WEEE in MMR and Pune and Pimpari Chinchwad Municipal Corporation areas

• Assessment of existing recycling methods being followed for WEEE

• Assessment of whether the WEEE recycling is currently posing any major environmental problems/ risks now or likely to pose the environmental problems in future

• Assessment of capacities/capabilities of existing stakeholders and infrastructure required for WEEE management

• Assessment of environmental and social sustainability of present system

• Assessment of the e-trade economics

e-Waste Management

• Management of E waste can be done by – Waste Reduction– Volume Reduction– Sustainable Product Design– Recovery, reuse and recycling