Presentation - LowInputBreeds
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Low Input Breeds - ECO AB Symposium, Wageningen (The Netherlands) 15-16 March, 2011 29/03/2011 1 Contribution of low-input livestock farming to biodiversity Irene Hoffmann FAO First Low Input Breeds Workshop, Wageningen, 15-16 March 2011 Content • Consumption and production growth • Environmental impact of livestock production • Biodiversity impact • How to conserve biodiversity? – Breeds and protected areas – Environmental services in production systems
Transcript of Presentation - LowInputBreeds
Low Input Breeds - ECO AB Symposium,
Wageningen (The Netherlands)
15-16 March, 2011
29/03/2011
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Contribution of low-input livestock
farming to biodiversity
Irene Hoffmann
FAO
First Low Input Breeds Workshop, Wageningen, 15-16 March 2011
Content
• Consumption and production growth
• Environmental impact of livestock production
• Biodiversity impact
• How to conserve biodiversity?
– Breeds and protected areas
– Environmental services in production systems
Low Input Breeds - ECO AB Symposium,
Wageningen (The Netherlands)
15-16 March, 2011
29/03/2011
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Population projections (bn)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1961 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Urban
Rural
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2000 2007 2015 2018 2023 2030 2037 2044 2050
Developing
Developed
Kg/capita/y)
Alexandratos, 2009
Meat consumption projections
Low Input Breeds - ECO AB Symposium,
Wageningen (The Netherlands)
15-16 March, 2011
29/03/2011
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Meat Production Index
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Ind
ex: 1
961=
100
Poultry
Pig
Cattle
Sheep and Goat
FAO, SOFA 2009
Increasing trade of feedstuff
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
40,000,000
45,000,000
1973 1983 1993 2003
China
Asia
World
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
1973 1983 1993 2003
China
Asia
World
Maize imports (tons)Soybean imports (tons)
developing countries: trade deficit in coarse grain
Low Input Breeds - ECO AB Symposium,
Wageningen (The Netherlands)
15-16 March, 2011
29/03/2011
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Human population density
World Atlas of Biodiversity
Wilderness
World Atlas of Biodiversity
Low Input Breeds - ECO AB Symposium,
Wageningen (The Netherlands)
15-16 March, 2011
29/03/2011
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Estimated distribution of livestock production systems
livestock’s long shadow
Main direct drivers of change in biodiversity
and ecosystems
http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/
GraphicResources.aspx
Main direct drivers of change in biodiversity
and ecosystems
Low Input Breeds - ECO AB Symposium,
Wageningen (The Netherlands)
15-16 March, 2011
29/03/2011
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•Land– 26% of emerged land used as pasture /rangeland– 33% of crop land dedicated to feed production
• Water– 8% of water use, mostly for feed– alters the status of the resource (quality and quantity)
• Biodiversity– wildlife: follow on effects of habitat degradation and destruction– narrowing agricultural biodiversity
• Climate– 18% of anthropogenic emissions when taking a food chain approach– main causes: deforestation, manure management and enteric fermentation
livestock’s long shadow
Aggregated View
Mechanism of biodiversity loss
Livestock production system
Biodiversity level affected
extensive intensive Intra-species
Inter-species
Ecosystem
Deforestation / fragmentat.
Land use intensification
Desertification
Reversion of former pastures / abandonment
Climate change
Invasive livestock species
Invasive plant species
Competition with wildlife
Overfishing
Livestock diversity erosion
Toxicity
Pollution (N, P etc.)
Low Input Breeds - ECO AB Symposium,
Wageningen (The Netherlands)
15-16 March, 2011
29/03/2011
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after Napel et al. (2006))
Low Input Breeds - ECO AB Symposium,
Wageningen (The Netherlands)
15-16 March, 2011
29/03/2011
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Production system
High external input Low external inputGlobal High GHG from deforestation, land-
use change, fertilizer productionLow wild biodiversity Low GHG / kg product
High CH4 from enteric fermentationLow N2O / haC-sequestration / haHigh land use / kg product
Regional Homogenous landscapeWater + soil pollutionLow wild biodiversityLarge farms
Heterogenous landscapeMed-high wild biodiversitySmall farmsTradition / cultureTransfer payments
Local Systems: intensive or landlessInternational breedTraded feedSown pasturesHigh output + productivity
Systems: Mixed-crop-livestock or pastoral Local breed + feedN-fixationLow stocking rateBiodiversity Low output + productivity
cost-benefit ratio – personal + social preferences
Solutions to reduce biodiversity impact
• Supply: Waste reduction and intensification in all
production systems
– Use non human edible feeds (forage, residues/by
products)
• Extensive systems: opportunities for productivity gains;
options for CC mitigation;
• Intensive systems: frontier research in breeding and feeding;
focus on land use emissions associated with feed; limited
options for CC mitigation;
• Demand: Modify meat consumption
– Reduce meat consumption
– Separate meat from animal
– Substitute meat
BUT: Loss of breeds
Low Input Breeds - ECO AB Symposium,
Wageningen (The Netherlands)
15-16 March, 2011
29/03/2011
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Edible protein output/input
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Edible protein input estimated from feed and primary crops that are edible by humans
No. of local and transboundary breeds at global level
4194446161791931World
FAO, 2010
Low Input Breeds - ECO AB Symposium,
Wageningen (The Netherlands)
15-16 March, 2011
29/03/2011
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No. of local and transboundary breeds at regional level
FAO, 2010
Tradit. farming + associated land mgt. practices
• produced a range of semi-natural environments that favoured a variety of wild fauna and flora
– relatively low levels of inputs
– presence of ‘neglected’ areas - mixture of land uses on the farm
– livestock ‘mimicked’ the role of large herbivores in controlling vegetation
• local breeds with (?) special adaptation
But: Little research on functions on both sides and linkages
Amendt et al, 2009
Low Input Breeds - ECO AB Symposium,
Wageningen (The Netherlands)
15-16 March, 2011
29/03/2011
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Protected landscapes
• what types or proportion of agrobiodiversity might be included within a protected area?
Amendt et al, 2009
Diana, 2011
Low Input Breeds - ECO AB Symposium,
Wageningen (The Netherlands)
15-16 March, 2011
29/03/2011
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Diana, 2011
Diana, 2011
Low Input Breeds - ECO AB Symposium,
Wageningen (The Netherlands)
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Production Environment Descriptors
Management Environment Natural Environment
Disease, Parasite & Disease
complexes
Socio-economic
characteristics
Management intervention
ClimateTerrain
Features
Livestock production
system type
Level of confinement
Climate modifiers
Disease & parasite control
Reproduction strategies
Feed & water availability
Market orientation
Market targeted
Main uses and roles
Gender aspects
Diseases
Ecto-parasites
Endo-parasites
Other knownthreats
including: feed + water
toxins,predators and
otherharmful animals
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Precipitation
Wind conditions
Radiation
Day Length
Elevation
Slope
Soil pH
Surface conditions
Tree cover
CONCLUSIONS
• Demand will continue to increase, push to enhance livestock productivity is needed
• New technologies are required / partly available > most of them lead to loss of (livestock) diversity
• Arguments pro Low-input breeds– Edible protein ratio
– Linkages to protected / HNV areas
– Ecosystem services
• Output monitoring for PES – Public databases for genetic and phenotypic data
• Changing in consumer behaviour + development of niche markets and label products + sustainable agriculture, organic farming and local food production
• Policy instruments are required to stimulate implementation of a portfolio of options
How much do we really know?
Low Input Breeds - ECO AB Symposium,
Wageningen (The Netherlands)
15-16 March, 2011
29/03/2011
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Thank you for your attention !
