“WEAK FORMS” - an essential feature of English pronunciation

-Presented by Group 5: Pham Van Phi Bui Thi Thuong Vu Thi Mai

Part I: The definition of weak forms and

some reasons for learning weak forms

MAIN CONTENTS

Part III: The most common weak-form words

Part II: Inventory of weak-form words

a. Definition

Weak forms are syllable sounds that become unstressed

in connected speech and are often then pronounced as a schwa.

An very important component of natural and fluent English

Ex: What do you want to do this evening?

In the sentence above, the first 'do' is a weak form and the

second is stressed.

PART I: The definition of weak forms and some reasons for learning weak forms

b. Reasons for learning weak-form words:

Improve your listening skills , especially to understand native

speakers.

Improve your speaking skills. If you want to speak naturally

you should pronounce weak forms correctly.

Failure on weak forms will affect your English rhythm.

You will avoid misunderstandings.

PART I: The definition of weak forms and some reasons for learning weak forms

• ARTICLES : a, an, the

• CONJUNCTIONS: and, as, but, than, that

• PREPOSITIONS: at, for, from, of, to

• AUXILIARY AND MODAL VERBS: am, is, are, was, were, have,

has, had, do, does, must, would, can, will, shall

• PRONOUNS: he, him, her, us, them, there

PART II: Inventory of weak-form words

1.'the‘

Weak forms: ð∂ (before consonants)'shut the door' /ʃ˄t ð∂ 'dↄ:/.

ði (before vowels)'Wait for the end' /'weit f∂ ði 'end/.

PART III: Most common weak forms in English

2.'a', 'an'

Weak forms : ∂ (before consonants).' Read a book' /'ri:d ∂ 'buk/

∂n (before vowels).' Eat an apple' /'i:t ∂n 'æpl/.

3. 'and'

Weak form: ∂n (sometimes ṇ after t, d, s, z,ʃ/' come and see' /'k˄m ∂n 'si:/' Fish and chips' /'fiʃ ṇ 'ʧips/.

4. 'but'

Weak form: b∂t 'It's good but expensive'

/Its 'gud b∂t Iks'pensiv/.

5. ' that'

( This word only has a weak form when used in a relative clause; when used with a demonstrative sense it is usually pronounced in its strong form.)

Weak form: ð∂t ' The price is the thing that annoys me '

/ ð∂ 'prais iz ð∂ 'Ɵiη ð∂t ∂'nↄiz mi/ .

6. ' than'

Weak form: /ð∂n/ ex : 'Better than ever' /bet∂ ð∂n ‘ev∂/.

7. ' his'

Weak form: iz , (hiz at the beginning of a sentence)

'Take his name' /'teik iz 'neim /(Another sense of 'his' , as in 'it was his' has

always the strong form).

8. 'her'

(When used with possessive sense, proceeding a noun; as an object pronoun, this can also occur at the end of a sentence ).

Weak forms : ∂ (before consonants).'Take her home' /'teik ∂ 'h∂um/.

∂r (before vowels)' Take her out' / 'teik ∂r 'aut/ .

9. 'your'

Weak forms: j∂ (before consonants)' Take your time' /teik j∂ 'taim/

j∂r (before vowels)' On your own' /ↄn j∂r '∂Ʊn/

10. 'She', 'He', 'We', 'You':• 'she' ʃ/i/' why did she read it?' /wai did ʃi ' ri:d it ?/.' Who is she?' /'hu: ‘iz ʃi?/• 'he' /i/ (the weak form is usually pronounced

without h except at the beginning of a sentence).' Which did he choose?' / 'wiʧ did i ʧu:z/' He was late, wasn't he?' /hi w∂z ' leit ' wↄzṇt i?/• 'we' /wi/' How can we get there?' / haƱ k∂n we 'get ðe∂?/' we need that, don't we?' / wi 'ni:d ðæt 'd∂Ʊnt wi/• 'you' /ju/' What do you think?' /'wↄt d∂ ju 'Ɵiηk?/' You like it, do you?' /ju 'laik It 'du: ju?/

10. 'She', 'He', 'We', 'You':

This group of pronouns has weak forms pronounced with weaker vowels than the /i:/ and /u:/ of their strong forms.

11. 'him'

Weak form: /im/' Leave him alone' /li:v im ∂'l∂un/' I've seen him' /aiv 'si:n im/

12. 'her'

Weak form : ∂ (h∂ when sentence –initial)' Ask her to come' /a:sk ∂ t∂ 'k˄m/' I have met her' /aiv ' met ∂/

13. 'them'

Weak form : ð∂m' leave them here' /li:v ð∂m 'hi∂/' eat them' /i:t ð∂m/

14. 'us'

Weak form: ∂s'Write us a letter' /'rait ∂s ∂ 'let∂/' They invited all of us' / ðei in'vaitid ' 'ↄ:l ∂v

∂s/.

The next group of words (some prepositions and other function words) occurs in their strong form when they are final in a sentence. This also depends on the intention of the speaker, the situation, the pitch level of the word; examples of this are given.

15. 'at'

Weak form: ∂t' I'll see you at lunch' /ail 'si: ju ∂t 'l˄ntʃ/In the final position: æt' What's he shooting at?' / 'wↄts I 'ʃu:tiη æt?/

16. ' for'

- Weak form : f∂ (before consonants)' Tea for two' / ' ti: f∂ 'tu:/ - f∂r (before vowels).' Thanks for asking' /'Ɵæηks f∂r 'a:skIη/ - In the final position: fↄ:' what's that for? ' /wↄts 'ðæt fↄ:/

17. 'from'

Weak form: fr∂m' I'm home from work' /aim 'h∂um fr∂m 'wЗ:k/

In the final position: frↄm' Here's where it came from' /'hi∂z we∂r it 'keim

frↄm

18. ' of '

Weak form : ∂v' Most of all' /'m∂ust ∂v ' Ɔ:l/ In the final position: Ɔv' Someone I've heard of' /'s˄mw˄n aiv 'h З:d Ɔv/

19. 'to'

• Weak form : t∂ (before consonants)' Try to stop' /' trai t∂ ' stƆp/–Tu (before vowels)

' Time to eat' /'taIm tu 'i:t/– In the final position: tu (It is not usual to use the

strong form /tu:/, and the pre-consonantal weak form t∂ is never used).

' I don't want to' /aI 'd∂unt 'wƆnt tu/.

20. 'as'

Weak form: ∂z' As much as possible' /∂z 'm˄ʧ /∂z pƆsibl/

In final position : æz' That's what it was sold as' /'ðæts 'wƆt it w∂z

's∂Ʊld æz/

21. 'some'This word is used in two different ways:- In one sense (typically, when it occurs before a countable

noun, meaning "an unknown individual") it has strong form:/s˄m/

' I think some animal broke it' /ai ' Ɵiηk s˄m 'ænimḷ ' br∂Ʊk it/- If it comes before uncountable nouns (meaning "an

unspecified amount of"), in such uses it has the weak form: s∂m.' Have some more tea' / 'hæv s∂m 'mƆ: 'ti:/

-In final position: s˄m' I've got some' /aIv 'gƆt s˄m/

22. 'there'This word has a demonstrative function; it always occurs in

its strong form : ðe∂ (ðe∂r before example), e.g.'There it is' / ðe∂r it iz /' Put it here ' /pƱt it ðe∂/Weak forms: ð∂ (before consonants)'There should be a rule' /ð∂ 'ʃƱd bi ∂ 'ru:l/ ð∂r (before vowels)' There is' / ð∂r ‘iz/In the final position the pronunciation may be ð∂ or ðe∂.' There isn't any, is there? ‘ / ð∂r ‘izṇt eni ‘iz ð∂/ or / ð∂r ' izṇt eni ‘iz

ðe∂/.

23. 'can', 'could'

Weak forms: /k∂n/, /k∂d/'They can wait' / ðei K∂n 'weit/'He could do it' /hi: k∂d 'du: it/

In final position: /kæn/, /kƱd/' I think we can' /ai 'Ɵiηk wi kæn/' Most of them could' /'m∂Ʊst ∂v ðem kƱd/

24. 'have', 'has', 'had'

Weak forms: ∂v, ∂z, ∂d (with initial h in initial position)

' Which have you seen?' /'wiʧ ∂v ju 'si:n/' which has been best?' /' wIʧ ∂z 'bi:n 'best/' Most had gone home' /m∂Ʊst ∂d 'gƆn 'h∂Ʊm/

In final position: hæv, hæz, hæd' Yes, we have' /'jes we ' hæv/' I think she has' /ai ' Ɵiηk ʃi ' hæz/' I thought we had' / ai 'Ɵↄ:t wi ' hæd/

25. 'shall' 'should'

Weak forms : ʃ∂l or ʃl ; ʃ∂d'we shall need to hurry' /wi ʃḷ 'ni:d t∂ 'h˄ri/' I should forget it' / ai ʃ∂d f∂'get it/

In final position: ʃæl , ʃƱd' I think we shall' /ai ' Ɵiηk wi 'ʃæl /' So you should' /s∂Ʊ ju ' ʃƱd/

26. 'must'

e.x: ‘'she left at 8 o'clock, so she must have arrived by now‘’

when 'must' is used in this way, it is rather less likely to occur in its weak form than when it is being used in its more familiar sense of' obligation'

1/ Weak form: m∂s (before consonants)'You must try harder' /ju m∂s'trai 'ha:d∂/ 2/ m∂st (before vowels)' He must eat more' /hi 'm∂st 'i:t 'mↄ:3/In final position: m˄st' she certainly must ' /ʃi 'sЗ:tṇli 'm˄st/

27. 'do', 'does'1/Weak forms:'Do' d∂ (before consonants)'Why do they like it? ' /'wai d∂ ðei 'laik it/

Du (before vowels)' why do all the cars stop? ' /'waI du ↄ:l ð∂ 'ka:z 'st ↄp/'Does' d∂z' When does it arrive? ' /wen d∂z It ∂'raIv/ 2/In final position: du: , d˄z' we don't smoke, but some people do' /wi: d∂Ʊnt 'sm∂Ʊk b∂t 's˄m 'pi:pḷ 'du:/' I think John does' /ai ' Ɵiηk 'ʤ ↄn d˄z/

28. 'am', 'are', 'was', 'were'1/ am /∂m/'Why am I here?' /wai ∂m ai 'hi∂?/2/ are /∂ /( before consonants)' Here are the plates' /hi∂r ∂ ð∂ 'pleIts/ /∂r/ (before vowels)' The coats are in there' / ð∂ 'k∂Ʊts ∂r In ðe∂/ 3/ was /w∂z/'He was here a minute ago' /hI w∂z 'hI∂r ∂ 'mInit ∂'g∂u/

4/ were w∂ (before consonants)' The papers were late' / ð∂ 'peIp∂z w∂ 'leIt/ w∂r (before vowels)'The questions were easy' / ð∂ 'kwesʧ∂nz w∂r

'i:zi/ 5/ In final positions: æm, a:, wↄz, wЗ:' She's not as old as I am' / ʃiz 'nↄt ∂z 'aI æm/' I know the smiths are' /aI n∂Ʊ ð∂ 'smIƟss a:' The last record was' / ð∂ la:st 'rekↄd wↄz/' They weren't as cold as we are‘ / ðeI ' wЗ:nt ∂z 'k∂Ʊld ∂ 'wi: wЗ:/.

when do weak forms become strong?

1.the end of the sentence

Where are you from?

Yes, I am.

No, I’m not.

2.Negatives

I can speak German.

I can speak German.

ə

I can’t speak German.

I can’t speak German.ɑː

You aren’t listening.

I’m not listening.

the stress is always on ‘not’even when it’s abbreviated

3.auxiliary or modal substitutes or

includes the main verbs

I can’t speak German

but my friend can.

Do you like English ?

No, I don’t.

4.double stress for emphasis

I do like your hat!

EXERCISE: How many weak formscan you find?

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way—in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way—in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.