Presentation for CS490Presentation for CS490Other TopicsOther Topics

By: Chihwei HsuBy: Chihwei Hsu Date: Nov 17, 2003Date: Nov 17, 2003 Class: CS490Class: CS490

Modeling and SimulationModeling and Simulation

• Modeling- Modeling- The use of mathematics to describe a situation The use of mathematics to describe a situation or a physical object. Mathematical formulas can or a physical object. Mathematical formulas can be used to manipulate data, to develop be used to manipulate data, to develop business plans and projections, or to evaluate business plans and projections, or to evaluate the impact of proposed changes on a the impact of proposed changes on a company's operations and financial status. company's operations and financial status. 

• Simulation-Simulation- Using a model to perform a process.Using a model to perform a process.

Steps in SimulationSteps in Simulation

Information RetrievalInformation Retrieval

• Information retrieval systems are used to store and Information retrieval systems are used to store and query textual data such as documents. They use a query textual data such as documents. They use a simpler data model than database systems.simpler data model than database systems.

• Those queries attempt to locate documents. For Those queries attempt to locate documents. For example put the keyword on search engine. The example put the keyword on search engine. The query that a user has in mind usually cannot be stated query that a user has in mind usually cannot be stated precisely. Only offers best match.precisely. Only offers best match.

Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence

DefinitionDefinitionArtificial Intelligence is a branch Artificial Intelligence is a branch of of ScienceScience which deals with which deals with helping machines find solutions to helping machines find solutions to complex problems in a more complex problems in a more human-like fashion. This human-like fashion. This generally involves borrowing generally involves borrowing characteristics from human characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as intelligence, and applying them as algorithms in a computer friendly algorithms in a computer friendly wayway

Artificial Intelligence (cont.)Artificial Intelligence (cont.)

Technology Technology

Over the past five decades, AI research has Over the past five decades, AI research has mostly been focusing on solving specific mostly been focusing on solving specific problems. Numerous solutions have been problems. Numerous solutions have been devised and improved so efficient and devised and improved so efficient and reliable. This explains why the field of reliable. This explains why the field of Artificial Intelligence is split into many Artificial Intelligence is split into many branches, ranging from branches, ranging from Pattern RecognitionPattern Recognition to to Artificial LifeArtificial Life, including , including Evolutionary Evolutionary ComputationComputation and and PlanningPlanning..

Artificial Intelligence (cont.)Artificial Intelligence (cont.)

Languages used in AILanguages used in AI

• LISPLISP• PROLOGPROLOG

Computer GraphicsComputer Graphics

• OpenGL is the industry’s most widely used, sOpenGL is the industry’s most widely used, supported and best documented 2D/3D graphicupported and best documented 2D/3D graphics API making it inexpensive & easy to obtain infs API making it inexpensive & easy to obtain information on implementing OpenGL in hardwaormation on implementing OpenGL in hardware and software. re and software.

• OpenGL is a cross-platform standard, and its liOpenGL is a cross-platform standard, and its library can be used on all windows, MacOS, Linubrary can be used on all windows, MacOS, Linux and Unix systems.x and Unix systems.

DatabasesDatabases

• A database is a structured collection of data.A database is a structured collection of data. Data can refer to the characteristics of peo Data can refer to the characteristics of people, things, and events.ple, things, and events.

• Database System versus File System DataDatabase System versus File System Database (advantage) base (advantage)

– Compactness of the dataCompactness of the data– Speed of operationsSpeed of operations– Less drudgeryLess drudgery– CurrencyCurrency– Data can be sharedData can be shared– Integrity can be maintainedIntegrity can be maintained– Security can be applied Security can be applied

Databases (Cont.)Databases (Cont.)

File (Disadvantage)File (Disadvantage)• Data redundancyData redundancy• Difficulty in accessing dataDifficulty in accessing data• Data isolation – Because data may be located iData isolation – Because data may be located i

n different files, and may be difficult to retrievn different files, and may be difficult to retrieve from files.e from files.

• Integrity problemsIntegrity problems• Security problemsSecurity problems

Databases (Cont.)Databases (Cont.) Data ModelsData Models

Entity-Relationship ModelEntity-Relationship ModelRelational ModelRelational Model

The entity-relationship (E-R) data The entity-relationship (E-R) data model is a widely used data model, and it model is a widely used data model, and it provides a convenient graphical provides a convenient graphical representation to view data, relationships representation to view data, relationships and constraints.and constraints.

A relational database is organized as a A relational database is organized as a set of formally-described tables from which set of formally-described tables from which data can be accessed or reassembled in data can be accessed or reassembled in many different ways without having to many different ways without having to reorganize the database tables.reorganize the database tables.

Databases (Cont.)Databases (Cont.)

ExampleExample Entity-Relationship Model ( E-R Model )Entity-Relationship Model ( E-R Model )

SALARY

PHONE

ENAME

ESSN

EmployeeASSIGNED

-TOMANAGES MGRS

DEPTS

MSSN

DNAME

LOCATION

MNAME

Databases (Cont.)Databases (Cont.) ExampleExample

Relational Model DatabaseRelational Model Database

Employee :Employee :

DEPTS: DEPTS:

MGRS: MGRS:

ASSIGNED-TO:ASSIGNED-TO:

MANAGES:MANAGES:

ENAMEENAME SALARYSALARY PHONPHONEE

ESSNESSN

DNAMEDNAME LOCATIONLOCATION

MNAMEMNAME MSSNMSSN

ESSNESSN DNAMEDNAME

DNAMEDNAME MSSNMSSN

VLSIVLSI

VLSI – Very Large Scale IntegrationVLSI – Very Large Scale Integration

• Refers to those high density electronic inRefers to those high density electronic integrated circuits.tegrated circuits.

• How to build circuits on silicon ship?How to build circuits on silicon ship?

http://vlsi.wpi.edu/webcourse/toc.html

Logic ProgrammingLogic Programming

•Declarative Declarative : : the program specifies a computation by giving the program specifies a computation by giving

the properties of a correct answer. Prolog and the properties of a correct answer. Prolog and LDL are examples of declarative languages; LDL are examples of declarative languages; since they emphasize the logical properties of since they emphasize the logical properties of a computation, they are often called logic a computation, they are often called logic programming languages. programming languages.

Logic Programming (cont.)Logic Programming (cont.)

PROLOG -PROLOG - Logic Programming Language Logic Programming LanguageSample PrologSample Prolog

/* Fact *//* Fact */male(jimmy).male(jimmy).male(jack).male(jack)./* Rule *//* Rule */father(jimmy,jack).father(jimmy,jack).ancestor(jimmy,jack) :- father(jimmy,jack).ancestor(jimmy,jack) :- father(jimmy,jack).

Which one is correct?Which one is correct? Jimmy is Jack’s fatherJimmy is Jack’s father Jack is Jimmy’s fatherJack is Jimmy’s father

ReferencesReferences

• http://www.http://www.engrengr..wiscwisc..eduedu/centers//centers/chprachpra//msecipmsecip_abstract.html_abstract.html

• http://http://vlsivlsi..wpiwpi..eduedu//webcoursewebcourse//toctoc.html.html• Tarik Booker from Spring CS490Tarik Booker from Spring CS490• CS442 notesCS442 notes• Silberschatz, Abraham. Database System ConSilberschatz, Abraham. Database System Con

cepts (4cepts (4thth Edition) Edition)• Luger, George F. Artificial Intelligence (4Luger, George F. Artificial Intelligence (4thth Editi Editi

on)on)

EndingEnding

Any Question!Any Question!