Presentation: Design Considerations - June 5, 2018 · Design Considerations • Design Flexibility...
Transcript of Presentation: Design Considerations - June 5, 2018 · Design Considerations • Design Flexibility...
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Design Considerations JUNE 5TH, 2018
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Design Considerations
• Design Flexibility• Pedestrian and bicycle design concepts and tools• How to make it fit
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Design Flexibility
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Design Flexibility
• 2010 USDOT Policy Statement
“…DOT encourages transportation agencies to go beyond the minimum requirements, and proactively provide convenient, safe, and context-sensitive facilities that foster increased use by bicyclists and pedestrians of all ages and abilities, and utilize universal design characteristics when appropriate.”
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/overview/policy_accom.cfm
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Design Flexibility
• 2016 FHWA resource “Achieving Multimodal Networks”
https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/publications/multimodal_networks/
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Design Flexibility
• 2013 FHWA Memo• Supports “taking a flexible approach to bicycle and pedestrian facility
design”• Recommends using AASHTO, ITE and NACTO guidance
• AASHTO Greenbook 2011, p xii:• “This policy is therefore not intended to be a detailed design manual that
could supersede the need for the application of sound principles by the knowledgeable design professional. Sufficient flexibility is permitted to encourage independent designs tailored to particular situations.”
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/guidance/design_guidance/design_flexibility.cfm
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Design Flexibility
• IDOT BDE Manual, pg i:“The designer should develop roadway designs that meet the Department’s operational and safety requirements while preserving the environmental resources of an area. Designers must exercise good judgment on individual projects and, frequently, they must be innovative in their approach to roadway design. This may require, for example, additional research into the highway literature or use of other Department Manuals.”
• MODOT Engineering Policy Guide 136.7.2.1.1“To maximize the value of the project the LPA should strive for as much flexibility in geometric design as possible.
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/guidance/design_guidance/design_flexibility.cfm
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Motorist Speeds and Vulnerable Users
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Design Concepts: Speed
• 2017 National Traffic Safety Board Safety Study “ Reducing Speeding-Related Crashes Involving Passenger Vehicles” p ix
• “Speed – and therefore speeding—increases crash risk in two ways: 1) it increases the likelihood of being involved in a crash, and 2) it increases the severity of injuries sustained by all road users in a crash.”
• “The relationship is especially critical for pedestrians involved in a motor vehicle crash, due to their lack of protection.”
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Design Concepts: Speed
City of Chicago, Vision Zero Chicago Action Plan, p 47
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Design Concepts: Speed
City of Chicago, Vision Zero Chicago Action Plan, p 47
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Design Concepts: Speed
speed/volume
• As speed and/or volume increase, separation between bicyclists and pedestrians and motor vehicle traffic should increase
• By extension, where spaces are shared, speeds and/or volumes should be kept low
Level of separation
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Pedestrian Design Concepts & Tools
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Sidewalks for safety
• Adding a sidewalk reduces pedestrian crashes by 88%
• Adding a paved shoulder reduces pedestrian crashes by 70%
• 5’ width recommended (4’ minimum throughway required by ADA)
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Designing for safety
Complete sidewalk networks
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Pedestrian space design
EdgeZone
Furniture Zone
ThroughwayZone
FrontageZone
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Furniture Zone
• Buffers pedestrians with plantings, furniture
• Provides snow storage space
• Aids in meeting ADA curb ramp requirements
• Plantings may calm speeds
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Throughway Zone
• Guidelines:• 5’ – 7’ width in
residential areas • 8’ – 12’ width in
commercial areas• Absolute minimum
of 4’ at pinch points
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Throughway Zone - Driveways
Every driveway introduces a conflict point
• Limit # of driveways
• Maintain level path for pedestrians
• Accessible driveway requires level pedestrian access route:
• Cross slope: 2% max• Width: 4 ft. min
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Designing for accessibility
Driveway design
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Pedestrian Crossing Concepts
• Speed management
• Visibility & predictability
• Crossing distance
• Convenience (network)
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Managing Motorist Speeds
• Normal travel:• Design street for the max speeds you want, not the speeds you have• Reallocate excess capacity to improve accommodations for all users• Provide adequate delineation and frame the traveled way• Narrow travel lanes (less than 11’)• Chicaning and skinny streets (residential treatment)
• Turning:• Compact intersections• Tight curb radii• Raised crosswalks
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Visibility Tools
• High-visibility markings
• Signs• Beacons
Visibility tools
Markings & signs
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Visibility tools
RRFB
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Tools toreduce distance
Curb extensions
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Tools to reduce distance
Curb extensions + stormwater
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Tools to reduce distance
Median refuge islands
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Bikeway Concepts & Tools
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Safety in Numbers
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Bikeway Types
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On-road Bikeway Types
Marked shared lanes
Bicycle boulevard/shared streets
Advisory shoulders/lanes
Bike lanes
Buffered bike lanes
Cycle tracks/Protected bike lanes (PBL)
LEVEL O
F SEPARATIO
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Cleveland Heights, OH
Marked Shared Lanes
• Placement indicates desired path of cyclist• Denotes a priority street for bicycling • Minimally affect traffic patterns• Simple to implement• Appropriate for lower volume/lower speed
streets• Improve motorists awareness of cyclists• Of limited appeal to many cyclists
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Portland, OR
Bicycle Boulevard
• Shared street
• Appropriate for low volumes and speeds
• Comfortable for all levels of cyclists
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Bicycle Boulevard
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Advisory Shoulders & Lanes
• Separate bicyclist from vehicle traffic
• Vehicles share space• Vehicles yield to
bicyclists• Suitable on lower
volume (< 6,000 ADT) roads
• More dedicated space than SLMs provide
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Standard Bike Lanes
• Separate bike from vehicle traffic
• More comfortable on higher speed (> 25 mph), higher volume (> 3,000 ADT) roads
• Greater visibility than SLMs
• Appealing to more cyclists than SLMs
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Standard Bike Lanes With Parking
• Safer than no bike lane• Door zone hazards
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Standard Bike Lanes
• 5’ minimum recommended width • 6’ also OK• 7’ or wider – consider a buffered
bike lane
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New York, NY
Buffered Bike Lanes
• May require using an existing travel or parking lane
• Appropriate for higher volume/higher speed streets (>30 mph)
• Appealing to a range of cyclists. The cyclist’s path is clearly delineated and riders are away from car traffic
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Seattle, WA
Buffered Bike Lanes
• Buffer can be between bike lane and travel lane, parking lane, or both
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Portland, ORNew York, NY
Cycle Tracks/SBLs/PBLs
• Provides a physical separation between travel lane and bike lane
• Appropriate for higher traffic volumes and speeds
• Appealing to a wide range of cyclists
• May be at-grade or raised
• Bigger change and requires more space and potentially changes to utilities/ drainage
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Cycle Tracks/PBLs
San Francisco, CA
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Boulder, CO
Cycle Tracks/PBLs
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Boulder, CO
Off-street facilities/shared-use paths
• 10’ minimum width
• when to separate users
• materials to separate users
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Sidepaths• Separated from roadway• Shared with pedestrians• Carefully design the intersections
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Intersection Design Considerations
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Compact Intersections
• Reduce visual size of intersection and provide improved accommodations for people walking, biking, and taking transit
• Eliminate open, underutilized, unprogrammed space
• Tighten curb-radii
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Tools to reduce distance & manage
speed
Reclaim Space
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Daylighting
• Remove parking and visual obstacles 20-25 feet from cross-street
SFMTA, “Daylighting” Makes San Francisco Crosswalks Safer
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Intersection Markings
• Indicates the intended path for the cyclist
• Provides more visibility and increases predictability of cyclist movements
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Separation in time
• Ped Hybrid Beacon (77-95% compliance)
• Signal• Automatic vs. actuated (esp.
for mainline)• Pedestrian timing
• 7 sec. min. Walk• 3.5 ft/sec Flashing Don’t Walk• Use maximum time available
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• Countdown signals• Leading pedestrian
intervals (LPI)• Lagging left turn• Reduce curb radius
Signal Tools
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Roundabouts
• Designing for People
July 10, 2018 54
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Design Considerations -Rightsizing
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Passive vs. Proactive Design
Passive Design• Uses past or present as
basis of design• Designs for worst-case
scenario• Form follows standards• Self-fulfilling prophesies
(clear zones, 85% speed, etc)
Proactive Design• Designs toward desired
future conditions• Designs for realistic
scenario• Form follows function• Design flexibility/
discretion (context-sensitivity)
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Passive vs. Proactive Design
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Passive vs. Proactive Design
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Don’t ask “How much do we need?”
Ask:• How much do we
have?• What do we want?• How do we design
it to fit?
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No curb work required but bike facilities are tight. Requires curb work but comfortable for bicyclists of all ages/abilities.
8’
44’
8’
Cross Sections
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Cross Section Example
Current State
17 ft. of extra space to work withCommunity Residential Baseline
76’ ROW
42’
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Street Modifications (for bike priority streets)
1. Bike facilities• Protected bike lane• Buffered bike lane• Standard bike lane
2. Traffic calming elements
Cross Section Example
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Constrained corridor? Rightsize it!
• Convert 4-lane to 2 lanes, TWLTL, & bike lanes• 29% crash reduction for ALL users
63
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FHWA proven safety countermeasure
“Road diets can be low cost if planned in conjunction with reconstruction or simple overlay projects, since a road diet mostly consists of restriping. Roadways with Average Daily Traffic (ADT) of 20,000 or less may be good candidates for a road diet and should be evaluated for feasibility.”
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Rightsizing tool: Narrower travel lanes
Ten feet should be the default width for general purpose lanes at speeds of 45 mph or less.
• ITE Traffic Engineering Handbook, 7th Edition
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Rightsizing tools
On-street parking
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Rightsizing tools
Add bikeway
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Rightsizing tools
Parklets
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Additional Questions/Discussion?