PRESENTATION BYPRESENTATION BY

SHRI CHANDRA SHEKHAR PRASADSHRI CHANDRA SHEKHAR PRASADDIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR GENERAL

CENTRAL PUBLIC WORKS CENTRAL PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENTDEPARTMENT

ONON

QUALIFICATION OF CONTRACTOR, QUALIFICATION OF CONTRACTOR, QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY CONTROL AND

SUSTAINABILITY IN INFRASTRUCTURESSUSTAINABILITY IN INFRASTRUCTURES

QUALIFICATION OF QUALIFICATION OF CONTRACTORSCONTRACTORS

Performance in creating an infrastructure Performance in creating an infrastructure An outcome of relentless effort made in procuring An outcome of relentless effort made in procuring

material of right type and of quality. material of right type and of quality. Another important factor is workmanship. Another important factor is workmanship. In turn the workmanship depends on the In turn the workmanship depends on the

qualification of the man power behind the qualification of the man power behind the construction activity. construction activity.

There are other factors as well like There are other factors as well like • time managementtime management• financial management and financial management and • technical management including machinery, T&Ptechnical management including machinery, T&P• coordination and team work amongst various disciplines coordination and team work amongst various disciplines

involved in creating infrastructure and so on. involved in creating infrastructure and so on.

Engagement of a contractor without proper and Engagement of a contractor without proper and adequate experience and qualifications normally adequate experience and qualifications normally fail to deliver the outputs in assigned cost & fail to deliver the outputs in assigned cost & time. There are other negative results in terms of time. There are other negative results in terms of Lack of quality Lack of quality Accuracy Accuracy Wasteful & time consuming efforts Wasteful & time consuming efforts

A contractor should have adequate and positive A contractor should have adequate and positive experience of execution of almost similar work. experience of execution of almost similar work.

The The quantumquantum of experience is important as it of experience is important as it indicates the capability of contractor of having indicates the capability of contractor of having executed a executed a similar work similar work with necessary and with necessary and adequate machinery and T&P, manpower of adequate machinery and T&P, manpower of required capability and engineering make of required capability and engineering make of mindmind. .

There are three different methods of There are three different methods of assessing qualification of assessing qualification of contractors in practice in CPWDcontractors in practice in CPWD

Pre-qualificationPre-qualification Registered contractor who have Registered contractor who have

been assigned different categories been assigned different categories & classes.& classes.

Post-qualification Post-qualification

Pre-qualification: Pre-qualification: Pre-qualification of contractor is done as per the set Pre-qualification of contractor is done as per the set guidelines in the form of written documents and guidelines in the form of written documents and which are being followed uniformly through out which are being followed uniformly through out CPWD. The guidelines are that:-CPWD. The guidelines are that:-

For works for which technical specification is For works for which technical specification is finalized & defined clearly in NIT, tenderers shall be finalized & defined clearly in NIT, tenderers shall be required to submit the bids in two envelopes.required to submit the bids in two envelopes.

Envelope -1 :- Documents related to eligibility criteria.Envelope -1 :- Documents related to eligibility criteria.Envelope - 2 :- Financial bid.Envelope - 2 :- Financial bid.

Envelope-1 of all tenderers shall be opened first. Eligibility Envelope-1 of all tenderers shall be opened first. Eligibility related documents shall be evaluated and parties related documents shall be evaluated and parties qualified/disqualified by the competent authority. qualified/disqualified by the competent authority. Envelop-2 Financial bid of qualified tenderers shall then be Envelop-2 Financial bid of qualified tenderers shall then be opened at notified time, date and place in presence of opened at notified time, date and place in presence of tenderers or their representative. tenderers or their representative.

Registered contractorsRegistered contractors::

Different categories and classes of Different categories and classes of contractors according to their contractors according to their qualification :-qualification :- Civil – Class I to VCivil – Class I to V Civil Road – Class I & IICivil Road – Class I & II Electrical – Class I to IVElectrical – Class I to IV Horticultural – Class I to IIIHorticultural – Class I to III Furniture – Class I to IVFurniture – Class I to IV Nursery – Class INursery – Class I

The criterion for experience shall be The criterion for experience shall be

The completion of requisite number of works The completion of requisite number of works of prescribed nature and magnitude during of prescribed nature and magnitude during last 5 years last 5 years

The works should have been executed in the The works should have been executed in the same name and style in which the enlistment same name and style in which the enlistment is sought is sought

Enlistment of an individual in corresponding Enlistment of an individual in corresponding category is possible based on his technical category is possible based on his technical qualification in lieu of experiencequalification in lieu of experience

The financial soundness shall be The financial soundness shall be

The Banker’s Certificate or working capital The Banker’s Certificate or working capital certificate issued by the bankers of the contractor certificate issued by the bankers of the contractor on the format prescribed in the rules on the format prescribed in the rules

Such certificate shall be issued by a scheduled Such certificate shall be issued by a scheduled bankbank

The contractor shall have to pay The contractor shall have to pay A non-refundable processing fee along with A non-refundable processing fee along with

application formapplication form

The contractors of electrical category shall have to The contractors of electrical category shall have to Produce valid electrical license from the Produce valid electrical license from the

competent authority in the name of the competent authority in the name of the contractorcontractor

Post QualificationPost Qualification: : Works for which technical specification has not Works for which technical specification has not been finalized and the same is to be finalized on been finalized and the same is to be finalized on receipt of the details from the tenderers. The receipt of the details from the tenderers. The tenderers shall be required to submit the bids tenderers shall be required to submit the bids in three envelopesin three envelopes

Envelope - 1 Documents related to eligibility Envelope - 1 Documents related to eligibility criterioncriterion

Envelope - 2 Technical bidEnvelope - 2 Technical bid Envelope - 3 financial bidEnvelope - 3 financial bid

Pre-bid conference in which the doubts of the Pre-bid conference in which the doubts of the intending tenderer shall be clarified besides intending tenderer shall be clarified besides discussions on any additional suggestions discussions on any additional suggestions proposed by the tendererproposed by the tenderer

e-Tendering e-Tendering e-Tendering in CPWDe-Tendering in CPWD e-Tendering is mandatory for all e-Tendering is mandatory for all

categories of works irrespective categories of works irrespective of their costof their cost

e-Tendering platform to be used e-Tendering platform to be used by CPWD Divisions has been by CPWD Divisions has been decided to be hosted by decided to be hosted by M/s. M/s. ITI LtdITI Ltd

M/s ITI Ltd. are to provideM/s ITI Ltd. are to provide Logistic support including supply of Logistic support including supply of

documentation covering ‘User documentation covering ‘User Manual’ and ‘Vendor Manual’ Manual’ and ‘Vendor Manual’

For the training of contractorsFor the training of contractors Contractors interested in tendering Contractors interested in tendering

in CPWD Divisions to get the digital in CPWD Divisions to get the digital signatures and needed training signatures and needed training through M/s ITI Ltdthrough M/s ITI Ltd

QUALITY CONTROLQUALITY CONTROL

Pre-requisites for Quality ControlPre-requisites for Quality Control 1)1) In built provision in the contract for a In built provision in the contract for a

system of continuous check on quality by system of continuous check on quality by the field staff and the contractor for the field staff and the contractor for ensuring quality of workensuring quality of work

2)2) Availability of adequately manned and Availability of adequately manned and equipped agency for overseeing the quality equipped agency for overseeing the quality aspectsaspects

3)3) Periodical appraisal of quality and Periodical appraisal of quality and 4)4) A system of feed back for effecting possible A system of feed back for effecting possible

improvementsimprovements

Quality Control PlanQuality Control Plan

A ‘Quality Control Plan’ has to be part A ‘Quality Control Plan’ has to be part of the tender documents. This shall of the tender documents. This shall indicate indicate

i.i. All the required tests to be done during All the required tests to be done during the construction stagethe construction stage

ii.ii. All the relevant and applicable codes All the relevant and applicable codes specifications and standards as well as specifications and standards as well as the acceptable criteria for each of the the acceptable criteria for each of the relevant items of workrelevant items of work

iii.iii.Materials used Materials used iv.iv.The processes employedThe processes employed

Methods StatementMethods Statement Applicable for works costing more than rupees 10 croresApplicable for works costing more than rupees 10 crores Approval to be taken by Contractor from Competent Approval to be taken by Contractor from Competent

AuthorityAuthority The construction procedure for important activities of The construction procedure for important activities of

construction are stated, checked, and approved. construction are stated, checked, and approved. The ‘Methods Statement’ should have aThe ‘Methods Statement’ should have a

• description of the item with elaborate procedure in description of the item with elaborate procedure in steps to implement the samesteps to implement the same

• the specification of the material involved, their testing the specification of the material involved, their testing • and acceptance criteria and acceptance criteria • equipments to be used equipments to be used • precautions to be takenprecautions to be taken• mode of measurements etc mode of measurements etc

Quality Control set-up in CPWDQuality Control set-up in CPWD Independent Quality Control set up which Independent Quality Control set up which

keeps a watch on the keeps a watch on the effectiveness/adequacy of quality control effectiveness/adequacy of quality control measures at site and also provides guidance measures at site and also provides guidance to the field engineers comprises of the to the field engineers comprises of the followingfollowing

• QA Wings in each region under the Addl. QA Wings in each region under the Addl. Director General of the regionDirector General of the region

• Core Wing at the Directorate under the Core Wing at the Directorate under the Chief Engineer (CSQ)Chief Engineer (CSQ)

Organizational set-up of Quality Control Organizational set-up of Quality Control UnitUnit::

The implementation of Quality Control in the The implementation of Quality Control in the field require close co-operation among the field require close co-operation among the three agencies three agencies • Field Engineers Field Engineers • the construction agency & the construction agency & • the Quality Control team at circle levelthe Quality Control team at circle level

Components for Quality ControlComponents for Quality Control• Quality control on input materialQuality control on input material• Quality Control on workmanshipQuality Control on workmanship

Tests for Ensuring Quality of Work:Tests for Ensuring Quality of Work:Quality of Brick MasonryQuality of Brick Masonry:: For common burnt clay bricks, fly ash lime bricks etc. tests for For common burnt clay bricks, fly ash lime bricks etc. tests for

i.i. DimensionDimensionii.ii. Compressive strength Compressive strength iii.iii. Water absorption Water absorption iv.iv. Efflorescence Efflorescence

Common burnt clay bricks shall conform to IS-1077 and fly ash Common burnt clay bricks shall conform to IS-1077 and fly ash lime bricks shall conform to IS-12894 lime bricks shall conform to IS-12894

Other checks on workmanshipOther checks on workmanshipi.i. Adequate soaking of bricksAdequate soaking of bricksii.ii. Use of proper mortarUse of proper mortariii.iii. Raking of joints and then fully filling with mortar Raking of joints and then fully filling with mortar iv.iv. Lines, levels, thickness and trueness of joints etc. in different Lines, levels, thickness and trueness of joints etc. in different

masonry bondsmasonry bondsv.v. Adequate curingAdequate curing

Quality of Stone/MasonryQuality of Stone/Masonry: : For stone masonry tests for For stone masonry tests for

i.i. Water absorptionWater absorptionii.ii. Transverse strengthTransverse strengthiii.iii. Resistance to wearResistance to weariv.iv. Durability Durability

Other checks on workmanshipOther checks on workmanshipi.i. Proper mortarProper mortarii.ii. Raking of joints Raking of joints iii.iii. Fully filling with mortarFully filling with mortariv.iv. Lines, levels, thickness and trueness of joints Lines, levels, thickness and trueness of joints v.v. Bushing in stones and Bushing in stones and vi.vi. Number of bond stones Number of bond stones vii.vii. Height of individual stones as compared to width Height of individual stones as compared to width

on face or the depth inwardson face or the depth inwardsviii.viii. Dressing of stones specially at jambs, corners & Dressing of stones specially at jambs, corners &

sills and extent of use of spalls in jointssills and extent of use of spalls in joints

Quality of PCC & RCCQuality of PCC & RCC IS 456-2000 Code of Practice for Plain & IS 456-2000 Code of Practice for Plain &

Reinforced Concrete is followed in regard Reinforced Concrete is followed in regard to concrete mix proportion under to concrete mix proportion under specified procedurespecified procedure

Minimum M-25 grade of concrete is used Minimum M-25 grade of concrete is used in all structural elements made with RCC in all structural elements made with RCC both in load bearing and framed structureboth in load bearing and framed structure

To control higher rate of carbonation in To control higher rate of carbonation in early ages of concrete water/binder ratio early ages of concrete water/binder ratio is kept as low as possible which is closely is kept as low as possible which is closely monitored during concrete manufacturemonitored during concrete manufacture

The components of structural concrete i.e. water, cement, fine The components of structural concrete i.e. water, cement, fine & coarse aggregate are monitored individually for their & coarse aggregate are monitored individually for their qualitiesqualities

Quality of water from each source Quality of water from each source • tested before the commencement of work once in every three tested before the commencement of work once in every three

months subsequently for months subsequently for i.i. pH valuepH valueii.ii. limits of aciditylimits of acidityiii.iii. limits of alkalinitylimits of alkalinityiv.iv. percentage of solids percentage of solids

Cement used in works is from reputed manufacturers and tested Cement used in works is from reputed manufacturers and tested forfor

i.i. physical test for finenessphysical test for finenessii.ii. soundnesssoundnessiii.iii. setting timesetting timeiv.iv. compressive strength and compressive strength and v.v. consistency of standard cement pasteconsistency of standard cement paste

Sand (fine aggregate) is brought from approved source and Sand (fine aggregate) is brought from approved source and tested for tested for

i.i. Field tests for Organic impurity and silt contents. Field tests for Organic impurity and silt contents. ii.ii. Particle size distribution and Particle size distribution and iii.iii. Bulking of sandBulking of sand

Stone aggregate (coarse aggregate) is tested Stone aggregate (coarse aggregate) is tested for for

i.i. Percentage of soft or deleterious material Percentage of soft or deleterious material ii.ii. Particle size Particle size iii.iii. Organic impurities Organic impurities iv.iv. Surface moistureSurface moisturev.v. 10% fine value10% fine valuevi.vi. Specific gravitySpecific gravityvii.vii. Bulk densityBulk densityviii.viii. Aggregate crushing strength and Aggregate crushing strength and ix.ix. Impact value Impact value

After the concrete is manufactured at site After the concrete is manufactured at site using the ingredients through batch mix using the ingredients through batch mix plant, there is a control on its quality for plant, there is a control on its quality for workmanship through the following tests:workmanship through the following tests:

i.i. Slump test for workabilitySlump test for workabilityii.ii. Cube tests for compressive strength Cube tests for compressive strength

Steel reinforcement is tested for Steel reinforcement is tested for i.i. Reinforcement to be used is Thermo Reinforcement to be used is Thermo

Mechanically Treated bars for which Mechanically Treated bars for which physical & chemical tests are carried outphysical & chemical tests are carried out

Form work (centering & shuttering) Form work (centering & shuttering) i.i. Steel tubes with extension pieces for built Steel tubes with extension pieces for built

up sections of approved steel for Centeringup sections of approved steel for Centeringii.ii. Shuttering being used is of steel plates Shuttering being used is of steel plates

with sufficient stiffnesswith sufficient stiffnessiii.iii. Shapes, lines and dimensions with Shapes, lines and dimensions with

tolerances checked tolerances checked Checks on workmanshipChecks on workmanship

i.i. Compaction of concreteCompaction of concreteii.ii. Placement of construction & expansion jointsPlacement of construction & expansion jointsiii.iii. Curing of concrete Curing of concrete

Quality of Marbles WorkQuality of Marbles Work • Checked for any consignment for Checked for any consignment for

i.i. Same groupSame group

ii.ii. Size and Size and

iii.iii. Finish Finish • Workmanship as regarding fixing ofWorkmanship as regarding fixing of

i.i. Gun metal crampsGun metal cramps

ii.ii. Copper pins & Copper pins &

iii.iii. Stone dowels in veneering work Stone dowels in veneering work

Quality of Wood WorkQuality of Wood Work • Timber is checked for Timber is checked for

i.i. moisture content moisture content

ii.ii. species species

iii.iii. chemical treatmentchemical treatment• Flush doors are checked for Flush doors are checked for

i.i. End immersion test End immersion test

ii.ii. Knife test Knife test

iii.iii. Adhesion test Adhesion test • Workmanship as regards Workmanship as regards

i.i. dimensions dimensions

ii.ii. joinery workjoinery work

Quality of SteelQuality of Steel WorkWork• Tested for Tested for

i.i. Tensile strength Tensile strength

ii.ii. Bend test Bend test

iii.iii. Flattening testFlattening test

Quality of Flooring WorkQuality of Flooring Work • Terrazzo tiles are tested for Terrazzo tiles are tested for i.i. Transverse StrengthTransverse Strengthii.ii. Water Absorption Water Absorption iii.iii. Abrasion Abrasion • Pressed ceramic tiles are tested for Pressed ceramic tiles are tested for i.i. Dimensions Dimensions ii.ii. Surface qualitySurface qualityiii.iii. Physical propertyPhysical propertyiv.iv. Chemical propertyChemical property• Workmanship checked for flooringWorkmanship checked for flooringi.i. Joint fillingJoint fillingii.ii. Thickness of JointThickness of Jointiii.iii. Laying with adequate mortar (check for hollow Laying with adequate mortar (check for hollow

sounding)sounding)iv.iv. Level of top surfaceLevel of top surface

Quality of Road WorkQuality of Road Work

Ingredients for road work Ingredients for road work Asphalt Mastic, Bitumen, Bitumen-Asphalt Mastic, Bitumen, Bitumen-Cutback, Bitumen-Emulsion - tested for Cutback, Bitumen-Emulsion - tested for their grade and properties in accordance their grade and properties in accordance with IS-73with IS-73

Coarse Aggregate, Fine Aggregate, Coarse Aggregate, Fine Aggregate, Binding & Filler Material, Screening etc Binding & Filler Material, Screening etc – tests are performed on these materials – tests are performed on these materials to check their quality which are primarily to check their quality which are primarily in accordance with different IS Codes in accordance with different IS Codes and IRC Standards in some specific cases and IRC Standards in some specific cases

Different specialized items of Different specialized items of work such as structural glazing, work such as structural glazing, false ceiling etc all electrical false ceiling etc all electrical works have got tests as laid works have got tests as laid down in relevant IS Codes. In a down in relevant IS Codes. In a few cases tests are performed by few cases tests are performed by manufacturer himself where manufacturer himself where there is no specific code there is no specific code applicableapplicable

Sustainability in InfrastructureSustainability in Infrastructure

Sustainable infrastructure - Infrastructure in harmony Sustainable infrastructure - Infrastructure in harmony with the continuation of economy and environmental with the continuation of economy and environmental sustainabilitysustainability

The majority of existing infrastructure has great impact The majority of existing infrastructure has great impact on the environment and some of these facilities are not on the environment and some of these facilities are not sustainable. There is an urgent need to implement sustainable. There is an urgent need to implement strategic changes in the provision of infrastructure strategic changes in the provision of infrastructure

One way is to adopt the Green Growth, which is an One way is to adopt the Green Growth, which is an approach to pursuing economic growth necessary for approach to pursuing economic growth necessary for enhancing quality of life, while simultaneously enhancing quality of life, while simultaneously minimizing pressure on the environment’s limited minimizing pressure on the environment’s limited carrying capacitycarrying capacity

This should be done by improving eco-efficiency of This should be done by improving eco-efficiency of infrastructure development or creating more value with infrastructure development or creating more value with fewer resources and less impact or doing more with lessfewer resources and less impact or doing more with less

The definition of the term Sustainable Infrastructure The definition of the term Sustainable Infrastructure encompassesencompasses

Infrastructure RenewalInfrastructure Renewal Long Term Economical Analysis of Infrastructure, e.g. Long Term Economical Analysis of Infrastructure, e.g.

Life Cycle Analysis, Ecological Foot PrintingLife Cycle Analysis, Ecological Foot Printing Modeling of land use and transportation for Modeling of land use and transportation for

assessments of policies on emissions, energy use and assessments of policies on emissions, energy use and reduce infrastructure costsreduce infrastructure costs

The protection of existing infrastructure from The protection of existing infrastructure from environmental degradation, e.g. reservation of historical environmental degradation, e.g. reservation of historical masonry buildingsmasonry buildings

Material selection for sustainability – quality, durability Material selection for sustainability – quality, durability and energy conservationand energy conservation

Making better use of so called waste water and Making better use of so called waste water and materialsmaterials

The re-design of infrastructure in light of global climate The re-design of infrastructure in light of global climate changechange

The remediation of environmentally damaged soils and The remediation of environmentally damaged soils and waterwater

The principles of sustainable The principles of sustainable development aredevelopment are

Minimizing the use of non-renewable Minimizing the use of non-renewable resourcesresources

Minimizing impacts on the natural Minimizing impacts on the natural environmentenvironment

Protecting bio-diversity Protecting bio-diversity Using renewable resources in a sustainable Using renewable resources in a sustainable

mannermanner

Eco-efficiency is achieved by the Eco-efficiency is achieved by the delivery of competitively prized delivery of competitively prized goods and services that satisfy goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of human needs and bring quality of life, while progressively reducing life, while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource ecological impacts and resource intensity through out the life cycle to intensity through out the life cycle to a level at least in line with the a level at least in line with the earth’s estimated carrying capacityearth’s estimated carrying capacity

Infrastructural development plays an important role in Infrastructural development plays an important role in determining environmental sustainability since it freezes determining environmental sustainability since it freezes consumption pattern for decades to come. For example, consumption pattern for decades to come. For example, developing highways in preference to mass transit systems developing highways in preference to mass transit systems implies heavy future fossil fuel demand for personal mode for implies heavy future fossil fuel demand for personal mode for transport and continuous growth of green house gas emissionstransport and continuous growth of green house gas emissions

Need for greater integration of different development stages. Need for greater integration of different development stages. Infrastructure development generally consists of several key Infrastructure development generally consists of several key stages stages

• Planning Planning • Design Design • Construction Construction • Operation Operation • Re-cycling and disposal Re-cycling and disposal

Sustainable infrastructure could be seen as designing and Sustainable infrastructure could be seen as designing and maintaining buildings, structures and other facilities with an maintaining buildings, structures and other facilities with an eye towards the source conservation over the life of the eye towards the source conservation over the life of the infrastructure. It also means testing new materials and infrastructure. It also means testing new materials and practice that leave lighter impacts on environment yet are practice that leave lighter impacts on environment yet are effectiveeffective

The rise in income in many cities has produced dramatic increase in The rise in income in many cities has produced dramatic increase in • Per capita car ownershipPer capita car ownership• Per capita waste generationPer capita waste generation• Per capita levels of water usePer capita levels of water use• Energy consumption Energy consumption • Sewerage and industrial wasteSewerage and industrial waste

Rapid and uncontrolled urbanization > tremendous pressure on urban Rapid and uncontrolled urbanization > tremendous pressure on urban infrastructure > requires its expansion > greater pressure on the infrastructure > requires its expansion > greater pressure on the environment. environment. Greater transport efficiency caused by rapid motorization in many Greater transport efficiency caused by rapid motorization in many countries > higher efficiency in productive activities > facilitating the countries > higher efficiency in productive activities > facilitating the development of industries and expanding national economies. development of industries and expanding national economies.

• Transportation problems today seems to relate more to having Transportation problems today seems to relate more to having • Too much rather than too little Too much rather than too little • Too much trafficToo much traffic• Too much pollutionToo much pollution• Too many accidents and Too many accidents and • Too much to maintainToo much to maintain

Car ownership, rail & bus commuting and air travel all keep growing Car ownership, rail & bus commuting and air travel all keep growing faster than the basic infrastructure to support them faster than the basic infrastructure to support them

Eco-deficiency varies with Eco-deficiency varies with each transport modeeach transport mode. A . A comparative analysis of different modes of transport focuses comparative analysis of different modes of transport focuses on on energy consumptionenergy consumption andand air pollutionair pollution, especially of public , especially of public and private transport. and private transport. Public transportPublic transport in general and rail in in general and rail in particular is more eco-efficient than particular is more eco-efficient than private vehicleprivate vehicle. . CongestionCongestion and its assessment in the economic terms by and its assessment in the economic terms by different agencies and at different places have shown that different agencies and at different places have shown that congestion costs lead to significant congestion costs lead to significant losses in the gross losses in the gross domestic productdomestic product of some cities. of some cities.

Other factors that have contributed to the growing Other factors that have contributed to the growing congestion include the existence of congestion include the existence of • Too many narrow Too many narrow • Poorly maintained roadsPoorly maintained roads• Piece meal road developmentPiece meal road development• Lack of road connectivityLack of road connectivity• Oversupply of curbside kiosks and hawkers, resulting in Oversupply of curbside kiosks and hawkers, resulting in

spillover of pedestrians and activities in to streetsspillover of pedestrians and activities in to streets• In sufficient off-street parking; lack of land-use controls In sufficient off-street parking; lack of land-use controls

resulting in poor location of many traffic generating resulting in poor location of many traffic generating developmentsdevelopments

• Minimal enforcement of traffic rules which reduce vehicle speed Minimal enforcement of traffic rules which reduce vehicle speed and decrease road capacityand decrease road capacity

The measures and activities to improve eco-The measures and activities to improve eco-efficiencies in transport infrastructure may be guided efficiencies in transport infrastructure may be guided by the following principlesby the following principles

Increase the use of public transitIncrease the use of public transit Encourage walking, cycling an other non-motorized Encourage walking, cycling an other non-motorized

transportation modetransportation mode Restrict the use of automobilesRestrict the use of automobiles Develop land use plans that minimized the need for travel Develop land use plans that minimized the need for travel

Depending on economic and geographical conditions, Depending on economic and geographical conditions, planners may also consider planners may also consider investing in new rail investing in new rail lines, bus systemslines, bus systems and the development of and the development of methodologies to estimate methodologies to estimate traffic congestion coststraffic congestion costs that include environmental and social aspectsthat include environmental and social aspects

The construction of large dams, highways & land The construction of large dams, highways & land reclamation not only displaces communities but also reclamation not only displaces communities but also endangers species that are endemic in the construction endangers species that are endemic in the construction area. Building a dam for flood control and hydro power area. Building a dam for flood control and hydro power may provide significant economic benefits to the people in may provide significant economic benefits to the people in the community. However, constructing the dam would the community. However, constructing the dam would require extensive logging in the area and reservoir so require extensive logging in the area and reservoir so created will most likely destroy natural habitats. Other created will most likely destroy natural habitats. Other possible threats of dam projects to public safety and possible threats of dam projects to public safety and environmental degradation include soil erosion, loss of environmental degradation include soil erosion, loss of wildlife, changes in the water table etc. Similarly while wildlife, changes in the water table etc. Similarly while the completion of a highway in to rural areas would the completion of a highway in to rural areas would greatly increase the volume of trade in their areas while greatly increase the volume of trade in their areas while reducing transport costs but it does not come without a reducing transport costs but it does not come without a price on disturbance to the natural habitat as it requires price on disturbance to the natural habitat as it requires input materials which are procured by mining, extensive input materials which are procured by mining, extensive logging and disturbance to natural drainage path besides logging and disturbance to natural drainage path besides a general interruption in the ecological balance of the a general interruption in the ecological balance of the area. area. The location, alignment and size of such The location, alignment and size of such infrastructure if decided after extensive survey of the infrastructure if decided after extensive survey of the topography & ecology of the area and its in depth topography & ecology of the area and its in depth evaluation will enhance the sustainability.evaluation will enhance the sustainability.

Water, waste water and solid waste management Water, waste water and solid waste management infrastructure are environmental infrastructure infrastructure are environmental infrastructure which are characterized as high degree of public which are characterized as high degree of public goods with intangible values and externalities. goods with intangible values and externalities. The development of technology and The development of technology and enhancement of public awarenessenhancement of public awareness can provide can provide opportunity for improved efficiency, e.g. water opportunity for improved efficiency, e.g. water saving, waste water reuse technology and saving, waste water reuse technology and community based management in solid waste community based management in solid waste reused and recycling reused and recycling

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