THE 1960’S

Presentation By: Lauren Dempsey, Anna Lucas, & Ryan Harding

1960’s In a Bunch

an age profound social Change “Peace, Love, And Rock and Roll” Civil Rights Movement Martin Luther King Jr President Kennedy A Look Back At The 1960's

WOMEN’S INFLUENCE

Equal Pay Act-Illegal for employers to pay female workers less than male workers for the same jobRoe VS. Wade-The court overturned the law limiting women’s access to abortion during the first 3 months of pregnancyEducational Amendment Act-Outlawed sexual discrimination in higher education

•In the late Sixties, more than 80% of wives of childbearing age were using contraception after the federal government in 1960 approved a birth control pill. This freed many women from unwanted pregnancy and gave them many more choices, and freedom, in their personal lives.

Older Americans Act-Government must provide the elderly with adequate income and medical care

Children’s Defense Fund-Focused on helping the poor and minority children and providing health insurance for children

Education for Handicapped Children Act-Required public schools to provide education for all children with physical or mental disabilities

Rehabilitation Act-Forbade discrimination in jobs, education, and housing

Civil Rights Act of 1964-Banned discrimination in employment and public accommodations mainly for African Americans and women signed by President Johnson. The act outlawed segregation in businesses such as theaters, restaurants, and hotels. It banned discriminatory practices in employment and ended segregation in public places such as swimming pools, libraries, and public schools. House opposition bottled up the bill in the House Rules Committee. In the Senate, opponents attempted to talk the bill to death in a filibuster.

Positive Social Changes of the 1960’s

Negative Social Changes of the 1960’s

In the same decade MLK and JFK were both shot and killed

American Indians, African Americans, and other racial groups faced large amounts of discrimination

Urban cities were filled with mixtures of blacks and whites triggering violence

San Fransicos “Flower Children” also known as Hippies promoted the “Tune it, turn on, and drop out” theory hoping to change society by dropping out of government intervention and schools to adopt a new lifestyle including experimenting with “psychedelic drugs”

Drug addiction was at an all time high with more than 48% of Americans experimenting. Hippies influenced the buying, selling, and use of marijuana, while kids living in the ghettos were often addicted to heroin

Syphilis and Gonorrhea infected nearly 276,000 people in the United States. Nearly 60% were females. Those are only 2 of the sexually transmitted diseases that were on the rise

Television Transition from black and white to Technicolor

No Cable, Just Antenna’s

There only 12 TV Channels you could pick from

There was at least one TV in almost nine out of ten households.

TV Shows ranked #1 during the 1960’so Gunsmokeo Wagon Traino The Beverly Hillbillieso Bonanzao The Andy Griffith Showo Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In 

Memorable TV Shows

The Addams Family

The Munsters

Bewitched

I Dream of Jeannie

Movies Cinema in the 1960s reflected the decade of fun,

fashion, rock 'n' roll, tremendous social changes (such as the rights movements) and transitional cultural values.

Top Ranked Movies Breakfast at Tiffany’s (won 11 awards, 2 Oscars, and 7

nominations) 2001: A Space Odyssey ( Won 11 Awards including an Oscar,

and nominated for 6 awards) Psycho ( won 5 awards, 3 nominations, 4 oscar nominations) The Good, The Bad and the Ugly (Won 2nd Place in Laural award)

Radio Before TV and Movies, radio was one

of the few ways of entertainment Many radio “shows” have transferred

over to television With all of this, the radio is mainly

used for music listening This came to the switch from AM

Radio to Fm Radio

Music Music played a huge roll in Americans

life during this time period Music helped people take their mind

off their worries and fears, especially during civil rights movement, and comfort them

Popular Bands/ Singers

The Beatles (Rock and Roll) The Rolling Stones (Rock and Roll) Elvis (Rock and Roll) The Temptations (Motown) Diana Ross & The Supremes

(Motown) Jimi Hendrix (Classic Rock) Janis Joplin (Classic Rock)

Popular Songs

The Twist- Chubby Checker Build Me Up Buttercup –

Foundations  Sugar Pie Honey Bunch - Four Tops  Let's Spend The Night Together -

Rolling Stones

Woodstock Took Place on a dairy farm in Bethel,

New York Over half a million people attended There were 32 acts Span of 4 days Performers: Jefferson Airplane, Jimi

Hendrix, the Grateful Dead, the Who, Janis Joplin and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, etc

“Peace and Love”

Sports

Notable Athletes throughout sports:• Wilt Chamberlain

• Basketball player: 7’2’’; averaged 50 points per game; led the Philadelphia 76ers to a 1967 NBA title and the LA Lakers to another title in 1972.

• Muhammad Ali• Pro boxer; boxer for years, then became a social

activist during the Vietnam war• Roberto Clemente

• Baseball right fielder• Joe Namath

• AFL icon• Elected to the football hall of fame in 1985

More notable athletes

•Arnold Palmer• Pro golfer

•Willie Mays• Pro baseball player• Elected to baseball hall of fame in 1979

•Peggy Fleming• American figure skater• 1968 Olympic champion

Athletes

Memorable Sporting Events

Notable Events:•Baseball:

• 1960 World Series• Pittsburgh Pirates vs. New York Yankees• Pirates won in game 7 (10-9)

•Hockey:• 1960 Stanley Cup

• Stanley Cup finals• Montreal Canadiens vs. Toronto Maple Leafs• Canadiens defeated Maple Leafs in 4 games

•Football• 1960 Super Bowl

• Green Bay Packers vs. Philadelphia Eagles• Eagles defeated Packers (17-13)

•1960 Summer Olympics

Video Games 1961-1962: SpaceWar! was developed at MIT. Using vector graphics on PDP-1. It was an electronic shooting game that was the first game ever in arcade form

CalculatorCalculators are complicated motor-assisted mechanical adding machines with no other electronic parts. They are called calculators rather than adding machines because complex gear systems allow them to perform multiplication and division by repetitive addition or subtraction

Inventions and Discoveries

Aritifical Heart

Doctors created an artificial heart for temporary use in bridging the time gap between a patient's need and the availability of a donor or as an assisting device for people whose hearts are not fully functional.

Auto Teller Machine

The machine, called the Docuteller, was installed in a wall of the Chemical Bank in Rockville Centre, New York. It marked the first time reusable, magnetically coded cards were used to withdraw cash.

Brown Vs. Board of Education

Began in 1951 Overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson declared state laws establishing

separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional.

The unanimous decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”

Made Segregation Illegal

Little Rock Nine Little Rock, Arkansas Involved a group of African American

students attending Little Rock High School in 1957

Arkansas Governor, Orval Faubus, who ordered The Arkansas National Guard to the school to forbid their entrance

President Eisenhower intervened in the crisis at the request of the mayor of Little Rock

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Began in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama A protest of African Americans refusing to

ride the cities buses. Oppose the cities policy of racial

segregation on public transportation. caused a huge financial deficit for the

Montgomery public transportation Rosa Parks States Supreme Court decision that

declared the laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional

Domestic Challenges In 1960 the unemployment level was at

an all time high of 10% from its usual 4%. Inflation began to fall as a result of the increasing unemployment rate

Racism was an everyday battle between the white and colored people at that time in America. Media and propaganda were used to try and persuade people to live prejudice and segregated lifestyles.

Poverty affected many U.S. households because wages for low-skill workers declined, leading to more households headed by single women and more immigrants arriving in the U.S. with little to no education

The stock market was at a major decline as Dow Jones one of Americas most highly invested stocks fell 35 points in the spring of 1962. That was the largest fall since the fall of 1929.

Johnson’s strategy•Johnson took over as President after the death of JFK•Johnson called for an escalation, or buildup, of US military forces in Vietnam.

• Ordered selective service to begin calling up young men to serve in the armed forces.

• Over 13,000 draftees were called to serve.•LBJ hoped that air power could secure a quick victory

• Operation Rolling Thunder• March 1965

• Use of deadly weapons• Napalm• “Cluster Bombs”• Defoliants- chemicals that strip the earth of

vegetation (Agent Orange, etc.)

LBJ’s Great Society

Johnson’s “War on Poverty”• Challenged Americans to build a “Great Society” that eliminated

the troubles of the poor.• The Great Society became a huge reform agenda.

• Everyone’s quality of life improved• Tighter pollution controls• Lower income housing• Creation of Medicare/medicaid• Funding for public schools• Wilderness protection• Civil Rights Act

• Banned discrimination based on gender & race• Economic Opportunity Act

• Office of economic opportunity that focused on American Poverty

Effects of Great Society

The Great Society reform helped all kinds of Americans. The lower middle class was finally represented and many people were given rights they have never been given, and opportunities they would have never had without. However, all of the reforms cut further and further into the country’s debt and left a huge deficit for future president Ronald Reagan.

Foreign Challenges Fidel Castro established a dictatorship in Cuba in 1961 establishing a

Communist party with ties to the USSR Construction of the Berlin Wall separating East and West Germany "Nuclear catastrophe was hanging by a thread ... and we weren't counting days

or hours, but minutes.“ –Soviet General In 1962 the Soviets were behind the US in arms race. The US missiles were

capable of destroying all of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev conceived the idea of placing intermediate-range missiles in Cuba. A deployment in Cuba that would double the Soviet strategic arsenal and provide a real deterrent to a potential U.S. attack against the Soviet Union. Kennedy later was informed of the missile installations and organized an “Ex-Comm” to handle the crisis. Kennedy eventually ordered low level missions once every two hours. On the 25th day Kennedy pulled the quarantine line back and raised military readiness. Then on the 26th EX-COMM heard from Khrushchev in an impassioned letter. He proposed removing Soviet missiles and personnel if the U.S. would guarantee not to invade Cuba. October 27 was the worst day of the crisis. A U-2 was shot down over Cuba and EX-COMM received a second letter from Khrushchev demanding the removal of U.S. missiles in Turkey in exchange for Soviet missiles in Cuba. On the 28th of October tensions were at ease.

Gulf of Tonkin/ Vietnam War

Nov. 1, 1955 – April 30, 1975total deaths ~ 5,397,819 people

Background

Countries involved: U.S., Vietnam (North and South)• Many other countries were involved on a

smaller scale

Causes: The U.S., although hesitant, became involved in the Vietnam crisis to stop the spread of communism into South Vietnam. Northern Vietnam, being supported by communist allies, wanted to spread into the south.

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

•Gulf Of Tonkin off the coast of Vietnam• Aug. 4, 1964• North Vietnamese torpedo boats were alleged to have

attacked without provocation US destroyers that were reporting intelligence information to S. Vietnam

• Significant turning point in the Cold War struggle for southeast Asia

Tonkin ResolutionAfter the incident in the Gulf of Tonkin, LBJ was being watched by the whole country.

• The American people were outraged and wanted LBJ to take action

• LBJ and his advisors decided upon immediate air attacks on North Vietnam in retaliation

• He also wanted Congressional backing before increasing US commitment to South Vietnam

• Both of the houses of Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

• This gave the president authority to take “all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the US”.

The 1960’s Conclusion

• What do you think the 1960’s can be defined as?