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Chemical Industrial Disaster

Management Secondary to

Natural Disasters

Kunal Sharma

Consultant-Chemical , Industrial & Hazardous

Material Transportation Disaster Preparedness

National Disaster Management Authority

Government of India

NATURAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS COLLISION

• NaTechs

• Natural hazards such as floods, earthquakes,

forest fires, landslides, avalanches, extreme

temperatures and tornadoes and cyclones can

affect industrial facilities and result in accident

sequences that can have serious consequences

for people, property and the environment in the

surrounding area. Such natural and technological

accidents are known as ‘NaTechs’.

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NaTech risk studies

• To better understand the

consequences of these

phenomena on industrial

facilities and

• To be able to anticipate

them now that forecasting

technology (rainfall,

flooding, storms, etc.)

makes it possible to prepare

for natural hazards with

minimum advance notice.

Temperature Change & Industry

• Photo taken during the

extended spell of

extremely cold weather

that hit France in

February 2012 (Source:

Arkema)

• Extreme temperatures

can cause industrial

accidents: see ARIA

41856,for example.

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Distinguishing feature Of NaTechs

• NaTechs can hit several hazardous facilities on

the same site at once and, because they can

damage or render ineffective some of the

preventive and protective barriers, throw the

site into a major emergency.

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Tsunami Average Speed & Height

Tsunami & Thermal Power Plant

• Plants that suffered the least tsunami damage resumed operations in rather a short time (2–4 months) was due to their design.

• The steam turbines in each unit are located on the first floor, 12 m above ground level (which itself is 3–6 m above sea level).

• Damage from the earthquake was caused primarily by liquefaction of the soil beneath the outdoor facilities.

• Buildings themselves were reinforced against earthquakes.

• 4 million people were left without electricity on March 11th and 12th, and 10 million homes in the Kantō region.

• .

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Impact of Tsunami & Earthquake on

Industries in Japan

Company Damaged

thermal

power plants and

capacities

Main

damage

caused by

the

earthquake

Main damage caused

by the tsunami

Date of

resumption

of

operations

Amount of

damage

(2011)

Tokyo

Electric

Power

Co.

(TEPCO)

Hirono fuel

oil/crude/

coal plant

(3.8 GW)

minor transformer station

and

coal terminal, ground

floor of turbine

building

and wastewater

treatment

plant

one 0.6 GW

coal fired

unit in June

2011; fuel-

oil-fired

units in July

2011

¥50 bn

(€500 m) in

damage to

the thermal

power

stations

Hitachinaka coal

plant

(1 GW)

coal

conveyor

coal terminal one 1 GW

unit in

May 2011

Kashima fuel oil /

crude plant

(4.4 GW)

outdoor

units

and storage

tanks

roads and jetties five units in

April

2011 and

one in

May

Higashi-Ogishima

natural-gas-fired

plant (1 GW)

gas leak none (built on high

ground)

one unit in

March

2011

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Haramachi Plant

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Impact of primary disaster on Chemicals and

Petrochemicals in Japan

• Most chemical sites reported little or no impact from the tsunami, the equipment at these sites was damaged in the earthquake.

• The rationing of electricity made continuous production impossible .

• Problems with transporting raw materials and finished products also significantly delayed the resumption of operations.

• The disaster revealed the strong dependence of Japan’s high-tech industries on commodity chemicals and the vulnerability of its supply chains to major earthquakes.

Company Number and

location

of affected sites

Main damage

caused by the

earthquake

Main damage

caused

by the tsunami

Date of

resumption

of

operations

Amount of

damage

(2011)

JX NIPPON

OIL

ADEKA

Group

benzene and

propylene

unit in Sendai

catalytic

cracking unit

March 2012 ¥50 bn

(€500 m)

¥20bn

(€200m)

¥20bn

(€200m)

Including

production loss

benzene unit in

Kashima

ground and

road

subsidence

pipes, port

infrastructure,

downed utilities

(water, electricity)

June 2011

Soma Plant Minor Electrical

Equipment

July 2011

Kashima plant ground and

road

subsidence

pipes, port

infrastructure,

downed utilities

(water, electricity)

late April

2011

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COSMO OIL REFINERY

PORT OF CHIBA

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Damage Assessment & Lessons Learnt

COSMO OIL REFINERY

PORT OF CHIBA

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COSMO OIL REFINERY

PORT OF CHIBA

Pollution as a result of disaster

• Pollution events directly related to industrial activities

� Hazardous or polluting substances that leaked out of storage tanks & pipes breached by the

earthquake or tsunami

• Pollution events indirectly related to former industrial activities

� Accumulation of industrial pollutants (heavy metals, persistent organic

pollutants) may have leached from coastal marine sediments deposited by

the tsunami

• Pollution events caused by the tsunami and debris carried by tsunami

� Wrecked vehicles and boats leaked out hydrocarbons, causing scores of micro-

pollution events.

• Pollution events caused by waste disposal

� Incineration of seawater soaked debris without any preliminary treatment

creates health hazards (release of dioxin filled smoke) and the risk of

corrosion of facilities due to the formation of hydrochloric acid

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Pollution as a new face of disaster

Industrial sites that spilled hydrocarbons into the environment

on March 11th, 2011

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LESSONS REGARDING NATECH RISKS IN

GENERAL

1. UNAVAILABILITY OF FIREFIGHTING AND

EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEMS

2. PLACEMENT IN A SAFE STATE AND

PREVENTION MANAGEMENT

3. LIMITATIONS OF RISK MODELLING

LESSONS REGARDING SEISMIC RISKS

1. INJURIES FROM FALLING LIGHT OBJECTS

2. DAMAGE FROM AFTERSHOCKS

3. ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FIRE HAZARDS

4. VULNERABILITY OF PIPEWORK

5. DOMINO EFFECTS OF FALLING EQUIPMENT

6. EFFICIENCY OF TECHNICAL MEANS OF PREVENTION

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LESSONS REGARDING FLOOD RISKS

1. DAMAGE FROM FLOATING DEBRIS

2. FIRES IGNITED BY INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL DEBRIS

3. ACCESS BY AND AVAILABILITY OF EXTERNAL EMERGENCY

RESPONSE TEAMS

4. DAMAGE TO GROUND-FLOOR AND FIRST-FLOOR

EQUIPMENT

5. FAILED OR OVERLOADED COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

6. ALERT MANAGEMENT

7. LAND-USE PLANNING

8. CHOICE OF PROTECTIVE BARRIERS

9. LIMITATIONS OF EMERGENCY-PREPAREDNESS MEASURES

10. MEMORY AND RISK PERCEPTION

Thank You

Jai Hind

kunalsharma08@gmail.com

9899056933