v.*

R E P, 0 R T R. E S U M

ED 011 119 AL Om) 20AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURE,OF THE CHINESE WRITING*SYSTEM.BY- MAETH, RUSSELLCOLUMBIA UNIV., NEW YORK

PUB DATE 63-IDRSA PRICE MP-$0.16 HC -$2.46 62P.

.DESCRIPTORS-, *LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION, *INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS,*CHINESE, WRITTEN LANGUAGE, *ORTHOGRAPHIC SYMBOLS,*STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, GRAPHEMES, NEW YORK CITY

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS AT THE ELEMENTARY LEVEL. OF THE'CHINESE WRITING SYSTEM ARE PRESENTED TO TEACH THE STUDENTS(I) HOW CHARACTERS ARE PUT TOGETHER, (2) HOW TO TELL ONE

.

CHARACTER FROM ANOTHER, AND (3) HOW TO ANALYZE NEW CHARACTERSINTO - APPROPRIATE CONSTITUENTS FOR PURPOSES OF DICTIONARYSEARCH. THE MATERIALS ARE BASED Oh AN IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENT'ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTERS INTO RECURRING PARTIALS AND AREORGANIZED INTO UNITS CONTAINING EXPLANATIONS AND DRILLS,BEGINNING WITH THE ULTIMATE CONSTITUENTS OF THE SYSTEM,STROKES,' LEADING TO TWO-STROKE COMBINATIONS AND CONSTRUCTS OFHIGHER COMPLEXITY. THE WRITING SYSTEM IS PRESENTAS ACLOSED SYSTEM, UNRELATED TO THE EXPRESSION SYSTEM' OF THE'LANGUAGE TO.ALCOW EARLY INTRODUCTION OFTHE FORMER WITH NOCONFLICT FROM THE LATTER. THE UNITS HAVE BEEN DESIGNED ASOUTSIDE WORK, BUT CLASSROOM EXPLANATION MAY BE REQUIRED FORCERTAIN 'DETAILS. (IT)

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PREFACE

The aim of the following material is to bring the beginningstudent of Chinese an awareness of the structure of the writing

system, which generally dawns on him only after a year or two oftedious and fragmentary rote memorization. Basically, the stu-dent is to be taught three things: 1) how characters are put

together (constituent structure, not random lines); 2) how to

tell one character from another; 3) how to analyze new characters

into appropriate constituents for purposes of dictionary search.

The structural features of the writing system are presented in

terms of immediate constituent analysis into recurring partials.1

Starting with the ultimate constituents of the system, Strokes,the student is led through two-Stroke combinations (Simple BoundGraphs) to constructs of higher complexity (Complex Bound Graphs).In passing, the principles of Radical lexicography and such addi-

tional structural problems as Crystal Graphs and Look-Alikes aretouched upon. At all times the writing system is presented as a

closed system, explicable only by its own law and unrelated to

the expression system of the language: Pedagogically, such a

treatment allows, very early introduction of the writing systemwith no conflict from the expression system, the two parallel

channels (eye-hand/ear-mouth) in fact being complimentary to eachother.

The materials presented are: a) analysis of the 214 K'ang Hsi

Radicals plus the 895 Phonetics of the Soothill-Fenn list2; b) thelist of 94 characters compiled by Ch'en Ho-ch'in which account for75% of 554,478 characters of running text from various vernacularsources

3; and c) Y. R. Chao's illuminating notes in the Mandarin

Primer on the radical system4

. The units have been designed

totally as outside work with home assignments to.be turned in and

corrected by an instructor. The reader will note, however, that

classroom explanation may be required for certain details.

Russell Maeth

DirectorColumbia Carnegie High SchoolChinese Language Program

501 Kent HallColumbia UniversityNew York, New York 10027

1See Hockett, Charles (ed.): Dictionary of Spoken Chinese

(Washington, 1945), pp. 27-28.2See Soothill, W. E.: The Student's Four Thousand Tzu and

Pocket Dictionary (Shanghai, 1903), pp. XIV-XXXV; Fenn, C. H.:The Five Thousand Dictionary (Cambridge, Mass., 1960), pp. XV-XIX.

;lei, Ai: Hantzu wenti (Taipei, 1955), pp. 47-48.4nao, Y. R.: Mandarin Primer (Cambridge, 1957), pp. 63-65.

7.,1,477771,7777

The Chinese Writing System: Classes of Strokes

The ultimate constituents of all Free Graphs in the Chinese

writing system are single lines or Strokes. There are four classes

of Strokes: Dots, Straight Lines, Pothooks, and Crooked Lines.

Each class will be described below. In studying the strokes the

student must fix three things in mind:

a) contour,

b) direction

c) variation

Only when these three items are mastered can the student progress

fruitfully to the next stage, where familiarity with the above

items is assumed.

Class IDots

All Free Graphs are written to fill an imaginary rectangle of

uniform size. This rectangle may in turn be subdivided into nine

similarly shaped smaller rectangles or cells arranged in three rows

of three cells each. A Free Graph is written so as to fill the

nine cell rectangle, impinging on (but not totally occupying) each

of the nine cells. Figure Ia shows the imaginary rectangle with

its nine cells: Figure Ib shows a'Free Graph against such a grid.

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

Fig. Ia Fig. Ib

A Dot is a short line which may vary in length from 1/3 to

2/3 of the width of any of the nine cells. There are three types

of Dots: Vertical, Horizontal, and Skew. The left column in the

-7777777777777777777771

-2-

following figure illustrates Vertical Dots, the center columnEbri-

zontal Dots, and the right Column Skew Dots.

These types of Dots appear

a) Vertical

b) Horizontal

Skew 1

in the following

P414in

in

in

Fig. 2. Dots,(Nrrows indicatedirection of stroke)

Free Graphs:

Drill 1. Row A contains 10 Free Graphs constituted partly of Dots.The same Free Graphs are written in Row B but without their Dots.Supply them.

, 12blt

y.

ed

Drill 2. On the following Free Graphs indicate the direction ofDots (see Fig. 2).

==t---: '4;

Class IL--Straight Lines

Lines--Straight, Pothook, Crooked--generally exceed one cell

width in length. Each type of line has two forms: Long and Short

(Large and Small for Crooked Lines). Long and Short, however, are

relative terms, and must be determined in each instance by the

presence of other lines in the same Free Graph. In general the

relative length of a line is determined by the lengths of the lines

found together with it in the'same Simple Bound Graph (q.v.).

Straight Lines may be written Horizontal, Vertical, or Skew.

They are written from left to right (Horizontal), from top to

bottom (Vertical), or. diagonally (Skew). Long lines are generally

2 1/2 cell widths long, short lines 1 1/2 widths. Relative length

or shortness of 'a line is a purely aesthetic consideration unless

another line of the same type is found in the same character. Then,

the relative length or shortness may be of distinctive difference.

Types of Straight Lines are:

a) Long Horizontal as in -4 *b) Long Vertical as in

1 4c) Long SkeW as in if

d) Short Horizontal as in ±--

e) Short VeKtical as in.i. 4-

0paf) Short Skew as in Xl tai

e.)

g) Long Reverse Skew as in / 4t2

h) Short Reverse Skew. as in .A 4c:§.

s.

iT

-4--

Figure 3 illustrates types of Straight Lines set against the

nine cell grid..

Fig. 3a--Long

4, -----'iiiFig. 3b--Short

Drill 1. Fill in the missing Straight Lines in the Free Graphs in

Row B, which are given in their full form in Row A.

A.

B. JA N 1 3fr -2-e-:- Ji]Drill 2. On the large Free Graphs below indicate the direction of

strokes you supplied in Drill 1. Under each Free Graph write L or S

to indicate whether the stroke is long or short.

a j b

f g 63h

Drill 3. Some of the Free Graphs listed under Drill 2 contain more

than one kind of Straight Line. List them after the appropriate

letter below. Indicate for each Straight Line its direction (with a

direction arrow) and its size (L or S).

a

b g

c h

d i

ej

..Omerss

7-r7-1,77fifrr'77

ry t5

",t,Agtiegasimwti

_5_

Class III-Pothooks

Pothooks are Straight Lines terminating in a single, sharplyangled, short backstroke. Like Straight Lines, Pothooks may beLong (2 1/2 cell widths) or short (1 1/2 cell widths). Types ofPothooks are:

Long ShortHorizontal

b) Vertical1 AO 1 4"...."t

.-4

c) Skew \J -;;,\m

d) Check ,,1 / / ,1.1-7

4Aje7 ike) Reverse Skew

Figure 4 illustrates the types of Pothooks set against thenine cell grid (see p. 11 for variants).

Fig. 4a-Long Fig. 4b -Short

Drill 1. Complete. the Free Graphs in Row B by adding the Pothooksgiven in the full form in Row A.

Ars

-6-

Drill 2. Construct two nine-cell grids and rewrite Figure 4 from

memory.

Drill 3. List from memory the three Classes of Strokes studied

thus far with all of their types.

-7-

Class.I-Crooked Lines,

Crooked Lines are StrOkes which bend or turn at one or more

points. Crooked Lines differ from Pothooks in that both limbs of

the angled stroke are more or less of equal length. Crooked Lines

are Piain.(unhooked) or Hooked. Types of Crooked Lines are:

a) Plain Turn

Hooked Turn

c) Hook-in Bend

d) Hook-out Bend

e) Plain Cane

f) One jut Bend

S-Bend

h) Little Hook

Double Hook Bend

Lonq as in Short as in

L.

L.)

)"7

Figure 5 illustrates the types the types of Crooked Lines againast

the nine cell grid (see p. 11 for variants).

Fig. 5a-Plain .

Turn

4/

-Fig. 5d- -Plain

Turn

Fig. 5g--Hook-inBend

Fig. 5b-HookedTurn

Fig. e - -S -bend

Fig. 5h--LittleHook

Fig..5c--Hook-out Turn

Fig. 5f - -One Jut

Bend

Fig. 51-poubleHOOk Bend-

-9-

Drill 1. Supply Crooked Lines_ to_ Graphs in Row B from example

given in Row A.

Drill 2. Name types of Crooked Lines supplied in Drill 1.

a. f.

b. g.

c. h.

d. i.

e. i

Drill 3. Write from memory and name all Classes and types of

Strokes.

Drill 4. Review all previous Drills.

-10-

.SUMMARY OF CLASSES.1"TYPESI.AND, VARIANTS -Or STROKES

Class Type Variant

I.Dots

I

.

-

.

.

II

Straight

Lines

1

--- ... .

.

"I

\.

.

1

I

11*

4)0

'14)4

T---).

. .

,. \-----)

.

.

.

.

\ .

(1)

E_.

,

cou)

..LL

.xH 0H 0H ,C

0al .

rd. .g 0> 0 0H 0 .1-I0

,--C)

.

-12-

The Chinese Writing System: Simple Bound Graphs

Free Graphs in the Chinese Writing System are composed%ofsmaller parts or "Constituents" (generally two in number) which

recur again and again in different combinations. These Consti-tuents in turn can usually be broken down into two simpler Con-stituents, much in the same way that a complex molecule can bebroken down into simpler ones, and those in turn into moleculessimpler still, or into atoms.'

The "atoms" of the Chinese Writing System are the Strokes.A Stroke has Contour and. Direction. When two Strokes are combinedto form a "recurrent partial" (i.e., a Constituent which occursagain and again in a cOmbinationvith other Constituents), we havea Structure and a Constituent Order. The Structure is-the combi-nation itself and the Constituent Order is the sequence in whichits Constituents are written.

1The problem is to break down Free Graphs in terms of recurrentpartials until the level of strokes is reached. When this is done intermsof traditional 'stroke order' for all Radicals and Phoneticsthe structural elements of the writing system at all levels are

effectively isolated. Such an analysis underlies. the present mater-ials. In all there are 4 classes of Strokes, with 22 Types and 11additional Variants. Two Stroke possiblities number 56. There areapproximately 800 combinati6ns of more than two Strokes. From ob-servationit: is noted that most 'graphs possess a bifurcated'struc-ture and that this structure holds true for constituent elementsdown to the level of the Ultimate Constituents, or Strokes. Graphsare analyzed in terms of the possibility of recurrence of possible.segments. For example, the first cut in Mg is into. 4 and ;,r, does not commend itself, since it does not noticeably recur inthe corpus'and the same is_ true of 6 The complete analysis of 4.6goes as follows: 4'S

:,

; : ; : ;: 1 cz ; : -3 , ) ; c2 : Ti., ; r7 : ,.-7 . Thisreveals the following Strokes: ,/ j , -7', , ) . TwoStroke dombinations are: ,r . ,7-. r7 ; and combination's of largernumbers-of Strokes are: 4 , r7 . Where one element 'is' liableto two or more possible breakdowns, the principal of parity isyoked, whereby both Immediate Constituents are assigned as nearlyequal a number of strokes as possible..

ri :,^ .1

,er

-13 -.

The least complicated 'recutrent partial higher than 'the level

of single Strokes is the uSiMple,BOund:Graph"1 "Simple" because it

can be analyzed directly into two'Strokes, and "Bound"'because it

never, or almost never, acts as a."Free Graph" in the Chinese Writ-

ing System.

In studying the Simple Bound. Graphs, students should fix two

things in mind:

a) Structure of the Simple Bouhd Graphb) Constituent Order of the Simple Bound Graph.

In the following charts the first column gives the Structure;

the second column gives the First Constituent; the third column

gives the,Second Constituent superimposed on the First, so that the

Structure appears again.

Learn: a) Structure; Constituent Order.

r.

Simple Bound Graphs I (8). Write each five times in the "'spaces

provided.

-r-

_

--

,

, 4

-,

r

, N .

r

I I

N.

..//

1..

--

.

Immilr

.

.4

,1.

..

1

......... .

IImolP .

V....%a

.

r 1 a

a. a

,

, Z

-15-

'Simple Bound Graphs II (24). Write each five times iri the spaces

provided.

1t

.

rl

. .

.

......7,

.. i. ...

. .

. .

.I

.

. .

-

:

.

.

..

.

.

.

.

li

. .- .

A z

-16-

Simple Bound Graphs II (con't.)

77

E vf

7"

iti)

;] -J

SimplglpmrisiSiaftEILL (10). Write each five times in the spacesprovided.

1--7 1 /1

1I j

J

L-4 L-

6

ki

ONO

-18-

Simple Bound Graphs IV (13). Write each five times in the spaces

provided.

4 L A

)ti } .RJ

IL ) ,t). 1

1

/ ,\...

.1

x...

i ?(_

0.

-19-

410 From Simple Bound Graph to Free Graph:

I

Most graphs in the Chinese Writing System are composed of two

Constituents, that is,of structures which occur again and .again in

contrasting environments to forth different Free 'Graphs. Some of

these Constituents are very active, occuring in a large number of

graphs. For example, 4 occurs in 4 It 44e, , and in liter-

ally hundreds of others. Some of these Constituents have very little.

use. In general for Free Graphs the three most frequent types of

Constituent distribution are Left-Right, Top-Bottom, and Wrapper-

Wrapped.

Left-Right: In graphs of this type one Constituent is on the

left and the other on the right, for example: .1.29 . In writing,

the Left Constituent is written first. There is a vertical cleav-

age in the character dividing it into two parts. This cleavage

we may call the "Constituent. Boundary." Everything to the left of

the Constituent Boundarybelongs to the first Constituent; everything

to the right of the Constituent Boundary belongs to the. second con-

stituent. For example:

CONSTITUENT BOUNDARY

21

TopBottom: In graphs of this type the Constituent Boundary

is horizontal. In writing, the Top-Constituent is written first.

For example:

. _CONSTITUENT BOUNDARY1

V..-

AS

.:44

,4ds,

litiEV

edv.regWW

W,

0))

ILI

4

IN

I"

),TP 1 f

)1

Classify the following ten graphs as to whether they are LR, TB, WW.

Indicate how the graphs are written. (No. 0 is an example)

A

-47

-22-

Make a list here of all graphs on the previous two pages which sharethe same First .Constituent.

As we have learned, two SBG's can be combined to form a singlegraph. A single SBG can also be combined with a single stroke toform a graph. The following numbered graphs are important Free Graphsof very high frequency. Learn their structure and constituent orderthoroughly.. Write each graph five times in the space provided.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

ra h Cl Cl+C2-11,

......... ..............

V.'

........

ian

3 .

.,

.

A.._ I .A.... .

r

..........

..-

.......1...

X... 2 ...Z.....

-

4'. ........

.

.

.lo.,.., .

.

1../ ....

rI

-

ir

, ..

_ .... ,

. .

;....6 ,,,t?. ''k-)f

, .

. t .

. .. J

.

.

.

.

..

..

.

.

. .

.

. -1; ........-- .

.

.

......

.

.V

.

.

_

....

.

.

.

... .

.

_

.......

.....

_...... .

. __

.

.

...

.

.

.... .

...5

..._.

__

.E..../

.

.

. .v.

_ . .

.

.

..

.

. ._ .. .

.

, ..

.1

:

,

-"4

.

.

..,

TA-4 -C

'4.

Apart from acting as Free Graphs, the above 15, or a number of

them at least, act also as Complex Bound Graphs, appearing as Con-

stituents'ili more complicated Graphs.

Note the Structure and Constituent Order of the following

Graphs. Write each Graph five times. On the sample given draw a

line indicating the Constituent Bdundary:

Graph plus, one Stroke:

LR

51TB

.....11

1SUPERIMPOSED: This is a new structure. Some Graphs are written

in, the following way: First, the First Constituent is laid down,

then the Second Constituent is written over the First.

2. Graph plus SBG:

LR

r2_

17p

.2.3

..,

--ir 23

i . .

V0 .

,

ft00

. Na ,

. _

tv

t 0it .41

ALI -

1 vp.

-

LPi

N 1 r

r

I I

S

6-

C2

-1

3. Graph plus Graph

LR

4J

.40 --gr t2

TB

Any graph more complex than a:Simple Bound Graph is a Complex.Bound Graph. A :Coinplex Bound ,Graph, -may -be. constituted: in a riumber

of -ways. For' example:. _

.SBG plus StrOke2) SBG -sag

'Stroke

-"- .

,'' ill, 4" ,%;. 4:i

: _

-27-n

And there are other possibilities, as can readily be surmised.

Following- is a list,of high frequency 4 and 5 Stroke CBG's.

Learn Structure and Constituent Order.. Practice each Graph

five.times.

16.

'17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28. ,

29-.

i

f

. . .

.

A...

61 0.

El. .

or.

\

I ,1% i \..) 6N_

. ,

,

ry-

t..r

r

.

,

.

J, j, .

.

.

_

...6 - ."I. ..k.

..-

1 . 4 .4...

,

.

.

I-A

. ..

.

frt,::Jk. -!.-t:,

.

.

4

,

.

. )1 : --A.:.

,_

_ 1

.

.. .

r , .

-28-

As we have seen by nowl'certain Constituents occur again and

again in the composition of Graphs. / and r7 are good examples

of this. If we wish to classify Graphs by Structural.similarity

we can take 4 or c7 or other high Frequency Constituents as

the determining. Constituent, and arrange.all.graphs containing

that determining Constituent under it. For example, under 4 we

could place it 4J ; under 0 we could place -1g) dy PP P7

. If a Graph contains two determining Constituents (as.can

happen), we could make it a rule that the determining Constituent

in First Constituent position count as the determining Constituent

for that Graph. Thus, 00 would be classed .0 , under 4 . As

a matter of fact, the Chinese long ago worked out a system of 214

determining Constituents, and the general tendenCy is to classify

Graphs under the First Constituent where possible.*

Of the graphs we have written or the Structure of which we ,

have learned, the following are important deteimining Con'stituents

(or "Radicals" as they are commonly termed). Learn them as such:

4

1:7 414 rt3

*More specifically, the tendency is for the Radical to be" First

Constituent in.LR and WW Graphs, and Second. Constituent in TB

Graphs.

L

-29t-

Artange the following Graphs after their correct Radical (total:.

25 Graphs).

PP lb11

A_ yzif ii<-Y

At kt /e-

lb AE.) I it 1 * 44. -1"

Rad-ical

GraphsRad-ical

Graphs

I.

it .

73

tv

....1. . y<-

7-).14

-30-

We will recall from the study of Chinese phonology that the third

tone has one shape when the third tone syllable is uttered alone

and another when a syllable follows. (hiu/haumNi) Certain of the

Radicals also have one shape when they.are written alone and one

or more other shapes when they are combined with another Constitu-

ent to form a Free Graph. The shape they have when written alone

we shall call the Free Shape; the shape they have when they are

written in-combination with another Constituent we shall call the

Bound Shape. Most Radicals have only'a Free Shape. The following

of those you have studied have a Bound Shape also. Learn the

structure of the new Bound Shapes, their Constituent Order, and

the Free Shape Radical from which they originate.

Free Shape .Bound Shape- Examples.:

of Boundin Graphs,

44-

Shapes

. 4/14

. .

. . .

-

.

kilt:. ..-

.

.

.

.

,:...)-.

...

, _,J0 -- )./..

-31-

Place the following Graphs after their correct Radical. (total:

49 Graphs) . Note: IJ. and generally occur in .Second Constitu-

ent position.

11173 41- ifYb A l lk

ia% ;it Cli, j 46 %Id

T 4it it. aOic I+ iik_ 473 4

Rad-ical

Graphs, , . . I

_.,

I-

.

-32-

Below are nine Radicals of 5 Strokes. Learn Structure, Con=

stituent Order, aril, Bound Shapes:

Rad-4cal

Cl 2BoundShape-ples

, 1

-Sam-

._-

iY

.

is e)

AO-

. 1

Rad-ical

Cl C2BoundShape

Samles

7- Z'

,-.ILJ ,k_

The following Graphs all belong_to the nine new Radicals just

introduced. Place them after their correct Radical (total: 27

Graphs), in the diagram on the folloWing page.

f. AA IA AV 2/3) 4% 44-

:7.- . -^Ni7f "*"-"7, ---,7-Fuer, WM,

3,

=33-

A

LR

WW

Classify the same Graphs according to'Structure:

1141. VW'

-ma

4

IV

trt

-34-

Here are high, frequency Simple Bound Graphs of 6 and 7 Strokes.Learn Structure and Constituent Order. Write each Graph five timesin the space provided.

30.

31.

32:

33.

34.

35.

36.

37..

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.,

44.

45.

464

fip

4

111111.

1

Here are important new Graphs of 8 and 9 Strokes. Write

each new Graph five times in the space provided.

14.

.,

%!..1

f t:. .-f

.9.1(..., .

,,,,....,

.

.

.

,

t

.

i

.,

1 _ ...

._ .

. ,..,. .

.:

. ...

.

4

Ft*,6

-36-

Here are some important Radicals of 7 and 8 Strokes. LearnStiucture and Constituent Order. These Radicals do not possessaound' Shapes, except for j.t_

Rad-ical

Cl ,C2 BoundShape

1-!:-.-.

Ei

.1----

.

ItA...

.

IT. .

r hi.

p 13 1.

-,Is

.

Here are twenty Graphs all belonging to the 7 and 8 StrokeRadicals we have just learned. Arrange them after their correctRadical.

a *If 1411 Id lit1 itki PA

P4 i5t Ii/4\- II: Pc1%4 tfig *5

0

A-N

o

X

T11

X

II

The following five Radicals of 9, 10, and 11 Strokes,donclude

our listing of common Radicals. As before, learn Constituents,

Constituent Order, and Bound Shapes.

gad -

ical.C1 C2

'BoundiSam-Shape

Sam -

Toles

15-

o.._ ,,.

Arrange the following Graphs after their correct Radical. (total:

20.Graphs).

r

IA.

ik

0Ix.,

. or -+

-

, .

,. .

' S't'

. .

4 :* ,

r ;:,.

=39-.

liere rare the last of the important high-frequency Graphs,. those

of 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17 Strokes. Write each Graph five times

in the spaces provided. Review all previous numbered Graphs.

82.

83-.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

90.

91.

92.

-93.

, .

. .

.

.

..

.

.

.

3

,

1._ K..

. ,...,

...

. ,

-...4;00c foto

_ .

.. .

.

.

..

..

ft.

.

741t;

..

,

. .

.

.

;t6.. --1(_-5, _. .

.

_

pp., ... _ ,

rip....,.., ; .

4"

.

.

`,

-40-

CRYSTAL GRAPHS 4

Some Complex, Bound Graphs are reduplications, once, twice,

or three times over, of a single Simple Bound:Graph or Complex

Bound Graph. The structure of these Graphs resembles that of

certain crystals, the growth of which consists of the ordered

reduplication of an initial or basic structure. The Graphs in

question are constituted wholly by a reduplicated CBG laid

down in an unvarying constituent order. These Graphs we shall

term Crystal Graphs. An example of such a Graph is JUG

which is composed of reduplications of the CBG'A El .

Members of the class of Crystal Graphs, while numerous and

relatively high in Constituent Frequency, are not to be specially

noted as such. Rather, the invariable conventions of their Con-,

stituent Order are set forth schematically below, and from these

the Constituent Order of any Crystal Graph may be unerringly

inferred. In the following table, A, B, and C stand for the

first, second, and third constituents respectively of a Crystal

Graph. No valid instances of four-fold or greater repetition

are known.

Formula

AB

A

B

Formula

A

BC

Two Constituents

Example

c7c2

. Three Constituents

Eicample

As in

in

T- n-T

-4l

CRYSTAL .GRAPHS: Drills

Drill The following= Graphs are typical. Crystal Graphs. Usingthe ABC notation, show their Constituent Order.

Graph

630

Poo

Constituent Order

-42-

-Drill 2. Inipect-the f011owing-Free-Graphs and determine whiph

are valid Crystal Graphs.- Check the appropriate column.'

Crystal Graph Other

Drill 3. Inspect the following Graphs and determine whidh contain

valid Crystal Graphs as Constituents. Check the appropriate column.

Graph Crystal Graph: Formula (AB, etc.) Other

-43-

LOOK-ALIKES

It often happens that two different Free Graphs written in the

same style may so resemble each other as to produce, confusion as to-,

whidh is meant. Such Graphs can be Conveniently termed "look-alikes."

Look-alikes may be divided into two classes, which we shall tern

"arithmetical look-alikes" and "geometrical (or topological) look-

alikes." In the first Ilass, arithmetical look-alikes, Graphs-are

distinguished on the basis of totalnumber of Strokes. Free Graphs

may differ in total number of strokes by one or more strokes.

Pairs differing by only one stroke will be illustrated, since these

are usually the hardest to distinguish. It should be noted, how-

ever, that some pairs differing by two or even more strokes are

also hard to tell apart. Examples of arithmetical look-alikes fol-

low; practice writing each pair of Graphs in the spaces provided.

The second clas, geometrical look-alikes, will be taken up subse-

quently.

Strokes FG1

2:3

3:4

F 2

4:5, 4.

5:6

6:7

7:8

8:9

-4

9:10

10:11

-44 -

Note: In the examples on the previous page, the distingui

difference may also be thought of as a difference :between

Immediate Constituents, i.e., the IC's of 110 1 being and

those of M6 ! orVand a the two Graphs ,share el but are

by p and .r2

shing

the

contrasted

Drill. Write the "odd Graph" in each of the following groups in

the space provided.

il, IL, IL

I-

44-1 A iii-

k-,JE,

-4-

I'

'Al ilvj ,1-v]

449 Ji J%Jr-

g. W

V /V

GEOMETRICAL LOOK-MAKES

Geometrical look-alikes are pairs of Free Graphs containingthe same number of Strokel, all of which,.are- alike in shape andposition .except one pair (one Stroke. in each Free-Graph)- which dis-tinguishes the two Graphs. This pair of Strokes -Mai differ as to--

clasi or type of Stroke, 2) positiOn of Stroke,1-3). lengthof Stroke, 4) degree of :closure. This pair -we elan-

. the"minimum pair" (MP) .

Type of Stroke. A

classes of Strokes

minimum pair may be composed of two differentor of two different types of the same class.

Different Classes

FG1 FG2 I Minimum Pairz .4 Straight Line:Pothoolc

, 4 Straight Line:Dot

Straight Line:Crooked Line

Different Types

FG1 FG2 Minimum Pair

Horizontal Straight:Skew Straight

Hook-in-bend (Crooked) :Double-hook-bend (Crooked)

rat

-46-

Position of Stroke... A minimum pair may be composed of the same

class and type of Stroke, but differently positioned; the nine-

cell grid can be used to identify the crucial positions.

FG1 FG2 Minimum Pair

8:3

,

Length of Stroke. A minimum pair may be composed of the same

class and type of Stroke in the aame position but of different

length.

FG1 Minimum Pair

Short:Long

Long :Shoat

E. Short:Long

Degree-of closure. In some Graphs, otherwise identical in respect

to. Stroke constituents, contrast is indicated by whether certain

figures are left open, half-open, or are closed; intersections

count as closed, meetings as open.

FG1 FG2 Minimum Pair

6 Open:Closed

E.!)Half-open:Open

,.....

.

Open:Closed ,

,

pen:Closed

0S'ed:Open

.

Drill.. Write the "odd Grap)ii! in each-of the following groups, in-

the space provided.

i- -T f

,LØ& a_k k k

k k41 44 41

A- -4- -I

k k

rog

wA

1:4

P

. ,

.4- -- 4-

v t 01 but

IF-tr IF.-":-

-- 1-1- I1# 14 *if

4E) 4-6 6

1

"

-48-

Drill.. Write the "odd Graph" in each of the following groups in

the Space, provided. Note: this list derives from a list of

chaiacters the Chinese themselves. acknowledge as hard to tell apart.

1 A

1.4h4V...

e17AM- k_

.i).Z,

A 4q,ii gi

A:

Ae

.

...

--,rtz.

-- rri

ik,7

trp iT tcf

-fig0...

Pc kal 4,6

0.44a

3P1,1 A 4

THE. FIFTY-SEVEN MOST COMMON RADICALS:

"MEANING" ANDPOSITIONS

i Rad

ical

,'Rank

.

_Cliinese

Name

-

"Meaning"

Bound

Form ,s

Left

Right

Top

'

BO

ttC.*

-Other

4---

----

te5u..;,.

8

:H

-

---c

over

--'

,

_-._

_11

P

-

.

11P

'

r.en

_'.

-

9:

.,

danli

ren

(used for

-

:F1 Only)

,

man

, i

't,k

12

r

...

. --

,

.

.

. .

bin.

15 -

,

iyIng

dyan

shiig

tic

e--

Jyf

--...

,,

, --.

,,

...

.

-__,

-,,.

._

dal

..-

_

._.. 18

,

,(BF onlyknife

-

-

!

..

. " 4"

IPA

I'

, --

.

l'i[

19

,

---

strength

--/4

t7..:

---

. ..

1....

,fr.

A;-

O ...

..,. .

1 j,Y

-Ne

.

30

--

)

mou

th

. ,1P

OE

M

.

:,

..2

:.._-

-.

-,

,

.-: u.

....,i

-

-.

tiel

(BF

only

Xth

ear

,

.

.,

.I

'--

. -

:J `Pid

Nuo

imm

iuM

1111

1111

1111

1111

1111

1111

,Stii

i

,..,

n

"Chinese

Bound

rik

Name

"Meaning"

Form(s)

.'-i

...,

,',,

,,ii'

,"',

,:

.!'

J't s

\--

-1

snr--4

,

iif.

-

..,,

j,,,,.

.,;,,,

,,....

t_,

-1.

Ai V

,

nr--

i'

,'

',' 2

-

14,

b'iu

woman?

roof

,

corp

se

mountain

.111

0 .1

110

Lef

tRight

,41

we- 4

4

j

napkin,

-:

_pan

g,cloth

53

'iiyA

nSha

rig

:she

lter:

57

bow

44

60

shwang

ilrgn

left step

(tir

onl

y).

.111

0 O

EM

41

;,-

Bot

tom

Oth

er

OIN

S IM

MO

adica

ank

-

Chinese

^

Name

eaning"

Bound

Form( s)

Left

*

'Right

.Top

,

.Bottom,

:Other

..;..,

Oa s

yin

.(BF

heart

l11

,,__

'

-'6

u-

'.

.'

vv

t 1shou

(BF

only

)hand

.4-.

--.

__

,1 4'6

-fAnwn

(BF only)tap

.

-,_

. --

__sun

__tom-

OM

B O

Mwood

--k-

__

shie

eii85

,

sandy%in

s' h

viei

(BF only)water

J-

:2

1

- -A

---

--A

<--

-hwo

,..,

hwii

(BF only)fire

/".

./%12

_)9

-

.,.

Aad

icRank

Ctiinese

Name

"Meaning"

Bound

Forraks)

Left

Rig

htTop

Bot

tom

Oth

er1.

,

,

..

Chy

w ii

'

94

rin

chywIn

(BF only)dog.

1,

way

'.-

-....

to.

-_

96

-.1

yii ,

d.z6

1 ii

(BF only)1-

de

,f,

__

_.

_-

!i

.

,iyan

102

--,

fiel

d--

10t:c

---

,

--.

..

104

bang

chIngr

. sickness

___-

--

.

..-A

,

---_

-

rityin

108

__

diSh

.--

,..,

----

....

_-.

,.m

u..

109

--

eye

eI,

4.3

../T

4

112

__.

istone

__.

if__

--.

.

.

1Radic

Rank

Chinese

Name

"Meaning"

Bound

Form(s)

Left

Right

Top

Bottan

Other'

,

s ik

113

__

spirit

115

h6ma

pang

-rain

__

-ft:

._

l Li

.y :

se

116

sime dl

tOu

(BF only)cave

--

--

--

__

)1

118

jddl t6u

(BF only)-amboo

II-A-

__

__

_ _

__

...

120

jegu

s2

(BF only

silk

//'i

...-

--gz

.71-

elt

rili-

.

1..

i

roux

13oralu

ywe

(BF only)

. .eat

Am

__. )7

A0i

ivau

134

--

.

ortar

--

__

__

fi

...M

.

a.

111111-

a ea

%

111:--

41/4.-

{

I I

lete

xo:a

le...

seat

.w4:40d4utee$'

eo.e.&14/44..ezie,Ailakuleestitudiriataiiii..4 ivi4etiScW44Ne.e.eeeeeq'tkelk.K.Mikikii.laUtAitilliWalVearatitagaiaitkaltnili

Radical

-'

Rank

Chinese

Name :

"Meaning"

Bound

Form(s)

Left

Right

Top

Bottom

Other

..

wo

162

'dzXu jf.

(BF only)stop

run and

1......_.-

--

_ _

""

Yi

.

163

seyou er

dau

(BF only)city

'.

__

__

#4 co

-._

ou

164

--

liquor

--

'--

l

167

__

'etal

1-1=

1

..

, ,/

m n

169

__

gate

__

--.

......

.

--

'

. __ .

ell

fOu

.

170

.

azwiSer

dEu

1

(BF only)

.

ound

.

__

.

, __

__

,,

__

..

iwei

172

__

short-

tailed

oird

--

__

API

PM"0

71-7

7177

77"`

"r""

"Tir

mIT

IM74

9/n-

75'''P

ric-

r`"7

1777

7777

7.1r

',7'0

'7'"

"471

r7:

7n.

F.

0 OS

Radical

Oa.

ye

!tank

173

181

Chinese

Name

yid

t6u

(BF only)

'Meaning"

rain

head

184

shf

ON

eat

7Bound

FOrm(s)

ma

nyau

187

195

196

ON

O N

M IP

'

horse

fish

bird

`,.

..

,.

Left

4A_

Right

Top

1 1 S

EIM

Bot

tom

.111

11.

1 '67

./e.

Other

MO

. 011

11

OM

..

O I.

(

Yrt

fl*1

4:11

FT.

los

..:M

7717

r1"7

.7,7

1nr"

Imr-

--77

:77m

mw

r,,,r

min

"r%

17:1

3r7=

kr.,

"