PresentacióN Examen Upla
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Transcript of PresentacióN Examen Upla
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Presentation topics
a) The distribution of sounds in
the phonology of English
b) Stress in Complex Words
c) English Weak Forms
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The distribution of sounds in the phonology of English
a) Contrastive distribution
d) Complementary distribution
g) Defective distribution
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Contrastive distributionContrastive = difference in meaning
E.g. / ʌ / vs. / æ /
/ kæt / vs. / kʌt /
-Notion of minimal pair test
-Exceptions: Free variation.
Better [ ˈbetə ] (RP)[ ˈbeɾɚ ] (GAm)[ ˈbeʔə ] ( Cockney)[ ˈbeɾæ ] (Caribbean)
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Complementary distribution-Allophones
Mutually exclusive
E.g. German
Ich laut-ach laut
euch vs. auch/ ɔʏç / / aʊx/
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Defective distribution
Distributional problems
/ h /
- Not present in final position
- It is said that is a voiceless vowel. Prevocalic and intervocalic position
- Elided in weak forms e.g. I saw her.
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/ ŋ /
- Not present in initial position
- Only present with short vowels
- In medial position can have two possible pronunciations
Either with / ŋg / and / ŋ/ (morphological structure)
Hunger vs. hanger
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Stress in complex words Affix words vs. compound words
Compound words : made from two or more independent words, e.g. ice-cream and bad-tempered.
Affix words : words made adding an affix to the stem
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Affix words
Suffixes (after the stem) vs. Prefixes (before the stem)
SuffixesEffects on word stress a) No changeb) Shiftc) Carry the primary stress
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a) No change
-hood : mother motherhood-ful : use useful-ing : walk walking-en : sweet sweeten -ness : dark darkness-less : harm harmless-ish : Kent Kentish
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b) Shift
(a)-tion : pronounce pronunciation(i)-ty: sincere sincerity -ic : period periodic-ual: context contextual-ian: music musician
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c) Carry the primary stress
-ette : major majorette -ese : journal journalese-phobia: homo homophobia-ee : examine examinee-(a)holic: shop shopaholic-esque: Chaplin Chaplinesque
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English weak formsSyllable timed vs. Stress timed
Spanish vs. English
-----------------------------------------------------------------------Function words vs. Content words
Auxiliary verbs Main verbsPrepositions adjectivesConjunctions nounsPronouns adverbs
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English sentence
Weakening process
-I just lost my wallet.
-We wanted to say ‘hullo’.
-Would you fancy a cuppa, my dear?
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[ ˈƟæŋk jə ˈveɹ̨ɩ ˈmʌʧ ]