Presentación David Newman
42
David Newman President ISWA Waste; biowaste; strategies
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Algunos datos sobre la industria de desechos a nivel mundial
Transcript of Presentación David Newman
David NewmanPresident ISWA
Waste; biowaste; strategies
Some data on the global waste industry
• 4 billion tonnes total waste produced 2012• Of which 1,9 billion tonnes household• 6,5 billion customers• US$ 420 billion turnover• 40 million employees –half informal
2
Organics – in developing countries 70%+
Packaging
Industrial
E-Waste
Medical
Slaughter house waste
Construction
Plastics everywhere
What type of waste ?
3
• 70 % landfilled or open dumps
• 10 % incinerated
• 20 % recycled including composting
• This produces circa 1 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalents (methane) rising to 3 billion tonnes in 2030 mainly from landfills.
What do we do with the waste ?
4
Public and urban health, epidemics
Loss of resources
Emissions
Missed employment opportunities
Destruction of natural resources and urban habitats
Eco dumping
Illegal trade
Ocean litter
Consequences
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6
Data from
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Let’s look at the advanced economies waste management
Scandinavia
Austria
Germany
Holland
Japan
Korea
USA in parts
Many worlds, worlds apart
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• 100 % collection coverage
• No open or illegal dumping
• Recycling + composting above 50% of MSW
• Waste to Energy more than 10%- no public opposition
• Incentives for renewable energy
• Taxes on disposal
• EPR schemes in place for many streams
• Informal sector zero o illegal9
Definitions of top level waste management systems
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Japan, Incinerator at Morinomya
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Southern Italy
Greece
Turkey
Brazil
South Africa
North Africa
Chile ?????
Second World Countries, struggling to catch up
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• Collection systems not 100%
• Recycling levels below 20%
• Landfill use above 80%, some illegal dumping
• No or low incineration- strong public opposition
• No or low incentives to renewable energy
• No or few EPR schemes
• No or very low disposal taxes
• Informal sector recycling present 13
Definition of immature waste management systems
Athens Landfill
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Sao Paolo Landfill
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The question is essentially one of
MONEY
How do we finance a mature waste management system ?
Overview of the World Bank Group
WB solid waste loans & grants – solid waste system upgrades often bundled with other initiatives
Very few loans/grants are 100% focused on solid waste operations
Most solid waste projects have been bundled with other infrastructure upgrades
Loans Grants
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Taking out Chinese cities because of central government rules, to date it appears as if 263 of the world’s 500 largest
cities have virtually NO access to private capital
Credit Worthiness – A new financing priority
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Organics are…..
Everywhere
Sewage sludges
Food production waste
Agricultural waste
Industrial organics (bioetanolo waste)
Forestry
Organics ….are bad for you
Rot
Smell
Contaminate other waste streams
Produce leachate
Produce methane (think Greenhouse Gasses)
Burn producing dioxins and soot
Organics….are good for you
They decompose and can produce
methane captured for energy
soil fertilisers when composted
biopolymers
food stuffs for animals
How to make this happen ?
Strategic forward planning
Regulatory framework
Economics
Technologies
Collection systems
Biowaste Contextual remarks:
More than just waste management
Biodegradables represent the vast majority of MSW (above all in S and SE Europe)
Major contributor to GHGs from inappropriate management of MSW (4 to 11% of total GHGs come from landfills)
Proper management often driven by strategies to reduce impacts of disposal
– Landfill diversion targets (EU Landfill Directive)
Extended benefits: soils, farmlands, the environment– Climate Change (UNFCCC) – Desertification (UNCCD)– Biodiversity, fertility, resilience, prevention of floods, erosion (EU Soil Thematic Strategy)
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“About 75% of the soils in the Mediterranean Area has a low content of organic matter
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Source: European Compost Network, updated by authors
Current status for biowaste collection in Europe
www.compost.it
Main legislative drivers: the European Regulatory Framework
European WFD (2008/98/EC) requires Member States to:– take measures to encourage separate collection of biowaste for
composting and AD.– by 2020 recycle 50% of all waste from households
European Landfill Directive (99/31/EC) requires Member states to:– Pre-treat all waste before landfilling (disposal)– by 2016 divert 65% of biowaste from landfill
Italian WFL (DLGS 252/06) requires Municipalities/District-Areas to:
– by 2012 reduce disposal to 35% of total MSW (total sep. coll. min 65%)– SS Biowaste with reusable bins and/or compostable bags;– Increases landfill-cost by 20€/ton for district not complying to recycling
target
Composting sector growth linked to separate collection of biowaste
www.compost.it
Separate collection of biowaste in Italy 2011
www.compost.it
4.2 million tons in 2010, 4.5+ in 2011, 5.0 in 2012
www.compost.it
Biowaste production and collection: key-data Italy
Foodwaste (FW)
20-30% of MSW
Bulk density: 0,6-0,8 kg/liter
High moisture
SSO: 70 – 130 kg/inhab/yr.
Yard and Gardenwaste (GW)
2-4kg/m2/yr.
Bulk density: 0,15 – 0,35 kg/l
Medium to low moisture
Seasonality (weather, rain)
SSO: 20– 70 kg/inhab/yr. (preventable by home-
composting)
www.compost.it
Best practise approach – Italy/Spain/UK
Foodwaste collected separately from garden waste– Cooked food and meat&fish allowed– High frequency (2 to 4 times/week)– Clean and comfortable (bags&caddies)– FW bins taylored to HH size (from bin to wheely-bin)– Vehicles (open lorries)
Gardenwaste at – Municipal Collection Centers– Door to Door at low frequency (1/month; on demand; seasonality)– Homecomposting
Residual waste: collected with low FW content– Low frequency (1/week up to 1 /month)– PAYT fees
www.compost.it
Intensive Source Separation of Biowaste:
Buildings up to 6 households
Compostable bags vented kitchen-caddy 35 liter HDPE bucket
Buildings with Flats/apartments
Compostable bags vented kitchen-caddy 120/240 liter HDPE wheelbins
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“About 75% of the soils in the Mediterranean Area has a low content of organic matter
Paper, MaterBi, etc IF compostable according to EN 13432 standard
OK for sep. collection of foodwaste
Plastic-bags (PE) are non-compostable NO use for sep. collection of foodwaste
Oxo-degradable plastics
Not suitable for composting processes
NO use for sep. collection of foodwaste
Enhance citizens in managing wet, putrescible FW
Biobags must comply with EU Standard (EN13432)
Bags must be certified
Biobags are a key-factor for success:
www.compost.it
Quality of Source Separation Foodwaste: quota of non-compostables delivered at gate
Source: CIC – Consorzio Italiano Compostatori/ Italian Composting Association
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
45,00
82%35%
www.compost.it
Source Separation of Foodwaste: purity vs use of compostable bags
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
18,0
20,0
0,00 10,00 20,00 30,00 40,00 50,00 60,00 70,00 80,00 90,00 100,00
% compostable bags
Non
-com
post
able
s (%
)
m
erce
olog
i
What does all this cost ?
Source separate collection of biowaste costs c. € 50/ton
Treatment of biowaste in composting plant costs c. € 70/ton
Overall waste and urban cleaning in Italy costs € 170/capita
Landfill now costs €80 - €100 / ton and climbing
Real cost of landfill is reflected in emissions over 30 year period and end of life closure and maintenance
Sydney landfill, with $10/ton carbon tax costs $340/ton !!
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Results from Italy
Composting from 0 to 5 million tons 1993-2013
Composting plants 10 to 280 1993-2013
Biogas plants by 2013 – 20
Compost produced 1,400,000 tons
40 million Italians source separate organic waste
Conclusion
It is vital to establish the long term strategy, EU
Involve stakeholders
Plan to make it pay through taxes
Feed in tariffs for energy
Allow technologies to develop
Develop collection schemes to ensure quality
Create market for products
