Prescribed Fire in Your Woodland –Beyond the Basics ·  · 2011-03-30Prescribed Fire in Your...

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Ryan N. Harr, Assistant Scientist II & Wildlife Biologist Iowa State University NREM Prescribed Fire in Your Woodland – Beyond the Basics

Transcript of Prescribed Fire in Your Woodland –Beyond the Basics ·  · 2011-03-30Prescribed Fire in Your...

Page 1: Prescribed Fire in Your Woodland –Beyond the Basics ·  · 2011-03-30Prescribed Fire in Your Woodland –Beyond the Basics. ... • Does lightning still cause fires in our region?

Ryan N. Harr, Assistant Scientist II & Wildlife BiologistIowa State University NREM

Prescribed Fire in Your Woodland – Beyond the Basics

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Getting Started

• By now, most of you have probably experimented with prescribed fire, and are now wondering more about how fire works in the ecosystem

• Realize that fire is a critical process that has been driving ecosystem for millenia 

• On of the major shaping disturbance regimes in nearly every ecosystem– Fire, Herbivory, Storms are major shapers of woodlands

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How much does fire play a role? 

• There are really two sources of fire in wildlands: anthropogenic caused & lightning caused

• Anthropogenic:

• Does lightning still cause fires in our region? • Yes! Example: between 1997 – 2007, there were 29 confirmed lightning started wildfires in southern Ohio 

George Catlin “Prairie Fire” 1871

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How much does fire play a role? 

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Role of fire in woodlands today

Gaining acceptance as an effective management tool:

• Pine plantations (timber)• Mixed oak woodland 

regeneration• Invasive species control• Wildlife habitat 

improvement (turkeys!)

Recall acceptable reasons for using fire:

• Wildlife habitat management

• Fuels management• Vegetation revitalization• Improvement of forage 

growth• Training

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Role of fire in woodlands today

• How should I apply fire in my woodlands?

SAFETY BASICS FIRST!!!

• Make sure you have a PRESCRIBED BURN PLAN, and you have checked on your liability & local regulations first, and notified appropriate authorities

• Make sure you have appropriate tools, appropriately consider your goals, and preferably, a little help from neighbors, friends, etc.

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Role of fire in woodlands today

• Generally speaking, in today’s landscapes hardwood timber fires are low intensity and not stand clearing

They do, however, tend to pose their own set of problems:

•Tend to produce more smoke

•Smoke can have more problematic properties

•Smoke can linger longer

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First, a few definitions

• Fuels = anything that can burn• Fire Intensity = measure of energy release measured in BTUs

• Residence time = the amount of time flame spends on a given unit area

• Climate Conditions = RH, windspeed & direction, sky cover

• Aspect = direction a slope faces• Inversion = a layer of air trapped below another layer of air

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An Important Consideration: Fire Severity

• What is fire severity? • Layman’s terms: 

• Fire severity is a subjective measure of how fuels, fire intensity (BTUs), residence time, climate conditions and type of fire combine to effect specific species of plants or animals

• A low‐intensity fire may be VERY SEVERE to certain plants or animals, whereas a high‐intensity fire may be MINIMALLY SEVERE effects on plants and animals

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An Important Consideration: Fire Severity

Which Fire is More Severe??

Which Fire is More Intense??

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An Important Consideration: Fire Severity

• Now, think about your goals with an eye towards fire severity (mention in your burn plan!)– Do you want to:

• Clean up woods & open floor space for new oak growth, ease of travel (e.g., maple sap collection) or herbaceous growth?

• Set back invasive species?• Create wildlife habitat?

• How do I create an appropriately severe fire to achieve my woodland goals?

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Managing for Appropriate Fire Severity

• First consider what you want to burn: fuels– Are they 1‐, 10‐, 100‐, or 1000‐hour fuels?– Say what!?!?

• 1 hour = grass, leaves, twigs• 10 hour = sticks, small branches• 100 hour = small logs• 1000 hour = large logs, stumps

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Managing for Appropriate Fire Severity

• First consider what you want to burn: fuels– Arrangement of fuels– Is everything on the ground? Are ladder fuels present? 

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Managing for Appropriate Fire Severity

• Perhaps Most Important: Conditions Matter– Understand how weather & time of day will affect fire– Relative Humidity & Wind Speed/Direction are critical– In woodlands, it can be appropriate to burn with lower RH  and higher winds

• As a general rule, in Iowa a critical trigger point while burning grasslands is 30% RH; slightly lower may be needed for a good leaf litter fire

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Managing for Appropriate Fire Severity

• Next, consider topography (position on slope)– Slope is important (fire moves quickly upslope, more slowly downslope…preheating)

– Topographic influences may lead to inversions, altering climate conditions in valleys

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Managing for Appropriate Fire Severity

Inversion layer holding smoke valley

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Managing for Appropriate Fire Severity

• This is very important to consider when thinking of how fire moves: what side of a tree takes the most damage from a fire?

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Managing for Appropriate Fire Severity

• What type of fire ignition & spread should you use?– Head fire = high intensity

• Less complete combustion, crown scorch, top kill, less intense smoke

– Back fire = low intensity• More complete combustion,  more heat on per‐area basis, more intense smoke

– Flank fires = moderate & variable intensity 

• Combined/mixed effects of head & back fires

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Managing for Appropriate Fire Severity• Firing techniques to reduce intensity & mitigate severity:– Spot firing*– Flank firing– Strip head firing*– Center firing* (around a resource)

• These techniques can be used to get severityaffects, while mitigating intensity

* These techniques should be done with extreme caution

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Managing for Appropriate Fire Severity

• Other considerations for mitigating intensity, and thereby controlling severity– Take care when burning around brush piles

• Don’t create piles near trees of value• Consider burning these in winter

– Take actions to protect trees of specific value• Use leaf blower to remove fuel around base of tree, so fire does not directly impact 

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Take a breath Ryan!Questions so far?!

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Fire Effects on Tree Communities: Oak

• Many species of oak (Quercus spp.) are adapted to frequent fire regimes, and as such are quite fire tolerant

• Still, need to consider what species you have:

Red Oak (and relatives) tend to beless fire tolerant

Do not compartmentalize cellulardamage as do other species

Result in “cat face” and can hurt value of log 

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Fire Effects on Tree Communities: Oak

• Many species of oak (Quercus spp.) are adapted to frequent fire regimes, and as such are quite fire tolerant

• Still, need to consider what species you have:

White Oak (and relatives) tend to bemorefire tolerant

Compartmentalize cellulardamage, and may put fall wood on Right over fire damage

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Fire Effects on Tree Communities: Oak

• In general, prescribed fires of low to moderate intensity do not have adverse effects on overstoryoak communities

• Most species have thick outer bark to adequately protect them from damage– Scorch does not necessarily indicate fire damage– With mixed hardwood litter fires, intensity is typically low enough on tree that any potential damage will be below marketable log

– Oaks often need somewhat frequent fires to open up understory for regeneration 

• In the absence of fire, oak stands tend to succumb to maple stands

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Fire Effects on Tree Communities: Hickory

• Hickory species (Caryaspp.) tend to be more susceptible to fire damage than do other native hardwoods– Bark is less insulating than 

that of oaks, making young trees fire intolerant

– Older trees also can be susceptible to fire due to physiology of tree (fire can get under “shagbark” and smolder, causing more damage to tree

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Fire Effects on Tree Communities: Maples

• In general, maples (Acer spp.) are much less tolerant of fire than are other hardwoods, hence their common geographic distribution with less fire‐prone ecosystems

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Fire Effects on Tree Communities: Maples

• Red Maples– Tend to be quite fire 

intolerant, especially in younger trees

– However, they tend to resprout from roots readily (provided root is not damaged by a serious litter fire)

– May resprout from base of fire‐killed trees

– Increasing in U.S. forests over last century of fire suppression

– Dormant season fire may be more tolerable

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Fire Effects on Tree Communities: Maples

• Silver maple– Thin bark, soft wood and susceptibility to rot makes it very prone to fire damage and kill

– Use extreme caution with prescribed fire: clear out around base of valued trees if intent is to use for production

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Fire Effects on Tree Communities: Maples

• Sugar Maples– Very sensitive to fire– Damage found in tree tissue even when little external damage present

– Low intensity ground fires can be damaging, and moderate intensity can kill entire a stand

– Do not readily regenerate following fire

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Fire Effects on Tree Communities: Maples

• Maples in general are not fire tolerant, and have increased in distribution with fire suppression

• Some species resprout readily, others do not• Easily damaged and killed by fires of even low‐moderate intensity (think severity)

• Use caution when applying fire to woodland with maple stands, or trees of specific value.  Conduct burn in early spring & protect trees.

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Fire Effects on Tree Communities: Conifers

• White Pine (Pinusstrobus): tend to be moderately fire resistant, especially to surface fires.  

• Tend to have low resin content, making them less flammabale than other conifers

• Even trees that do manage to catch fire survive with < 50% crown scorch

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Fire Effects on Tree Communities: Conifers

• Fire is commonly used in pine plantations in the southeast to keep understory clear, and prevent wildlife risk

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Using Fire to Control Invasive Species

• Fire is frequently discussed a way to manage invasive plant species in woodlands

• Care must be used, as some species are fire increasers

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Using Fire to Control Invasive Species

• Multiflora Rose– Fire effective at top‐killing plant, but actively resproutsfrom roots of plant

– May be a fire‐increaser, though some evidence suggests successive‐year fires may reduce vigor and eventually set plant back

• Garlic Mustard– Relatively easy to top‐kill with even low‐intensity fires, though some resprouting from roots is possible. Does not appear to be a fire‐increaser.

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Using Fire to Control Invasive Species

• Eastern Red Cedar– A fire‐resistant plant, may survive even though severely scorched

– Tree easily fire‐controlled when top‐killed at young stage

– A chemical driven fire; stands of older trees can be a dangerous fire

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Using Fire to Control Invasive Species

• Bush Honeysuckles– Seedlings frequently killed 

by spring prescribed fire, older plants topkilled, but plant tends to respourtafter fire

• Sumac– Killed by most fires; 

however, rapidly recolonizes areas once burned over.  May be a fire increaser

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Fire Effects on Watersheds

• An important consideration when lighting fires, especially when dealing with topography

• Fire severity can be influential, believe it or not– Degree to which a fire impacts root structure, depth of litter (fuelbed), etc.

• Transportation of ash, other pollutants to water sources

• Soil loss through erosion• Less of a concern in grasslands than in woodlands

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Fire Effects on Watersheds

• How can we mitigate impacts to watersheds?• Think about your local climate

– Time your fire during local dry season (it may be most ecologically appropriate fire, anyway!)

• Leave a buffered area next to watercourse• Don’t burn entire area at one time – rotate fires!• Avoid burning in the fall – snowmelt can carry off soil easily in spring

• If possible, opt for low intensity fires

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Fire Effects on Wildlife

• Wildlife evolved with fire, most are fire adapted

• Still, there will be direct & indirect impacts– Herps & invertebrates may be most impacted, but little research to be definitive

– Birds, mammals have mechanisms to cope

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Fire Effects on Wildlife

• How can we mitigate fire effects on  wildlife?– Burn at time of year when species of concern not present

– Use alternate firing techniques to reduce/increase fireline intensity

– Time burn to not destroy important food resources; time burn to enhance food resources

• Fall fire reduces food availability & cover for wildlife in winter

• Spring fires may provide enhanced food resources

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Questions?