Prepositions. EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR2 Contents 1. Purpose 2. Rules 3. Common problems 4. How to...
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Transcript of Prepositions. EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR2 Contents 1. Purpose 2. Rules 3. Common problems 4. How to...
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Prepositions
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 2
Contents
1. Purpose
2. Rules
3. Common problems
4. How to improve your use
5. Choosing the correct preposition
6. Sources and SELF resources
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 3
Purpose of prepositions
To show the relationship between the nouns, verbs, and adjectives in a sentence:
A person and their location or destination An object and who it belongs to An event and when it happens
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 4
Rules: 1 Prepositions can be followed by nouns or
gerunds√ I ’m looking forward to having lunch.
√ I ’m looking forward to lunch.
Pronouns should be in object, not subject form
Reflexive pronouns should be used if the preposition’s object is the same as the sentence’s subject
X The students submitted the essays to Dr Sadorra and I.
√ The students submitted the essays to Dr Sadorra and me.
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 5
Rules: 2
Prepositions are usually used immediately before their objects
√ The argumentative essay will be assigned after the recess.
Prepositions + objects come at the beginning of sentences for emphasis
√ After the recess, the essay will be assigned.
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 6
Rules: 3
In some cases, the object of the preposition is separated from the preposition:
Direct questionsWhat do you attribute your success to? Indirect questionsThe students wondered who/whom the tutor was referring to. Relative clausesThe prototype that the tutor referred to received more funding. Passive constructionsThe new prototype was repeatedly referred to.
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 7
Rules: 4
The sentences can be more formal if the preposition is immediately before its object
Direct questions √ To what do you attribute your success?
Indirect questions√ The students wondered to who/whom the tutor could be referring.
Relative clauses (not used with ‘that’)√ The prototype to which the tutor referred received more funding.
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 8
Common preposition problems A preposition can have different meanings
Behind can mean:
at the back of (Is there a car behind us?)
responsible for (She’s behind the company’ new image.)
not as successful as (Rio’s infrastructure is behind London’s.)
Different prepositions can have a similar meaning
Above: higher than (The salaries we offer are above average.)
On top of: the higher object is touching the lower one (Put your books on the table.)
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Prepositions and phrasal verbs
EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 9
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 10
How to improve
Notice which prepositions occur with verbs, nouns and adjectives when reading
Use an advanced dictionary to learn new items of vocabulary with their prepositions
Use online concordancers such as lextutor.ca
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 11
Choose correct prepositions 1
Prepositions show the following relationships:
1. Position in space2. Movement through space3. Time4. Condition, state or what something is like5. Means or how something happens6. Inclusion/exclusion7. Intention and purpose8. Cause and reason9. Possession
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 12
Choose correct prepositions 2
The more abstract relationships are extensions of the most concrete
The meaning of ‘in’ when used to describe position in space is extended when talking about more abstract relationships, such as time and condition
Condition or State
Time
Position
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 13
Examples of extension
My brother’s presents are in my suitcase.The suitcase is a limited physical space containing
the presents. I visited him in May.
May is a limited period of time when I visited. My brother is in love.
Love is a limited state involving my brother. Love is limited due to the concept of “out of love”.
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 14
Choices
The children love to be by the sea.The sea is a point that is separate from another location.
The children love to be on the sea.The sea is a surface that supports something like a boat.
The children love to be in the sea.The sea is a container that encloses children doing an activity.
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 15
Position
Choose a preposition based on how you think of the space
Point: at, next to, near, far from, before, after, above, below, between, apart from
Line or surface: on, by, beside, across, in front of, behind, on top of, off, against
Container: in, inside, within, through, among, out of, outside
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 16
Movement
Choose a preposition based on how you think of the space
Point: to, from, toward(s), away from Line or surface: onto, along, out from,
across Container: into, out of, about, through
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 17
Time
Point:
at 6:30/ the end of the month/ that time/ Christmas on Monday/ 29 March/ my birthday/ Christmas Day
Period:
Points of time at the beginning or end of a period: since Monday/ by the end of the month/ before 5pm/ after the holiday/ until next week
Inside a period of time: in 1962, during the day, throughout June Inside a now complete period of time: for 3 years Beginning & ending limits to a period of time: from…to, from…
until
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 18
Conditions and states
Defined state: at fault/ at work Point reached after some time: to sleep, into
a panic State of short duration: on sale, off duty State of being influenced: under pressure Continuing for an undefined period : in love,
in business, in doubt Leaving a state: out of work
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 19
Means How something happens or is done:
pay by cash achieved through his connections
Who or what does something: profit made by companies
What is used to do (or not do) something: cover with plastic not finish without more time
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 20
Inclusion and exclusion
Inclusion of defined people, groups, things or qualities: with us, with your meal
Exclusion of defined people, groups, things or qualities: without my glasses
Inclusion in a pair / group: among the biggest problems, between us
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 21
Intention and purpose Something you want to have:
ask for more time Someone you intend to give something to:
wrote a song for you Something you intend to do or give:
invite for dinner Destination or goal:
aim for excellence Opposition:
against the plan
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 22
Cause and reason Reasons:
famous for something Cause of something negative:
suffering from a bad back Cause feeling or thought:
acted out of jealousy Cause an emotional response:
amazed at the size
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 23
Possession
Who or what something belongs to or is part of:
University of York, slice of lemon Person’s behaviour:
kind of you Possession of features or qualities:
woman with red hair, player of great talent
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EG1471/ 19June2009/ DLR 24
References
For more practice, refer to the following books in SELF:
Lane, A. and Lange, E. (1999). Writing Clearly: An Editing Guide (2nd ed.). Boston: Heinle and Heinle Publishers.
Sargeant, H. (2002). Understanding Prepositions. Singapore: Learners Publishing.
Yule, G. (2006). Oxford Practice Grammar: Advanced. Oxford: University Press.