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Transcript of Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by...
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Theories of Personality
Power Point Presentation by Avidan Milevsky, Ph.D.
Touro College South
This presentation copyright Susan C. Cloninger. Some images are from "Holy Cow! 250,000 Graphics," by Macmillan Digital Publishing USA.
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER ELEVEN
DOLLARDAND MILLER:
Psychoanalytic Learning Theory
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Overview
Psychoanalytic Learning Theory: Dollard and Miller
Four fundamental concepts about learningThe learning processLearning by imitationThe four critical training periods of childhoodConflictFrustration and aggressionLanguageNeurosisPsychotherapySuppression
Psychoanalytic Learning Theory Reconsidered
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Preview of Dollard and Miller’s Theory
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Four fundamental conceptsabout learning
“In order to learn, one must want something, notice something, do something, and get something.”drive (“want something”)cue (“notice something”)response (“do something”)reward (“get something”)
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
drive
what a person wants, which motivates learning
hungerthirstsexual driveapproval-seeking
Definition:
Examples:
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
cue
what a person notices, which provides a discriminative stimulus for learning
mother callingsight of someone you love
Definition:
Examples:
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
response
what a person does, which is learned
cryingasking for helpcriticizing someone
Definition:
Examples:
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
response
response hierarchydominant responseresultant hierarchy
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Example of a response hierarchy: child
R1: cry
R2: grab teddy bear
R3: hide
R4: demand Daddy
R5: go quietly to bed
dominant response
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
reward
what a person gets as a result of a response in the learning sequence, which strengthens responses because of its drive-reducing effect
foodapproval
Definition:
Examples:
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
The learning process
learning dilemma: a situation in which existing responses are not rewarded
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Extinction
020406080
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Day
Tim
e Cry
ing
When reinforcement is withheld, the rate of behavior decreases. In this example, if parents ignore a child who cries at bedtime, the child will cry less and less as time
goes on.
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
When cues signal the appropriate response,
we must also consider
stimulus generalizationdiscrimination
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
gradient of reward
The more closely the response is followed by reward, the more it is strengthened.Language can influence this by making a response "close" by talking about it.
anticipatory response
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning by imitation
Learning theory permits careful analysis of 3 kinds of “imitation” or “identification.” same behaviorcopyingmatched dependent behavior
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
The four critical training periods of childhood
1. Feeding
2. Cleanliness Training
3. Early Sex Training
4. Anger-Anxiety Conflicts
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Conflict
Gradient of approach
Gradient of avoidance
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Four types of conflict
approach-avoidanceavoidance-avoidanceapproach-approachdouble approach-avoidance
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
approach-avoidance
near goal distant0
2
4
6
8
10
12
AVOIDANCE APPROACH
point of maximum
conflictavoid
approach
+ puff of air
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
avoidance-avoidance
Goal 1 Goal 20
2
4
6
8
10
12
AVOID 1 AVOID 2
avoidavoid
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
approach-approach
Goal 1 Goal 20
2
4
6
8
10
12
APPROACH 1 APPROACH 2
approachapproach
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
double approach-avoidance
NEAR 1 NEAR 20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
AVOID 1 APPROACH 1 AVOID 2 APPROACH 2
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reducing Conflict
Trying to reduce conflictcompare drugs (alcohol) with psychotherapy...
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Frustration and Aggression
The frustration-aggression The frustration-aggression hypothesishypothesis
interference with goal attainment
frustration leads to aggression
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Modification of the Frustration and Aggression hypothesis
Learning Responses to FrustrationDisplacement and CatharsisHostile Aggression and Instrumental AggressionAggressive Cues The Role of Emotions
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Individual Differences in Aggressive Responses
Impact of early experience (child abuse) and failure of ego developmentImpact of learningImpact of brain development
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Language
allows discriminationfacilitates learning and problem-solvingcomparison with Freud’s “secondary process” (ego)
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Neurosis
Schematic Diagram (simplified) of Some Basic Factors Involved in Neurosis as a “stupidity-misery syndrome”
REPRESSION STUPIDITY
FEAR MISERY
SYMPTOMS
inadequate solutions to problemsCONFLICT
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychotherapy
teaching behavioral copingteaching discrimination of cuesteaching relaxation (drive reduction)language as mediator of learning
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Suppression
The White Bear Suppression Inventory is correlated with obsessional thinking,
depression, and anxiety.
And, although people can learn to repress unwanted thoughts, they often
"rebound" later, occurring with increased frequency.
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Suppression
Can be adaptiveCan sensitize to (mis)interpretation of other events (projection, for example)Can produce adverse health effectsSuppression of thoughts is more helpful than suppression of emotions
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychoanalytic Learning Theory Reconsidered
Prepared to accompany Theories of Personality (5th ed.) by Susan C. Cloninger (2008), published by Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Review
Psychoanalytic Learning Theory: Dollard and Miller
Four fundamental concepts about learningThe learning processLearning by imitationThe four critical training periods of childhoodConflictFrustration and aggressionLanguageNeurosisPsychotherapySuppression
Psychoanalytic Learning Theory Reconsidered