DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 024 770 VT 004 942Engineering Technology Careers; Career Guidance Information for Engineering Technicians. Publication No.

1065.National Council of Technical Schools, Washington, D.C.Pub Date 66Note- 36p.EDRS Price MF-$0.25 HC-$1.90Descriptors- Admission Criteria, *Career Opportunities, Career Planning, *Engineering Technicians,Occupational Choice, *Occupational Information, Post Secondary Education, *Technical Edication, *TechnicalInstitutes

Prepared by the National Council of Technical Schools, this reference may beused by prospective students , their parents, and counselors in learning thephilosophy and objectives, historical background, and present status of technicalschools and career opportunities as a technician. Career opportunities included are:(1) Aerospace/Aviation Engineering Technology, (2) Architecture and BuildingConstruction Engineering Technology. (3) Chemical Engineering Technology. (4) CivilEngineering Technology. (5) Computer Engineering Technology. (6) Drafting and DesignTechnology. (7) Electrical Power Engineering Technology, (8) Electronic EngineeringTechnology. (9) Fluid Power Engineering Technology. (10) Industrial EngineeringTechnology. (11) Internal Combustion Engines Engineering Technology. (12) MechanicalEngineering Technology. (13) Metallurgical Engineering Technology. (14) NuclearEngineering Technology. and (15) Refrigeration. Heating. Air Conditioning Technology.Supplementary material includes a comparison of engineering colleges. technicalinstitutes, and trade schools. Some items of comparison were entrance requirements.level of studies, initial employment, work assignments of graduates, transfer of credit,accrediting or approving agency. and typical certification of graduates. (DM)

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ENGINEERING TEC- AM OGYU.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE

OFFICE OF EDUCATION

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uareerGUIDANCEINFORMATIONforENGINEERINGTECHNICIANS

Prospective Students, their Parents and Counselors... Guidance Directors . .. Librarians . . . IndustrialExecutives . . . Engineers . . . Personnel Managers... Businessmen ... Employment Offices . Coun-seling Centers . . . Government Officials . . . andothers interested in this NEW and GROWING areaof engineering-support occupations.

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PUBLICATION NO.1065

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The National Council of Technical Schools 2Philosophy and Objectives 3Historical Background 4Growth and Present Status 5A Current Summary 7The Technician and The Engineer 8What is Engineering Technology Education? 10Admission Requirements 11Aerospace/Aviation Engineering Technology 12Architecture and Building Construction Engineering Technology . . . 14Some of America's Outstanding Private Technical Schools 16-17Chemical Engineering Technology 18Civil Engineering Technology 19Computer Engineering Technology 20Drafting and Design Technology 21Electrical Power Engineering Technology 22Electronic Engineering Technology 24Fluid Power Engineering Technology 26Industrial Engineering Technology 27Internal Combustion Engines Engineering Technology 28Mechanical Engineering Technology s 29Metallurgical Engineering Technology 30Nuclear Engineering Technology 31Refrigeration, Heating, Air Conditioning Technology 32Comparison of the Engineering College, Technical Institute

and Trade School Inside Back Cover

Copyright 1966 by the National Council of Technical Schools

The National Council of Techni-cal Schools was organized in 1944 bya number of experienced technicalschool administrators for the purposeof formulating and promoting soundeducational, ethical, and businessstandards in the arca of engineeringtechnology education.

These schools offer college-levelcourses which prepare graduates forimmediate gainful employment inpositions closdy associated with thework of the engineer. Graduates aredesignated "engineering technicians"to distinguish them from medicaltechnicians, dental technicians, in-dustrial technicians, etc.

The National Council of Techni-cal Schools is comprised entirely ofschools deriving their financial sup-port from student tuition, contribu-tions, and/or endowment. Many ofthe Council member schools arechartered as non-profit. None is

supported from public tax funds.Many member schools have been

in continuous and successful opera-tion for more than 50 years. Aminimum of five years continuousoperation is a requirement for ad-mission to membership in the Coun-cil. Every member school mustschedule inspection of its courseofferings every four years, thus as-suring up-to-date curricula, facilitiesand procedures.

The National Council of Techni-cal Schools is also a non-profit in-spection and approval agency forprivate independent technical insti-tutes offering college-level courses inengineering technology. It providesits services upon request to a schooldesiring membership. Compliancewith the Council's Code of Mini-mum Standards is determined bothby written reports as well as personalinspection of the school concerned.Approved courses, in addition tomeeting the other requirements ofthe Code, must contain at least 64semester hours (or equivalent) ofclassroom and laboratory work.

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The National Council ofTechnical Schools

Philosophy and Objectives. of the Private, Independent Technical Institute

THE PRIVATE, independenttechnical institute is an educa-tional establishment of higher

learning. Its philosophy derives fromits specific objective within the spec-trum of college-level institutions.That objective is to educate its stu-dents to a high degree of competencein a technology of their choice, andto support that Tompetence with asolid working knowledge of mathe-matics, the fundamentals of science,written and oral English, laboratorypractice, and exposure in depth tothe principles and methodology ofthat particular technology.

To reach this objective, the pri-vate, independent technical institutesapproved by the National Council ofTechnical Schools have adopted aCode of Minimum Standards whichsets guidelines for the curriculumsoffered, admission requirements, fac-ulty qualifications, student services,management integrity, and responsi-bility to their graduates.

The technical institute assumes theresponsibility for the education ofthe modern, engineering technician.In discharging that responsibility, itdesigns and refines its curriculums toprepare him for specific job oppor-tunities in a technological specialtyafter two or three years of college-level study. On completion of thisstudy program, the technical insti-tute graduate is usually awarded anAssociate Degree.

Modern technology is a rapidlyexpanding, almost explosive, reality.Its application, its development, itsutilization for the benefit of mankindis the sole prerogative of neither thescientist nor the engineer. To beeffectively productive, their workrequires the support, the know-how,the assistance, and implementationby the modern engineering tech-nician.

The philosophy of the private,independent technical institute is torecognize this important role of thetechnician, to recognize it in the

firm and proven belief that manyyoung people have the aptitude, in-telligence, interest, and capacity tofill it, to build rewarding careers inthis ever-expanding realm of tech-nological specialization.

The engineering technician fillsthe gap between the engineer, thescientist, and the skilled industrialworker. He carries out basic func-tions of engineering, translating andputting into practical perspectiveengineering plans and specifications.

He makes direct applications ofengineering principles. He operates

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engineering-type equipment, tools,and instruments. He is the engineer'sman 'Friday,' the liaison betweenthe engineer, the craftsman, and theskilled worker, yet working in closerassociation with the engineer thanwith the others.

The technician is competent, able,and at home in the design, develop-ment, installation, operation andrepair of engineering or scientificequipment. It is the purpose of theprivate, independent technical in-stitute to make him so.

A modern engineering technology curriculum consists of a well-balanced blend ofcollege-level math, science, communication skills and laboratory practice. It is occupa-tionally oriented and usually specializes in a particular field of technology. The classabove is receiving instruction in applied calculus.

An RCA Institutes instructor (right) isshown here demonstrating the tech-niques of microwave transmission andreception using precision laboratoryequipment.

Electronics engineering technology grad-uate James Callahan works as a Re-search and Development LaboratoryTechnician. He is shown here running acomponent evaluation test.

Historical Backgroundof the Private, Independent Technical Institute

IN COLONIAL America and inthe United States prior to theCivil War, the country's econ-

omy was largely agrarian. Agricul-tural skills and knowledge werepassed on from father to SOII. Crafts-men in such areas as surveying,navigation, metal working, mineralexploration, building, road andbridge construction learned theirtrades as apprentices. Their numberswere augmented as immigrationbrought trained journeymen fromEurope.

The industrial revolution duringthis era, the economic changes re-sulting from replace.nent of handtools with machine and power tools,the advent of the railroad, nationalgrowth which in turn sparked in-dustrial growth, all in some measuredrew attention to the need for pro-viding workingmen with some for-mal education in the fundamentalsof industry and commerce.

Representative of, and pioneer in,this effort was the Gardiner (Maine)Lyceum, established in 1822. Thetwo and three year courses of studyincluded bookkeeping, algebra, ge-ometry, trigonometry, surveying, nav-igation, calculus, chemistry, lineardrawing, political economy, andnatural philosophy.

Ohio Mechanics Institute, openedin 1822 in Cincinnati "for advancingthe best interests of the mechanics,manufacturers, and artisans by themore general diffusion of usefulknowledge in those important classesof the community," is considered theoldest of present-day technical in-st

Others were started in 4-.his erawith similar purpose. Some ex-panded their curriculums to thefour-year college pattern, and someclosed their doors because of finan-cial or other reasons.

With the opening of the greatwest and further development ofindustry after the Civil War, em-ployment opportunities multiplied.Apprenticeship was not adequate to

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supply the demand for technicalpersonnel, the technical instituteswere too few, the secondary schoolswere not equipped, and the engi-neering colleges were not orientedto do so.

Federal land grants under theMorrill Act of 1862 made possiblethe rapid establishment and growthof state universities, agricultural andmechanical colleges, and some tech-nical schools. In many instances,however, states which had estab-lished technical institute curriculumsdeleted them in favor of four-yearengineering programs.

The technical institute "idea"gained needed impetus here fromthe well-established Technikum inGermany. In essence, the Technikumintegrated courses in science, math-ematics and chemistry, technicalpractice, laboratory experiment, andshop experience in a core curricu-lum.

The first applied technologycourses in the United States adoptedthe Technikum concept. Initially,most of the schools designed theircurriculums for the needs of maturecraftsmen, with some years of on-the-

job experience in industry. Graduateswere then upgraded to semi-profes-sional positions.

Entrance requirements and thelevel of instruction differed fromthose of the vocational school, thenemerging in U. S. secondary educa-tion. Curriculum content differedalso from that of schools in thevocational-trade area. The basictwo-to-three year pattern with itsemphasis on practical engineeringapplications differed finally from thecollege and university pattern.

The growth and development ofapplied technology curriculums tookplace largely in private, independentschools up until World War II. Thepioneering efforts of these institu-tions produced a solid base forexpanding the facilities to train tech-nicians in 1941, and thereafter.Today, engineering technology cur-riculums are offered by a greatvariety of institutions, but the basicdesigns and objectives are essentiallythe same as in the beginning . . . toproduce a graduate qualified to fillthe gap between the craftsman andthe engineer, and to take on in-creased responsibilities in practicalengineering.

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of the Private, lidepea etit, Tee

A ONO TECHNICAL institutes4!

Mstablishedsince 1900 were these:;

1903Milwaukee, School ofEngineering

1904--ChicagO TeOniCal College1905National _TeChniCal

Schools, Los- 4ngeles1908Franklin InStittite 'of

Eoston1909RCA Institines, Inc.,

New York Chi'''.1927Capitol InstittitO Of Tech-

nology, Washington, D. çL1931Central TechniCal Insti-

t'tte, Kansas City1931DeVry Technical Institute,

Chicago ,,1932Academy of Aeronautips,., -New Yprkly.1940Embry-Riddle Aerón,a,47-.:;, ticalInstittite,j7iyOni,Eeach

77---PennTc*,1,IPsti4.4.;ttsburgh ,

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1952Ohio Technical., Institute,Columbus,

_These foundations.refie4;both_thegrowth pattern of engineering tech-=',nology, and the adaptability,of"yellr,,,,nical institute educational prograins,,1to keep pace withthis. paqern...

Secondly, andcance,. is 'the faCt=ability to groWth,,.and :development-led to -acceptance br- prOfessional,engineering,,groups arid accrediting,agencies,..-of,thetechniC44nstittite asa Unique, and- riecesSarentity intlie,American educational, system.

Two factors aCcelerated the move-meta': _one, the rapi& and complex In "1945, : theadvancement in technólOgy; and, for ProiesAiiiit,..'two, 'the= continuing Shortage of = visecl

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competent teChnical nianpimey,.During these years,: as inprior

years of the past century, the techni7-cal institute program proved the

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engineering tecbio1ogy. cIriciflui

eri0U-s:Seicietr ftik=nering E1ucaton ==2.eitablish."

Back row (left to right) E. E Boohet, R W. MarshMcKinley,. C C. Tyrell, L V JohnOrf,' C. L:1,Fosle( It; R4i,Front:low- (left to riiht)';XR0k1;',,L BJ4rshma, rfctA)

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Growth andPresent Statusof the Private, IndependentTechnical Institute

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Technical Institute Division in 1947as the discussion and action groupconcerned with technical in titutematters throughout the country. Anoutgrowth of part of the Division's

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The Epsilon Alpha Chapter of Tau AlphaPi celebrates an anniversary with a

dinner meeting. Tau Alpha Pi is theNational Honor Society for students at-tending recognized engineering tech-nology schools.

In 1961, the Institute for the Certifica-tion of Engineering Technicians wasestablished as a national examining bodyto recognize and enhance the status ofqualified engineering technicians.

All private, independent technical schoolsencourage and sponsor extracurricularstudent activities such as participatingsports, dances, field trips, etc.

work was the establishment of theTechnical Institute Council in 1960"to carry out efficiently the adminis-trative developments and to carry onrelations with agencies of education,industry and government for the ad-vancement of technical institute typeof education."

Other developments indicative oftechnical institute growth and stat-ure include the following:

The Prc;i-lent's riommittce onScientists and Engineers, establishedin April, 1956, included among itsworking groups one assigned spe-cifically to study technical instituteeducation;

In 1956, the Ameeican Society forEngineering Education endorsed thegranting of the Associate Degree forthe completion of accredited two-year curriculums in the engineeringtechnologies;

In 1957, the National Society ofProfessional Engineers established aCommittee on Engineering Techni-cians and Technical Institute Edu-cation;

In 1961, the Institute for theCertification of Engineering Tech-nicians, a national examining bodysponsored by the National Societyof Professional Engineers, was estab-lished to recognize the status ofqualified engineering technicians;

In 1964, the American Society ofCertified Engineering 'fechnicianswas formed to further the rec-ognition, status, and professionaladvancement of the engineeringtechnician.

The status of the engineeringechnician was further enhanced by

action of the United States CivilService Commission to include tech-nical institute graduation amongrequirements for many positions, andby the United States EmploymentService, Department of Labor, inposting many technician jobs in itsSupplement to the Dictionary ofOccupational Titles.

Recently, the Department of La-bor has separated Engineering andScience Technicians from othertechnician occupations and assigneda new series of occupational titles,D.O.T. 0-50.20 through .99, in theOccupational Handbook.

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Teamwork is modern industry's way of accomplishingtechnical advaucements. The engineer designs and plans

his supporting technicians translate his instructionsinto action.

An engineering technician is one whose education andexperience qualify him to apply scientific knowledge alongwith manual skills in support of engineering activities.

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Electronic computers are revolutionizing the techniques of businessand industry. Engineering technicians are needed by all major com-puter manufacturers to assist in the design, manufacturing and fieldservice of computers.

A technician and an engineer are engaged in the final assembly ofa space r -ite to be used for weather observations. Many tech-nicians wk "clean" rooms, free of air pollution and withcontrolled temperature.

The Technician and The Engineer

HE TECHNICIAN an theengineer have been defined inter, of their respective occu-

patiohs what they do and in-terms Of their respectiVe educations

what they must, learn to enablethem to dO specific vork in theirOCCupatiOnal category.

In.' its ':30th Annual, Report pub-Haled September 30, 1962, The

;Engineers! ,Councii for ProfessionalDevelopment'_defined engineering as¶the profession n` which ,a know-ledge of the liiithematical and'natural icierices," gained by study,,experience, and practice, 'is applied

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with judgment to develop ways toUtilize; ecóxiomicâlly, tile materialsand _forceS of nature fot the benefitf-Mankind."An evaluation of technical. insti-

tüte education in' the United States'tinclertaken,;*-.0ie AmeriCan, SocietyfOr.Engineering, Education lvas pub-lished in : 1962-: .:"Under" the title" h'iracteri-Stici,M Eiccellence in En-ineering,' technology Education."

Among :other things, the , studyropOsed these' 'definitions:'"EnOtt'iO'ring technotogy is that

part Of.,the:engineering -field whichreqUires'the application of scientific

nc14",':engineering_:- knowledge andmethods combrn2d with- 'technicalskifls 41: -,0iPport :of engineering

areal,hetWeeri 'the, craftsman and theengineer at the end 'of the area*est. to 'tlieretigineer."

'"An -engineering,,tfchnician is one, .

Whine eduCation:: and : experience'qualify .him to; work -in the field of'.'engineering teChnologY.' ,He differs,.from the.Craftinianin his, knowledge"i of seientific an'd engineering theory

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and methods and from an engineerin his more specialized backgroundand in his use of technical skills insupport of engineering activities."

ri ; engineering team conceptassociates the scientist, the engineer,and the technician together in com-mon cause, and each with individualidentity.

The- scientist is concerned withprobing the secrets of nature and indefining the laws of nature.

The engineer takes these definedlaws and principles of nature andreduces them to applications usefulto mrikiüd.

The engineering technician sup-ports the activities of the scientistand engineer either directly as aco-worker, or as the liaison man insupervising production, distribution,or maintenance of technical equip-ment.

The Working_ Committee for theDevelopment of Supporting Tech-nical Personnel in its final report tothe President's Committee on Scien-tists and Engineers, explained theoccupational category in more detail.

"The scientific or engineeringtechnician generally works in one ofthree areas:

"1. Research, design, or develop-ment;

"2. Production, operation, orcontrol;

"3. Installation, maintenance, orsales engineering.

"When serving in the first of thesefunctional categories, he directlyassists the scientist or engineer. Whenemployed in the second category, heexecutes a plan laid out by thescientist or engineer, but he doesnot actually work under direct super-

vision. When active in the thirdcategory, he frequently does whatwould otherwise have been done bythe scientist or engineer.

"In our growing technologicallybased economy, the scientific orengineering technician must have a-background in post-secondary schoolmathematics and the principles ofphysiCal and riatural science whichmakes it possible for him to under-stand and communicate scientific orengineering data, mathematically,graphically, and linguistically.

"While the engineer plans, thetechnician_ makes and does; ''whilethe engineer creates, the techniCian:applies. The scientific or engineeringtechnician often provides the liaiSonbetween 'the professional man and,the craftsman and may thus have:,varying degrees of leadership respOn-

sibility. He Must have the samecharacteristics and fulfill the same,fundamental eduCational ,requir&ments as, his professional counter-parts, exeept that his interest andeducation are more in the.of application, with less mitheMati,cal and theoretical depth. He takek_the instructions of the professiOnalscientist or engineer; and eitic per-sonally _translates -them

ditedts exe6tition Ary.supportine technicians and crafts-men. therefor, his preparition;',1must of necessity be offered, in the:area of higher education."

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Teamwork is modern industry's way of accomplishingtechnical advamements. The engineer designs and plans

his supporting technicians translate his instructionsinto action.

An engineering technician is one whose education andexperience qualify him to apply scientific knowledge alongwith manual skills in support of engineering activities.

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Electronic computars are revolutionizing the techniques of businessand industry. Engineering technicians are needed by all major com-puter manufaCturers to assist in the design, manufacturing and fieldservice of computers.

A technician and an engineer are engaged in the final assembly ofa space -ite"e to be used for weather observations. Many tech-nicians wk S "clean" rooms, free of air pollution and withcontrolled temperature.

What IsEngineering Technology Education?

NGINEERING TECHNOL-OGY education is a specifictype of college-level education

which prepares the student for spe-cific job opportunities in both in-dustry and national defense echelons.

The curriculum is an integratedsequence of courses organized andplanned to fulfill a particular objec-tive within a specified time. Theobjective is the education of theengineering technician. The film:specified is usually two years, oc-casionally three. The courses inte-grated into the curriculum sequenceinclude mathematics and physicalsciences; general studies such asEnglish, economics, industrial com-merce, and management; and tech-nical subjects specialties and skills

which usually account for aboutone-half of the total student effortand class time.

The engineering technology cur-riculum is post-high school, college-level study. Courses differ in contentand purpose from those of vocationalor trade schools which emphasizetrade training. Courses are intensive,highly practical, terminal in occupa-tional objective, shorter than pro-fessional engineering programs, andgenerally lead to an associate degree.

Most of the courses in engineeringtechnology which meet industrystandards are approved by the Na-tional Council of Technical Schoolsor accredited by the Engineers'Council for Professional Develop-ment. These are the two agenciesmost generally accepted by industrieswhich recruit engineering techni-cians nationwide. Approximately150 courses have been approved oraccredited in some 50 institutions.

The Engineers' Council for Pro-fessional Development is a federationof engineering societies, organized toassist in and to advance educationfor engineering and to further theintellectual development of individu-als who are or may become engi-neers or engineering technicians.

In describing engineering technol-ogy curriculums as college-level,both engineers and educators indi-cate the degree of achievementdemanded for entrance and gradu-ation, as well as the rigor and,certainly in accredited programs, thestandard of quality.

The degree of achievement re-quired in pursuing an engineeringtechnology education may be gaugedfrom the courses generally con-sidered essential in accredited andapproved programs. These may begrouped in three major categories:

1. Mathematics and the physicalsciences. Both are college-level inrigor and expected degree ofachievement. Mathematics programs

Engineering Technology differs from pro-fessional engineering curricula mainlyin that students receive a great deal ofpractical laboratory instruction and lessemphasis is placed on math and theory.

To enroll in a technical institute thestudent should plan his high schoolcourses exactly the same as if he weregoing to enter an engineering school.

analytic geometry, calculus, alge-bra, and differential equationsare essentially applied in nature andemphasize problem solving ratherthan extensive proofs. Thysicalscience courses are accoi'i ed byappropriate laboratory sessions.

2. The communication arts, writ-ten and oral, and what of late hasbeen designated by the general term,humanities, namely: psychology,sociology, history, economics, indus-trial management and organization.

3. Technical skills industrialtechniques, engineering graphics,manufacturing processes, and engi-neering fundamentals, including acomprehensive introduction to theuses and programming of computers.Finally, technical specialties, courseswhich orient the student to acceptedstandards of competence in a majoroccupation. These major fields in-clude, among others, the following:

Aeronautical or aerospace-aviationengineering technology;

Architectural engineeringtechnology;

Chemical engineering technology;Civil engineering technology ;Computer engineering technology;Drafting and design technology;Electrical power engineering

technology;Electronics engineering

technology;Fluid power engineering

technology;Iniustrial engineering technology ;Internal combustion engines

engineering technology;Mechanical engineering

technology;Metallurgical engineering

technology;Nuclear engineering technology;Refrigeration, heating, and air

conditioning engineeringtechnology.

THE PRIV....TE, independenttechnical institute is an educa-tional establishment of higher

learning. Its objective is to educatestudents to a high degree of com-petence in a technology of theirchoice, and to support that com-petence with a solid workingknowledge of mathematics, the fun-damentals of physical science, writ-ten and oral English, laboratorypractice, and exposure in depth tothe principles and methodology ofthat particular technology.

All technical institutes that areapproved by the National Council ofTechnical Schools require highscnool graduation, or the recognizedequivalent, for entrance. In addition,it is understood that evidence ofsufficient motivation for satisfactoryachievement in engineering technol-ogy curriculums is also a prerequisite.

This implies that the strongestpossible high school preparation inmathematics and the physical sci-ences is of such increasing value asto border on necessity.

At least one year of high schoolalgebra is universally required andmost technical institutes, in addition,require credits in geometry andphysics. Students planning to entera technical institute after high schoolgraduation are urged to determinethe credits required well in advanceof their senior year. While sometechnical institutes offer pre-tech-nology courses in algebra, geometryand physics, it is strongly recom-

Admission Requirementsfor Approved Technicd InstitutePrograms of Higher Education

mended that these subjects be takenin high school.

The engineering technician mustbe able to communicate clearly andaccurately with his associates inindustry. The importance of coursesin English, in public speaking, inoral and written communication, isobvious. Most technical institutes re-quire a minimum of three units ofEnglish for entrance to their cur-riculums.

Since technical institutes arededicated to the placement of allgraduates in suitable positions, itis most important that all graduatesmeet industry standards for educa-tion, physical health, and personalintegrity.Placement Information

Incentives to study admission re-quirements and to be prepared tomeet them may be offered in a briefsummary of where engineering tech-nicians are employed and what theyearn.

In 1964, an estimated 620,000engineering and science technicianswere in the U. S. work force. Privateindustry employed about three-fourths, or roughly 475,000. Indus-tries employing the largest numberwere aerospace, electronics, electricalequipment, machinery and chemi-cals.

In mid-1964, the Federal Govern-ment employed about 75,000 tech-nicians, chiefly as engineering aides,electronic technicians, equipmentspecialists, cartographic aides, mete-

orological technicians, and physicalscience technicians. The largest num-ber worked in the Department ofDefense, and most of the others inthe Departments of Agriculture,Commerce, and the Interior.

State government agencies em-ployed over 40,000 engineering andscience technicians, and local gov-ernments about 15,000. The re-mainder were employed by collegesand universities, in university-oper-ated research institutes, and in non-profit organizations.

In general, a technician's earningsdepend upon his education, histechnical specialty, and his workexperience.

In 1964, annual starting salariesfor graduates of post-high schooltechnical schools averaged about$5,000 in private industry.

In Federal Government agenciesin early 1965, starting engineeringand science technicians were offeredfrom $4,000 to $5,000 depending onthe type of job vacancy, the ap-plicant's educational backgroundand other qualifications.

Most technicians can look forwardto an increase in earnings as theymove to higher positions throughexperience and qualifications.. In1964, annual salaries of techniciansin high level positions in privateindustry averaged $8,500, and aboutone-fourth earned over $9,200 ayear, according to a survey con-ducted by the Bureau of LaborStatistics.

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Aerospace/Aviation Engineering Technology

FROM THE sand dunes of KittyHawk to the launching padsof Cape Kennedy, the aero-

space/aviation industry has capturedman's imagination.

The conquest of space, the mili-tary and commercial uses of rocketsand guided missiles, the conversionof the airlines to the use of jetpowerplants, the development oflarger and more efficient helicopters,and the tremendous growth in busi-ness and private flying offer uniquecareer opportunities to engineeringtechnicians in the aerospace andaviation industries.

The aerospace/aviation engineer-ing technician should be wellgrounded in analytical mechanics,strength of materials, thermody-naxnics, aerodynamics, aircraft struc-tures, aircraft powerplants, and theart of technical expression, both oraland written.

He must also be trained in engi-neering fundamentals, be familiarwith practical applications of thelaws of science, and be capable ofperforming a variety of technicaland mechanical operations.

The engineering technician willfind work to do in the operation ofwind tunnels, in the testing andcheck-out of instruments, in repairand maintenance procedures, and in.field service.

Finally, his talents as a technicalwriter will find plenty of opportunityfor development in drawing up out-lines of work to be done as well asreporting in clear detail work whichhas been done, in preparing projectprogress reports, procedure sheets,reference bulletins, sales and servicebrochures for field men, and theimportant presentations designed forcustomer appraisal.Working Conditions

Because of the rapid and continu-ing technical advancement charac-teristic of the aerospace-aviationindustry, the glow of newness never'seems to quite wear off. Laboratories,research and engineering depart-ments, manufacturing plants the

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whole complex of where-you-workall are modern, clean, tempera-

ture controlled, inviting.Equipment, tools, and working

materials are of the latest design anddevelop incentives for good work,and they require the services of en-gineers and technicians for optimumutilization.

Here, team work is essential. Thefoundation for this essential is laidin educational institutions whereengineers and technicians learn teamwork values and team work dis-ciplines in classroom study andlaboratory practice.

./

Fred Bodnarchuk, a graduate from theAcademy of Aeronautics, is performingutilization tests on a high altitude pres-sure suit. Private industry needs menwith training in Aerospace EngineeringTechnology.

OpportunitiesAviation has made great strides in

the past 50 years, yet the opportu-nities for young men of vigor andvision continue to be unlimited.Todav's jet liners are fascinatingmnehines, bid' Inger, fncter, moreefficient planes are already on order.

The development of the heli-copter, and rapid strides in themanufacture and marketing ofplanes for private and business useoffer fertile fields of opportunity forengineering technicians.

In research and development as-sociated with the exploration ofspace, these technicians are now ingreat demand.

As aviation becomes more com-plex, more engineering technicianswith greater degrees of skill havebecome necessary. In 1950, therewere 11 production workers forevery one person in engineeringwork. In 1955, there were 9 pro-duction workers to every engineeringemployee. In 1960, there were only4 production workers to everyengineering employee.

As we move rapidly toward theconquest of space, it is evident thatthe engineering technician stands on

Aviation engineering technicians workin all phases of aircraft design, produc-tion and flight testing. Technicians mustbe well trained in the fundamentals ofaeronautical engineering plus a varietyof mechanical operations.

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the threshold of his supreme ad-venture.How to Enter the Industry

There are no short-cuts to successin aerospace/aviation careers. Prep-aration for the future as well as forthe present is becoming more es-sential day by day.

This preparation begins in highschool where the student shouldacquire a sound grounding in mathe-matics, science, and English. Heshould develop interest in the sci-ences, a curiosity about practicalproblems, and the ability to adapthimself to a variety of assignments.

The aerospace/aviation engineer-ing technician is educated in anaccredited or approved course ofstudy, either at a private or publictechnical institute. Courses in thisparticular engineering technologyusually require a minimum of twoyears of work. They are college-levelcurriculums.

Prospective students are advisedto investigate the academic standingof schools in which they are inter-ested, and also the record of achieve-ment of alumni in the aerospace-aviation industry.Critical Need

Qualified engineering techniciansare needed in all technical phases ofthis varied industry. Aircraft manu-facturers need more trained andqualified people to design and pro-duce high-performance aircraft,guided missiles, and satellite systems.Avionics (aviation electronics)manufacturers need men who aretrained in both aeronautics andelectronics. The airlines need tech-nicians who can plan and superviseairline maintenance operations, andadapt new procedures as new equip-ment becomes available.

Graduates of aerospace/aviationtechnology courses have sufficienttraining to accept assignments inmilitary aviation should they enterthe Armed Forces.

Graduates of certain accreditedtechnical institute curricula in aero-nautics are eligible for Flying Cadet

training or for Officer Candidate Marine Corps are in critical need ofSchool. The Air Force, Navy and trained technicians.

An instructor at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Institute is conducting a practical demon-stration lecture session on carburetion. The tremendous growth of the commercialairlines, as well as business and private flying, offers unique career opportunities forengineering technicians in the aerospace and aviation industries.

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Aerospace engineering technicians are fortunate to witness and participate in man'ssupreme adventure the conquest of outer space. At a time when possible militarymissions for manned spacecraft have not yet been clearly defined, the_ NationalAeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U. S. Air Force space programsare developing American space flight technology and operating experience at a rapidrate.

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Architecture and Building Constructio

0 NE OF man's most basic needsis shelter for himself and hisfamily, for his goods and serv-

ices. Today's exploding populationindicates a corresponding increasein the need for many kinds ofshelters homes, churches, schools,recreation centers, stores, offices, andthe complex of structures in areas ofurban renewal.

Building is one of America'slargest industries. In 1962, morethan 60 billion dollars were spent forall types of building construction.In residential housing alone, therewere almost 1,500,000 "starts" in1962.

The construction industry isnation-wide in scope, offering em-ployment opportunities to techni-cians almost anywhere in smallcommunities, rural areas, as well asin municipalities where industrialdevelopments and housing renewalprojects mushroom.

Thus, unlike some industrieswhich are restricted to certain geo-graphical locations for one reason oranother, construction offers the tech-nician as much opportunity in hishome community as elsewhere.

Although architectural firms andconstruction companies are the prin-cipal employers of technicians, thereare many job opportunities in alliedbusinesses such as building materialsmanufacturers, lumber dealers, real-tors, building and loan associationsand property management firms.

A technician trained in architec-ture or building construction maychoose from a variety of attractiveemployment opportunities. In gen-eral these may be classified in twogroupings, those concerned with theplanning of structures, and thosewhich involve actual constructionwork.

In planning activities, the tech-nician may be an architecturaldraftsman, designer, estimator, spec-ifications writer, quantity surveyoror materials buyer. These are nor-mally "office" jobs where the ex-tensive preparation necessary in the

14

planning of any building is donebefore construction starts.

In construction activities, the tech-nician may become a foreman,supervisor, superintendent, or in-spector.

He may be a manufacturer's rep-resentative in selling constructionequipment, building materials andsupplies.

He may become a constructioncontractor, self-employed, owninghis own business, in housing, busi-ness, or industrial work.

In all these occupations, the archi-tectural or construction engineeringtechnician requires a considerableamount of technical information ona variety of subjects. His trainingmust include mathematics andphysics. He must learn and under-stand the structure and use ofmaterials. He must have knowledgeof architectural forms and concepts.He must be skilled in drafting, andbe able to read and interpret blueprint plans readily.

The technician must thoroughlyunderstand types of construction. Hemust have knowledge of office prac-tices, business systems, accountingand estimating. Finally, knowledgeof computer programming is of valuefor an understanding of "criticalpath" in construction.

Working ConditionsThe construction industry is com-

plex, and occupations in it arevaried. In planning activities, anoffice is home base for architect,contractor and technician with manyoutside contacts and trips afieldentailed.

Outside supervision activities aremore rigorous, subject to weatherconditions, occasional overtime work,require considerable physical activ-ity, all of which has appeal forindividuals who prefer out-of-doorsoccupations.

Jobs in both categories are in-teresting, non-repetitive, and invitinguse of originality and ingenuity onfrequent occasions.

Income potential varies with the

nature of the work, experience ofthe person, and responsibilities del-egated to him.

OpportunitiesOpportunities in an industry so

large, complex, and stable arepractically continuous. Populationgrowth and population shifts, in-dustrial expansion and relocation,housing developments and urbanrenewal projects these amongother factors continue the fast paceof the construction industry. Recon-struction, necessitated by obsoles-cence, fire losses, slum clearance,modernization, adds considerably tothe volume.

The demand for qualified tech-nicians in architecture and buildingconstruction is continuous. The in-dustry offers real opportunity anddemands a high order of perform-ance.

How to Enter the IndustryTechnical training, and lots of it,

is essential to a person who wants toenter the building industry. Opera-tions are so complex, costs so great,and financial involvement so largethat employers will delegate respon-sibilities only to those who areadequately prepared and qualifiedto assume them.

Preparation after secondary schoolentails technical tiaining in construc-tion methods, strength of materials,architectural drafting, designing andcomposition, and the fundamentalsof industrial commerce.

Approved or accredited courses inpublic or private technical institutesare packaged to give the student theproper preparation in from two tothree years.

Interested students are well ad-vised to investigate the academicstanding and industry recognitionof any particular school beforeenrolling.

Engineering Technology

The impressive designsof our public buildings,art galleries, librariesand museums are the re-sult of "team" efforts ofarchitectural engineersand technicians workingtogether from concept tocompletion.

Today's explodingpopulation createsthe ne3d for manykinds of sheltershotels, office build-ings, auditoriums,churches, schools,homes, recreationcenters, etc. The de-mand for qualifiedtechnicians in archi-tecture is continuous.

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Architect's drawing of aproposed new mechan-ical engineering buildingat the Milwaukee Schoolof Engineering. Designedby Fitzhugh Scott, AIA,Milwaukee architect andcampus planner, thebuilding is exclusivelyfor technology instruc-tion.

16

Some of America's Outst

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Franklin Institute of Boston, founded 1908 under the Will ofBenjamin Franklin. The Institute serves so.ne 900 evening stu-dents as wen as 700 day students. Associate in Engineeringdegree courses are offered in the following fields: Chemical,Civil, Electric Design, Electrical and Electronic, and Mechanical..

DeVry Technical Institute, Chicago, founded 1931. Specializing inElectronic Engineering Technology, the Institute has graduatesemployed across the United States, in Canada and in countriesthroughout the world. The classrooms and laboratories in Chicagoare large, well equipped, and will accommodate approximately2,000 students.

Capitol Institute of Technology, Washington, D. C., founded 1927.One of the long established and leading technical institutes inthe United States. The Institute's programs in electronics arewidely recognized in private industry and government agencies.Students are recruited from throughout the U. S. and graduateplacement is nationwide.

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i....Penn Technical Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, founded 1947.Dedicated exclusively to training in electronics and instrumenta-tion. Its faculty and graduates are recognized by the community,technical societies and educational and industrial leaders ashighly competent in the field of electronics.

Central Technical Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, founded 1931.A pioneer school in commercial radio and television broadcasting.Present courses include Broadcast Technology, Electronic En-gineering Technology, Automation Technology and select coursesfor training commercial airline personnel. 600 resident daystudents can be accommodated.

nding Private Technical Schools

RCA Institutes, New York City,founded 1909. One of the oldestand best known electronic schoolsin the United States. With a capa-city for over 3,000 day andevening students, the Instituteprovides programs in electronictechnology to qualify students forresponsible technical positions.

Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Ins&tute, Day:Ina Beach, Florida,founded 1940. Courses of study atEmbry-Riddle are designed to pre-pare the graduate for employmentin aviation and the allied indus-tries. The Institute offers pilottraining as well as courses inengineering technology, drafting,and A-P license preparation.

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Ohio Technical Institute, Columbus, Ohio, founded1952. A well established institution, justly proudof its many successful Electronic EngineeringTechnology graduates. Small, informal and stimu-lating study groups are stressed by the Institutein all classroom and laboratory work.

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Academy of Aeronautics, LaGuardia Airport, New York, founded1932. A private Junior College, chartered by the Board ofRegents of the University of the State of New York. Notedfor its excellence, the Academy offers degree and certificatecourses to serve the world-wide needs of the aviation aero-space industry.

Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, Wisconsin,founded 1903. MSOE pioneered a program of technical educa-tion known as the "Concentric Curriculum", a system of highereducation in engineering which combines practical trainingwith basic engineering sciences and humanities.

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Citemical Engineering Technology stu-dents at the Franklin Institute of Bostonare trained in both laboratory andproduction processes. Graduates findpositions in research, development,testing, sales and customer relations.The work is highly-skilled, interesting andthe financial rewards are substantial.

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Whenever manufacturing processes convert raw materials into useful endproducts, the skills of a chemicaltechnologist are required. New employ-ment areas are rapidly developing innuclear power and electronic equipmentmanufacturing.

18

SINCE WORLD WAR II, ap-plications of chemical technol-ogy have become indispensable

to the progress of American industry,particularly where manufacturingprocesses convert raw materials intouseful end products.

Affected by this development areleather and paper manufacturing,plastics and synthetic fibers produc-tion, food processing includingbrewing, petroleum chemistry, andspecialized processes based on in-organic, organic, or nuclear chemicalreac tions.

The chemical industry, as theresearch arm for other industries,investigates raw materials to deter-mine their properties, characteristics,reactions and possible uses whentreated in one way or another. Itsupplies raw materials to other in-dustries, and through research itdevelops new uses for the productsof other industries.

Basic research in the chemicalindustry has led to the developmentof thousands of new products, andchemical agents, additives and ap-paratus which are essential to pro-duction processes. One particularchemical company carries on re-search in more than a dozen fieldsand offers more than 1,200 productsor product lines. Another hasdoubled in size six times in the past30 years.

The continued emphasis on re-search and development, the com-plexity of chemical processes andproducts, the imposing array ofsolids, liquids, and gases beinganalyzed for an imposing array ofspecific purposes all these pointup the career opportunities in thechemical industry for engineeringtechnicians. This particular technicalspecialty is as much a field forwomen as it is for men.

Trained in both laboratory andproduction processes, these men andwomen will find responsible positionsin research, .;evelopment, testing,sales and customer relations. In theseareas, these essential technical per-sonnel are concerned with devel-oping and improving processes andproducts, designing and procuringequipment, building and operatingplants, marketing products, and

other related management functions.Working Conditions

Chemical analysis, research, pro-duction, storage and transfer allare in the nature of precisionoperations. All of necessity requirea clinical cleanliness and safeguardsfor the human operator. These re-quirements assure a pleasant workingenvironment.Oliportunities

As in many specialized areas,opportunities for technicians inchemical production and relatedindustries are varied and inviting.

Graduates will find employmentas chemical technologists, researchlaboratory technicians, technicalaides, staff specialists, and chemicalresearch assistants . . . . not only inthose industries traditionally employ-ing chemical processes, such asheavy chemical manufacture, papermaking and metallurgy, but also inthe new industries of nuclear powerand electronic equipment manu-facture.

The work of a chemical engineer-ing technician is highly skilled,interesting and the financial rewardsare substantial.How to Enter the Industry

Preparation required for positionsin the chemical industry is exactingas it is rewarding. The studentspends approximately eighteenmonths or two years of study in atechnical institute curriculum whichoffers basic courses in engineeringfundamentals, materials processing;mathematics, calculus, the physicsof mechanics, English, psychologyand engineering graphics.

Special subjects include the studyof chemistry and chemical processcontrols, industrial fluid dynamicsand polymers, industrial chemistry,organic chemistry, analytical chem-istry and bio-chemistry, the physicsof electricity and magnetism, thephysics of heat and wave motion, aswell as speech, social science, andindustrial organization.

Interested students are well ad-vised to investigate the academicstandard and industry recognitionof any particular school beforeenrolling.

CIVIL ENGINEERING is con-cerned with the planning,design, and construction of

fixed structures and ground facilitiesfor land, sea, and air transportation,for the control of the flow and usesof water, for protection in war andpeace against the forces of natureand the highly destructive forcesrecently devised by man, for thebuilding of facility systems in com-munication, urban development,housing, manufacturing, and distri-bution.

Thus, civil engineering technologyis one of the broadest fields in theover-all practice of engineering be-cause its work is coordinated withso many other branches of thescience. It embraces the constructionof highways, railroads, bridges, via-ducts, dams, harbor facilities, powersupply houses, pipelines, irrigationsystems, reclamation projects, com-munity and industrial planning.

Civil engineers and techniciansmust have a variety of special skillsand be trained in a variety of specialtechniques, particularly in areas suchas hydraulics, structures, field sur-veying, traffic control, computations,and the funeamentals of construc-tion.

Technicians in civil engineeringoccupations may work as contrac-tor aides, draftsmen, estimators,inspectors, supervisors, photogram-mers, or specification writers.

Preparation of necessity includessound training in mathematics,physics, chemistry, calculus, survey-ing, statics and dynamics, soil me-chanics, fluid mechanics, elementarystructural design and the funda-mentals of engineering construction.A knowledge of computer program-ming is especially helpful today, andcourses in industrial commerce, busi-ness and economics are essential.The technician also should be skilledin the use of surveying instruments,in engineering graphics, and inknowledge of the composition, prop-erties, and use of structural ma-terials. He is also trained to draw upplans and specifications, estimatecosts and quantities, prepare r )s,

inspect jobs, and supervise construc-tion.

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Working Conditionsjobs in civil engineering tech-

nology could hardly be called dullor uninteresting. They appeal to theventuresome, to those who likephysical activity, out-of-doors work,challenge to stamina, travel, andperhaps faraway places.

There are stirring opportunities inunder-developed nations of theworld and in our own country whereslum clearance, urban redevelop-ment, water shortages, industrialwaste pollution and traffic conges-tion, among others, demand atten-tion. The technician's chances foradvancement in responsibility andincome are excellent.Opportunities

As the country continues togrow, industrially and economically,the field of civil engineering tech-nology will offer increasing oppor-tunities to skilled and trainedtechnicians. Construction and thedevelopment of natural resourcesconstitute a stable and essential in-dustry. Civil engineering technologyoffers technicians a splendid oppor-tunity to participate actively in thecontinued growth of the country.How to Enter the Industry

Technical training is essential toone who plans a career i. civilengineering technology. Duties areso varied, construction operations socomplex, costs so great, and financialrisks so large that employers candelegate responsibilities only to thosewho are adequately prepared.

Specialized technical trair.ing inthe subjects outlined above requiresresident attendance at a public orprivate technical institute for fromtwo to three years.

Many excellent courses are avail-able. Students interested in civilengineering technology are well ad-vised to investigate the academicstanding and industry recognitionof any particular school beforeenrolling.

Civil engineering technology offers tech-nicians a splendid opportunity to parti-cipate actively in the continued growthof our country. Highway construction isone important area.

20

Computer Engineering Technology

rr HE COMPUTER is a tool, a1. powerful mathematical tool

which is helping to shape ourworld and our future. It has a placein almost every form of humanactivity and is finding new places,new uses, new techniques every day.

This wide range of applicationshas created a tremendous demandfor technically trained personnel.Engineering technicians with spe-cialized c er training are beingutilized 1 any phases of thisfascinating technology, from re-search, design and cl,welopment,through production and ...istallation,to operation and servicing.

The first tabulating machine wasbuilt to speed up the taking of thecensus in 1890. After the turn of thecentury, the census-taking machinerywas applied more and more to com-mercial work.

Through the years, machines weredeveloped which could add andsubtract figures, do record-keepingand business accounting operations,handle data processing and themounting volume of paper workresulting from industrial growth andexpansion.

During World War II, electronicsbecame an industry. The applicationof electronics to business accountingand data prccessing machinery ledto the development of computersand computer systems. These elec-tronic tools and systems have beenrefined and improved since the1950s, and is a continuing process.

Their use in business and industryhas mushroomed at a rapid rate. Sohas their use in government defenseand military projects. Computersform the keystone of the electronicair defense system guarding theNorth American frontiers. Anothersystem handles data pouring in fromaround the globe at the StrategicAir Command. Computers keeptrack of the position of all satellites,American and Russian, that havebeen launched.

Computers now quickly and effi-ciently solve research and productionproblems which were previously im-possible to calculate manually. Theyare being used to test theory inadvance of construction and toreduce uncertainties by applying thelaws of probability to problems.Forecast for the Future

Few segments of technology areadvancing as rapidly as techniquesin the design and manufacture ofcomputers and data processingequipment. Thus, engineering tech-nicians may find promising futuresworking with cngineers and scientistsin such career fields as programming,parts and components engineering,systems testing, production calibra-tion, manufacturing and systemsresearch and development, qualitycontrol and reliability evaluation,and field engineering in customerfacilities.

Technicians likewise are employedby insurance companies, banks, thefinancial departments of large or-ganizations, marnifacturing com-panies, commercial business, rail-roads, the airlines, and researchfirms among many others.

In these jobs they may preparepayrolls, compute and print bankstatements, keep records, do account-ing, control inventory, establish timeschedules, and similar data process-ing work.Preparation

In this highly specialized field,sound basic and technical trainingis essential. Preparation requires asecondary school education with athorough background in mathe-matics and the physical sciences.The increasing complexity of thefield also demands a thorough ex-posure to fundamentals and theory.

A course in computer engineeringteclniology at a technical institutewill provide training in engineeringfundamentals, circuit analysis, col-lep algebra, chemistry, physics,analytic geometry and calculus.

It will offer training in electronicsand pulses, in computer systems andeiements, computer arithmetic andcontrol functions, computer com-ponent circuits and magnetic storageelements, punched card and tapeinput/output systems, high speedprinters, computer applications andprogramming.

The student is well advised tocheck the academic standing andindustry recognition of any schoolunder consideration before enrolling.

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After just 21 months of electronicstraining, Charles Wiltrot, a graduate ofPenn Tech, was employed as a customerengineer by a leading computer manu-facturing company.

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The wide range of electronic computerapplications has created a tremendousdemand for trained personnel . . . fromresearch, design, and development,through productiun, installation andservicing.

Drafting and Design Technology

BEFORE THINGS are made,manufactured, or produced,they are ideas in the mind of

someone. Between the idea and thefinished article, a thirr' elemententers in, namely, what does it iooklike, what is the size, shape, whichare the dimensions? This, in sub-stance, is the field of drafting anddesign technology.

Before the idea of the engineeror scientist can be made reality, itsdetail must be set down on paper.From specifications furnished by theengineer or scientist, the draftsmanprepares scale drawings.

Because of the many varied fieldsin which his skills are used, thedraftsman, the design techniciantends to specialize. Many draftsmenon the engineering team are special-ists in machine design, and preparedrawings of machines, or parts ofmanufactured articles. Large num-bers are also found in the aeronauti-cal, civil, electrical, electronic, struc-tural, tool and gauge design, and inindustrial technology.

Draftsmen may make calculationsconcerning the strength, reliability,and cost of materials, and checkdimensions of parts and their rela-tionship to each other. Throughtheir drawings and specifications,they describe exactly what materialsand processes skilled craftsmen areto use on a particular job. In de-veloping their drawings, draftsmenuse such instruments as compasses,dividers, protractors, and triangles,as well as machines that combinethe functions of several devices.They may also use engineeringhandbooks and tables to assist in

solving technical problems.Technical illustration and indus-

trial design further calls for visualperception in three dimensions aswell as creative imagination, andthe ability to become adept in thetranslation of blueprints into three-dimensional drawings.

A good draftsman, an able designtechnician, must use constructiveimagination. He must be able tovisualize the completed article orpart from a sketch or scale drawing.As indicated above, Le must havea thorough background and knowl-edge of drafting and design tech-niques, of mathematics and the basicsciences.

Since he most probabl y willspecialize in a particular field, hemust also be well versed in thepractical aspects of his chosen areaof work. Thus, the mechanicaldraftsman must understand me-chanics, shop operations, and theprinciples cf gears, to mention onlya few. The architectural draftsman,on the other hand, must be familiarwith the principles of construction,the properties of building materials,wiring, lighting, heating, and themany other subjects peculiar to thearchitectural field.Opportunities

Employment opportunities forskilled drafting and design tech-nicians have been excellent in recentyears. The technology is an exactingand challenging one, requiring man-ual dexterity, good vision, imagina-tion, and a certain amount ofcreative drive.

Draftsmen are often classified ac-cording to the type of work they

Employment opportuni-ties for drafting anddesign technicians havebeen excellent in recentyears. Drafting requiresmanual dexterity, goodvision, imagination andcreative ability.

Engineering drawing isone of many advancedtechniques required ofthe aircraft engineeringtechnician. Here anAcademy of Aeronauticsstudent performs a finalinspection of his design.

do or their level of responsibility.Senior draftsmen use the preliminaryinformation provided by engineersand architects to prepare design"layouts" (drawings made to scaleof the object to be built) . Detailersmake drawings of each part shownon the layout, giving dimensions,material, and any other informationnecessary to make the detailed draw-ing clear and complete. Checkerscarefully examine drawings for errorsin computing or in recording di-mensions and specifications. Tracersmake corrections and prepare draw-ings for reproduction by tracingthem on transparent cloth, paper,or plastic film. The initial jobclassification will depend largely onthe extent of formal training.

Since draftsmen are on the groundfloor, so to speak, they are in aposition to acquire knowledge andskills fitting them for advancementto positions such as inspectors, salesengineers, estimators, engineering orarchitectural assistants, technicalreport writers, installation tech-nicians, and supervisors.How to Plan a Career

Technical training is essential fora person who plans a career indrafting and design technology. Thework is important and complex, somuch so thk... companies select withgreat care the personnel delegatedto this responsibility.

Many technical institutes offerexcellent, up-to-date, and thoroughcourses. Prospective students arewell advised to investigate theacademic standing and industry rec-ognition of schools before enrolling.

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THE EDISON Electric Instituteforecasts an expanding futurefor the electric power industry.

Industrial civilization seems to bemoving toward all-electric homes,industries, and cities.

In 1964 the per capita generationof electric power f or 193 millionpeople in the United States wasabout 5,700 kilowatt hours. For apopulation that may increase tn 340million people by the turn of thecentury, per capita annual use bythat time may rise to 20,000 kilowatthou rs.

These projections are indicativeof the tremendous development thatis already under way and that willbe accelerated in the future in theelectric power industry. This devel-opment, according to Walker Le _

Cisler, Chairman of the Board ofDetroit Edison Company, meansthat research and engineering mustprepare for these inereases in loadby the design of even larger genera-ting units, both conventional andnuclear ; by higher transmissionvoltages; by even more extensivesystem interconnections on a con-tinental basis; by the automaticcontrol of power stations and electri-cal systems; by advanced electronicinformation systems and computerfacilities in our offices and labora-tories and at the service of manage-ment; and by advanced methods ofpower generation such as magneto-hydrodynamics.

The demand for scientific, engi-neering and technical talent isobviously increasing proportionately.The demand will accelerate in thefuture for another reason.

It is estimated that only aboutone-fifth of the world population ofmore than three billion people nowenjoy to any degree the advantagesof economic development. Since theworld population is expected toincrease to six billion by the end ofthe century, more nations will seekmore and more industrial develop-ment. Consequently, the demandfor electrical energy, for the engi-

22

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neers and technicians who developand process electrical power, willincrease rapidly.

There is a third factor in thispicture and that is the fact thatsince World War II the image ofelectrical power engineering tech-nology has sagged among students,and is just now entering a new era ofrenewed interest and enlightenment."iere are good reasons for this new

.Dtance...,lectrical energy is the nation's

most important resource. Few if anyindustrial complexes could function

4, 1882, when Thomas Alva Edisonopened the Pearl Street Station inNew York City. Since the earliestdays, the electric power industryhas maintained a growth pattern ofdoubling every ten years. It hasan enviable record of employmentstability for engineers and techni-cians, a record that means long-timecareer opportunities for them, inboth engineering technology andmanagement. The industry, finally,encourages research, continuingeducation and the professionaldevelopment of ts people.

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This general view of the test power house at the General Electric Company in Utica, NewYork illustrates a typical working environment for the Electrical Power EngineeringTechnologist. As the demand for electric power increases, the need for trained personnelgoes up proportionately.

without it; thus, millions of jobs, inone way or another, depend on itfor their existence. The necessitiesand the comforts of home likewisewould not exist without it.

The electric power industry whichmeets these basic needs is funda-mentally a technological industryemploying a large number of engi-neers and technicians.

The industry began on September

There are four major areas inwhich the power industry employsengineers and technicians.

Electric energy suppliers are con-cerin.'d with the generation, trans-mission, distribution, and use ofelectricity. Their engineers and tech-nicians are engaged in research toanalyze, synthesize, construct, oper-ate, maint.in, manage and sell themany components which make up

the huge interconnected powersystems from generating plantsto load control centers.

The manufacturers of power ap-paratus employ engineers and tech-nicians in the research, development,design, testing, production and salesof a large variety of complex powerequipment.

The large industrial users of elec-tric energy chemical, automotive,steel, aluminum, glass employengineers and technicians to de-sign and operate as well as main-tain complicated electro-mechanical

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challenging work, for instance, inthe illumination field for specializedcommercial and industrial installa-tions.

They will find challenging workin the planning and operation oflarge power plants, and the systemswhich distribute electricity efficientlyand reliably, even during adverseweather conditions. Many of thesesystems are now being intercon-nected and the changing patterns inthe fieid of electrical transmissionand distribution has called for ex-tensive applied research and devel-

a man who plans a career in electri-cal engineering technology. Electric..ity is a highly potent form of energyand men who deal with it in anyform must know what they aredoing.

Such knowledge requires the studyof engineering fundamentals, alge-bra, geometry, chemistry and cal-culus, the physics of mechanics, thephysics of electricity and magnetism,engineering graphics, DC and ACmachines, controls, measurementsand standards, as well as English,speech, social science and industrial

In preparing for a career in the electrical power field, thestudent will study electrical engineering fundamentals, mathe-matics, chemistry, physics, 'English, social science and irlus-trial organization. Extensive laboratory practice develops theneeded manual skills.

systems.Consulting engineering firms em-

ploy engineers and technicians intheir own specialized services.Opportunities inEleetribal Power

It is evident from the foregoingthat the opportunities in electricalpower are inviting, many, andvaried.

Engineering technicians will find

A combination nuclear and steam power generating stationlocated at Indian Point in New York state. Nuclear energy ispredicted to be a major source of electrical power in thefuture.

opment in extra high voltage, coronadischarges, switching surges, insula-tion coordination, automatic systemoperation, and load control centers.

All this calls for a vast and com-plicated array of static and rotatingequipment which must be designed,built or manufactured, installed andmaintained.How to Plan a Career

Technical training is essential for

organization.Many technical institutes offer

excellent, up-to-date, and thoroughcourses. Prospective students arewell advised to investigate the aca-demic standing and industry rec-ognition of schools before enrolling.

23

24

Electronic Engineering Technology

THE DICTIONARY defines anelectron as "any of the non-nuclear, negatively charged

particles that form a part of allatoms, each carrying one negativecharge." It defines electronics as"the science that deals with theaction of electrons in vacuums andgases, and with the we of vacuumtubes, photoelectric cells, etc." The"et ceteras" arc multiplying rapidly,so much so that the definition hasbecome dated.

The physical manifestations ofelectronics are commonplace todaywhereas barely half a century agothey didn't even exist. These includethe radio aerials and televisionantennas on homes and cars, themicrowave relays strung along thecountryside, radar scanners on shipsand planes, installations by means ofwhich men can communicate easilyand freely with one another overgreat distances.

Electronics made possible thepresent status of the entertainmentindustry radio and televisionbroadcasting, sound motion pictures,Hi-Fi and stereo, color TV.

Through controls and communi-cations, electronics made possible

the pace and volume of modern airtransportation.

Through controls and communi-cations, electronics made possible thesuccessful feats of the space agerockets, satellites, capsules, andspacecraft in orbit, on target,mission successfully completed.

The solid-state transistor is an-other major achievement of the ageof electronics. So, too, are tunneldiodes, thin-film memories, electronmicroscopes, ultrasonic oscillators,superconductors, all magnetic cir-cuitry, applications of coherent light,and facsimile transmitters.

Electronic systems and electronicinstruments have opened new erasin therapy, medical treatment andresearch, as well as in branches ofscience and engineering.

In electronic controls, electronicswitching, telemetering, servo sys-

tems, computers, etc., mechanicaldevices are combined with electroniccircuitry to perform at amazingspeeds. This is another area ofspecialization, requiring a combir a-tion of electronic and mechanicalskills.

Electronics is altering traditionalmethods of business and industry in

David Koker graduated from Ohio Technical Institute and is now aresearch associate with the Xerox Corporation. Electronic EngineeringTechnicians are in great demand to assist engineers and scientists inresearch and development laboratories. Two to three years of college-

level preparation is essential.

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many ways, and has opened uptotally new frontiers for science andeducation.

Electronics offers great challengeto resourceful individuals. Yet thefact is that today, and most likelyin the future, the bulk of researchand development in this area willbe done 'ay scientists, engineers, andtechnicians working together asmembers of coordinated teams.

Sandia Corporation, a prime con-tractor for the Atomic Energy Com-mission, has about 1,700 techniciansworking in support of its over 2,000scientists and engineers. Bell Tele-phone Laboratories have put over4,000 people into its research anddevelopment organization. CollinsRadio Company is a global enter-prise utilizing the talents of over12,000 scientists, engineers, techni-cians and supporting personnel.

Electronic applications have pro-gressed at a pace which few otherbranches of applied science canequal, and more skilled engineeringtechnicians are needed in all phasesof the field. Expanding civilian de-mands, together with major defenseneeds and the space program de-mands for electronics equipment,

Students at the Capitol Institute ofTechnology use "live" equipment to setup problems in radar range finding.Communications is one of the severalelectronic fields in need of highly-skilled technicians.

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assure continuing growing employ-ment opportunities for qualifiedelectronic engineering technicians.THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OFLABOR PREDICTS:

"Many thousands of job oppor-tunities will be available for newworkers in electronics manufacturingplants each year during the remain-der of the 1960's and in the longerrun. During the next 10 to 15 years,electronics employment is expectedto grow more rapidly than manu-facturing employment as a whole.In addition to the jobs created byexpanded electronics activity, manythousands of openings will becomeavailable each year as a result of theneed to replace workers who transferto jobs in other industries, or whoretire or die . .

"The demand for engineers,scientists and technicians is expectedto increase at an especially rapidrate, because of additional expendi-tures for research and developmentand the trend toward production ofincreasingly complex equipment.The demand for skilled assembly,inspecting, and testing work is alsoexpected to grow at above-averagerate, for the same reason. Thedemand for semi-skilled workers

may rise more slowly because as-sembly line operations are expectedto become more mechanized andautomated."Occupational Outlook HandbookU. S. Department of Laborirw . if .aitoW to outer trite muustry

Individuals planning careers inelectronics engineering technologymust be adequately prepared be-cause of the complexity in anyselected area, there are no short cuts.Preparation requires a secondaryschool education (or the equivalent)and the student ought to have asound background, interest and skillin the basic sciences and mathe-matics. The increasing complexityof electronics equipment demands afirm foundation in fundamentaltheory.

One of the best ways to preparefor a career in this field is by enrol-ling in an accredited or approvedcourse offered by a public or privatetechnical institute. These are college-level two or three year courses whichgive the student sound training indepth in the basic sciences, mathe-matics, English, speech, industrialorganization as well as in engineer-ing fundamentals and engineeringgraphics, pulses, electronic circuitry,

Working as part of Collins Radio Company's spaceageelectronics team are these Research and DevelopmentTechnicians all graduates of Central Technical Insti-tute. The group is posed in front of a full scale mockupof the Project Apollo capsule.

communication systems, ultra-highfrequency, tele'lion systems, radio,the physics of electricity and magne-tism, plus the needed laboratorywork.

The student should investigate theacademic standing and industry ice:ognition of any school under con-sideration before enrolling. A soundgrounding in the fundamentals ofthe technology will enable him tospecialize in one of the manybranches or applications which ap-peal to him. Advances in electronicsare rapid and complex, requiringhigher, better and parallel advancesin the "know-how" of the electronicsengineering technician.

Hence the need for prospectivestudents to prepare themselves wellthrough proper schooling and prop-er school selection.

Students at DeVry Technical Institute gain practical ex-perience on a wide variety of electronics precisionmeasuring equipment. Here are two students using ananalog computer in a typical laboratory experiment

25

Fluid Power Engineering Technology

L1LUID POWER is "the art ofr generating, controlling, and ap-

plying smooth, effective powerof pumped and compressed fluids(like oil and air) as used to push,pull, rotate, regulate or drive themechanisms of modern life," ac-cording to the definition given bythe National Fluid Power Associa-tion.

The French scientist, Blaise Pascal(1623-1662) was the first to demon-strate that pressure exerted anywhereon a confined fluid is transmittedundiminished in all directions, actingwith equal force on all equal areas.

Fluid power is based on well-established principles of fluid me-chanics. For a time it was treatedhistorically as a facet of some in-dustrial activity. This resulted in thedevelopment of industrial hydraulics,mobile equipment hydraulics, in-dustrial pneilmatics, and similartechnologies.

With the advent of World War IIand since then, a more sophisticatedand analytical approach to the fluidpower field has evolved. Instead ofthe older "static equilibrium" sortof analysis previously applied to fluidpower systems, the new dynamic or"systems" approach came into favor.With this change, fluid power hasbecome one of the newer and morepromising fields in engineering tech-nology.

Today's fluid power productsrange from the highly sophisticatedservo-controlled drives to packings.They include such things as highpressure piston pumps, cylinders, anendless variety of control valving forair and liquid applications and vaneand gear pumps.

Fluid power has made possiblethe modern construction equipmentindustry such as power shovels,dump trucks, and self-loading scrap-ers, machinery whose power trans-mission and control problems wouldbe hard to solve without the use offluid power techniques.

Another use of fluid power is inthe machinery and machine toolfield. Electro-hydraulic servosystems

26

are used in many tracers, both milland lathe. High power density, plusthe low inertia high response char-acteristics in hydraulic drives provethem highly satisfactory for rotatingmachinery of many types.

Heavy industrial presses are an-other application area for fluidpower. They include baling presses,stamping and forging presses, diecasting, and injection moldingmachines. Fluid power techniqueshave been applied in many clampingdevices, transfer devices used forloading or unloading machines, feedmechanisms and air motor drives.

Thus, applications of the prin-ciples of fluid power are found inmany industrial areas insuring thatbillions of dollars worth of appli-ances, equipment and machinesfunction smoothly in manufacturingenterprises, the national defensesystems, building and constructionprojects, transportation and agricul-ture, as well as in people's homesand garages.How to Enter the Industry

Specialized technical ...aining isobviously a necessity for the youngman who plans to enter the field offluid power engineering technology.Preparation after completion of highschool includes the study of engi-neering fundamentals, materials pro-cessing, college algebra, analyticgeometry and calculus, chemistry,the physics of mechanics, engineer-ing graphics and English.

Technical specialty subjects to bestudied include fluid mechanics,circuit analysis, industrial pneumat-ics, hydraulic components, hydrauliccircuits, analytical techniques influid power, advanced hydraulic cir-cuits and systems, and problems influid power.

Occupations available to success-ful graduates are many laboratorytechnicians, -production supervisors,field service technicians are in de-mand as are design and developmenttechnicians. Surveys of industry andcontact with government agenciesconfirm the need for men trained influid power engineering technology.

Paradoxically, few schools offerprograms in fluid power engineeringtechnology, though of late a growingappreciation of fluid power is devel-oping within the general communityof engineering educators.

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Fluid power is used to push, pull, rotate,(egulate or drive the mechanisms -ofmodern life/ Here an instructor andstudents are working closely in the'analysis of an aircraft hydraulic systemin the Academy of Aeronautics airplanelaboratory.

Students and igtructAr in a laboratorysection of th'e Fluid Powef Institute,Milwaukee School of Engineering. Pre-paration for this field includes .1 studyof epgineering fundamentals, maththrough calculus, graphics, English andsubjects in the technical specialty.

Industrial Engineering Technology

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING,an encompassing productionscience, looks for ways and means

to get things done promptly, effi-ciently, at minimum cost, and witha lr 7. ell -designed end product. In-dustrial engineering technology thusinvolves the coordination of indus-trial equipment and its output withthe men and women who operatethe equipment.

Industrial technology consists ofthe related engineering and technicalmanagement activities involved inthe development, production, distri-bution, use, maintenance and repairof manufactured products.

Here work is either performed onan organized basis, or it must beput on an organized basis. The in-dustrial engineering technician servesas an aide in performing many en-gineering and technical managementactivities pertaining to the planningand control of all phases of pro-duction operations.

The industrial engineering tech-nician must be trained to know howto do these things perform timeand motion studies, eliminate waste,control cost and quality output, planwork flow, evaluate jobs and per-sonnel requirements, make statisticalstudies and analyses of productioncosts, and generally, do those thingswhich must be done to achieveefficient and profitable coordinationof men and machinery.

The engineering technician spe-cializing in this particular engineer-ing technology works with industrialengineers and management represen-tatives who are responsible for theover-all design, planning and controlof plant systems, operations andprograms. His work brings him intocontact with persons in the differentphases of production and rnanufac-turing from engineers and executivesto workers-on-the-job, combining theuse of technical knowledge with acommon sense use of human rela-tions techniques.

A young man who is interested inthe efficient arrangement of equip-ment and machinery, planning workflow, evaluating jobs and personnel,quality control, making statisticalstudies, analyses of production costs,will find a challenging career inindustrial engineering technology.

Experience gained in industrialengineering technology frequentlyqualifies engineering technicians forspecialization in such fields as in-dustrial safety, setting job standards,materials handling, or interviewing,testing, and training personnel.

Preparation RequiredHow can a young man or woman

prepare for a career as an industrialengineering technician? This is abroad field and a lot of preparationis required for success in it. Theindividual must have the necessary

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Industrial Engineering Techni-cians find their employment torequire a knowledge of plantlayout, efficient work flow, jobevaluatione, time and motionstudy, etc.

In the 'microelectronics lab-oratory of the WestinghouseElectric Company, industrialengineers and technicians as-sisted in the planning of workstations in !'clean" roomswhere the sub-miniature unitsare 7.-asembled and inspected .

aptitudes and desire to learn. Heshould have a sound aptitude formathematics, drawing, and science.He must be a good student of Eng-lish, with the ability to express him-self clearly, both orally and inwriting.

The industrial engineering tech-nician will deal in his work withmany different groups and kinds ofpeople. For this reason a good coursewill include social science, industrialorganization and industrial psychol-ogy as well as technical subjects.

Courses in Industrial EngineeringTechnology include the basic math-ematics, chemistry, physics, and en-gineering graphics, plus English,speech, social science, industrialorganization and psychology. Tech-nical subjects offered are in statisticsand quality control, budgeting andaccounting, time and motion study,process and production planning,linear programming, plant layoutand materials handling, operationsresearch and industrial engineering.

The field of activity is very broadand it is advisable for the engineer-ing technician to select one or twoclosely related areas for his academictraining and leave to later experienceand on-the-job study the extensionof areas in which he acquires com-petence.

28

I t rn 1 Combustiin 11414n ines

En neerin Tee

rip HIS INDEED is an age ofI engines. Spark ignition engines

have built a giant industrysince the turn of the century whenthe first automobile appeared. Thenumber of cars and trucks, motorsof all types, which have been manu-factured since that time runs intoa substantial quantity.

Ever since man began to seekmore efficient ways and means toget things done, the engine hasbeen his chief helper. Engines aremachines which use energy to de-velop mechanical power, machineswhich create motion and energy inother machines.

The steam engine was the workhorse for many decades in the fieldof transportation on land and sea.Steam also provided the power forconstruction work, for factory andindustrial projects, for threshinggrain and, in turbine systems, thepower for generating electricalenergy.

In transportation, the diesel en.gine has replaced the steam engineon land and sea. It is now widelyused for generating electrical energy.Diesel sets supply the power for theTitan II underground launchingcomplex, as well as for the world-wide space track network, and forthe Nike guided missile sites.

Gas turbine engines are also beingused in trucking tests and for mili-tary needs. These needs are projectedon demands for a light, compact,low-fuel consumption engine, andparticularly one capable of consum-ing many types of fuels. The Navyhas found gas turbine engines suit-able for use in amphibious vehicles,in antisubmarine warfare craft, inhydrofoils, hydroskimmers, and minesweepers. The Army's needs are fora power plant for heavy vehicles,particularly tanks, auxiliary genera-tor sets, and a variety of portablepower plant applications.

From World War I throughWorld War II practically all air-planes were powered by piston en-gines. Motors have uses in marineinstallation and boating, around thehome, on the farm, in office, com-munity and service buildings

Continued expansion in this fieldseems inevitable as additional appli-cations for providing tremendousmobile horsepower at minimum costare realized.

A direct result of this growth inthe manufacture and use of all typesof motors has been an increaseddemand for skilled engineeringtechnicians with a thorough knowl-edge of the theory and applicationsof internal combustion engines andauxiliary equipment such as pumps,generators, and compressors. Thesetechnicians are widely needed in allphases of this vast and complex in-dustry; from research, design anddevelopment, through production,installation, operation, repair, andmaintenance.Opportunities

The tremendous opnortunities inthis vast field for trained engineeringtechnicians are self-evident. Themotor car industry alone, stretchingas it does from factory to dealerthrough test centers, filling stations,and parts suppliers, is loaded withjobs that lead to careers and topsalary for men trained to think as

Spark ignition engines havebuilt a giant industry sincethe turn of the century.A direct result of this growthis an increased demand forskilled engineering technicianswith a thorough knowledge ofthe theory and applications ofinternal combustion enginesand auxiliary equipment. Amodern course in this tech-nology provides for theoreticalstudy, mathematical applica-tions, and extensive laboratorywork on engines, transmissions,carburetors, and electricalsystems.

well as to work with their hands.Research, design, developments

new engineering and new productsare constant and continuous in

the internal combustion engine field.Men with proper training can anddo rise through departmental andsupervisory positions to managementposts with correspondingly lucrativesalaries.How to Enter the Industry

An ambitious person realizes thatadvancement in any chosen fielddepends upon adequate preparationand adequate knowledge. In thisday of modern technology, there isno substitute for the technical schoolwith laboratories properly equippedand instructors highly skilled.

Basic courses include the study ofalgebra, chemistry, geometry, cal-culus, engineering fundamentals andengineering graphics, materials andthe physics of mechanics, English,psychology, speech and social sci-ence. This field requires specialstudies such as internal combustionengine elements and thermody-namics, DC and AC machines, in-dustrial hydraulics, testing, fuels,lubricants and combustion processes,diesel, turbine, and spark ignitionengines.

Prospective students are well ad-vised to investigate the academicstanding and industry recognition ofschools before enrolling.

Mechanical Engineering Technology

ECHANICAL ENGINEER-ING technology is a broadfield Nhich may be described

as the applied science of designing.producing, testing, installing andoperating ^ches, 11mnt, in-struments, and devices It involvesthe tooling required to manufactuiea product economically. It involvesmachines operated by steam, gas, Orelectricity, and machines which usepower or produce power from coal,gas, oil, or nuclear fuels.

The mechanical engineering tech-nician aids the mechanical engineer.He will frequently perform taskspreviously done by the engineel.thereby releasing a considerable pail.of the engineer's time for other plo-fessional work. The mechanical en-gineering technician has been trainedto visualize data from sketches, dia-grams, blueprints, and verbal in-formy lion in two- or three-dimen-sional forms.

Thus, the technician may beassigned to an engineering teamwhich has the task of deciding de-sign, materials, tooling, and fabrica-tion methods for a particular project.

The technician may be assignedto test the performance and endur-ance of mechanically or electricallypropelled devices, and to determineweight, stress and strain of com-ponents. In this assignment he mustselect, arrange, and connect, as wellas calibrate his test equipment andmeasuring instruments. Most likely,the assignment will require him to

4,

record results and prepare a testreport.

Thus, the mechanical engineeringtechnician must have an aptitude folapplying mathematics to calculate,interpret, and eonvei t test data intoreport form.

He may be assigned to makedrawings, designs, layouts of tools oimachines. With experience andtraining, he may become an inspec-tor, nrch:ne and tool maintenanceman, machine and parts salesman,industrial supervisor, production ex-pediter, or cost estimator.

His aptitude and training maycoer a wide variety of talents andskills which will be in continuingdemand in the future because ofthe glowing complexity of technol-ogy and the high level of expenditurefor research and development.

Mechanical engineering technol-ogy touches industrial plants andmanufacturing concerns of everytype and size in the country. Many.companies and corporations haveplants abroad with methods andmaterials adapted to the customsand power distribution systems offoreign countries.

Mechanical engineering tech-nology is also at work in the manyindustries supplying materials fornational defense, and in the newerareas such as atomic power, auto-mation, and aerospace.Preparation

For professional breadth anddepth to meet these challenges of

4 Mechanical engineering tech-nology involves machines oper-ated by steam, gas, or elec-tricity, and machines whichuse power or produce powerfrom coal, gas, oil or nuclearfuels. Employment opportuni-ties for qualified technicianscontinue to increase year byyear.

In addition to rechanical apti-tude and training, a successfulmechanical engineering techni-cian must have a good founda-tion in mathematics, thephysical sciences, engineeringscience, and general studies.

today and tomorrow. mechanical en-gineering technicians must acquirea broad personal and social perspec-tive as well as a well-rounded prep-aration in engineering fundamentals.This includes a good foundation inmathematics, the physical sciences,the engineering sciences togetherw idi necessary background in thehumanities and general studies.

Other special subjects includemechanics, power systems, materials,circuits and industrial organization.

Approved or accredited courses inpublic or private technical institutesare packaged to give the student theproper preparation in two to threeyears time. Some of these schoolshaN e developed a cooperative educa-tion system under which studentsmay work in an industrial plantwhose product lines are related tothe area of his academic study. Thisplan is an integrated schedule whichcorrelates the engineering and tech-nology principles learned in class-rooms and laboratories with exten-sive, practical, on-the-job experiencegained in industry. It also providesthe student with an opportunity toearn while learning.

Interested high school graduatesor students with an equivalent back-ground that will qualify them forcollege work and admission to col-lege are advised to investigate theacadenlic standing and industry rec-ognition of any particular schoolbefore enrolling.

30

ETALLURGICAL ENGI-NEERING technology isconcerned with the processing

and production, the physical prop-erties, and the use of metals andalloys. The art of processing metalsis as old as history, but the scienceswhich underlie the art as it has beenpracticed and developed during thepast century are opening newfrontiers today.

The search for metals in bothquality and quantity is an inter-nationally competitive one. The re-search effort to open new fields fortheir use has been at times coopera-tive and at times competitivc.

Since metals comprise about three-fourths of the elements in theperiodic system and as the funda-mental matter of the universe haveremarkable properties which makethem especially useful to mankind,metals have been and continue to bethe essential working substance ofmodem: industry.

Metallurgical technology embracesa number of disciplines. It involvesboth Mining and chemical engineer-ing in the extraction of metals fromores. It involves both physics andchemistry for an understanding ofmetallic states and properties. Andit involves mechanical engineeringin the fabrication of metals intouseful products.

Research in this field is intensiveand extensive as science continues totest the older metals and the neweralloys for specific combining andreactive properties in today's elec-ironic and space-age developments.Here steel, iron, brass, copper, andaluminum have been joined by suchrecently discovered rare-earth cous-ins as germanium, erbium, cerium,titanium, and gadolinite.

Before a substance can be safelyand properly used, its behavior undera variety of known (and occasionallyunknown) circumstances must beascertained. This has been true inthe processing and manufacture ofmetals for industrial and commercialservices. It is also true in the newerfields of study and developmentsupersonic aircraft, jet engines, gasturbines, guided missiles, and nuclearreactors.

OpportunitiesSince it is difficult to think of any

product today which does no' :e-quire the help of metal instruriwntsand tools in its manufacture, or doesnot contain metal, it should beevident that the need for metallur-gical technicians is continuing.

They may find jobs in the basicmetal producing companies thatmake steel, copper, aluminum, brass,titanium, and special alloys. Theymay find jobs in the automotive,aircraft, heavy machinery, or spe-cialized conirols equipment indus-tries.

In jet engine design and nuclearpower developments the principalproblems involve metallurgy. Re-search in atomic energy projectsrequires the skill of metallurgists andtheir technicians.

Metallurgical technicians may as-sist in testing metals and alloys todetermine their physical propertiesand, with experience, may performlaboratory tests for microstructures,strength, hardness, ductility, andother qualities. They may be em-ployed in such areas as welding,spectography, production planning,heat treating, research, manufactur-ing materials and processes, andphysical, process, or foundry metal-lurgy.

How to Enter the IndustryAs well with all engineering tech-

nologies today, the complexities aresuch that technical training and lotsof it is essential for a man whowishes to enter the field of metal-lurgy.

Preparation after secondary schoolentails the essential courses in mathe-matics, chemistry, and physics,engineering graphics, engineeringfundamentals, and materials proc-essing. It entails special technicalcourses in physical metallurgy, ex-tractive metallurgy, heat treating,metallurgical design, nonferrousmetallurgy, welding, and foundrywork plus necessary courses in Eng-lish, speech, industrial organization,and social science.

Interested students are well ad-vised to investigate the academicstanding and industry recognition ofany particular school before en-rolling.

Nuclear Engineering Technology

NUCLEUS, IN physics, may bedefined as the central part ofan atom, the fundamental par-

ticles of which are the proton andneutron.

Nuclear physics is defined as thebranch of physics dealing with thestructure of atomic nuclei and theenergies involved in nuclear changes.

Nuclear fission is described as thesplitting of the nuclei of atoms, ac-companied by a conversion of partof the mass into energy. This is saidto be the principle of the atomicbomb.

Nuclear fusion is the fusion ofatomic nuclei, as of heavy hydrogenor tritium, into a nucleus of heaviermass, as of helium, with a resultantloss in the combined mass, which isconverted into energy. This is said

to be the principle of the hydrogenbomb.

Now, as is well known, researchto develop nuclear energy for peace-ful purposes has been progressingfor some time. Nuclear engineeringhas made possible atomic poweredsubmarines and land installationswhich produce heat and power, aswell as neutrons, gamma radiation,and radioisotopes.

In this highly specialized area ofnuclear science arid engineering, thetechnician has a place. It may be inradiation safety, radiation instru-mentation, reactor operations andcontrols, instrument repair andmaintenance, or in chemistry labora-tory.

To obtain positions in this exactingscientific field, a sound background

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A Van de Graaff par-ticle accelerator con-structed by theAtomic Energy Corn-mission. This 10.mil-lion electron voltinstallation is used asa research tool in thestudy of nuclearenergy.

A nuclear reactor maybe used to generatesteam to run a tur-bine, which in turnrotates a generatorto produce electricalpower.

is required in mathematics, physics,chemistry, electronics; and electricalcircuits and machines, as well as innuclear physics and instrumentation,radioisotopes and reactor principles,thermodynamics and physical metal-lurgy. Courses in the communicationarts round out the program ofpreparation.

Graduates may find continuedstudy necessary for technical posi-tions in development, manufactur-ing, testing, research, and mainten-ance in the nuclear field. This is tobe expected, for the scientists andengineers who specialize in nuclearengineering find that continuingstudy is essential to their safety,success, and progress.

Republic Aviation Corporation is de-veloping a nuclear gyroscope whichwill operate without moving parts.The nuclear gyro will have greateraccuracy and less drift than the bestexisting mechanical gyroscopes. .

4 The center of operations for the world'sfirst full-scale atomic-electric generatingstation at Shippingport, Pennsylvania.Installations such as this are increasingrapidly in our program to develop peace-ful uses e nuclear energy.

At Upton, L. I., NewYork, the BrookhavenNational Laboratoryhas a "baby" Van deGraaff generator, ca-pable of developing2million electronvolts.

31

32

Refrigeration, Heating, AirConditioning Technology

HEATING, COOLING, andventilating the homes we livein, the offices and industrial

plants we work in, the hospitals,schools, churches, and other institu-tions we gather in, the cars, ships,trains, and planes we navel in allthese offer continuing challenge toan indispensable industry.

Temperature control is indispens-able for continued good health andvery often for safety. Temperaturecontrol is an implicit public demandwhich bnilders of new constructionand remodelers of old recognize. Thepublic is not inclined to patronizeor frequent stores, restaurants,theaters, office buildings, terminals,hotels, hospitals, etc., where pro-visions for proper personal comforthave not been made.

The widespread use of air trans-port today would simply not bepossible were it not for properenvironmental control within thecabin.

Advancements in production tech-nology have also been dependent onprecise control of environmentalconditions.

Foods and beverages require re-liable temperature control in theirprocessing, storage, transportation,and distribution.

The production of chemicals,drugs, and medicines; the manu-facture of eiectronic components,computers, and the countless pre-cision instruments designed for usein aerospace machines; printing,petroleum processing and manyother industries require carefullyregulated environmental conditionsfor quality control.

Thus, refrigeration, heating, andair conditioning is a growing, pro-gressie, and necessary industry. Itspotential in v;ew of the ever-presentpopulation growth is great in thef u tu re.

The demand for men trained inthis varied technology likewiseexpected to be very great. The d

sign, manufacture, test, sale, andinstallation of temperature controlequipment requires technically com-petent people, and proves both in-teresting and challenging to menwith technical training.Areas of Work

The refrigeration, heating, and airconditioning technician may findhimself placed in one of many areasessential to the industry. These in-clude drafting and design whereaccurate production drawings aremade for the plant and installationdrawings for customers. They in-clude research which seeks thecreative invention of new productsand components and systems, theanalysis of plant and competitivelines, performance testing, and theinvestigation of new fields of appli-cation.

Development concerns itself withcontinuing improvement in all prod-uct lines and systems, with market-ing methods, as well as the prepara-tion of installation, operating, andmaintenance manuals.

Thus, the man trained in refrig-eration, heating, and air condition-ing technology may be a develop-ment technician, research assistant,sales representative, a systems de-signer, manufacturer's representa-tive, installation supervisor, controlspecialist, or an independent dealerand contractor.

How to Enter the IndustryRefrigeration, heating, and air

conditioning is a complex engineer-ing technology whose practice re-quires education in kind and depth.Preparation after secondary schoolincludes exposure to college algebra,engineering graphics, computer pro-gramming, engineering fundamen-tals, materials processing, the physicsof mechanics, geometry and calculus.

Technical subjects include refrig-eration, air conditioning design andapplications, electric motors andcontrols, kinetic theory, heat transfer

Harvesting energy from the sunis one of man's current researchprojects. A 120inch solar furnaceis shown here. Under ideal condi-tions the furnace can develop atemperature of 8500° Fahrenheit.

The wide-spread need for tempera-ture control has created a tre-mendous demand for engineersand technicians in this field. Stu-dents are shown here performingan experiment on a thermostatwith associated electronic con-trols.

mechanisms, and thermodynamics.Approved or accredited courses

in technical institutes are arrangedto prepare the student for engineer-ing technician work in these areasin two to three years.

Interested students are well ad-vised to investigate the academicstanding and industrial recognitionof any particular school beforeenrolling.

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Sci

ence

taug

ht w

ith p

rin-

cipa

l em

phas

is u

pon

theo

retic

al d

eriv

atio

nsan

d ba

sic

law

s.

Mat

hem

atic

s an

d S

cien

ce ta

ught

with

prin

-ci

pal e

mph

asis

upo

n ap

plic

otio

n to

incl

us-

tria

l use

s.

Tra

de M

athe

mat

ics,

a fo

rmof

exc

erpt

s fr

om A

rithm

etic

for

spec

ializ

edus

ein

the

trad

e.

3. In

dust

rial A

rts

and

craf

t ski

llsN

ot o

ffere

dN

ot o

ffere

d, e

xcep

t as

a m

inor

sup

plem

ent

in la

bora

tory

pro

gram

s fo

r th

e pu

rpos

e of

indu

stria

l app

licat

ion.

Prin

cipa

l are

a of

inst

ruct

ion.

4. L

evel

of s

tudi

esP

ost h

igh

scho

ol a

nd g

radu

ate

Pos

t hig

h sc

hool

Gra

de o

r hi

gh s

choo

l

5. D

esig

natio

n of

edu

-ca

tiona

l lev

els

"Hig

her

Edu

catio

n,"

"Col

lege

,""U

nive

r-si

ty,"

"P

rofe

ssio

nal."

"Hig

her

Edu

catio

n,"

"Col

lege

""S

econ

dary

Sch

ool,"

"T

rade

Sch

ool"

6. In

itial

Em

ploy

men

t

7. W

ork

assi

gnm

ents

of

grad

uate

s

Eng

inee

r, E

ngin

eerin

g D

esig

ner

Eng

inee

ring

Aid

e, R

esea

rch

Ass

ocia

te,

gine

erin

g T

echn

icia

n, e

tc.

En-

test

-

Mec

hani

c, T

rade

sman

, Ope

r-a

tor

Inst

alla

tion,

mai

men

ance

, re-

pair

and

man

ufac

turin

g.

NO

TE

:.

The

sta

rtin

g po

sitio

ns o

f Eng

inee

ring

C01

1ege

ofte

n si

mila

r. A

dvan

cem

ent t

here

afte

r w

ithin

indu

stry

ficat

ions

with

the

Tec

hnic

al In

stitu

te g

radu

ate

Syn

thes

izin

g, a

naly

zing

, des

igni

ng, t

estin

gan

d su

perv

isin

g

and

Tec

hniS

al In

stitu

te g

radu

ates

are

depe

nds

upon

indi

vidu

al q

uali-

favo

ringe

oppl

ied

tech

nolo

gy.

Ass

istin

g en

gine

ers

in a

naly

ses,

des

ign,

ing

and

supe

rvis

ion,

8. P

ropo

rtio

n of

theo

retic

alen

gine

erin

g in

stru

ctio

nan

d pr

actic

e

Em

phas

izes

theo

retic

al in

stru

ctio

n an

d le

sspr

actic

al a

pplic

atio

n,A

dequ

ate

cove

rage

of t

heor

y w

ith e

mph

asis

upon

pra

ctic

al a

pplic

atio

n.Li

ttle

theo

ry, n

early

all

prac

-tic

e.

9. T

rans

fer

of c

redi

t to

pro-

fess

iona

l tra

inin

gC

onsi

dera

ble,

ofte

n fu

ll cr

edit

is g

iven

a -

thou

ghth

isva

ries

subs

tant

ially

betw

een

colle

ges.

In g

ener

al s

ome

tran

sfer

cre

dit i

s gr

ante

d.A

chie

vem

ent e

xam

inat

ions

may

be

requ

ired.

Non

e

10. A

ccre

ditin

g or

appr

oval

age

ncy

Eng

inee

rs' C

ounc

il fo

r P

rofe

ssio

nal D

evel

op-

men

t and

Reg

iona

l Ass

ocia

tions

.E

ngin

eers

' Cou

ncil

for

Pro

fess

iona

l Dev

elop

-m

ent a

nd T

he N

atio

nal C

ounc

il of

Tec

hnic

alS

choo

ls.

No

info

rmat

ion.

11. T

ypic

al c

ertif

icat

ion

ofgr

adua

tes

Bac

helo

r of

Sci

ence

Deg

ree

Ass

ocia

te in

Sci

ence

Deg

ree,

Dip

lom

a, o

rA

ssoc

iate

in E

ngin

eerin

a.C

ertif

icat

e or

Dip

lom

a.