Prepared by ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE...
Transcript of Prepared by ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE...
More segregation or more mixing?Summary
•TheethnicminoritypopulationsofEnglandandWaleshavegrown,andliveinmoremixedareasin2011thanbefore.This‘spreadingout’hasacceleratedinthepasttenyears.
•Forexample,LeicestershirehasmoreIndianresidentsthantenyearsago,butitsIndianpopulationismoreevenlyspreadthanitwas.
•TheIndian,White,Pakistani,Bangladeshi,African,Irish,Caribbean,MixedWhite/Caribbean,White/AfricanandWhite/Asianpopulationsareallmoreevenlyspreadin2011thanin2001.
•Againstthetrend,therelativelysmallChinesepopulationismoreconcentratedthanitwas,possiblyasaresultofoverseasChinesestudentsmovingtoUniversitytownsandcities.
•Amongreligiongroups,onlytherelativelysmallJewishpopulationismoreresidentiallyconcentratedthanin2001.TheChristian,Muslim,Sikh,HinduandBuddhistpopulationsarealllessconcentrated–moreevenlyspread.
•Therehasbeenrapidgrowthofthemostintimateofmixing:thenumberofpeopleidentifyingasbelongingtoamixedethnicgrouphasrisenfrom1.3%in2001to2.2%in2011.
•Theproportionofmixedhouseholdshasgrownin346outof348localauthorities.Excludingone-personhouseholds,1in8householdsnowhavemorethanoneethnicgroup.
•TheWhiteBritishpopulationistheonlygroupthatlivesinrelativeisolationfromothers,onaveragelivinginDistrictswith85%ofWhiteBritishresidents.AllethnicminoritygroupsliveinDistrictswhereonaveragetheymakeupfewerthan10%oftheresidents.InsmallerareasthanlocalauthorityDistricts,WhiteBritishandothergroupsliveingreaterconcentrationsthanthis.
IntegrationofBritain’sdiversecommunitiesacceleratedduringthe2000s,indicatedbyresidentiallocation,mixedethnicity,andhouseholdswithmorethanoneethnicity.
DYNAMICS OF DIVERSITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2011 CENSUS Prepared by ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE)
DECEMBER 2012
Separation in 2001
Separation in 2011
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Separation in 1991
Chinese = 34% (+2%)
African = 54% (-13%)
Bangladeshi = 58% (-3%)
Indian = 51% (-5%)
Pakistani = 61% (-0%)
Caribbean = 58% (-4%)
White= 49% (-2%)
Figure 1. Ethnic groups have become more evenly spread across England and Wales
The Index of Dissimilatary across 348 local authorities of England and Wales. 100% means complete separation. 0% means completey even spread. The change from 2001 to 2011 is shown in brackets.
1 www.ethnicity.ac.uk
Click here for Figures 1, 2 and 3 data in Excel
More segregation or more mixing?
CoDE
The calculations we have used for ‘separation’
InFigures1-3wehaveusedthemostauthoritativeofindices,theIndexofDissimilarity,tocalculateagroup’sspreadacrossEnglandandWalescomparedtothespreadoftherestofthepopulation.Thisiswhatisusuallyusedtomeasure‘segregation’,or‘separation’aswehavecalleditintheFigures.Thepercentageofthegroup’stotalpopulationinEnglandandWalesthatlivesinalocalauthorityiscomparedtothepercentageoftherestofthepopulationthatlivesinthatsamelocalauthority.Theabsolutedifferenceinpercentagesisaddedupacrossthe348localauthoritiesofEnglandandWales,andthenhalvedsothattheIndexisafigurebetween0and1001.
Tomakeaccuratecomparisonsovertime,wehaveaggregatedthedatafor1991and2001tothe2011localauthoritydistricts.Wehaveincludedafullallowanceforestimatednon-responseinallthreeyears2.
Figure 2. Other ethnic groups' spread across England and Wales
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White/Asian 25% (-2%)
White Irish 29% (-2%)
White/Caribbean 33% (-4%)
White Other 34% (-3%)
White/African 34% (-2%)
White British 47% (-1%)
Gypsy or Irish Traveller 27%
Arab 51%
Separation in 2001
Separation in 2011
The Index of Dissimilarity across 348 local authorities of England and Wales. 100% means complete separation. 0% means completely evenly spread.The change from 2001 to 2011 is shown in brackets after the 2011 value. 'Arab' and 'Gypsy or Irish Traveller' were asked only in 2011.
More mixing?
Measurementofresidentialclusteringisdifficult.Thoughagrowingnumberofanethnicgroupinoneplaceisabigger‘cluster’,itdoesnotmeananygreaterseparationfromothers.Forexample,intheUKtheBangladeshipopulationhasgrowninsize,leadingtolargerclustersofBangladeshisacrossthecountry.AtthesametimetherehasbeenspreadingoutfromthebiggestBangladeshiconcentrationinTowerHamlets.ThesameistrueoftheIndian,Caribbean,Pakistani,andAfricangroups,andofMuslims,SikhsBuddhists,ChristiansandHindus.So,therearebiggerclustersandmoremixingatthesametime.
TheamountofresidentialseparationismeasuredinthechartsbytheIndexofDissimilarityacrosslocalauthorityDistricts(seeboxforthecalculation).
Figure1showsthatseparationwasonlyslightlydecreasinginthe1990sbutinthe2000sitdecreasedclearly.FortheAfrican,Indian,Bangladeshi,CaribbeanandWhitegroups,spreadingout,andthereforemixinganddiversity,hasacceleratedinthe2000s.
Figure 3. Religion's spread across England and Wales
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No Religion 12% (+0%)
Jewish 63% (+1%)
Muslim 54% (-2%)
Buddhist 26% (-4%)
Christian 15% (-2%)
Hindu 52% (-5%)
Sikh 61% (-2%)
Separation in 2001
Separation in 2011
The Index of Dissimilarity across 348 local authorities of England and Wales. 100% means complete separation. 0% means completely evenly spread.The change from 2001 to 2011 is shown in brackets after the 2011 value
2 www.ethnicity.ac.uk
Click here for Figures 1, 2 and 3 data in Excel
More mixing? (continued)
ThegreatestincreaseinresidentialmixinghasbeenfortheAfricangroup.Itsdoublinginsizeduringthe2000shasbeenachievedpartlybyfamiliesmovingawayfromtheareastheyfirstsettled,andpartlybyimmigrationintonewareas.Wedon’tknowyetthebalanceoftheseprocesses.TheindexofseparationfortheAfricangroupwasthehighestin1991and2001butisnow54%,belowthatofthePakistani(61%),Bangladeshi(58%)andCaribbean(58%)groups.
Chineseistheonlygrouptohaveincreaseditsseparationduringthelastdecade,from32%to34%.ThisislikelytobearesultofoverseasstudentssettlinginUniversitytowns.Despitethisincrease,theChinesegroupremainstheleastseparatedfromothers,ofallgroups.
Ingeneral,the2011CensusconfirmswhatwealreadyknowfromhistoricIrish,Jewishandotherimmigration.ImmigrantpopulationsareinitiallydrawntotheUKbylabourshortagesinparticularareas–whetherroad-buildingintheearly20thcentury,healthandtransportservicesinthe1960s,thetextileindustryinthe1970s,oragricultureinthe2000s.Oncesettled,somefamiliesmovefurtheraway,leadingtomoremixedresidentialareaswhichmakeBritainmorediverse.
Theethnicgroupsthat,givenchangesintheethnicityquestion,havebeenidentifiedonlysince2001areshowninFigure2.TheyalsoshowamoreevenspreadthroughEnglandandWalesduringthelastdecade.TheMixedgroupstendtobemoreevenlyspreadthroughEnglandandWalesthanothergroups.
Religion,aquestiononthelasttwocensuses,tosomedegreeoverlapswithethnicgroup.PeoplewhoidentifyasChristian,BuddhistorMuslimmaybelongtooneofseveraldifferentethnicgroups,andtendtoberelativelyevenlyspreadthroughEnglandandWales(indicesofseparationof15%,26%and54%).Jews,ontheotherhand,arearelativelysmallgroupmainlywithintheWhitepopulation,whichisthemostseparated(63%)ofallreligionsandethnicgroupsmeasuredinthecensus.
Thosewith‘noreligion’arespreadveryevenlythroughEnglandandWales.Theirsizeincreasedfrom15%to25%duringthe2000s.MorepeoplechoseitinallDistricts,asindicatedbyitsunchangedandlowdegreeofseparation.
Are we ‘isolated’ from others?
Anotherwayoflookingatseparationistoaskwhether‘our’ethnicorreligiousgrouplivesinareasthathavemainlyotherslikeus.InEnglandandWalesin2011,allethnicminoritygroupslivedonaverageinareaswithfewerthan10%oftheirowngroup.Incontrast,theWhiteBritishpopulationlivedonaverageinDistrictswhere85%ofresidentswerealsoWhiteBritish.Thesefigureswillallbelargerwhenconsideringsmallerareas,butthepatternwillremainthesame.
WhiteBritishistheonlypopulationwhichmostlylivesinareasthathavefewresidentsfromothergroups.
The most intimate mixing
TheCensusdoesnotsaymuchaboutmixingatworkorinschool,whichareimportantaspectsofsocialising.Butitdoescountthemostintimatemixingwhichresultsinchildrenofmixedethnicity.Theproportionofthepopulationclaimingmixedethnicidentityis1.2millionor2.2%.Ithasincreasedfrom672thousandin2001(1.3%),anincreaseofoveronehalf.Thetotalnumberofpeoplewithparentsofdifferentethnicitiesisinrealitymuchmorethanthis,asmanychoosetoidentifywithoneoftheirparents’ethnicities.
Households with multiple ethnic groups
Multipleethnicgroupswithinahouseholdisrelativelycommonin2011–oneineveryeighthouseholdsisformedofpeoplefromdifferentethnicgroupslivingtogether.Wecounthereonlyhouseholdsoftwoormorepeoplewhichcanhavemultipleethnicgroups.In2011thenumberofhouseholdswithmultipleethnicgroupswas2.0millionor12%.Thisfigurehasincreasedfrom1.4millionin2001,anincreaseofahalf.
Halfofmultiple-ethnicityhouseholdshavemixedethnicitypartnerships.Aboutaquarterhavedifferentethnicityonlybetweengenerations,suchasanIrishparentwithWhiteBritishchildren.Therest,aboutafifth,aredifferentcombinations–includingdifferentethnicitiesbetweenunrelatedpeople,forexamplelodgersorstudenthouseholds.
Thepercentageofhouseholdswithmultipleethnicgroupsvariesbetweengeographicalareas,atitshighest(39%)inInnerLondon(Figure4a).ThoseareaswiththemosthouseholdsofmultipleethnicgroupsarealsousuallythosewiththegreatestpopulationfromethnicgroupsotherthanWhiteBritish–inLondonandothermajorcities.Thisthen,isfurtherevidencethatareaswithleastnumbersofWhiteBritisharediverseratherthansegregated.
Thenumberofmultipleethnicityhouseholdsincreasedbyahalfbetween2001and2011.ItincreasedineverydistrictexceptforsmalldecreasesinBurnleyandHyndburninEastLancashire(Figure4b).
More segregation or more mixing?
CoDE
Ethnic group has changed in the Census
Theethnicgroupquestioninthecensushaschangedovertime.White,Caribbean,African,Indian,Pakistani,BangladeshiandWhitecanbecomparedforthreeCensuses.For2001and2011wecanalsomeasureseparationfortheMixedethnicgroupsandforWhiteIrishandOtherWhiteasinFigure3.For2011only,wecanmeasureitfortheArabandGypsy/Travellergroups3.Thequestiononreligionwasaskedfrom2001.
3 www.ethnicity.ac.uk
More segregation or more mixing?
CoDE
Thisbriefingisoneinaseries,The Dynamics of Diversity: evidence from the 2011 Census.
Author:LudiSimpson
Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) TheUniversityofManchesterOxfordRoad,ManchesterM139PL,UK
email:[email protected]
www.ethnicity.ac.uk
Figure 4a.Householdswithmorethanoneethnicgroupin2011
Figure 4b.Change2001to2011innumberofhouseholdswithmorethanoneethnicgroupin2011
Householdswithmorethanoneethnicgroupin2011,%ofallhouseholdswith2+people
3%-8%
8%-15% 15%-27% 27%-44%
Change2001to2011innumberofhouseholdswithmorethanoneethnicgroup,as%numberin2001
-12%-+31% +31%-+41% +41%-+53% +53%-+127%
Click here for Figure 4 data in Excel
Notes:Thesemapsarepopulationcartogramswhereeachlocalauthoritydistrictisshownapproximatelyproportionalinsizetoitsresidentpopulation4.Thehighlightedareasareintendedtoactasreferencepoints:InnerLondonandotherprincipalcities:Manchester(M),Liverpool(L),Sheffield(S),NewcastleuponTyne(NE),Birmingham(B),Leeds(LS),andCardiff(CF).Foramoredetailedkeyofeachlocalauthoritydistrictclickhere.
1Simpson,L.(2007).Ghettosofthemind:theempiricalbehaviourofindicesofsegregationanddiversity.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society),170(2),405-424.2Sabater,A.,&Simpson,L.(2009).EnhancingthePopulationCensus:ATimeSeriesforSub-NationalAreaswithAge,Sex,andEthnicGroupDimensionsinEnglandandWales,1991-2001.Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,35(9),1461-1477.3Furtherresourcesoncomparingethnicgrouppopulationsovertimeatwww.ethnicity.ac.uk4Dorling,D.,&Thomas,B.(2011)BankruptBritain:AnAtlasofSocialChange,Bristol:PolicyPress.
Sources:the2011Censuses(CrownCopyright),andcompletepopulationestimatesbasedonthem.MapbaseforthisBriefingkindlyprovidedbyBethanThomas.
4 www.ethnicity.ac.uk