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Which one of the following sociologist gave the concept of mores and folkways?Select correct option:

W. G. SumnerDurkhiemAuguste ComteMax Weber

The behavior of non-humans is controlled by:Select correct option:

InstinctsNormsLawsFolkways

Of the following sociologists, which one might you expect to find in a discussion ofhow society is divided?Select correct option:

Karl MarxMax WeberR K MertonEmile Durkheim

Criminal acts committed with the help of information technology are known as:Select correct option:

Cyber crimeSocial crimeCorporate crimeElectronic vandalism

Max Weber (1864-1920) built his approach to stratification on the analysis developedby:Select correct option:

Karl MarxAugust ComteTalcotte ParsonRobert K Merton

Schools informally convey other lessons to students which is known as_____________.Select correct option:

SocializationHidden curriculumLearningInteraction

A temporary cluster of individuals who may or may not interact at all is known as:


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Select correct option:CategoryDyadGroupCrowd

The machinery of social control usually represents the interests of people with social:Select correct option:

StatusPrestigePowerAuthority

Hippies/drug addicts are good example of:Select correct option:

High culturePopular cultureCounter cultureCultural shock

The replicability of the phenomenon is essential for repeating the observation, it is______________ characteristic of scientific method.Select correct option:

CumulativeSelf correctingVerifiableEmpirical

The offenses like theft, burglary, assault, and rape are usually called as::

Organized crimeGamblingStreet crimesJuvenile delinquency

Cultural patterns those are widespread among a society’s population are known as__________.

Ideal cultureReal cultureHigh culturePopular culture

_____________ explanations of deviance focus on abnormalities within theindividual, focusing on personality disorders.

PsychologistsSocio-biologistsSociologists


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Anthropologists

Which of the following term is known as giving up things in the present for the sakeof greater gains in the future?

Culture of povertyDeferred gratificationSocial mobilityHorizontal mobility

The replicability of the phenomenon is essential for repeating the observation, it is______________ characteristic of scientific method.

CumulativeSelf correctingVerifiableEmpirical

Which type of mobility consists of movement up and down the stratification systemby members of successive generations of a family?

Inter-generationalIntra-generationalLateralHorizontal

Which of the following is an important element of non-verbal communication?

Eye contactBody languageHand gesturesAll of the given options

Marriage appears to be in decline in West because:

The proportion of people living alone has fallenMany people are cohabiting in long term relationshipsThe upward curve of remarriages compensates forAll of the above

How many organizations are distinguished on the basis of people participation?

TwoThreeFourFiveREF:Normative OrganizationsCoercive organizations


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Utilitarian organizations

The organized interaction of people in a nation or within some other boundary isknown as __________.

SocietyNationCultureTribe

In the second decade of the 20th century biological determinism was displaced by:Select correct option:

Social determinismSocio-cultural determinismCultural relativismCultural materialism

Which one of the following concepts defines who and what we are in relation toothers?Select correct option:

Social parameterRole setStatusRole

The process of creating new cultural elements out of the existing elements is knownas:Select correct option:

DiffusionDiscoveryMaterialismInvention

Mugging, rape, burglary are the crimes which are mostly committed by which bodytype people?Select correct option:

SquarishFatThinTall

Which of the following examples illustrates a micro-level focus?Select correct option:

Class inequality in the armed forcesThe operation of the Pakistan economyTwo people on an airplane getting to know one anotherPatterns of global terrorism


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Lack of interest in success but supports the means is ________, mode of adoption.Select correct option:

InnovationRitualismRetreatismRebellion

REF:Innovation: Robbery, burglary, drugs.Ritualism: Lack of interest in success but supports the means.Retreatism: Escapism, narcotic addictionRebellion: Vandalism, senseless violent crimes (counter culture).

Crimes committed by persons of high social status and respectability in the course oftheir occupation are known as:Select correct option:

Organized crimeCorporate crimeWhite collar crimeStreet crime

Which of the following is the source of profit, in which capitalists are able to put fortheir own use?Select correct option:

Surplus valueNatural resourcesConsumptionMeans of production

In UK the peak age for offending boys and girls is:Select correct option:

17 years16 years19 years18 years

The popularity of jeans culture in Pakistan from west is an example of:Select correct option:

InventionDiscoveryDiffusionMaterialism

REF:Diffusion is the transference of cultural traits from place and/or group to another. Diffusioncreates change as products, people, and information spread from one culture to another.

In the second decade of the 20th century biological determinism was displaced by:Select correct option:

Social determinismSocio-cultural determinismCultural relativism


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Cultural materialism

Which one of the following concepts define who and what we are in relation toothers?Select correct option:

Social parameterRole setStatusRole

REF:STATUS IS WHO WE ARE AND WHAT WE ARE IN RELATION TO OTHERS

The process of creating new cultural elements out of the existing elements is knownas:Select correct option:

DiffusionDiscoveryMaterialismInvention

Mugging, rape, burglary are the crimes which are mostly committed by which bodytype people?Select correct option:

SquarishFatThinTall

REF:Biological explanationBiological explanations focus on genetic predisposition toward deviance. Biologicalexplanations include the following three theories:1. Body type: People with squarish, muscular bodies are more likely to commit street crime(mugging, rape, burglary).2. ‘XYY’ theory. Extra Y chromosome in males leads to crime.3. Intelligence: low intelligence leads to crime.

Which of the following examples illustrates a micro-level focus?Select correct option:

Class inequality in the armed forcesThe operation of the Pakistan economyTwo people on an airplane getting to know one anotherPatterns of global terrorism

Lack of interest in success but supports the means is ________, mode of adoption.Select correct option:

InnovationRitualismRetreatismRebellion


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Crimes committed by persons of high social status and respectability in the course oftheir occupation are known as:Select correct option:

Organized crimeCorporate crimeWhite collar crimeStreet crime

Which of the following is the source of profit, in which capitalists are able to put fortheir own use?Select correct option:

Surplus valueNatural resourcesConsumptionMeans of production

REF:This surplus value is the source of profit, which capitalists are able to put to their own use.The labor becomes a commodity.

In UK the peak age for offending boys and girls is:Select correct option:

17 years16 years19 years18 years

The popularity of jeans culture in Pakistan from west is an example of:Select correct option:

InventionDiscoveryDiffusionMaterialism

According to Weber which of the following controls the means of productionalthough they do not own them?Select correct option:Managers of corporationsFeudalPolitical leadersProliterateREF:Managers of corporations control the means of production although they do not own them.

Pakistani team is _________ for Australian team.Select correct option:In-groupPlay groupWork group


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Out-groupREF:Out-group is a social group toward which one feels in competition or opposition.

The information that we can verify with our senses is known as:Select correct option:Empirical evidenceScienceReliabilityPositivismREF:empirical evidence, that is, information that we can verify with our senses.

Which of the following examples illustrates a micro-level focus?Select correct option:Class inequality in the armed forcesThe operation of the Pakistan economyTwo people on an airplane getting to know one anotherPatterns of global terrorism

Ali is a four year child, he is hungry but he does not know how to take food. Which ofthe following process will involve in getting his food?Select correct option:SharingVariabilityTransmittingLearning

Sociology was considered as a distinct feature in:Select correct option:19th century18th century17th century16th centuryREF:There was no sociology as a distinct discipline before the advent of 19th century.

In which stage of life course people attempt to evaluate the past and come to termswith what lies ahead?Select correct option:Middle adulthoodEarly adulthoodLate adulthoodMiddle ageREF:During the late middle years (50 to 65 years), people attempt to evaluate the past and come to


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terms with what lies ahead. They compare what they have accomplished with how farthey had hoped to get.

Who gave the idea of biological explanation of crime In 1949?Select correct option:SheldonCeasare LombrosoSutherlandW. RecklessREF:Sheldon (1949) suggested that body type may predict criminality. He crosschecked hundredsof young men for body type and criminal history, and concluded that criminality was mostlikely among boys with muscular, athletic build. There appears to be no conclusive evidence.

Which one of the following analyzes that when there is variation in social influencesit is the resultant variation in behavior?Select correct option:PsychologistsSocio-biologistsSociologistsAnthropologists

The persons who are very important for the individual basically termed as:Select correct option:MentorsSocialistsSignificant othersBehaviorists

“Higher the rate of pollution, higher will be the rate of diseases” it is an example of:Select correct option:HypothesisDataVariableStatement

In which of the following class there is usually limited education and perform routinejobs under close supervision?Select correct option:FeudalLower classMiddle classUpper class


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Which one of the following theorists said deviance and conformity result not so muchfrom what people do as from how others respond to those actions?Select correct option:Robert K MertonSummnerHoward BeckerDurkhiemREF:A labeling theory has been developed by Howard Becker, under which there is anassertion that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do asfrom how others respond to those actions.

Which one of the following is NOT included in the assumption based on humandevelopment?Select correct option:The newborn having the capacity to become a member of human societyThe newborn child cannot become social being without interaction with other humanbeingsThe newborn must socialize to live in societyThe newborn child can become social being without interaction

Which of the following are functions of deviance noted by Emile Durkheim?Select correct option:Responding to deviance promotes social unity.Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries.Deviance affirms cultural values and norms.All of the given options

The idea that poverty is caused by shortcomings in the poor themselves is called:Select correct option:The culture of povertyRelative povertyAbsolute povertyFeminization of poverty

Which of the following is present at birth, making a new born bundle of demands forattention, touching, and food?Select correct option:EgoIdSuperegoInstinctREF:Rooted in biology id is present at birth, making a new born a bundle of demands for attention,touching, and food. But society opposes the self-centered id, which is why one of the first wordsa child learns is “no.”

Why some groups are called as "primary groups"?


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Select correct option:They are usually the people most important in our livesThey have primary importance in the socialization processThey are among the first groups we experience in lifeAll of the given options

The form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses in his or her lifebut only one spouse at a time is referred to as:Select correct option:MonogamySerial monogamyPolygamyPolyandry

Weber claimed that class divisions derive not only from control or lack of control ofthe means of production, another element also affects it which is:Select correct option:Social pressureEconomic differencesPolitical pressureCultural factors

In which of the following method people are asked their social class whom theybelong to:Select correct option:SubjectiveObjectiveReputationalStatusREF:Subjective Method: Ask people what their social class is.

Which of the following function of schooling is especially important in nations withpronounced social diversity, where various cultures know little about or may even behostile to one another?Select correct option:AcculturationIntegrative functionInnovative functionManifest functionREF:This integrative function is especially important in nations with pronounced social diversity,where various cultures know little about – or may even be hostile to – one another.

In incest taboo usually marriages prohibited in which of the following kin?Select correct option:Parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, siblingsUncles, cousins, aunts, friendRelatives, friends, grandparents,


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Siblings, cousins, aunts, friend

In Pakistani society people are ranked in upper, middle and lower classes, this rankingof society shows:Select correct option:Class systemCaste systemSocial stratificationRanking system

Which of the following influences an individual’s ‘life chances?’Select correct option:AdvertisementMarket positionSocial powerPrestigeREF:

Weber believed that an individual’s market position strongly influences his or her ‘life chances’.

Acts of suicide bombers is an example of:Select correct option:Relativity of devianceCultural relativity of crimeCultural differencesSocial experiencesREF:

The preceding discussion can also be called as “relativity of deviance.” An act, which is calleddeviance by one group in one culture, is considered as praise worthy by another group in anotherculture.

The replicability of the phenomenon is essential for repeating the observation, it is____________ characteristic of scientific method.Select correct option:CumulativeSelf correctingVerifiableEmpirical

Which of the following is NOT the cause of poverty, but its consequence?Select correct option:Deferred gratificationCulture of povertySocial mobilityImmediate gratificationREF:Immediate gratification was not the cause of their poverty, but its consequence.

Which concept refers to a social group with only two members?Select correct option:A bond


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A primary groupA dyadA triad

Sigmund Freud used which of the following terms to refer an individual's conscience?Select correct option:

IdEgoSuperegoGeneralized other

Which of the following theorist said that social inequality plays a vital part in theoperation of society?Select correct option:

George MeadDavis-MooreKarl MarxMax Weber

The cost of ____________ type of crimes is higher in society.Select correct option:

White collarBlue collarCorporateStreet

In which of the following class there is usually limited education and perform routinejobs under close supervision?Select correct option:

FeudalLower classMiddle classUpper class

Ali is a four year child, he is hungry but he does not know how to take food. Which ofthe following process will involve in getting his food?Select correct option:

SharingVariabilityTransmittingLearning

The movement of individuals and groups up or down the socioeconomic scale isknown as:Select correct option:

Vertical mobilityInteragenerationalIntergenerational


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LateralREF:Vertical mobility: The movement of individuals and groups up or down the socioeconomicscale. Those who gain in property, income, status, and position are said to be upwardly mobile,while those who move in the opposite direction are downwardly mobile.

Lower class experiences stress from unemployment, dirty and dangerous work, thethreat of eviction, expenses of life, and so on, all these factors shows:Select correct option:

Social class influences physical and mental healthSocial class determines the life chances of an individualSocial class and family lifeSocial class and education

REF:Page 55The idea that poverty is caused by shortcomings in the poor themselves is called:Select correct option:

The culture of povertyRelative povertyAbsolute povertyFeminization of poverty

REF:This idea is called Culture of Poverty given by Oscar Lewis. He suggested that poorpeople typically develop a distinctive way of life which he called culture of poverty.Poor people considered it matter of fate that future will bring a better life. Childrengrow up without the aspirations required to make better life for themselves and thusthis cycle of poverty is perpetuated.

Which one of the following is a biological process?Select correct option:

Life courseSocializationLife historyLife span

REF:Life course is a biological process. In this process there is a personal change from infancythrough old age and death brought about as a result of the interaction between biographicalevents and social events.

Which one of the following is NOT a function of deviance?Select correct option:

Deviance affirms cultural values and normsDeviance promotes social unityDeviance promotes social changeDeviance do not clarify boundaries and norms

Which of the following term is known as giving up things in the present for the sakeof greater gains in the future?Select correct option:

Culture of poverty


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Deferred gratificationSocial mobilityHorizontal mobility

REF:deferred gratification, giving up things in the present for the sake of greater gains in the future.

Which one of the following called culture as man- made part of the environment?Select correct option:

AnthropologistSociologistPsychologistArcheologists

REF:Anthropologists call it as man- made part of the environment.

Which one of the following is the fault with the outcome of this socialization asindicated by conflict sociologists?Select correct option:

There is continuity of family socializationThere is the continuity of patriarchyThere is lack of patriarchal rules and regulationsIncreased westernization

REF:The conflict sociologists try to find fault with the outcome of this socialization through whichthere is likely to be the transmission of cultural values. There is the continuity of patriarchy,which subordinates women to men.Which of the following function of schooling is especially important in nations withpronounced social diversity, where various cultures know little about or may even behostile to one another?Select correct option:

AcculturationIntegrative functionInnovative functionManifest function

REF:This integrative function is especially important in nations with pronounced social diversity,where various cultures know little about – or may even be hostile to – one another.

According to the functionalist perspective, which one of the following is the mostnotable feature of society.Select correct option:

DiversityStabilityInequalityHuman agency

Which of the following look for answers in factors outside the individual?Select correct option: Psychologists Socio-biologists


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Sociologists AnthropologistsREF:sociologists look for answers in factors outside the individual. They assume that something in theenvironment influences people to become deviant.

Which of the following is involved when a surgeon chooses not to operate on her ownson because the personal involvement of motherhood could impair her professionalobjectivity as a physician?Select correct option:Role strainRole ambiguityRole conflictRole exit

Salma joined an organization to pursue the goals which she considered morallyworthwhile. Identify the type of organization.Select correct option:UtilitarianCoerciveNormativeBureaucracyREF:

People join normative organizations not for income but to pursue goals they consider morallyworthwhile. They are also called voluntary organizations.

In some cases Hindus feel their own culture as superior to others, they show:Select correct option:GlobalismXeno-centerismMulticulturalismEthnocentrismREF:EthnocentrismThe practice of judging other’s culture by the standards of one’s own culture. People considertheir own culture as superior to others and apply their standards for evaluating the patterns ofbehavior of others. The whole judgment is centered on one’s own culture.

Lack of interest in success but supports the means is ________, mode of adoption.Select correct option:InnovationRitualismRetreatismRebellion

________ is process whereby people learn through interaction with others.Select correct option: Childhood InteractionSocialization


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Change

In UK the peak age for offending boys and girls is:Select correct option: 17 years 16 years 19 years18 years

How many factors lead to the development of sociology as a discipline?Select correct option:ThreeFourTwoFiveREF:Industrial revolutionimperialismnatural sciences

Weber claimed that class divisions derive not only from control or lack of control ofthe means of production, another element also affects it which is:Select correct option: Social pressureEconomic differences Political pressure Cultural factorsREF:According to Weber class divisions derive not only from control or lack of control of the meansof production, but from economic differences, which have nothing directly to do with property.

Quaid –e-Azam being a great leader of Pakistan is ___________ for Pakistanis.Select correct option:Reference individual Developer Social planner MentorREF:

Reference groups and reference individuals can be living or non-living persons; they can also befrom the fiction. Quaid –I-Azam can be a reference individual for Pakistanis. Children pick upmany of their reference individuals from the cartoons they watch on television.

Which one of the following analyzes that when there is variation in social influencesit is the resultant variation in behavior? Psychologists Socio-biologistsSociologists Anthropologists

We have an aggressive drive, which Freud called as:


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Generalized otherDeath instinctCulture includes

A social system based largely on individual achievement and it permits considerablesocial mobility is recognized as:Closed systemOpen systemTraditional systemFeudal systemREF:Open social system: A social system based largely on individual achievement; therefore itpermits considerable social mobility. Here strata are called as social classes. Social class is astratum of people of similar social standing. They have their own way of life.

A person playing baseball treats members of the other team as:Unique individualsPeople who don’t know him/her (not confirm)Generalized othersPeople with unique roles

_______ agents are the sources from which we learn about society and ourselves.Socialization

Change Culture SocietyREF:Socialization agents are the sources from which we learn about society and ourselves.

The process of creating new cultural elements out of the existing elements is knownas Diffusion Discovery Materialism

Invention

Which one of the following is not included in theories of Biological explanations ofdeviance?Body typeXYY’ theoryIntelligencePersonality disordersREF:Biological explanationBiological explanations focus on genetic predisposition toward deviance. Biologicalexplanations include the following three theories:1. Body type: People with squarish, muscular bodies are more likely to commit street crime(mugging, rape, burglary).2. ‘XYY’ theory. Extra Y chromosome in males leads to crime.3. Intelligence: low intelligence leads to crime.


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The greater the person’s access to legitimate opportunity, the greater the advantagesof conformity was the idea presented by:Robert k MertonCeasare LombrosoW. RecklessT. Hirschi

REF:AttachmentOpportunityInvolvementBelief

How many factors lead to the development of sociology as a discipline?Select correct option:

ThreeFourTwoFiveREF:Industrial revolutionimperialismnatural sciences

Which of the following distorts the relationships between women and men,encouraging violence against women in the form of rape, domestic abuse and sexualharassment?Select correct option:

MatriarchyPatriarchyCapitalismStratificationREF:Today’s women’s movement seeks to eliminate sexual violence. Feminists argue that patriarchydistorts the relationships between women and men, encouraging violence against women in theform of rape, domestic abuse, sexual harassment, and pornography.

Ali is a four year child, he is hungry but he does not know how to take food. Which ofthe following process will involve in getting his food?Select correct option:

SharingVariabilityTransmittingLearning


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The role of which one of the following is vital in shaping human behavior?Select correct option:

Social interactionSocial placementCultureNorms

Industrial societies create which one of the following system to replace kinshipsystem?Select correct option:

Formal organizationsIndustrial organizationsNGOsInstitutions

Which of the following factor is instrumental in the erosion of traditional family andmarriage values?Select correct option:Social and economicCultural factorsBiological and physiologicalArcheological factorsREF:A variety of social and economic forces become instrumental in the erosion of traditional familyand marriage values.

According to the conflict theorists the double exploitation of capitalism lies in:Select correct option:Paying high wages to female labor and no wages at all for male workPaying low wages to male labor and no wages at all for female workPaying high wages to male labor and no wages at all for female workAll of these are the reasons of double exploitationREF:The double exploitation of capitalism lies in paying low wages to male labor and no wages at allfor female work.

The acceptance of rules, efficiency, and practical results as the right way to approachhuman affairs is usually known as:Select correct option:RationalizationUrbanizationBureaucracySocialization

rationalization of society, which means the acceptance of rules, efficiency, and practicalresults as the right way to approach human affairs.


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Which of the following is the source of profit, in which capitalists are able to put fortheir own use?Select correct option:Surplus valueNatural resourcesConsumptionMeans of production

The researchers try to develop linkages between their findings and the findings ofprevious researchers, in the result knowledge keep on growing, this process can beidentified as:Select correct option:EmpiricalSelf correctingCumulativeVerifiable

The ability to control others, even against their wishes is known as:Select correct option:StatusPrestigePowerClass

Which one of the following is a group’s usual and customary social arrangement, onwhich members depend and base their lives?Select correct option:Social orderSocial controlCrimeDevianceREF:Social order is a group’s usual and customary social arrangements, on which members dependand on which they base their lives. Without social order there is likely to be chaos.

People who work in formal organizations, they mostly belong to:Select correct option:Same cultureDiverse culturesDiverse nationalitiesSame religion

The appropriateness of behavior relevant to male and female determinesby:Select correct option:AttitudeSociety


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ValuesBeliefsREF:Through socialization, children gradually internalize the social norms and expectations, which areseen to correspond with their sex, hence differences in their behavior. Therefore it is the societythat determines the appropriateness of behavior relevant to male and female.

From 1987 to 1996, arrests of juveniles for violent crimes shot up to:Select correct option:65 percent60 percent62 percent68 percent

REF:Between 1987 and 1996, arrests of juveniles for violent crimes shot up to 60 percent. Theoffenses like theft, burglary, assault, and rape (called street crimes) are all associated with youngworking class males.

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