Preparatory Survey for Wayanad Comprehensive Environment ... · Source: Budget in Brief 2014-15,...

The Attappady Hills Area Development Society- Centre for Comprehensive Participatory Resource Management, India

Preparatory Survey for Wayanad

Comprehensive Environment Conservation and Community

Development Project in India

Final Report

Volume III: Annexes

December 2014

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.

4R CR(5)

14-053

Exchange Rate (As of September 2014)

Rs.1.0=JPY1.72

USD1.0=Rs. 60.44=JPY103.77

Unit

1 Crore = 10,000,000

1 Lakh=100,000

1 acre =0.41 ha

1 cent=0.01 acre

JICA Survey Team (2014)

Grama Panchayat Boundary Map of Wayanad

Block

Block

Block

Block

Structure of the Report

Volume I Executive Summary Volume II Main Report

Maps Drawn by JICA Study Team (2014) Table of Contents List of Attachments List of Acronyms Main Text Part I: Present Conditions of the Survey Area

Part II: Review of DPR Part III: Proposed Plan

Attachments Volume III Annexes

Table of Contents Annexes to Volume II Attachments

Volume IV Cost Estimation and Project Evaluation

Table of Contents List of Attachments List of Acronyms Main Text Attachments

List of Annexes

Annex-1 An Overview of Kerala Annex-2 Institutional Framework of Forest Management in the State of Kerala Annex-3 Present Condition of Wayanad District Annex-4 Communities in Wayanad District Annex-5 Agriculture and Livestock in Wayand District Annex-6 Forest and Forest Management in Wayanad District Annex-7 Community Infrastructure in Wayanad District Annex-8 Implementing Agency (AHADS-CCPRM) Annex-9 Social and Environmental Safeguard Annex-10 Coordination Meeting with Stakeholders Annex-11 Socio Economic Survey Conducted by the Survey Team Annex-12 Used Methods for Satellite Image Analysis and GIS Database Creation

Annex-1 An Overview of Kerala

Final Report: Volume-III Annexes Preparatory Survey for Wayanad Comprehensive Environment Conservation and Community Development Project

Table of Contents

Annex- 1 An Overview of Kerala ............................................................................................ 1-1 1.1 State Administration ........................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1.1 State Administrative Structure and Division in Kerala .............................................. 1-1

1.1.2 Fiscal Condition .......................................................................................................... 1-2

1.2 Relevant State Level Agencies ........................................................................................... 1-5 1.2.1 Local Self Government Department ........................................................................... 1-5 1.2.2 Other Key Related Agencies ...................................................................................... 1-8

1.3 Relevant Development Plans, Policies, Programs and Projects ....................................... 1-12 1.3.1 National and State Development Plan ...................................................................... 1-12 1.3.2 Related Guidelines, Schemes, Programs and Projects .............................................. 1-15

1.4 Key Centrally/State Funded Schemes and Programmes for Livelihood Improvement .... 1-19 1.4.1 National Rural Livelihood Mission .......................................................................... 1-19 1.4.2 Kudumbasree ............................................................................................................ 1-20

1.5 Demography ..................................................................................................................... 1-21 1.6 Socio Economic Condition ............................................................................................... 1-23

1.6.1 Gross Domestic Product ........................................................................................... 1-23 1.6.2 Economic Sectors ..................................................................................................... 1-23 1.6.3 Work Population ....................................................................................................... 1-24 1.6.4 Migration .................................................................................................................. 1-26 1.6.5 Poverty and Inequality .............................................................................................. 1-28

1.7 Health ............................................................................................................................... 1-32 1.7.1 Medical Institutions .................................................................................................. 1-32 1.7.2 Human Resources in Health Sector .......................................................................... 1-33 1.7.3 Health Indicators ....................................................................................................... 1-33

1.8 Social Welfare Schemes ................................................................................................... 1-33 1.8.1 Youth, Children, Women .......................................................................................... 1-33 1.8.2 Schemes for Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST)............................... 1-34

1.9 Education .......................................................................................................................... 1-39 1.10 Natural Environment ........................................................................................................ 1-43

1.10.1 Climate...................................................................................................................... 1-43 1.10.2 Physiography and Soil .............................................................................................. 1-43 1.10.3 River Basins and Watersheds ................................................................................... 1-44 1.10.4 Rainfall and Temperature/Humidity ......................................................................... 1-45 1.10.5 Vegetation and Land Use.......................................................................................... 1-46

1.11 Agriculture and Livestock ................................................................................................ 1-47


1.11.1 Institutions of Agriculture and Livestock ................................................................. 1-47 1.11.2 Kerala Draft Agricultural Policy 2013 ..................................................................... 1-49 1.11.3 Agriculture in Kerala ................................................................................................ 1-51 1.11.4 Livestock in Kerala ................................................................................................... 1-52

1.12 Community Infrastructure ................................................................................................ 1-53 1.12.1 Present Condition of Community Infrastructure ...................................................... 1-53


Annex- 1 An Overview of Kerala

1.1 State Administration

1.1.1 State Administrative Structure and Division in Kerala

The administrative structure of the State of Kerala is shown in the figure below.

Organization Structure of the State of Kerala

Source: Compiled by the JICA Survey Team based on the GoK web site1

In the dashed line area of the figure above, under the Governor, the State administrative authorities function with its head, Chief Minister. In the state administrative structure, Departments are led by the Ministers who are political heads, and Secretaries who are administrative heads.

The list of Departments in the Government of Kerala (GoK) is as shown below.

List of the Departments in Government of Kerala Department

Agriculture Higher Education Power Backward Classes Development Home Public Works Animal Husbandry Housing Revenue Coastal Shipping and Inland Navigation Information and Public Relations Scheduled Castes Development

Consumer Affairs Industries & Commerce Scheduled Tribe Development Co-operation Information Technology Science & Technology

Dairy Development Higher Education Social Justice Directorate of Sports and Youth Affairs

Election Home Stores Purchase Environment Housing Taxes Finance Labour & Rehabilitation Tourism

1 The web site of GoK, http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=3866&Itemid=3069 (Accessed on the 13th May 2014)

GovernorConstitutional and formal head of the State

Appointed for 5 years by the President of India

Chief MinisterConstitutional and formal head of the State

Appointed by the Governor based on advice by the State Assembly

Council of Ministers

Legislative Assemblyand Council

Consists of elected members and appointed members by the Governor

Minister (Political head) Principal Secretary (Administrative head)

DepartmentJudiciaryHigh Court

District CourtLower Court

State Administration

Annex 1-1

http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=3866&Itemid=3069


Department Fisheries Law Transport Food & Civil Supplies Local Self Government Vigilance Forest & Wild Life Non- Resident Keralites Affairs Water Resources General Administration Parliamentary Affairs Power General Education Planning & Economic Affairs

Health & Family Welfare Personnel & Administrative Reforms

Source: Compiled by the JICA Survey Team based on the GoK web site2

Besides the government departments listed above, the activities of GoK are undertaken by other Government institutions such as commissions, boards, autonomous bodies, institutions, co-operative organisations, and development authorities. The commissions and boards basically function as a place for information sharing, discussion under or over the relevant Departments to facilitate the decision making of the government. Most of the autonomous bodies, co-operative organisations, and development authorities etc. function under the Department to implement the entrusted projects or technical work.

The budget flow from Government of India (GoI) to implementation organizations through the States, Foundations and Programmes is shown in the following figure.

Fund Flow from the GoI to the Implementation Agencies

Source: Compiled by the JICA Survey Team based on Website of GoK, and RIDF3

1.1.2 Fiscal Condition

(1) Fiscal Status

- Overall of Revenue Account and Revenue Receipts

The trend of Revenue account for the past 13 years and estimated revenue account for 2014-2015 are shown in the following figure, which shows that the revenue receipt of the State steadily increased year by year from 2000 to 2013, with the revenue deficit.

2 http://lsg.kerala.gov.in/en/PlanningBoard_en.php (Accessed on the 13th June 2014) 3 http://megplanning.gov.in/programmes/ridf_nabard.pdf

GoI / Planning CommissionAnnual Budgetary Allocation

(Bank ) (Depend on budget schemes)

State Government (Finance Department) / Funds / ProgrammesBudgetary Allocation

Departments

State Planning Board / Commissions

Implementation Organizations /

Subsidiary Organization /

Districts

Implementation Organizations

Organizations

Implementation Organizations

Department

Annex 1-2


Trend of Overall Revenue Account of the State of Kerala

Source: Budget in Brief 2014-15, p.A-8, Ministry of Finance, GoK

Note: The prices of 2013 are based on the Revenue Estimation, and those of 2014 are base on the Budget Estimation

- Revenue Receipt

The trend of the revenue receipt of GoK from 2008 to 2014 is shown in the following figure.

Trend of Revenue Receipts of the State of Kerala

Source: Budget in Brief 2014-15, p.A-10, Ministry of Finance, GoK Note: R.E: Revenue Estimate, B.E: Budget Estimate

Based on the revenue receipts from 2008 to 2013, around 15% of the total revenue receipts is from GoI as a grant, 20% from Non-tax revenue, and 65% from Taxes and Duties of the State. The share of the revenue receipts of the central taxes in GoK is less than the average of the central tax to all the states, which is 22%. The reason for the less financial support from the central government to GoK is under investigation.

- Revenue expenditure

The share of the expenditure from 2010 is given in the following figure.

87

182 21

1 245

261 31

0 380 44

1

550

648

119

208 24

9 282 31

1 347

460 53

5 612

720

-31

-26

-38

-37

-50 -37

-80

-94 -6

2

-71

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

2000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

billi

on R

s.

Fiscal YearRevenue Receipt Revenue Expenditure Revenue Deficit

43 44 51 60 68 81 94

160 176217

257301

355425

42 4141

6372

113

130

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

billi

onRs

.

Non tax Revenue

Tax and Duties (ii) State Taxes and DutiesTax and Duties (i) Central Taxes

Annex 1-3


Share of the Revenue Expenditure for Development of the State of Kerala

Source: Compiled by the JICA Survey Team based on Budget in Brief 2014-153 Note: The prices of 2013 are based on the Revenue Estimation, and those of 2014 are base on the Budget Estimation

In the past four years, the expenditure for community development gradually increased. In 2014, 20 % of the total expenditure for development was planned for community development, which suggests that at the state level, community development is situated as one of the important sub sectors behind education in the development sector.

- Revenue and fiscal deficit

The percentages of the revenue deficit and fiscal deficit against Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) from 2007onward are shown in the following figure.

Revenue Deficit & Fiscal Deficit as Percentage against GSDP

Source: Budget in Brief 2014-15, p.413

According to the figure above, GoK constantly has more than 3% of fiscal deficit against GSDP for the past 5 years. GoI set the national numerical target as 3% against GSDP for fiscal deficit. This means that GoK showed its chronic fiscal deficit in the past 5 years.

- State Budget Plan

According to Budget Speech 2014-15 , the annual plan 2014-15 outlays total about Rs. 2,000 billion ; 27% for rural development, 17% for industries and 16% for agriculture and health, respectively. This shows that substantial budget is allocated to rural development in the State budget plan for 2014-15. In

6894 105 115

13724

3236

40

51

22

3223

33

23

28

3747

56

69

7

710

11

13

7

12

16

19

20

3

3

4

5

14

14

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

mill

ion

Rs.

Housing and Urban DevelopmentForestPublic Works (Roads and Briges)Industry, Labour and EmploymentCommunity Development Agriculture, Animal Husbandry Medical, Family welfareEducation

0

1

2

3

4

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Fisc

al D

efic

it Pe

rcen

tage

aga

inst

G

SDP

Fiscal Deficit as % of GSDP

Annex 1-4


the budget plan for rural development, Rs. 750 million is planned to be used for construction of 1,000 km of rural connecting roads under PMGSY scheme.

The Budget Speech 2014-15 published by the Ministry of Finance is listing priority programmes in its first section, of which the ones related to the Project is shown as below.

Priority Programmes in the State Budget Plan 2014-15

Priority Programmes Budget (million Rs.)

Income guarantee and price fixation right to farmers 500 Health insurance to farmers having land below two hectares 500 Special incentives for women entrepreneurship programs 100 Value added products from agricultural wastes 10 Projects for increasing employment opportunities and economic growth 550 Financial support for agriculture including loan, technical empowerment, and marketing Not mentioned Encouragement to small scale food processing industries Not mentioned Development of Kerala brand products Not mentioned

Source: Compiled by JICA Survey Team based on Budget Speech 2014-154

In the second section of the Budget speech, the other programmes relevant to the Project are planned as shown in the following table;

Relevant Planned Programmes in the State Budget Plan 2014-15

Planned programmes Budget (million Rs.)

Self employment for unemployed widows, deserted / unmarried women under SARANYA 140 Integrated sustainable development of ST 1,500 Subsidy for house construction for SC 1,500 Subsidy to landless SC for land purchase 1,000 Enhancement of employment opportunity for the ST 20 Welfare activities for other backward classes 800 Welfare activities for minorities 150

Source: Compiled by JICA Survey Team based on Budget Speech 2014-154

1.2 Relevant State Level Agencies

1.2.1 Local Self Government Department

In Kerala, Local Self Government Department (LSGD) has been meaningfully empowered through transfer of resources as well as administrative powers for decentralization according to the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution4. With the decentralisation, LSGD has become playing an important role in the formulation and implementation of developmental works at the grass-root level, and coordination of the related agencies from the Central level to the local level based on the Kerala Panchayat Raj Act (1994)5.

The organizational structure of LSGD is shown below.

4 http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend73.htm (19th June 2014) 5 http://www.nrcddp.org/file_upload/the%20kerala%20panchayat%20raj%20act%201994.pdf (19th June 2014)

Annex 1-5

http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend73.htm

http://www.nrcddp.org/file_upload/the%20kerala%20panchayat%20raj%20act%201994.pdf


Organizational Structure of Local Self Government Department

Source: LSGD web site

LSGD functions under three Ministers; Minister for Panchayats, Rural Development, and Urban Affairs. It consists with the following main subsidiary organizations; Panchayat Directorate, Directorate of Urban Affairs, Country and Town Planning Department, Commissionerate of rural development, Engineering Wing, and Local Audit Fund Department. The summary of the subsidiary organizations is given in the table below.

Summary of the Subsidiary Organizations of Local Self Government Department Organization Role / Structure and Member

Panchayat Directorate

Role: the State level administration of not urban local bodies Structure and Members: The structure is shown in the following figure.

Annex 1-6


Subsidiary Organization Role / Structure and Member

Commissionerate of Rural Development

Role: To supervise the activities of Rural Development Department To implement entrusted work by the Rural Development Department Structure and Members: The Commisionerate is divided into four divisions; Establishment, Scheme

Implementation, Monitoring and Finance. District Officers of District Collectors, Project Directors support the Commissioner as in the structure below.

Country and Town Planning Department

Role: To ensure planned development of urban and rural settlements in the State through

preparation of development plans at various level; State, District / Regional and local and town planning

To examine development potentials To advice the government about Town Planning and rural settlements Structure and Member: Head office and District level offices Chief Town Planner (Head of Head office) and Senior Town Planners, Town Planners.

Deputy Town Planners Assistant Town Planners Senior Town planner or Town Planners (Head of the District level office) The administrative officer is in charge of the administrative unit who is assisted by

Administrative Assistant, Senior Superintendent /Junior Superintendent and other ministerial staff.

Directorate of Urban Affairs

Role: Administration office of all urban local bodies (60 Municipalities and 5 Municipal Corporations) Members: Director, Finance, Pension, and Provident fund, Law Officers

Engineering Wing

Role: To support the State of government with transferring the engineering functional responsibilities Members: Technically qualified officials of PWD, Water Works Department, Poverty Alleviation Units, Kerala State Rural Roads Development Agency and all engineering staff of Panchayat Department, Municipalities and Corporations

Organizational Structure of Commisionerate

Organizational Structure of Assitant Commisionerate

Annex 1-7


Local Audit Fund Department

Role: Local Fund Audit is the statutory audit agency under the administrative control of the

Finance Department To be entrusted with the audit of accounts of Local Self Government and Local Funds To enhance accountability of the executives to the panchayat and State Legislatures by

carrying out audits in the Local bodies and providing accounting services in the Local bodies in accordance with the provisions of Kerala Local Fund Audit Act 1994

Members: The Treasurer of Charitable Endowments of Kerala State (Director), and other members

Source: Compiled by the JICA Survey Team based on the LSDG web site7

According to the organizational structures of the Directorates and Commissionerates, so as to coordinate the State and the districts, the Directorates and Commisionerates play important roles for policy recommendation, project implementation, and establishment of close relationship with other departments and the district level officers who have large responsibility of direction of district development. Accordingly, LSGD is one of the most important departments of GoK for Project implementation in a district from the viewpoints of the project fund flow from the GoK to the District, and the cooperation with other field departments.

1.2.2 Other Key Related Agencies

The summary of the other key departments of the State are shown in the following table.

Summary of the Other Key Departments of Government of Kerala Agency Mandate / Related Recent Activities

Department of Rural Development (DoRD)

Mandate: Implementation of all development programs of the state government as well as programs sponsored by the central government Activities: Poverty alleviation through credit linkage through Self Help Groups (SHGs) Wage employment schemes Subsidized housing Drinking water and Sanitation towards total health involving communities in decision

making Rural connectivity through construction of roads with plans vetted by local self

governments Conversion of wasteland into cultivable land using the watershed approach

Department of Scheduled Tribe Development (DoSTD)6 and Department of Scheduled Caste Development (DoSCD)7

Mandate: To uplift of ST and SC and other backward classes economically, socially, educationally backward Activities: To provide educational assistance Housing Health Scheme Assistance for marriage of ST/SC girls Resettlement of Landless Tribes Land to Landless SC Employment assistance Other social welfare activities

6 http://stdd.kerala.gov.in/ (Accessed on the 13th June 2014) 7 www.scdd.kerala.gov.in (Accessed on the 13th June 2014)

Annex 1-8

http://stdd.kerala.gov.in/

http://www.scdd.kerala.gov.in/


Agency Mandate / Related Recent Activities Social Welfare Department8

Mandate: Overall care, protection, welfare, development and rehabilitation of women, children, and differently able people Activities: Integrated women empowerment program Complaint Committee on sexual harassment Protection of women from domestic violence Financial assistance to inter caste marriage couple other than SC/ST Pension for persons with disabilities and widowed destitute Financial assistance to widows for the marriage of their daughters General grant-in-aid schemes under STEP, SWADHAR, Working Women’s Hostel

and Women’s Helpline Department of Panchayat Raj9

Mandate: To facilitate local government in rural areas to meet local needs and with the

involvement of locally elected people’s representatives To promotes participation of communities in the democratic process To be in charge of all matters concerning local self governance To levy some taxes Activities: To provide civic amenities, and carry out development programmes

Department of Agriculture10

Mandate: Promotion of agriculture, soil conservation through providing quality seeds, technical support for farmers and supporting various agriculture development programs with the following approach; Development of rice, coconut, spices, horticulture, pulses and tubers Augmenting planting materials through departmental farms Organic farming Crop Health Management Agriculture Extension Farmers’ Welfare Fund Agriculture Insurance etc. Activities: Special package for Pepper rehabilitation in Wayanad 20 federated organizations at block level for strengthening group activities, marketing

and input support Soil Health Management initiated in Wayanad on pilot basis National horticulture mission Vegetable and fruit promotion council’s program Expansion of high tech agriculture Crop insurance scheme

Animal Husbandry Department11

Mandate: Improving quality and quantity of livestock and allied products with the following approach; Strengthening the livestock population of the state in terms of both number and quality Increasing the production of milk, egg and meat Creating more self employment opportunities in the Animal Husbandry Assisting weaker sections of the society to enhance their income level Control of animal diseases Conduct scientific studies into relevant aspects of livestock rearing Collection and analysis of data and information on the Animal Husbandry To equip the farmers with modern scientific practices in Animal Husbandry Activities: Special Livestock Breeding Program by subsidizing cattle feed for rearing cattle

8 http://www.justkerala.in/kerala-govt-departments/social-welfare-department(Accessed on the 13th June 2014) 9 http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1874:panchayat-department-panchayat&Itemid=2257

(Accessed on the 13th June 2014) 10 Government of Kerala website: www.keralaagriculture.gov.in/index.asp (Accessed on the 13th June 2014) 11 http://ahd.kerala.gov.in/docs/rti_2_3_12.pdf (Accessed on the 13th June 2014)

Annex 1-9

http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1874:panchayat-department-panchayat&Itemid=2257

http://www.keralaagriculture.gov.in/index.asp

http://ahd.kerala.gov.in/docs/rti_2_3_12.pdf


Agency Mandate / Related Recent Activities Department of Water Resources12

Mandate: Monitoring and management of water resources based on Hydrogeology, Engineering, Geophysical, Hydrology, Chemical, and Information Technology Activities: Several irrigation projects National Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Program (AIBP) through extension or

renovation and modernization of irrigation system and minor irrigation scheme Forests and Wildlife Department13

Mandate: Forest Protection, Biodiversity Conservation, Wildlife Management and Research,

Forest Development, Social Forestry, Forest Vigilance and Evaluation, Eco-development and Tribal Welfare, Planning and Research, Tribal Rehabilitation and Special Afforestation, Infrastructure and Human Resource Development, etc.

Activities: To conserve and expand natural forests of Kerala To increase the productivity of forest plantations through appropriate management

interventions To increase the tree cover both inside and outside the forest to meet the timber &

non-timber demands of the society To conserve, maintain and enhance the existing forests To reduce pressure on forest through appropriate interventions To meet the livelihood needs of tribes and other forest dependent communities To empower forest tribes, women and other weaker sections of the society through

scientific, transparent and responsible methods Housing Department14

Mandate: Co-ordination of various housing schemes in the state Activities: To formulate and implement various housing construction, improvement,

rehabilitation schemes as well as housing loan schemes for catering the housing needs of public belonging to various income groups

Public Works Department (PWD)15

Mandate: Planning of infrastructure development, Construction, improvement of infrastructure

Source: Compiled by the JICA Survey Team based on the GoK web site

In the GoK, several councils and boards relate with the State development policy or plan. Among them, the following key related boards and commissions are formed for development and planning;

Summary of the Related Boards and Commissions of Government of Kerala Related Board

and Commissions

Role / Membership

Kerala State Development Council

Role: Formulation of policy matters related to local and regional development Coordination of District and State plans Creation of policy decisions for strengthening local bodies Finding solutions for problems related to development activities

Members: Chief Minister of the state (Chairman) State cabinet ministers and opposition leader (Vice chairmen) Chief Secretary (Member secretary) Chair persons of District planning Committee’s (Member)

12 http://www.groundwater.kerala.gov.in/english/ (Accessed on the 13th June 2014) 13 www.forest.kerala.gov.in (Accessed on the 13th June 2014) 14 http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=72&Itemid=321 (Accessed on the

13th June 2014) 15 http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/index.php(Accessed on the 13th June 2014)

Annex 1-10

http://www.groundwater.kerala.gov.in/english/

http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/

http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=72&Itemid=321


Related Board and

Commissions Role / Membership

Vice chairman of state planning board (Member) Mayors of Corporations (Member) Two Municipal Chair persons/ Two district Panchayat citizens / Two block Panchayat citizens / Two Grama Panchayat citizens / recommended by state government (Member)

Meeting: Twice a year Kerala State Planning Board

Role: To assists the state government in formulating a development plan based on a scientific

assessment of the resources available to the State To prepare a comprehensive economic review report of the State every year

Members: Chief Minister of the State (Chairman) Non officials(Vice chairman) Others invited according to the subjects (Members)

The official duties of the Board are performed by eight important divisions: 1.Plan Co-ordination 2.Agriculture 3.Evaluation 4.Social Service Division 5.Industry and Infrastructure Division 6.Decentralized Planning Division 7.Perspective Planning Division 8.Information and Technology Wing

Source: Compiled by the JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the LSDG web site

Under the GoK, there are various key other government institutions, societies, autonomous bodies. Summarized key agencies are in the following table.

Summary of the Related Key Agencies

Institutions Role / Function / Technical Expertise / Covered area/

Budget / Related Agencies

Bank National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)

To finance Self Help Groups (SHGs) and Joint Liability Groups (JLGs) through banks and NGOs.

Entire India / Rs.2.74 billion

Development Authority Hill Area Development Agency (HADA)

Role : To implement projects on agriculture, water supply,

irrigation, small roads, poverty reduction under Rural Development Department

All the state except Alleppey district Budget for FY 2014-15: Rs.1.19 billion DoRD

Autonomous Body 1) Poverty alleviation The Kerala Rural Employment and Welfare Society (KREWS)

To undertake activities and implement schemes designed to promote the progress and welfare of the rural people and to improve the employment potential for the young men women of the rural areas supervised by Panchayat department

Rural Area in Kerala Panchayat Department

Kudumbasree A community network that would work with local self governments for poverty eradication and woman empowerment through empowerment of backward families

To organize Neighborhood Group (NHG) and support its internal savings and credit, activities for livelihood improvement through capacity building for business establish and management. By April 2014, 8,965 NHG have been organized.

Entire Rs.11.5 billion in Kerala in 2014-15 LSGD

Annex 1-11


Institutions Role / Function / Technical Expertise / Covered area/

Budget / Related Agencies

2) Rural Development State Institute of Rural Development (SIRD)

To impart training to various officers and non-officers on; problem identification, management skills for efficient designing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating rural development programs

To carry on research and formulate operational policies

To create awareness on the potential of modern management services as a major instrument for rural development.

To take up such other programs pertinent to rural development as found necessary from time to time.

Rural Area in Kerala Rs.9 million in Kerala in 2014-15 DoRD, LSGD

Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF)

From 1999 All over the rural areas

User Department of GoK NABARD etc. Rs. 1.52 billion in Kerala in 2014-15

Source: Compiled by the JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the web sites and Economic Review 2013, Kerala State Planning Board

1.3 Relevant Development Plans, Policies, Programs and Projects

1.3.1 National and State Development Plan

(1) National 12th Five-Year Plan

Planning Commission, GoI prepares five-year plans to streamline the national development activities. The latest five year development plan is “12th Five -year plan (2012-2017), Faster, More Inclusive and Sustainable Growth”. The plan proposes the national growth indicators and their target yield to achieve as follows;

9% of GDP growth 4% of Agriculture growth 10% of manufacturing growth 10% of Below Poverty Line (BPL) decline rate

In order to achieve inclusive growth, i.e. economic equalization among groups and regions, poverty reduction remains emphasized and the important policy in the plan. The relevant parts of the 12th plan are summarized as follows.

Summary of Relevant Plans in the National 12th Five-Year Plan Sector Relevant Plan in the 12th Five-Year Plan

Poverty reduction and employment

Targets: 10% of Bellow Poverty Line decline rate 50 million new work opportunities in the non-farm sector and provide skill certification

to equivalent numbers Approach: To achieve the targets through development in each sectors summarized below

Rural Transformation

Targets: Connect all villages with all-weather roads Increase rural telephone density to 70% Ensure 50% of rural population has access to piped drinking water supply, and 50%

gram panchayats achieve target status set by Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation Reduce infant mortality rate to 25 per 1,000 live births Reduce Total Fertility Rate to 2.1 Reduce under-nutrition among children aged 0–3 years

Annex 1-12


Sector Relevant Plan in the 12th Five-Year Plan Eliminate gender and social gap in school enrolment (that is, between girls and boys,

and between SCs, STs, Muslims and the rest of the population) Approach: Road construction to smaller villages especially for the tribal populated areas under

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) and maintenance of the roads Improvement of access to safe drinking water

Strengthening rural health infrastructure Improvement of access to the school Encourage the training and education on medical subjects for rural people Promote Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP) for social welfare to rural

women Enhancement for organizations such as Self Help Groups to easy access to financial

credit systems Capacity empowerment of LSG and village community Promote and amelioration of major livelihood improvement programs;

(1)Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (2)National Rural Livelihood Mission (NFRLM) (3)Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) (4)National Rural Drinking Water Program(NRDWP) (5)Integrated Watershed Devvelopment Program (6)Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) (7)Rural electrification and Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY)

Infrastructure, Including Rural Infrastructure

Targets: Increase investment in infrastructure by 9% of GDP Increase the Gross Irrigated Area from 90 million ha to 103 million ha Provide electricity to all villages and reduce Aggregate Technical and Commercial

losses to 20% Approach: Active investment in infrastructure with PPP

Sustainable Management of Natural Resources

Targets: Increase green cover (as measured by satellite imagery) by 1 million hectare every year Add 30,000 MW of renewable energy capacity Reduce emission intensity of GDP in line with the target of 20% to 25% reduction over

2005 levels by 2020 Approach: Water resource management; Maintenance of surface water bodies, Ground water

management, aquifer mapping, stakeholder aquifer management Environment management; Improving forest cover, Biodiversity conservation,

Community involvement in forest management Agriculture Targets:

Productivity increase by 4-4.5% Approach: Reform of major and medium irrigation

Improvement of governance of water management through water user associations Balanced soil nutrient management Improvement of marketing and logistics Introduction of crop insurance

Source: Compiled by the JICA Survey Team based on12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017), Planning Commission, Government of India

According to the table above, the 12th five-year plan emphasizes poverty reduction. This implies the Project could contribute to achieve 12th plan by supporting poverty reduction through comprehensive community development in the rural area.

(2) State Annual Plan 2013-2014

In accordance with the national Five Year Plan, GoK prepares its Annual Plan every year. The State Annual Plan Proposal for 2013-2014 has drafted by the Kerala State Planning Board. This plan

Annex 1-13


focuses on education, health and rural development. The relevant plans in each sector are summarized as follows.

Summary of the Relevant Plans of the State Annual Plan 2014-15 Sector / Budget Relevant Plan in the State Annual Plan Rural Development (Rs.61.7 billion)

Indira Awaz Yojana (IAY) for 31,000 house construction Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Program (MGNREG) for

increasing opportunities of employment National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) for organization and capacity building by

providing the opportunity of wage employment Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) for rural roads, buildings, and other

infrastructure development PMGSY program for road construction to access to the rural areas Integrated Wasteland Development Program (IWDP) Kudumbasree for organization, Social development, micro finance and micro enterprise

activity Suchitwa Mission in Kerala for improving sanitation system Comprehensive hill area development projects of 4 districts including Wayanad, whose

components; check dam construction, agriculture development, SHG support for self employment activities, and natural resources management are to be implemented by Hill Area Development Agency (HADA)

SC, ST Development and Welfare (SC: Rs.10.3 million, ST: Rs.46.1 billion)

Land to around 5,000 landless families for construction of houses House to the houseless and support completion of houses under construction and

innovation of dilapidated houses Contribution to SC/ST federation and SCST cooperation to support their activity Development Program for vulnerable communities among SC through assistance for

purchase of 5 cents of land and for the construction of house as per the government norm, providing infrastructure, connectivity, communication facilities, education treatment, and improvement of infrastructure in colonies

Financial assistance for marriage of SC ST girls Education assistance for SC ST students To sponsor establishing micro enterprises under Swarnjayanthi Gram Swarozgar

Yojana (SGSY) Resettlement of landless tribes Allocate Rs. 10 million to each hamlet to solve hamlet specific problems, which are not

supported by other schemes, under Hamlet Development Scheme Special package for Integrated Sustainable Development of Scheduled Tribe

Population in identified 14 locations / settlements based on the survey by ST Department, according to the convergence plan drafted by Convergence Committee which consists of related departments

Agriculture (Rs.14billion)

Crop and Husbandry Production and distribution of better quality plants Development of rice, coconut, and other products Strengthening agricultural extension Increase of Agro Service Centres and service delivery Soil and Water conservation soil conservation on watershed basis and training on soil conservation Animal husbandry Veterinary extension and strengthening of veterinary service through related infrastructure development Investment in agricultural financial institutions Agricultural marketing management and market development

Small Scale Industry

Development of Handicraft sectors through entrepreneur assistance and establishment of common facility service centre for handicrafts

Source: Compiled by the JICA Survey Team based on Annual Plan Proposal (2012-2017), Planning Board, the State Government of Kerala

Annex 1-14


According to the State annual plan, the State plans for rural area development and social welfare plans for SC, ST and other backward classes are mainly based on utilization of national programmes / schemes for rural development.

1.3.2 Related Guidelines, Schemes, Programs and Projects

(1) Externally Funded Project

As shown in the national and state plans, various schemes and programmes have been launched for poverty reduction, rural development etc. In order not to cover the same components, but to find effectively collaboration, the related externally funded projects in the state of Kerala are summarized in the following table.

Summary of the Externally Funded Projects in the State of Kerala Basic information on the

Projects Objective / Main Activities and Output of the Project

Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation -Jalanidhi16 Phase I Implementation Period: From 2000 to 2008 Implementing Agency: Kerala Rural Water and Sanitation Agency (KRWSA) Fund Source: World Bank Budget: 65.5 million USD of total budget of 89.8 million USD Beneficiaries: People in rural Panchayat where 5% of its population is ST.

Objective: To improve the quality of water supply and sanitation service delivery, through cost recovery, and institutional reforms, by implementing new decentralized service models, and improving sector management capacity Activities: To improve the operation of KRWSA, by promoting a sanitation, and

hygiene strategy, and framework, through information, education, and communications development with Capacity building includes development of knowledge, skills, and management practices in technical, institutional, financial, and management aspects.

To support community development, and infrastructure building, ensuring mobilization, and women's participation in a broad range of activities. To design community managed water supply systems, in addition to construction, drainage, and environmental management. The tribal development program will address water scarcity, and capacity building

To provide technical assistance to the GoK for comprehensive statewide planning, development and management aspects

16 World Bank http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P055454/kerala-rural-water-supply-environmental-sanitation-project?lang=en (Accessed on the 18th June 2014)

Annex 1-15

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P055454/kerala-rural-water-supply-environmental-sanitation-project?lang=en


Second Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation –Jalanidhi II17 Phase II Implementation Period: From 2010 to 2017 Covered Area: 7 Panchayat in Idikki District and 14 Panchayat in Wayanad Implementing Agency: Kerala Rural Water and Sanitation Agency (KRWSA) Fund Source:World Bank Budget: 155 million USD of total budget of 222 million USD 15% of the project cost shall be paid by the beneficiaries by cash or in the form of labor. Beneficiaries: People in rural Panchayat where 5% of its population is ST

Objective: To increase the access of rural communities to improved and sustainable water supply and sanitation services in Kerala, using a decentralized, demand-responsive approach. There are three components to the project Activities: Support capacity building of sector institutions and support organizations To assist GoK in implementing a statewide sector development program To provide technical assistance to implementing agencies such that the

infrastructure investments under component three are properly implemented and the resultant services efficiently provided.

New and rehabilitated intra-Grama Panchayat (GP) rural water supply schemes

Pilot rehabilitation and modernization of multi-GP water supply schemes and transfer of internal distribution to GPs

Sanitation schemes, mainly covering community-centric solid and liquid waste management and household sanitation solutions in difficult terrain

Kerala Local Government and Service Delivery (KLGSD)18 Implementation Period: From 2011 to 2015 Covered Area: All over the Kerala Implementing Agency: GoK Fund Source: World Bank (WB) Budget: 260 million USD (200 million USD from WB) Beneficiary: Citizens and Officers of Local self Government Institutions

Objective: To enhance and strengthen the institutional capacity of the local government system in Kerala to deliver services and undertake basic administrative and governance functions more effectively and in a sustainable manner Activities: Infrastructure development, capacity building, strengthening of monitoring capacity so as LSG to deliver the public service

Source: Compiled by the JICA Survey Team based on the Web site

(2) Programs, Schemes, and Projects Funded by GoK and GoI

The related project in the state of Kerala funded by GoK and GoI are summarized according to their sectors in the following table.

17 World Bank http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P121774/second-kerala-rural-water-supply-sanitation-project-jalanidhi-ii?lang=en (Accessed on the 18th June 2014)

18 World Bank http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P102624/kerala-local-government-service-delivery?lang=en&tab=overview (Accessed on 18th June 2014)

Annex 1-16

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P121774/second-kerala-rural-water-supply-sanitation-project-jalanidhi-ii?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P102624/kerala-local-government-service-delivery?lang=en&tab=overview


Summary of the Relevant Schemes Funded by Government of Kerala or India Basic Information on the projects Objective / Main Activities and Output

Livelihood improvement Mahathma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS)19 Started from:2005 Covered Area: All over the rural areas Implementing Agency: Department of Rural Development (DoRD) Fund Source: Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), GoI Budget: Rs. 141 billion in 2012-2013 in entire India, Rs. 4 billion in Kerala in 2014-15 Beneficiary: Households in rural areas

Objective: Based on the Indian Act of MGNERG, to enhance the livelihood security of the households in rural areas Activities: To provide at least one hundred days per year of guaranteed wage employment to every house hold. Maximum five persons per one house hold, who are willing to do unskilled manual work, are able to register and gets job through Grama Panchayat

National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM)20 Started From: 2011 Covered Area: Rural Area Implementing Agency: Department of Rural Development (DoRD) Fund Source: Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), GoI Budget: Rs.2.5 billion in Kerala in 2014-15 Beneficiary: SHG

Objective: To reduce poverty by promoting diversified and gainful

self-employment and wage employment opportunities for sustainable increase in incomes

Integrated program to promote establishment of micro-enterprises

Activities: Mobilizing all rural, poor households into effective

self-help groups (SHGs) and their federations enhancing access of the rural poor to credit and other

financial, technical and marketing services Building capacities and skills of the poor for gainful and

sustainable livelihoods; Improving the delivery of social and economic support

services to the poor Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yogana (SGRY) Started from: 2011 Covered Area: Rural Area Implementing Agency: DoRD, LSGD Fund Source: GoI Beneficiary: BPL in rural people

Objective: To provide employment and food to people in rural areas who lived below the poverty line Activities: To provide gainful employment for the rural poor by merging the Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and Jawahar Samridhi Yojana (JGSY); Employment program of unemployed people in rural areas

Swarna Jayanthi Grama Swarzgar Yogana (SGSY) Started from: 1999 Covered Area: Rural Area Implementation Agency: The Panchayat Samitis at block and the District Rural Development Agency (DRDA), Zila Parishad at the district level Fund Source: GoI Budget: Rs. 50 million in Kerala Beneficiary: SHG

Objective: Tapping the inherent talents in the rural people Activities: To organize SHG for producing self employment opportunity and their capacity building for planning of activity clusters, infrastructure build up, technology, credit and marketing

19 http://www.nrega.nic.in/netnrega/home.aspx (Accessed on the 18th June 2014) 20 http://rural.nic.in/sites/downloads/latest/NRLM%20Procurement%20Manual.pdf, http://bihan.gov.in/ (Accessed on the

18th June 2014)

Annex 1-17

http://www.nrega.nic.in/netnrega/home.aspx

http://rural.nic.in/sites/downloads/latest/NRLM%20Procurement%20Manual.pdf


Gender Mahila Samakya Started from: 1988 Implementation Agency: General Education Department, GoK Fund Source: Ministry of Human Resource Development, GoI Beneficiary: Women

Objective: To empower and educate women Activities: Protect rights for women, training on literature and special skill In Wayanad, assisted to establish shelters for women damaged by violence

Self Employment Scheme for the Woman (SHARANYA) Started from: 2010 Covered Area: Entire Kerala Implementation Agency: Employment Department Fund Source: GoK Budget: Rs. 140 million in 2014-15 Beneficiary: Unemployed widows, deserted/ divorced/ unmarried women and single mothers

Objective: To support the unemployed widows, deserted/ divorced/ unmarried women and unwedded mothers Activities: To provide financial assistance for self employment in a way of subsidy and interest free loan

Rural Infrastructure Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) Started from: 1999 Covered Area: All over the rural areas Implementing Agency: User Department of GoK NABARD etc. Fund Source: NABARD Budget: Rs. 15.8 hundred billions in 2012-2013 Rs. 4 billion in Kerala in 2014-15 Beneficiary: Rural resident

Activities: To provide fund for rural infrastructure development

Prime Minister’s Gram Sadak Yogana (PMGSY) Covered Area: Entire India Implementing Agency: DoRD Fund Source: Ministry of Rural Development, GoI Budget: Rs. 7.5 billion in Kerala in 2014-15 Beneficiary: Citizens in a remote areas

Activities: To provide good all-weather road connectivity to unconnected villages

Housing Indira Awas Yogana (IAY) Started from: 1985 Covered Area: Rural Area Implementing Agency: Rural Develop Department Fund Source: Ministry of Rural Development, GoI Budget: Rs.5.4 billion in 2014-2015 in Kerala Beneficiary: Rural BPL people

Activities: To provide housing for the rural poor, especially BPL people in India. The differentiation is made between rural poor and urban poor for a separate set of schemes operate for the urban poor Financial assistance worth Rs.70,000/- in plain areas and Rs.75,000/- in difficult areas (high land area) for construction of houses The houses are allotted in the name of the woman or jointly between husband and wife. The construction of the houses is the sole responsibility of the beneficiary. Sanitary latrine and smokeless chullah are required to be constructed along with each IAY house for additional financial assistance

EMS Total Housing Scheme Started from: 2009 Covered Area: Entire Kerala Implementation Agency: LSDG Fund Source: GoK, loans from banks especially co-operative banks and others Beneficiary: BPL, especially homeless household

Objective: No homeless household in the state Activities: To support new house establishment, land acquisition, repairmen of old houses In Wayanad, 12,462 houses have been planned under this scheme. By 2014 March, 5,950 houses have been established with Rs. 704.6 million

Annex 1-18


Credit-cum-subsidy Housing Scheme21 Started from: 1998 Covered Area: In rural Area Implementing Agency: The State Housing Board, State Housing Corporation, Commercial bank, Housing Finance Institution or the DRDA/ZP Fund Source: Housing finance institutions and the State Beneficiary: Rural households, who have an annual income of upto Rs. 32,000/- only Priority in BPL people

Activities: To provide credit and subsidy for housing in rural areas with the people who are not covered by IAY scheme based on the National Housing and Habitat Policy 1998. More than 60 % of the funds to each State shall be utilized in financing the construction of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes

Watershed Management Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) Started from: 2010 Implementing Agency: DoRD Fund Source: Department of Land Resources, GoI Budget: Rs.1 billion in Kerala in 2014-15 Beneficiary:Citizens in the watershed

Objective: To provide sustainable livelihoods to the people residing in the watershed area by enabling multi-cropping and the introduction of diverse agro-based activities Activities: To restore the ecological balance by harnessing, conserving and developing degraded natural resources such as soil, vegetative cover and water for prevention of soil run-off, regeneration of natural vegetation, rain water harvesting and recharging of the ground water table

Sanitation Sanitation Programmes, Suchitwa Mission Started from: 2008 Implementation Agency: LSGD Fund Source: GoK Beneficiary: All the citizens in Kerala

Objective: Waste-free Kerala with unpolluted environment, hygiene and cleanliness. Activities: To provide sanitation To promote employment of appropriate technology, facilitate active community participation, and strengthening technical capabilities To achieve waste reduction at source To coordinate and monitor the total sanitation missions

Source: Compiled by JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the related web sites and economic review 2013, Kerala State Planning Committee

The table above shows that GoK has provided various programs and schemes for rural community development and poverty reduction in the State. Even though GoI and GoK provide such plenty of schemes and programs for BPL, ST, SC and Other Backward Classes (OBC) people, poverty reduction still remains an important issue at both national and state levels. This implies that there is a necessity of appropriate and effective utilization of these schemes and needs based project implementation.

1.4 Key Centrally/State Funded Schemes and Programmes for Livelihood Improvement

1.4.1 National Rural Livelihood Mission

The National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) is a central government funded scheme supported by the World Bank fund for the period of 2011-2017 under the Ministry of Rural Development. Its operation is a succession of the Swarnjayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) commenced in 1999. Under SGSY, capacity development and skills training for the Self Help Groups (SHGs) formed by

21 http://www.biharonline.gov.in/Site/Content/Government/Schemes.aspx?u=CSRH&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 (Accessed on the 18th Jun 2014)

Annex 1-19

http://www.biharonline.gov.in/Site/Content/Government/Schemes.aspx?u=CSRH&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1


the poor households were implemented, which efforts were regarded indispensable for the success and sustainability of SHGs, creating financial security among the poor households and eradication of poverty. NRLM aims at eradicating absolute poverty by working closely with the local government to support SHGs and to enhance convergence for better resource mobilisation for the poor.

In Kerala, Kudumbasree (State Poverty Eradication Mission) is the implementing agency of NRLM. Its activities include capacity building training programmes for the organisational capacity development, business planning and marketing, skills training for livelihood activities, livestock and farming skills and financial assistance for various enterprises. The total budget for 7 years is amounting Rs. 11,601.31million including the state share of Rs. 2,900 million. Out of the total budget, 52.34% is allocated for the capital subsidy for various enterprises.

Total Budget for 2011- 17 and Distribution of Budget to Components in Kerala

Component Budget (million Rs.) %

Capacity Building & Skills Training 2,519.8 21.72% Interest Subsidy 700.0 6.03% Provision of Capital Subsidy 6,072.6 52.34% Infrastructure & Marketing 1,006.5 8.68% Skills & Placement Projects & Innovation 750.0 6.46% Administrative Expenses 552.4 4.76% Total 11,601.3 100.00%

Source: NRLM State Perspective Plan and Implementation Plan, Kudumbasree (2011).

The cumulative amount of expenditure by the end of March 2013 remained Rs. 11,676,825 (1% of the total budget), which break ups are given bellow.

Cumulative Expenditure of NRLM in Kerala ending March 2013

Component Amount Spent (Rs.)

1 Capacity Building and Skills Training 23,30,564 2 Capital Subsidy for Micro Enterprise Development - 2.1 Corpus Fund 3,611,000 2.2 Micro Enterprise Livelihood activities 2,017,850 3 Infrastructure and Marketing 614,791 4 Administration and Other Expenditure 3,080,000 5 National Rural Livelihood Project 22,620 Total 11,676,825

Source: Data provided by Kudumbasree District Mission Wayanad (2014)

1.4.2 Kudumbasree

Kudumbasree is a State Poverty Eradication Mission of Kerala established in 1998 by the Department of Local Self Government of Kerala (then the Local Administration Department). Various programmes are implemented through the district mission, which is established at district level. The district mission is headed by the District Mission Coordinator and District Resource Teams and Consultants who is responsible for providing technical guidance to beneficiaries. Based on the recognition of the heterogeneity among the poor women and multi faceted nature of poverty, its interventions are holistic in nature and designed for different groups identified by socio-economic characteristics.

A Community Development Society (CDS) is established at each Grama Panchayat level. Under the CDS, Area Development Societies (ADSs) are formed at Ward level by direct election by the members of the grass roots level women’s groups called Neighbourhood Groups (NHGs) consisting of the women of poor families. The members of the CDS will be selected among the ADS members of the respective Panchayat.

Annex 1-20


Expenditure of Kudumbasree Wayanad (FY 2013-14) Sl.No Account Head Rs.

I Capacity Building 1,581,680 II Promotional Incentive 0 III Technical Assistant 611,242 IV Assets Formation 1,139,810 Administrative Expenses 85,253 Salary 165,000 Total 3,582,985

Source: Kudumbasree District Mission, Wayanad (2014)

(1) Financial Security

Kudumbasree promotes formation of NHGs at the grassroots level to mobilise savings among the group members and internal lending. This would provide financial security among the members.

(2) Promotion of Micro Enterprise

Interested members among the NHGs will form a group either called an activity group or joint liability group (JLGs) to undertake income generation activities. Kudumbasree conducts entrepreneurship, enterprise development, and technical training. Financial support is also provided as matching grant or interest subsidy scheme.

Kudumbasree Support available for Micro Enterprise Schemes Services

Rural Micro Enterprise Scheme

Loan subsidy scheme for women entrepreneurs

Yuvasree Loan subsidy for men and women between 18 and 40 years old Support for Strengthening existing enterprise

Revolving Fund for working capital required for technology adoption and upgradation Innovation fund Second Dose Assistance for capital base Crisis Management Fund

Market Development Support

Training programmes on marketing Monthly markets organised by the District Community Marketing Enterprises

(promoted by Kudumbasree) Promote Cluster Development

Samagra Enhancing value chain of the selected commodities (banana, pineapple, cashew, mushroom, milk, goat rearing, food processing etc).

Promotion of Special enterprises

Solid waste collection, canteen and catering, Santwanam (paramedical service), community accounting and auditing service providers

Source: Kudumbasree Publication (n.d.), Kudumbasree.

(3) Social Development

Kudumbasree implements social development activities for women and children. Ashraya programme provides a combination of interventions for the destitute including women headed households and unwed mothers. Children’s neighbourhood groups and their federations are formed. Schools for children with special needs are also established. Special interventions for STs and SCs are also implemented.

1.5 Demography The total population of the Kerala is 33,406,061 persons, of which 16,027,412 persons or 48.0% are male and 17,378,649 persons or 52.0% are female. The decadal population growth rate is reported to be 4.9%. Scheduled Caste (SC) population accounts for 3,039,573 persons or 9.1% of the total population and Schedule Tribes (ST) is 484,839 persons or 1.5% of the same. In India, Kerala has the third highest SC population concentration following Uttar Pradesh (20.5%) and West Bengal (10.7%)

Annex 1-21


(Census 2011). Most of the ST population is said to be concentrated in Palakkad and Wayanad Districts in Kerala. In the context of India, the concentration of the ST population is low in the country in comparison to other states in India such as Madhya Pradesh (14.7%), Maharashtra (10.1%), and Odisha (9.2%) (Census 2011). A comparison of the demographic characteristics between Kerala and India based on the Census 2011 is given in the table below.

Demographic Characteristics of India and Kerala (2011) sl no Characteristics India Kerala

1 Population (persons) 1,210,569,573 3,34,06,061 2 Area (km2) 342,239 38,863 3 Population density (persons/ km2) 382 860 4 Rural Population (%) 68.8 52.3 5 Urban population (%) 31.2 47.7 6 Sex ratio (Female/1000 Males) 949 1,084 7 Literacy Rate (%) 73.0 94.0

-Male 80.9 96.1

-Female 64.6 92.1

8 ST population (%) 8.6 1.5 9 SC population (%) 16.6 9.1

Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census of India 2011. Census of India, government of India. Compiled by JICA Preparatory Survey Team

The rural population in Kerala accounts for 52.3% of the total population. Wayanad District has the highest rural population in the Kerala with 96.2% residing in the rural area with the highest proportion of ST population of 18.5%. SC population in Kerala is concentrated in Palakkad, Pathanamthitta, Idukki and Kollam. The district wise demography in Kerala is shown in the following table. The population growth rate of Kerala during the last ten years is 4.9 % cent, which is the lowest rate among the Indian states (Economic Review 2013).

District Wise Demographic Characteristics of Kerala

Source: Economic Review 2013 Vol. 1. State Planning Board, Kerala

Male Female Total % to TotalPopulation

Rural Urban

Trivandrum 3,301,000 725,000 805,000 1,530,000 46.35% -28.60 62.30 11.30 0.80Kollam 2,635,000 681,000 768,000 1,448,000 54.95% -31.70 154.80 12.50 0.40Pathanamthitta 1,197,000 500,000 566,000 1,066,000 89.06% -4.00 6.30 13.70 0.70Alappuzha 2,128,000 465,000 515,000 980,000 46.05% -34.20 84.80 9.50 0.30Kottayam 1,975,000 693,000 716,000 1,409,000 71.34% -14.80 88.60 7.80 1.10Idukki 1,109,000 527,000 530,000 1,057,000 95.31% -1.40 -9.60 13.10 5.00Ernakulam 3,282,000 518,000 530,000 1,048,000 31.93% -35.70 51.30 8.20 0.50Thrissur 3,121,000 488,000 536,000 1,025,000 32.84% -52.00 149.70 10.40 0.30Palakkad 2,810,000 1,031,000 1,101,000 2,133,000 75.91% -5.70 89.80 14.40 1.70Malappuram 4,113,000 1,095,000 1,200,000 2,296,000 55.82% -29.80 410.20 7.50 0.60Kozhikode 3,086,000 485,000 529,000 1,014,000 32.86% -43.00 88.20 6.50 0.50Wayanad 817,000 386,000 400,000 786,000 96.21% 4.60 6.60 4.00 18.50Kannur 2,523,000 426,000 456,000 882,000 34.96% -26.30 35.30 3.30 1.60Kasargod 1,307,000 388,000 411,000 798,000 61.06% -17.70 117.80 4.10 3.70State 33,406,000 8,408,000 9,063,000 17,471,000 52.30% -25.90 92.80 9.10 1.50

Districts% of ST

Population% of SC

Population

Decadal Growth(2001-2011)Population

(2011)

Rural

Annex 1-22


1.6 Socio Economic Condition

1.6.1 Gross Domestic Product

The Gross State Domestic Product has grown in 2012-13 by 8.24% at 2004-05 constant prices amounting Rs. 22,184.99 billion (Quick Estimate22) (Economic Review 2013, p8). Per capita income of Kerala at current prices is reported to be Rs. 99,977 in 2012-13 at current prices (ibid). The district wise Gross Domestic Product shows that the growth rate was highest in the Pathanamthitta (90.45%) whereas the same was the lowest in Wayanad (37.06%). The per capita income in 2012-13 at constant price at 2004-05 was Rs. 70,600 in Pathanamthitta and Rs. 46,507 in Wayanad.

Gross District Domestic Product

istricts

Constant Price (Base Year 2004-05) Growth

Rate

Current Price

2004-05 2012-13 2012-13 Trivandrum 38,447 68,903 79.22% 106,994 Kollam 33,410 58,393 74.78% 94,522 Pathanamthitta 37,071 70,600 90.45% 109,882 Alappuzha 35,463 63,262 78.39% 99,126 Kottayam 41,129 72,280 75.74% 115,053 Idukki 38,874 62,082 59.70% 106,496 Ernakulam 51,950 94,392 81.70% 144,558 Thrissur 37,216 67,807 82.20% 103,501 Palakkad 34,244 58,072 69.58% 93,638 Malappuram 24,982 40,742 63.09% 64,890 Kozhikode 34,480 61,307 77.80% 95,750 Wayanad 33,932 46,507 37.06% 77,243 Kannur 35,068 62,416 77.99% 97,749 Kasargod 31,808 52,813 66.04% 85,609 Kerala 36,278 63,491 75.01% 99,977

Source: District wise Gross District Domestic Production at Factor Cost by Industry of Origin at Constant Price and Current Price. Department of Economics and Statistics, State Government of Kerala.

1.6.2 Economic Sectors

The Table below shows the comparison of the Gross Domestic Products in 2005-06 and 2012-13 at constant prices (base year 2004-2005). The total State Domestic Product has grown by 69% between 2005-6 and 2012-13. Among the sectors, primary sector shows the negative growth whereas the secondary and tertiary sectors had grown by 80% and 87% respectively during the period. In the secondary sector, construction has grown nearly twice of the economic value of 2005-06. In the tertiary sector, communication sub-sector has shown a significant growth. Rather unexpectedly low growth has been seen in the trade, hotel & restaurants sub sector despite of the promotion of the tourism by the government.

22 Quick Estimate: Estimation undertaken based on more than 80% of the data that is to be collected for the estimated period. The missing data will be substituted by the corresponding average indices of the past years. The estimate is subject to revision but used for planning.

Annex 1-23


Cumulative Total of Gross District Domestic Products in Kerala (Base Year 2004-2005)

Sectors/ Sub-Sectors

Constant (Base Year 2004-05) B/A

Current Price

2005-06 (A) 2012-13 (B) 2012-13 million Rs. million Rs. % million Rs. 1 Agriculture & Allied Activities 180,420 155,880 86% 412,272 2 Forestry & Logging 21,354 24,569 115% 41,661 3 Fishing 17,048 18,192 107% 51,148 4 Mining and Quarrying 5,847 8,467 145% 22,760 A Total of Primary Sector 224,669 207,108 92% 527,841 5 Manufacturing 104,333 171,709 165% 265,543 5.1 Registered 45,521 76,691 168% 119,595 5.2 Un-registered 58,812 95,018 162% 145,948 6 Electricity, Gas and Water supply 23,257 27,166 117% 47,157 6.1 Electricity 20,990 23,361 111% 40,978 6.2 Gas 393 599 152% 599 6.3 Water Supply 1,874 3,206 171% 5,579 7 Construction 167,143 332,330 199% 560,514 B Total of Secondary Sector 294,733 531,205 180% 873,214 8 Transport, Storage & Communication 134,434 344,394 256% 355,281 8.1 Railways 5,604 7,716 138% 12,329 8.2 Transport by other means 91,467 163,595 179% 275,922 8.3 Communication 36,846 172,029 467% 65,071 8.4 Storage 518 1,054 204% 1,958 9 Trade, Hotel & Restaurants 269,534 378,251 140% 637,966 10 Banking & Insurance 72,011 172,477 240% 185,049 11 Real Estate Ownership, Business, Legal 145,264 230,310 159% 427,213 12 Public Administration 53,331 83,482 157% 153,045 13 Other Services 118,963 271,273 228% 333,775 C Tertiary Sector 793,538 1,480,186 187% 2,092,329 District Domestic Product (A+B+C) 1,312,939 2,218,499 169% 3,493,383 Mid Year Population 33,154,000 34,942,000 105% 34,942,000 Per capita Income( in Rupees) 39,601 63,491 160% 99,977

Source: Compiled by JICA Survey Team (2014) based on Gross District Domestic Production Year 2012-13 (Quick), Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala.

1.6.3 Work Population

(1) Overall Work Force Composition

The total number of workers in Kerala constitutes 2.4% of the total work population in India. In the rural Kerala, male workers account for 71.07% or 4,507,501 and female for 28.93% or 1,834,456 (Census 2011). In the rural area, the proportion of male work force is higher than the national average where as women’s work force is less by nearly 6% than that of India. In the rural area, it is observed that women’s employment opportunities are limited. In the urban area, women’s work force constitutes higher proportion than that of the national average whereas male counterparts constitute less than that in the national average.

Annex 1-24


Main and Marginal Workers in Rural and Urban Area in India and Kerala India Kerala

Male Female Total Male Female Total Rural Persons % Persons % Persons Persons % Persons % Persons

Main 178,034,713 72.45 67,714,557 27.55 245,749,270 3,743,078 75.92 1,187,113 24.08 4,930,191 Marginal 48,728,355 47.38 54,119,910 52.62 102,848,265 764,423 54.15 647,343 45.85 1,411,766 Total 226,763,068 65.05 121,834,467 34.95 348,597,535 4,507,501 71.07 1,834,456 28.93 6,341,957

Urban Persons % Persons % Persons Persons % Persons % Persons Main 95,114,646 81.51 21,582,504 18.49 116,697,150 3,436,750 78.12 962,806 21.88 4,399,556 Marginal 9,988,216 60.72 6,460,410 39.28 16,448,626 507,318 57.81 370,232 42.19 877,550 Total 105,102,862 78.94 28,042,914 21.06 133,145,776 3,944,068 74.74 1,333,038 25.26 5,277,106 Source: Census 2011, Census of India, Government of India (Data compiled by the JICA Survey Team, 2014)

(2) Sector Wise Employment

The total work population has been disaggregated by the type of work they are engaged in: 1) cultivator; 2) agriculture labourers; 3) household industry; and 4) others 23. As shown in the figure below, it is clear that the labour structure of Kerala is significantly different from that of India as a whole. In India, cultivators and agriculture labours accounts for more or less the similar proportion of 24% and 30%, respectively. On the other hand, in Kerala, cultivators and agricultural labourers are the minority. The majority of the work population is engaged in works other than agriculture and household industry (81%).

Labour Structure in India and Kerala Source:Census2011,CensusofIndia,Governmentof India (Data compiled by the JICA Survey Team, 2014)

(3) Gender wise Labour Structure – Cultivators and Agriculture Labourers

In Kerala, 670,253 persons are involved in cultivation and 2,009,023 persons in the agriculture labour. The latter sector employs three times more than the number of persons engaged in cultivation. Both the cultivators and agriculture labours, the bulk of workers reside in rural areas.

Among the cultivators, 81.6% or 546,906 persons are men, whereas 18.4% or 123,347 persons in this category are women. Among the agriculture labourers, 57.3% or 1,151,028 persons are men while 42.7% or 857,995 persons are women.

23 Definition of the work categories is according to the Census of India.

Cultivators24.6%

Agricultural labourers

30.0%

Household Industry Workers

3.8%

Other Workers41.6%

IndiaCultivators

5.8% Agricultural Labourers

11.4%Household

Industry Workers

2.3%

Other Workers80.5%

Kerala

Annex 1-25


Gender wise Labour Structure in Kerala Sector Male Female Total

Cultivators Persons % Persons % Persons Rural 478,881 81.58% 108,148 18.42% 587,029 Urban 68,025 81.74% 15,199 18.26% 83,224

Total 546,906 81.60% 123,347 18.40% 670,253 Agriculture Labourers Persons % Persons % Persons

Rural 1,083,003 61.07% 690,294 38.93% 1,773,297 Urban 68,025 28.86% 167,701 71.14% 235,726

Total 1,151,028 57.29% 857,995 42.71% 2,009,023 Source: Census 2011, Census of India, Government of India (Data compiled by JICA Survey Team)

1.6.4 Migration

(1) Out Migration

Kerala is known for out migration of the educated work force especially to the Gulf region. Remittance received in Kerala from non resident Indians accounted for Rs. 758.9 billion in June 2013, which is for 46.46% of the domestic deposit accrued in Kerala. Its annual growth rate was recorded as 14.74% as of June 2013 and the value of the Non Residential External Deposit is on the increase (Economic Review 201324).

According to the report on the Kerala Migration Survey 2011conducted with the 15,000 sample households, the number of emigrants was estimated to be 2.28 million emigrants (Zachariah & Rajan, 2012)25. 38.70% of the total emigrants reside in United Arab Emirates followed by Saudi Arabia (25.50%) (ibid). In 2011, 37.5% of the same were Muslims followed by Christians (15.70%) and Hindus (12.30%) (ibid). Among the districts in Kerala, Wayanad shows the highest growth in the number of emigrants between the period of 1998 and 2011(ibid). The number of emigrants from Kerala to overseas is on the decline as a whole (ibid).

Growth in the Number of Emigrants from Districts in Kerala Unit: persons

1998 2011 Growth Rate District (A) (B) %

Thiruvananthapuram 130,705 229,732 75.76% Kollam 102,977 167,446 62.61% Pathanamthitta 97,505 91,381 -6.28% Alappuzha 62,870 144,386 129.66% Kottayama 35,494 117,460 230.93% Idukki 7,390 7,690 4.06% Ernakulam 103,750 136,113 31.19% Thrissur 161,102 198,368 23.13% Palakkad 116,026 142,020 22.40% Malappuram 296,710 408,884 37.81% Kozhikode 116,026 206,719 78.17% Wayanad 4,552 26,874 490.38% Kannur 88,065 283,045 221.40% Kasaragod 38,747 120,425 210.80% Kerala 1,361,919 2,280,543 67.45%

Source: Zachariah and Rajan (2012)

24 Based on Economic Review 2013, State Planning Board Kerala. Vol II. Appendix 1.43. Compiled by JICA Survey Team. 25 Azchariah K. C. And Rajan, S. Irudaya. (2012)Inflexion in Kerala’s Gulf Connection: Report on Kerala Migration Survey

2011. Working Paper 450. Centre for Development Studies; Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.

Annex 1-26


(2) Inter- State Migration

In the recent years, inter-state migration has also been reported to be common in Kerala (Economic Review 2013). 46.96% of the inter-state migrants in Kerala are from West Bengal and followed by Orissa (16.44%) (Economic Review 2013).

Inter-State Migrant Workers (2013)

States No. of Inter State Migrant Workers

% share by Origin of the Inter State Migrant Wokers

West Bengal 16,466 46.96 Bihar 3,095 8.83 Orissa 5,764 16.44 Karnataka 3,090 8.81 Assam 3,276 9.34 Tamil Nadu 1,021 2.91 Others 2,350 6.70 Total 35,062 100.00 Source: Labour Commissionerate, Government of Kerala quoted in Kerala Economic Review (2013) Vol II. Appendix 3.50. Compiled by JICA Survey Team.

Among the inter-state migrants, 60% is employed in the construction sector (ibid). The rest of the migrants are engaged in hotel & restaurant (7%), manufacturing (8%) (ibid). Nearly half the migrants (40.95%) are reported to be between the age of 18 and 23 and the rest belongs to 24-35 (49.94%) (Gulati Institute of Finance and Tax, Government of Kerala quoted in Economic Survey 2013). The Majority of the workers will be paid between Rs. 300 – 499 irrespective of the form of employment (ibid).

In Kerala, nearly half of the inter-state migrants are found in Ernakulam (17.31%), Kannur (13.45%) and Wayanad (11.43%).

Inter-State Migrant Workers in Districts of Kerala (2013)

Districts No of Migrant workers Distribution (%)

rivandrum 904 2.58% Kollam 617 1.76% Pathanamthitta 2,205 6.29% Alappuzha 1,744 4.97% Kottayam 1,900 5.42% Idukki 830 2.37% Ernakulam 6,068 17.31% Thrissur 2,347 6.69% Palakkad 2,535 7.23% Malappuram 1,383 3.94% Kozhikode 2,721 7.76% Wayanad 4,007 11.43% Kannur 4,717 13.45% Kasargod 3,084 8.80% Total 35,062 100.00%

Source: Economic Review (2013) State Planning Board, Kerala. Vol II. Appendix. 3.50. Compiled by JICA Survey Team.

Annex 1-27


1.6.5 Poverty and Inequality

(1) Families Below Poverty Line (BPL) in Kerala

In Kerala, 43.38% of the total number of households (HHs) or 2,792,795 HHs is BPL according to the BPL Survey (2009). Amongst the districts in Kerala, Wayanad has the highest number of the BPL HHs with 57.55% or 102,762 out of 178,572 HHs. The least concentration of BPL HHs is reported in Kannur District.

BPL Households (HH) in Kerala

District Total HHs (A)

BPL HHs (No)

SC (B) ST ( C) Others (D)

Total (E=B+C+D)

% share of BPLHHs to Total (E/ A)

Kasargod 235,037 9,913 10,679 80,226 100,818 42.89 Kannur 457,392 13,343 9,065 134,679 157,087 34.34 Wayanad 178,572 7,926 32,537 62,299 102,762 57.55 Kozhikode 541,277 35,184 3,234 175,456 213,874 39.51 Malappuram 688,633 54,589 4,009 205,685 264,283 38.38 Palakkad 558,683 79,177 12,937 185,441 277,555 49.68 Thrissur 613,699 70,453 2,730 178,718 251,901 41.05 Ernakulam 556,334 47,438 4,273 158,515 210,226 37.79 Idukki 265,792 28,700 15,078 104,925 148,703 55.95 Kottayam 432,559 29,440 4,994 146,779 181,213 41.89 Alappuzha 448,406 41,247 2,617 173,066 216,930 48.38 Pathanamthitta 283,154 32,857 2,407 68,228 103,492 36.55 Kollam 565,625 64,491 3,284 185,766 253,541 44.82 Thiruvananthapuram 612,087 67,360 7,986 235,064 310,410 50.71 Kerala 6,437,250 582,118 115,830 2,094,847 2,792,795 43.38

Source: BPL Survey (2009)

(2) Defining Poverty Line

Poverty Line is defined by a set of criteria that defines the households who would be entitled to benefit through various schemes. The household which is categorised as Below Poverty Line (BPL) by household survey, is given a ration card by the Thaluk Office of each District, on which the names of the household members will be listed. The ration card and the BPL list in which the households are listed will be used to identify the beneficiaries for various schemes and confirm their entitlement.

At the time of the Survey, BPL list based on the BPL Survey 2009 was still effective. To update the list, Socio Economic and Cast Census 2011 were conducted and a list of the BPL HHs was generated. A list generated based on the results of the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 is under review by the public and is expected to be published shortly.

The criteria to identify the BPL households in the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 are set by the GoI as shown below. The Survey Team has been informed by the Poverty Alleviation Unit, Wayanad District that the BPL Criteria adopted in BPL Survey 2009 were similar to these.

BPL Criteria Adopted in the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 Category Descriptions

Exclusion Criteria

Households having following characteristics; owning motorized Two/Three/Four wheelers/Fishing boats (which require

registration) owning mechanized Three/Four wheeler agricultural equipments such as tractors,

harvesters, etc having Kisan Credit Card with the credit limit of Rs. 50,000/- and above with any member as government employee, Gazetted and non Gazetted employee

of Centre, state governments, Public sector undertakings, government aided

Annex 1-28


Category Descriptions autonomous bodies and local bodies

with enterprises registered with the government of any purpose, any non agricultural enterprise registered with centre or state governments

with any member in the household earning more than Rs. 10,000/- p.m. paying income tax or Professional tax with three or more rooms with Pucca walls and Pucca roof owning refrigerator owning land line phones owning 2.5 acres or more irrigated land

Deprivation Indicators

Households with only one room with kucha walls and kucha roof Households with no adult member between age 16 to 59 Female headed households with no adult male member between age of 16 to 59 Households with any disabled member and no able bodied adult member SC/ST households Houeholds with no literate adult above 25 years Landless households deriving the major part of their income from manual casual labour Annual income below Rs. 22,000

Priority Indicators

Households without shelter Destitutes living on alms Manual scavengers Primitive Tribal Groups Legally released bonded labourers

Source: Manual for Enumerators, Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011. Government of India: p.11.

On the other hand, Kerala has set its own criteria for identifying BPL households. The major difference between the central government BPL Criteria and that of Kerala is the income level. The central government sets the limit the annual income of Rs. 22,000 where as the state government considers up to Rs. 50,000 as eligible for BPL entitlement.

Annex 1-29


Criteria for Identifying BPL Households set by Local Self Government Department, Kerala Criteria Descriptions

Priority Criteria Those who have annual income, including nominal pensions up to Rs 50,000 can be considered as BPL and assistance can be given.

The income certificate should be approved by the Revenue officers or should be directly enquired and approved by the operational officer.

It is not necessary to provide the income certificate along with the application form, at the time of distribution of the grants; the income certified data is needed.

Exclusion Criteria even if the income is less than Rs.50,000

Families which includes employees in government sector/ quasi government/ aided/ private organizations, pensioners other than those who are temporarily appointed by the Employment Exchange/ those who work for Daily Wages

Families which include Permanent salaried person in public Sector other than the normal workers in traditional fields like Coir, handloom, cashew nut etc.

Owner of a building with an area above 100 m2 with tile roof/ concrete or both. Families who own one or more four wheeler motor vehicle (s) for personal use or

for taxi Families who own heavy vehicles like bus, lorry, tractor, earth mover etc. Families with a member or members working abroad and families who own a

house with a floor area of 100 m2. Families attaining annual income more than Rs.500,000 from Permanent Job/ Rent/

Other Permanent incomes. Source: Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17) Programme Planning and Subsidy- Related matters of Local Self Governance

Institutions. (Revised Guidelines). GO (MS) No.362/2013/LSGD dated 16th Nov., 2013. (p.93).

The Survey Team has been informed by the Poverty Alleviation Unit, Wayanad District that the centrally funded schemes would adopt the central government BPL criteria as in BPL Survey 2011 to identify the beneficiaries while the state funded schemes will adopt its own criteria.

(2) Beneficiary Selection and Entitlements of Various Schemes

The table below summarises the beneficiary selection criteria and entitlements of various schemes. Among the centrally funded scheme, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), Integrated Watershed Management Programme, and Social Security pension provide benefits irrespective of one’s economic status.

Beneficiary Selection Criteria and Entitlements of Centrally Funded Schemes Sl No Scheme Beneficiary Criteria Entitlements

1 IAY Housing scheme

Beneficiary should be in BPL List Prioritization of beneficiaries Freed bonded labourers SC/ST households Families /Widows of personnel from

defence services/Paramilitary forces, killed in action

Non SC/ST BPL households Physically and mentally challenged

persons Ex servicemen and retired members of

the paramilitary forces Displaced persons on account of

developmental projects, nomadic/semi nomadic, and de notified tribes, families with physically/mentally challenged members

The selection of the beneficiaries will be subject to the condition that the households of all the above categories except No 3 are in the BPL list

Construction of house including sanitary latrine and smokeless chulha

Upgradation of unserviceable households

Annex 1-30


Sl No Scheme Beneficiary Criteria Entitlements

2 MGNREGA One who is physically able to work APL & BPL, No age bar

Every household (up to 5 members per household) is entitled to have manual work with minimum wages for 100 days a year

3 IWMP The beneficiaries should be marginalized communities, including SC/ST, landless /assetless people, women, etc., among which preference will be given to women, specially female headed households, ST & SCs, as identified under the wealth ranking conducted as a part of the PRA exercise.

A composite loan (grant in aid and bank loan) can be availed depending upon the type of activity. The grant -in-aid will be 50% of the cost of the activity or Rs. 200 ,000 whichever is less. However, grant in aid shall not exceed 30% of the livelihood component (i.e. 9% of the total project cost) of the project.

4 SGSY Scheme Beneficiaries/ Groups should be in BPL List

Micro enterprises to individuals or SHG’s for sustainable livelihood improvement

Credit cum subsidy 5 Social Security

Pensions Eligibility based on Annual income Pension

7 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG)

Kattunaikka household in the BPL list Housing grant of Rs. 350,000 for each houseless families

Supply of food grains, rice- 25 kg, Grains- 2 kg, Sugar – 2 kg, Tea dust.

Medical camps, 1 camp in each hamlet in 2 months

Supply of medicine through mobile medical units as required

Special Anganwadis Construction of roads Implementing drinking water facilities Soil conservation activities Agriculture developmental activities, in

collaboration with spices board, planned area wise by the project officials and implemented through individuals

8 NRLM The interested rural BPL youth. Kerala adopts saturation approach, where

at least one member from each identified rural poor household, preferably a woman, is brought under the Self Help Group (SHG) network in a time bound manner.

The Mission will adopt differential strategies for social inclusion and mobilisation of all identified BPL households into functionally effective and self-managed institutions, with particular focus on inclusion of vulnerable sections like scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, disabled, landless, migrant labour, isolated communities and communities living in disturbed areas.

Using participatory vulnerability assessment and ranking methodology it would identify the poorest and the most vulnerable amongst the BPL households.

Economic empowerment through capacity development and other interventions

9 Anthyodaya Anna Yojana

(Targeted Public Distribution System ) Poorest families among the BPL families

35 kg food grains for Rs 3 per kg

Annex 1-31


Sl No Scheme Beneficiary Criteria Entitlements

10 Annapoorna scheme

(targeted Public Distribution System) BPL destitute above the age of 65 years

with no or meagre subsistence

10 kg of food grains free of cost

11 Adiya Paniya Scheme

Adiya and Paniya households in the 2009 BPL list

Educational (School bag, book, umbrella) and livelihood development activities (Poultry, goatry, Dairy units, etc)

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014)

(3) Inequality

The Kerala Perspective Plan Vision 2030 (LSGD, Kerala) has reported the substantial decline in the poverty rate in Kerala between 1993-94 and 2011-12 and extracted five major contributing factors to the rapid decline in the poverty incidences: 1) Progress in social development - increase in the wages by the labour unions, and state sponsored redistribution programmes. 2) human capabilities – enhanced education, health and in other related areas; 3) considerable amount of incoming remittance from the Gulf countries; 4) small household size; and 5) growth of tertiary sector that has absorbed the agriculture labourers.

The Kerala Perspective Plan – Vision 2030 (State Planning Board, Kerala) also pointed out that Kerala has marked the highest gini coefficient based on the per capita expenditure for 2009 and ranked 10th amongst the states in India (Kerala Perspective Plan Vision 2030, LSGD, p36). In the rural Kerala’s gini coefficient has market about 0.4 and the same for urban area has reached 0.5.

1.7 Health

1.7.1 Medical Institutions

In total, 1,281 health institutions are in Kerala in 2013 including 16 District Hospitals, 681 Primary Health Centres that provides the primary care and preventive cure and curative care. 233 Community Health Centres and 77 Thaluk Hospitals are established as the basic secondary institutions. District Hospitals and General Hospitals provide speciality care along with other specialised institutions. Hospitals and dispensaries that provide ayurvedic or homeopathic treatment are also available.

Medical Institutions in Kerala (2013)

Source: Directorate of Health Service in Economic Review 2013. Vol II. Appendix 4.53. Compiled by JICA Survey Team.

District GeneralHospital

DistrictHospital

Primary HealthCentre

CommunityHealth Centre

ThalukHospital

24 x 7 PHC

Thiruvananthapuram 1 3 64 23 6 7Kollam 0 1 52 17 8 6Pathanamthitta 2 1 38 12 4 5Alappuzha 1 1 42 16 7 17Kottayama 3 1 44 17 3 13Idukki 0 1 31 14 4 11Ernakulam 2 1 42 23 10 34Thrissur 1 1 68 24 7 11Palakkad 0 1 65 19 6 11Malappuram 1 1 65 23 5 21Kozhikode 1 1 57 16 6 7Wayanad 1 1 14 9 2 8Kannur 1 1 69 11 7 13Kasaragod 1 1 30 9 2 10Total 15 16 681 233 77 174

Annex 1-32


1.7.2 Human Resources in Health Sector

According to the National Rural Health Mission, the Number of Primary Health Centres and Community Health Centres are exceeding the requirement by 38.05% and 48.63% respectively26. On the other hand, the number of female health workers and auxiliary nurses and midwives to work at Sub Centres & Primary Health Centres and Male Health Workers at Sub Centres are in severe shortage.

Human Resources in Health Sector in Kerala (2012) Particulars Required In position Shortfall

Sub-centre 3,525 4,575 * Primary Health Centre (PHC) 586 809 * Community Health Centre (CHC) 146 217 * Health worker (Female)/Auxiliary Nurse and Midwife at Sub Centres & PHCs

5,384 4,173 1,211

Health Worker (Male) at Sub Centres 4,575 1,285 3,290 Health Assistant (Female)/LHV at PHCs 809 795 14 Health Assistant (Male) at PHCs 809 633 176 Doctor at PHCs 809 1,152 * Obstetricians & Gynecologists at CHCs 217 NA NA Pediatricians at CHCs 217 NA NA Total specialists at CHCs 868 774 94 Radiographers at CHCs 217 20 197 Pharmacist at PHCs & CHCs 1,026 1,027 * Laboratory Technicians at PHCs & CHCs 1,026 268 758 Nursing Staff at PHCs & CHCs 2,328 2,014 314

Source: National Rural Health Mission

27.

1.7.3 Health Indicators

All the health indicators in Kerala are better than those of India.

Health Indicators of Kerala Indicator Kerala India

Infant Mortality rate (SRS 2011) 12 44 Maternal Mortality Rate (SRS 2007-09) 81 212 Total Fertility Rate (SRS 2011) 1.8 2.4 Crude Birth Rate (SRS 2011) 15.2 21.8 Crude Death Rate (SRS 2011) 7 7.1 Sex Ratio (Census 2011) 1084 940 Child Sex Ratio (Census 2011) 959 914

Source: National Rural Health Mission 28

Note: SRS- Sample Registration System- registered samples will provide the data on a regular basis.

1.8 Social Welfare Schemes

1.8.1 Youth, Children, Women

Government of India provides a number of social welfare schemes for socio economically vulnerable groups such as women, youth, and children. The table below presents the schemes and available benefits for them.

26 Source: http://nrhm.gov.in/nrhm-in-state/state-wise-information/kerala.html#state_profile 27 Source: RHS Bulletin, March 2012, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.

http://nrhm.gov.in/nrhm-in-state/state-wise-information/kerala.html#state_profile 28 http://nrhm.gov.in/nrhm-in-state/state-wise-information/kerala.html#state_profile

Annex 1-33

http://nrhm.gov.in/nrhm-in-state/state-wise-information/kerala.html%23state_profile


Schemes for Youth, Children and Women and the Benefits Name of the Scheme/

Departments Benefits

Social Security and Welfare to Unorganised Sectors

28 Sectors including Tailoring, Khadi, Auto rickshaw, Fishermen, Cashew, Labour etc. have established Welfare Fund Board.

Social Justice Department Kerala Women’s Commission

Women development programmes Conduct seminars and legal workshops and adalath

Kerala Women’s Development Corporation

Self employed scheme for women, gender awareness, construction of toilets for ladies

Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls

Centrally supported scheme. Kollam, Idukki, Malappuram, Palakkad districts and will expand to the tribal

areas where the vocational training and skills development will be emphasised upon.

Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana

Financial assistance for pregnant women of 19 years and above for the first two live births

Palakkad district and to be expanded to the coastal and tribal districts Snehasparsham For unwed mothers particularly from tribal communities in Wayanad District

1,000 Rs/ months will be given to all the unwed mothers. 1,314 women benefited in 2012-13.

Integrated Child Development Services

To improve nutritional status of women and children by providing an integrated package of services including pre-school

33,115 Anganwadis are established in Kerala SHARANYA Financial assistance for self employment for unemployed widows, deserted/

divorced/ unmarried women. And unwedded mothers. 50% of the project cost – subsidy

50% as an interest free loan. Application is to be submitted to District Employment Officer.

Seethalayama Homeopathic aid for infertility and de addiction Medical Care for Victims of Violence/ social abuse

Counselling and medical treatment for physical injury Accessible at General Hospitals and in almost all district hospitals

Source: Economic Review 2013. Kerala State Planning Board.

1.8.2 Schemes for Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST)

(1) Overall Trend in Budget Allocation

In the 12th Five-Year Plan (2012-17), GoK has proposed to further enhance the efforts towards social and economic development of the SC and ST communities. Various centrally/state funded schemes will be continued to be implemented through SC/ST Development Department and through Panchayat Raj Institutions. In 2013-14, Rs. 16.68 billion have been budgeted for the SC and Rs. 3.4 billion for STs. The budget outlay of the state government for Special Component Plan for Schedule Caste has increased from Rs. 6.82 billion in FY 2007-08 to Rs. 16.68 billion in FY 2013-14.

Annex 1-34


Trends in SCP/TSP Outlay

Source: Economic Review 2013, State Planning Board, Kerala. Vol II. Appendix 4.80. Compiled by JICA Survey Team.

(2) Types of Funding

Corpus Fund

Corpus Fund is to be used to fund the projects proposed by any government departments or agencies. The types of projects considered for funding are human resource development, basic needs and economic development. One third of the outlay will be allocated to the districts on the basis of proportion of SC/ST population.

Corpus Fund Allocation between 2008-09 and 2013-14

Source: Economic Review 2013, Kerala State Planning Board. Vol II. Appendix 4.89 and 4.103. Compiled by JICA Survey Team.

Pooled Fund

Pooled fund is kept for both Special Component Plan and Tribal Sub Plan to be utilised for projects proposed by other departments and agencies. Any government departments and agencies can submit the proposals to the State Planning Board to be funded by the SC/ST Department. In 2013-14, the outlay of Pooled Fund was Rs. 500.0 million and expended Rs. 411.8 million, which was 82.76% of the budget29.

29 Source: Economic Review 2013, Kerala State Planning Board. Vol II. Appendix 4.90. Compiled by JICA Survey Team.

2007-08

2008-09

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2013-14

Special Component Plan for Scheduled

Caste 6.82 7.56 8.75 9.83 11.78 12.89 16.68

Tribal Sub Plan 1.39 1.54 1.81 2.01 2.84 3.12 3.40

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00

10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00

billi

on R

s.

2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14SC 679.10 742.90 425.40 190.40 1,361.4 110.00 2,275.0ST 66.49 81.32 113.51 38.33 336.30 230.00 346.00

0.00

500.00

1,000.00

1,500.00

2,000.00

2,500.00

mill

ion

Rs.

Annex 1-35


Special Central Assistance (SCA) to Specials Component Plan (SCP)

The Special Central Assistance is given to SCP in order to fill the areas that are not take care of by the central, state and local level plans. The emphasis is given to the economic development programmes for SC. 75% of the funds will be transferred to the District Collectors and the rest will be kept by the Director of the SC Development. In2013-14, Rs. 200.0 million was allocated for this category and expended only Rs. 66.8 million or 33.4% of the outlay30

.

(3) Schemes for SC/ST Development

Both Special Component Plan (SCP) and Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) encompass wide range of the sectors to address their issues and facilitate over all development. Outline of the major schemes under SCP and TSP are given below.

List of Major Schemes of SC/ ST Development Name Outline of the Scheme SCP for SC TSP for ST

Education Schemes Pre-matrict/ post matric studies assistance Model residential schools Financial support for students in

self-financing colleges X X

Housing Scheme Construction of new houses for the houseless X X

Land to Landless Purchase of land to the poor and eligible landless SC families for house construction X

Health Scheme- financial assistance to Seriously Ill people

Financial Assistance for treatment of illness Cancer, heart, kidney, brain ailments to SC BPL families

Tuberculoses, Leprosy, Scabies, Sickle cell Anaemia, Water born Diseases

Development programmes for the vulnerable communities among scheduled castes

Assistance to acquire 5 cents of land and to construct a house for landless SC families from vulnerable communities

Provide infrastructure, connectivity, communication facilities, education, treatment, drinking water, electricity, road etc.

X

Self employment scheme Financial assistance to promote new ventures by SC (Subsidy:Loan=1:3)

Multi-Purpose Service Centres/ Job Clubs X Self Employment Schemes for Destitute

Women (Saranya): for widow, divorced, deserted women around the age of 30 and unwed mothers of STs

X X

Assistance for marriage of SC/ ST girls

Financial assistance to daughters of SC parents to subsidise the expenses associated with marriage.

X X

Resettlement of Landless Tribes

Provide at least one acre of land per household (maximum 5 acres)to landless ST people

X

Source: Economic Review 2013. Kerala State Planning Board.

(4) Budget for Schemes for SC

In 2013-14, Rs.10,364 million have been allocated for various SC related schemes. The largest proportion was allocated to the Corpus Fund (See below 5 for detail). The amount allocated for the Corpus Fund was Rs. 2,275 million or 21.95% of the total budget. Education is given an emphasis as two schemes accounts for 27.08 % or Rs. 2,807.5 million of the total budgets. House and land related schemes account for 19.36% or Rs. 2,006.8 million.

30 Source: Ibid. Appendix 4.91. Compiled by JICA Survey Team.

Annex 1-36


Budget Allocation for Various Schemes for SC (2013-14) Unit: million Rs.

Schemes Budget Share in Total

Critical Gap filling Scheme (Corpus Fund) 2,275.0 21.95% Assistance for Education of SC Students 1,507.5 14.54% Post Matriculation studies 1,300.0 12.54% House to houseless 1,250.0 12.06% Land to Landless Families for Construction of Houses 756.8 7.30% Pooled Fund for Special Projects proposed by other Departments under SCP 500.0 4.82% Indra Awas Yojana - SCP (25% state share Rural Development Scheme 357.8 3.45% Assistance for Training and Employment 300.0 2.89% Works and Buildings 250.0 2.41% One time Additional Central Assistance 243.2 2.35% Others 1,624.1 15.67% Total 10,364.0 100.00%

Source: Economic Review 2013. Kerala State Planning Board. Vol II. Appendix 4.81. Compiled by JICA Survey Team.

(5) Budget for Schemes for ST

The total amount budget through various financing mechanism was Rs. 3,193 million for 2013-14. Schemes are financed in three different modes with varying ratio of fund contribution by the state and central government. 76.42% of the total amount spent for ST schemes is fully funded by the state budget. 13.48% is to be co financed between the state and central government with the proportion of 50-50%. Remaining 10.11% are fully financed by the Central Government.

Share of Budgets by Funding Sources 2013-14 Source: Economic Review 2013, Kerala State Planning Board. Vol II. Appendix 4.93. Compiled by JICA Survey Team

The break ups of the schemes are as below. Out of the state funded schemes, 18.15% is allocated for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). Housing for the ST communities remains a major agenda in the budget allocation of the state. 13.49% or Rs. 275.00 million was allocated for the houses to houseless and 9.81% or Rs. 200.00 million was allocated for resettlement of landless tribes.

Schemes to be funded by the State Fund 2013-14

State Fund Budget (million Rs.)

% to the Total Budget

1 Implementation o f13th Finance Commission Award for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups 370.0 18.15%

2 Critical Gap Filling Schemes (Corpus Fund) under TSP 346.0 16.97% 3 Houses to Houseless 275.00 13.49%

State Fund76.42%

50% State Share

Centrally Sponsored

Scheme13.48%

100% Centrally Financed Scheme10.11%

Annex 1-37


State Fund Budget (million Rs.)

% to the Total Budget

4 Management Cost for the Running of Model Residential Schools/ Ashram Schools 237.50 11.65%

5 Resettlement of Landless Tribes 200.00 9.81%

6 Pooled Funds for Special projects proposed by other departments under TSP 130.00 6.38%

7 Schemes Implemented with Grant- in-aid under Article 275 62.30 3.06% 8 Honorarium to Tribal Promoters 53.00 2.60% 9 Others 365.00 17.90% Total (1) 2,038.80 100.00%

Source: Economic Review 2013, State Planning Board, Kerala Vol II. Appendix 4.93. Compiled by JICA Survey Team.

In 2013-14, new schemes commenced. Gothrasarathy is to provide a vehicle with a driver for the tribal children living interior part of the forest as an attempt to improve their access to schools. This is a joint funding scheme with the Local Government Bodies and PTAs. Janani-Janma Raksha is also another scheme to provide subsidies for the pregnant tribal women to improve the nutrition status. Pregnant tribal women will receive Rs.1,000 per month from the 3rd month of pregnancy for 18 months.

14.94% or Rs. 60 million was allocated to be utilised for IAY (housing scheme) and 12.45% or Rs. 50 million was allocated for SGSY/ NRLM (poverty alleviation scheme) at the Block Panchayats.

New Schemes for ST in FY 2013-14

New Scheme - State Funded Budget (million Rs.)

% to the Total

1 Hamlet Development 200.00 49.81% 2 House Repair 50.00 12.45% 3 Gothrasarathy 30.00 7.47% 4 Janani-Janma Raksha 11.50 2.86% 5 IAY [ Block Panchayat] 60.00 14.94% 6 SGSY/ NRLM [ Block Panchayat] 50.00 12.45% Total (2) 401.50 100.00%

Source: Economic Review 2013, Kerala State Planning Board (Compiled by JICA Survey Team based on Appendix 4.93)

50% centrally funded scheme is mainly for the construction of Model Residential Schools accounting for 81.26% of the total budget or Rs. 349.67 million. Among the schemes fully funded by the central government, emphasis is given to the development of the education facilities for the tribal communities and to provide post matric scholarship.

Schemes to be funded by Co-financing and Centrally Funded Scheme 2013-14

50% State Share of Centrally Sponsored Schemes Budget (million Rs.)

% to the Total

1 Construction of buildings for MRS/ Ashram Schools 349.67 81.26% 2 Construction of Boys Hostel 60.00 13.94%

3 Grant- in-aid to Kerala Institute for Research, Training and Development studies for SC/ ST (KIRTADS) 13.00 3.02%

4 Share Capital Contribution to KSDC for SC/ ST 4.00 0.93% 5 Enforcement of Prevention of Atrocities Act 3.65 0.85% Total (3) 430.32 100.00%

100% Centrally Sponsored Schemes and SCA to TSP Budget (million Rs.)

% to the Total

1 Post matric scholarship 180.00 55.78% 2 Special Central Assistance to Tribal Sub Plan 67.50 20.92% 3 Construction of Girls Hostels 35.00 10.85% 4 Construction of Model Residential School (MRS) Pookot 11.00 3.41%

Annex 1-38


5 Implementation of STs and other traditional forest Dwellers 10.00 3.10%

6 Vocational Training Institute for scheduled Tribes Construction of MRS Idukki 13.50 4.18%

7 Construction of MRS, Njaraneeli 5.50 1.70% 8 Upgradation of merits of ST students 0.20 0.06% Total (4) 322.70 100.00%

Source: Economic Review 2013, Kerala State Planning Board. (Compiled by JICA Survey Team based on Appendix 4.93)

(6) Other Concerned Agencies/ Organisations in SC/ ST Development

In Kerala, several agencies and organisations are established to facilitate the socio-economic development of the SC/ ST communities in the state. The list of such bodies and their mandates are given in the table below.

Other Concerned Agencies/ Organisations in SC/ ST Development Names of Agencies/ Organisations Mandates

SC/ ST Service Cooperatives To achieve overall improvement of the socio-economic conditions of SC and STs. Mainly the cooperatives are involved in procurement and sales of minor forest produce.

Kerala Institute for Research Training and Development Studies for SC/ ST

Research on SC/ ST issues and training programmes

Kerala State Development Corporation of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes

To support SC/ ST people to become self-reliant Emphasis is given to self employment schemes. Some of the schemes include; Agriculture land purchase,

micro-credit, mini-venture loans, small enterprise loans, housing, educational loan and marriage assistance and etc.

Kerala State Backward Classes Development Corporation

To achieve socio-economic development of backward classes and minorities in Kerala.

Provide loans for self employment, education, agriculture, to seek overseas employment, marriage, purchasing of computer/ two wheeler, and for other purposes.

Conduct vocational training programmes and organise exhibitions/ trade fairs.

Kerala State Development Corporation for Christian Converts from Scheduled Caste and the recommended Communities

To facilitate overall development of the converted Christians from Scheduled Castes and other recommended communities

Schemes include; agricultural land purchase, foreign employment, housing, cash incentive to students, marriage loan, agriculture and allied sector assistance, small business, educational loan and etc.

Kerala State Minority Development Finance corporation

To provide financial assistance to income generating projects, housing finance, educational loans, vocational training etc for minority communities.

Constituted by the state government. Source: Economic Review 2013, Kerala State Planning Board.

1.9 Education (1) Literacy

Kerala has been known for its high literacy rates. Literacy rate in India has been reported to be 73.00% as a whole and 80.90% for male and 64.60% for female (Census 2011) whereas Kerala has shown much higher literacy rates. In 2013, 93.91 % of Kerala’s population is reported to be literate (Economic Review 2013). The same for male is 96.02% and 91.98% for female. Among the districts, Pathanamtitta has marked the highest literacy rate as a district with 96.93% whereas Palakkad had marked the lowest literacy rates of 88.49%. A gap in literacy rates between male and female was observed in Kasargod, Wayanad and Idukki Districts.

Annex 1-39


Literacy Rates in Kerala 2013 Unit: %

Districts M F Total Thiruvananthapuram 94.60 90.89 92.66 Kollam 95.83 91.95 93.77 Pathanamthitta 97.70 96.26 96.93 Alappuzha 97.90 94.80 96.26 Kottayama 97.17 95.67 96.40 Idukki 94.84 89.59 92.20 Ernakulam 97.14 94.27 95.68 Thirissur 96.98 93.85 95.32 Palakkad 92.27 84.99 88.49 Malappuram 95.78 91.55 93.55 Kozhikode 97.57 93.16 95.24 Wayanad 92.84 85.94 89.32 Kannur 97.54 93.57 95.41 Kasargod 93.93 86.13 89.85 Kerala 96.02 91.98 93.91

Source: Kerala State Literacy Mission Authority (Economic Review 2013, Kerala State Planning Board)

(2) Non Formal Education

Kerala State Literacy Mission conducts “equivalency programme” to provide learning opportunities for the new literates. It allows the learners to obtain a formal recognition equivalent to the 4th, 7th and 10th Standards after completing a set of programmes and passing an exam. Across all levels, women learners are the majority. Especially for the 4th and 7th Standard programmes, the proportion of women learners is 81.93% and 98.00%, respectively.

Cumulative Number of Learners of the Equivalency Programmes between 2003-04 and 2012-13

4th Standard 7th Standard 10th Standard Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Cumulative of learners from 2003-04 to 2012-13 (Persons)

59,339 269,109 328,448 1,438 70,287 71,725 153,854 286,925 440,779

Proportion to Total (%) 18.07 81.93 100.00 2.00 98.00 100.00 34.91 65.09 100.00 Source: Economic Review 2013, Kerala State Planning Board. Vol II. Appendix 4.3. Compiled by JICA Survey Team.

(3) Status of Formal Education

Formal education system is comprised of the 1st to 4th Standard (Lower Primary), 5th to 7th Standard (Upper Primary), 8th to 10th Standard (High School/ Secondary School Leaving Certificate), and Senior Secondary covering 11th and 12th Standard (Higher Secondary Exam). After 12th Standard, the tertiary education system is established.

Lower Primary

In Kerala, the number of students enrolled at schools has been on the decline. This is partly due to the decline in the number of children in Kerala. In 2010-11, 1.25million children were enrolled in the Lower Primary Schools. There is no significant gap between the enrolment of boys and girls in all the districts. The highest dropout rate was recorded in Thiruvananthapuram (4.87%) followed by Kollam and Palakkad.

Lower Primary (V-VII) Enrolment, Boys/ Girls Ratio and Dropout Rates in Kerala

District Lower Primary (I-IV)

No of Boys

No of Girls Total Boys/ Girls

Ratio Dropout

(%) Thiruvananthapuram 47,300 48,540 95,840 0.97 4.87 Kollam 39,161 39,489 78,650 0.99 2.62 Pathanamthitta 12,855 12,916 25,771 1.00 1.72

Annex 1-40


District Lower Primary (I-IV)

No of Boys


Ratio Dropout

(%) Alappuzha 27,465 28,320 55,785 0.97 0.78 Kottayama 27,965 27,426 55,391 1.02 0.96 Idukki 16,622 16,278 32,900 1.02 2.01 Ernakulam 42,732 43,767 86,499 0.98 1.17 Thrissur 52,922 53,466 106,388 0.99 0.64 Palakkad 58,291 58,820 117,111 0.99 2.36 Malappuram 131,449 128,734 260,183 1.02 0.76 Kozhikode 64,343 64,280 128,623 1.00 0.68 Wayanad 20,144 19,050 39,194 1.06 1.67 Kannur 58,555 47,980 106,535 1.22 0.62 Kasargod 30,782 30,488 61,270 1.01 1.47 Total 630,586 619,554 1,250,140 1.02 1.52

Source: Selected Educational Statistics 2010-11. General Education Department.

Upper Primary

In 2010-11, 1.20 million children were enrolled in Upper Primary Schools in Kerala. Boys’ enrolment is slightly higher in this level except in Thiruvananthapuram where the number of girls enrolled in upper primary schools was higher than that of boys. The dropout rate is considerably low but recorded the highest in Thiruvananthapuram (2.15%) followed by Wayanad (1.61%) and Kollam (1.46%).

Upper Primary (V-VII) Enrolment , Boys/ Girls Ratio and Dropout Rates in Kerala

District Upper Primary (V-VII)

No of Boys


Ratio Dropout

(%) Thiruvananthapuram 48,910 49,897 98,807 0.98 2.15 Kollam 41,451 41,095 82,546 1.01 1.46 Pathanamthitta 15,208 14,503 29,711 1.05 0.53 Alappuzha 30,857 30,639 61,496 1.01 0.74 Kottayama 28,140 27,769 55,909 1.01 0.38 Idukki 18,373 16,943 35,316 1.08 0.69 Ernakulam 44,034 43,608 87,642 1.01 0.44 Thrissur 50,480 49,881 100,361 1.01 0.4 Palakkad 58,389 57,667 116,056 1.01 0.96 Malappuram 118,022 112,431 230,453 1.05 0.46 Kozhikode 62,892 61,429 124,321 1.02 0.24 Wayanad 19,327 18,361 37,688 1.05 1.61 Kannur 45,467 44,675 90,142 1.02 0.3 Kasargod 27,137 26,088 53,225 1.04 0.98 Total 608,687 594,986 1,203,673 1.02 0.76

Source: Selected Educational Statistics 2010-11. General Education Department.

High School

The number of students enrolled in high school was 1.41 million in 2010-11. The number of boys enrolled in the high school was slightly higher than that of girls except Pathanamthitta. The dropout rate in Kerala was 0.86%. Among the districts, Wayanad indicated the highest high school dropouts (2.51%) followed by Idukki (1.54%).

High School (VIII-X) Enrolment, Boys/ Girls Ratio and Dropout Rates in Kerala

District High School (VIII-X)

No of Boys


Ratio Dropout

(%) Thiruvananthapuram 60,557 60,663 121,220 1.00 1.26 Kollam 51,253 49,320 100,573 1.04 0.68 Pathanamthitta 19,189 20,607 39,796 0.93 0.52 Alappuzha 40,033 38,355 78,388 1.04 0.89

Annex 1-41


District High School (VIII-X)

No of Boys


Ratio Dropout

(%) Kottayama 34,674 34,571 69,245 1.00 0.77 Idukki 21,718 19,903 41,621 1.09 1.54 Ernakulam 57,053 55,131 112,184 1.03 0.68 Thrissur 62,349 59,495 121,844 1.05 0.85 Palakkad 67,863 64,328 132,191 1.05 1.27 Malappuram 124,524 116,708 241,232 1.07 0.56 Kozhikode 72,940 69,768 142,708 1.05 0.42 Wayanad 19,314 18,767 38,081 1.03 2.51 Kannur 54,994 52,114 107,108 1.06 0.63 Kasargod 31,683 29,828 61,511 1.06 1.24 Total 718,144 689,558 1,407,702 1.04 0.86 Source: Selected Educational Statistics 2010-11. General Education Department.

(4) School Facilities

Availability of Drinking Water Facilities

In 2012-13, there were 6,768 Lower Primary Schools, 2,969 Upper Primary Schools, and 1,105 High Schools in Kerala. Out of these schools, drinking water facilities were available in 37.96% of the Lower Primary, 29.91% in Upper Primary and 38.24% in High School.

Availability of Drinking Water Facilities (2013)

Source: Directorate of Public Instruction in Economic Review 2013, State Planning Board Kerala. Vol II. Appendix 4.7. Compiled by JICA Survey Team. * LP=Lower Primary; UP=Upper Primary; HS=High School.

Availability of Urinal/Latrines

Latrines and urinal facilities were not available in all the schools of all the stages. These facilities were available in 38.27% of the Lower Primary Schools, 30.58% of Upper Primary Schools, and 38.24% of the High Schools.

LP UP HS

Unit Schools % Schools % Schools %

Thiruvananthapuram 506 220 263 304 60.08% 97 44.09% 126 47.91%Kollam 484 215 228 278 57.44% 64 29.77% 85 37.28%Pathanamthitta 423 143 168 165 39.01% 42 29.37% 50 29.76%Alappuzha 410 155 198 200 48.78% 68 43.87% 62 31.31%Kottayama 454 201 252 172 37.89% 60 29.85% 65 25.79%Idukki 225 95 156 88 39.11% 30 31.58% 75 48.08%Ernakulam 477 214 314 186 38.99% 94 43.93% 87 27.71%Thrissur 518 230 261 117 22.59% 55 23.91% 82 31.42%Palakkad 557 219 196 193 34.65% 41 18.72% 84 42.86%Malappuram 852 366 254 349 40.96% 111 30.33% 86 33.86%Kozhikode 720 326 191 170 23.61% 66 20.25% 71 37.17%Wayanad 143 68 80 93 65.03% 26 38.24% 52 65.00%Kannur 729 373 189 114 15.64% 74 19.84% 90 47.62%Kasaragod 270 144 140 140 51.85% 60 41.67% 90 64.29%Total 6,768 2,969 2,890 2,569 37.96% 888 29.91% 1,105 38.24%

District

Schools

Total No of Schools With Drinking Water

LP UP HS

Annex 1-42


Table 1.9.7 Availability of Urinal/ Latrines (2013)

Source: Directorate of Public Instruction in Economic Review 2013, State Planning Board Kerala. Vol II.

Appendix 4.7. Compiled by JICA Survey Team. * LP=Lower Primary; UP=Upper Primary; HS=High School.

1.10 Natural Environment

1.10.1 Climate

The terrestrial area of Kerala extends in the south-western tip of India extending between 8o47’30” and 12o47’40” North latitude and 74o24’47” and 74o51’ East Longitude. It has an area of 39,863 km2. The whole area of Kerala is covered by the humid tropical wet climate meanwhile its extreme eastern fringes experience a drier tropical climate.

Kerala receives an average annual rainfall more than 3,000mm/year, which is much higher than the all-India average of 1,200 mm. Mountains of eastern part of Kerala receives more than 5,000mm, which is the highest in the State while some drier lowland regions average only 1,250 mm/year. The rainfall in Kerala is brought by the seasonal monsoons, which brow from southwest to northeast between June and August and from northeast to southwest in October and November. The first monsoon is called in Malayalam, a language of Kerala sate as “Kalavarsham” brown from Arabian sea and the second one is “Thulavasham” from Himalayan mountains.

In average Kerala state has 120 to 140 rainy days per year. Most of its area is prone to strong wind, storm surges and territorial downpours brought about by the cyclones coming almost every year. Temperature ranges in average 36.7 oC as maximum and 19.8 oC as minimum in the state. The following table shows average monthly temperature (maximum-minimum) recorded in Trivandrum in 2012.

1.10.2 Physiography and Soil

(1) Physiography

Physiography of Kerala is characterized by rolling hills and mountains of Western Ghats and its adjacent mid lands and low lands. Three physiographic units distribute with the scale as in the following table.

LP UP HS

Unit Schools % Schools % Schools %

Thiruvananthapuram 506 220 263 305 60.28% 99 45.00% 126 47.91%Kollam 484 215 228 277 57.23% 64 29.77% 85 37.28%Pathanamthitta 423 143 168 167 39.48% 43 30.07% 50 29.76%Alappuzha 410 155 198 199 48.54% 68 43.87% 62 31.31%Kottayama 454 201 252 173 38.11% 62 30.85% 65 25.79%Idukki 225 95 156 92 40.89% 31 32.63% 75 48.08%Ernakulam 477 214 314 184 38.57% 94 43.93% 87 27.71%Thrissur 518 230 261 119 22.97% 55 23.91% 82 31.42%Palakkad 557 219 196 195 35.01% 44 20.09% 84 42.86%Malappuram 852 366 254 349 40.96% 111 30.33% 86 33.86%Kozhikode 720 326 191 179 24.86% 75 23.01% 71 37.17%Wayanad 143 68 80 93 65.03% 26 38.24% 52 65.00%Kannur 729 373 189 115 15.78% 74 19.84% 90 47.62%Kasaragod 270 144 140 143 52.96% 62 43.06% 90 64.29%Total 6,768 2,969 2,890 2,590 38.27% 908 30.58% 1,105 38.24%

District

Schools

LP UP HS

With Urinals/ LatrinesTotal No of Schools

Annex 1-43


Physiographic Units, Altitudes and Area Unit Altitude (m) Area (km2) Area (%)

Lowland 0 – 7.5 3,979.3 10.24 Midland 7.7 – 75 16,231.2 41.76 Highland 75 < 18,653.5 48.00

Total 38,864.00 100.00 Source: State Perspective and Strategic Plan (SPSP), Integrated Watershed Management Program, Local Self Government Department, Government of Kerala State.

Highland area which is more than 75 m above sea level occupies nearly half of the total land area of the state. Its major part lies in the heart of Western Ghats along with the boundary of Kerala and Tamil Nadu and Karnataka states. Mid land adjacent west of the highland extend between the highland and the coastal lowland facing Arabian Sea.

(2) Soil

The Agro-climatic zones of Kerala State identify the major soil types distributed in its terrestrial area. The following table features the major characteristics of each zone. Laterite soil is a major type distributing in most areas except “Special Zone on Problem Areas”, which is followed by sandy loam and alluvial soil in the major lowland areas. Only “High Altitude Zone” is distributed with loamy soil which characterizes the land use and agriculture in this area.

Agro-climatic zone and Major Soil Type of Kerala State No. Zone Area (ha) District Major Soil Type 1 South Zone 665,455 Trivandrum, Kollam, Pathanamthitta,

Kottayam Laterite soil,Sandy Loam, Alluvial Soil

2 Central Zone 759,675 Ernakulam, Thrissur, Palakkad (Pokkali, Kole, and Attapady area excluded)

Laterite Soil Sandy Loam, Alluvial Soil. Black Soil

3 North Zone 1,057,350 Malappuram, Calicut, Kannur, Kasaragod Laterite Soil, Sandy Soil

4 Special Zone on Problem areas

478,350 Parts of Alappuzha, Kottayam, Ernakulam, Thrissur, Malappuram,

Alluval Soil

5 High Altitude Zone 917,050 Wayanau, Idukki, Attappady hill Ranges of Palakkad, Thannithode, Seethathode, Panchayats of Pathanamthitta, Ariyan Kavu, Kulathupuzha and Thenmala Panchayats of Kollam, Peringamala, Vithura, Aryanad, Kallillad and Amboori Panchayats of Trivandrum

Laterite Soil, Loamy Soil

Total 3,877,880 Source: State Perspective and Strategic Plan (SPSP), Integrated Watershed Management Program, Local Self Government

Department, Government of Kerala State.

1.10.3 River Basins and Watersheds

The drainage pattern of Kerala State shows large variation due to the spatial and temporal changes caused by the physiographic features and the seasonal tendencies in weather conditions. Major bulk of run-off in the rivers concentrates in wet season from June to December. Around 80-90 % of annual flow is recorded in this season while it largely decreases in less-rain fall season from January to May.

There are 48 river basins in Karala state. 45 basins are west draining to Indian Ocean while the rest of three basins are the interstate basin draining east to the neighbouring states. Among the 45 west draining, 10 basins are originated in the adjacent state such as Karnataka or Tamil Nadu. The total 48 basins are categorized by their scales as in the following table. These river basins are further delineated into hundreds of micro-watersheds which extend in the whole sate area.

Annex 1-44


River Basin of Kerala State Groups Basin (as listed in order of its area, km)

Basin more than 1,000 km2

(13 basins)

More than 5,000 km2: Periyar (5,284), More than 4,000 km2: Bharathapuzha (4,400), More than 2,000 km2: Chaliayar (2,535), Pamba (2,235), Between 1,000 and 2,000 km2 Kabini (1,920), Kallada (1,699), Moovattupuzha (1,554), Achankoli (1,484), Chalakkudy (1,404), Valapattanam (1,321), Meenachil (1,272), Kadalundi (1,122), Karuvannur (1,054)

Basin between 500 and 1,000 km2

basins)

Manimala (847), karmana (702), Vamanapuram (687), Ithikkara (642), Korapuzha (624), Kuttiyadi (583), Chandragiri (570), Bhavani (562)

Basin between 100 and 500 k2

(18 basins)

Neyyar (479), Kuppam (469), Kariangode (429), Anajarakkadi (412), Keecheri (401), Mahe (394), Pambar (384), Peruvamba (300), Shiriya (290), Puzhakkal (234), Pallikkal (220), Neeleswaram (190), Chittari (145), Kavvayi (143), Tellichery (132), Mogral (132), Tirur (117), Mamom (114)

Basin less than 100 km2 (9 basins)

Kallayi (96), Manjeshwar (90), Uppala (76), Ayroor (66), Ramapuram (52), Bekal (26), Kumbala (25), Pooraparamba (23), kalnad (19)

Source: State Perspective and Strategic Plan (SPSP), Integrated Watershed Management Program, Local Self Government Department, Government of Kerala State.

1.10.4 Rainfall and Temperature/Humidity

(1) Rainfall

The following table shows average annual rainfall from 2008 to 2011 in several districts in the state. The highest 942.1 mm/month is recorded in July in Kasargode district which is located in north end of the territory. It is followed by Kozhikode district which recoded the peak monthly rainfall of more than 900 mm in June and July. All sampled districts have more than 2,000 mm of annual rainfall except Trivandrum which is located in the south end of the state.

As the following table shows the target district of the Project, Wayanad shows less annual rainfall (2,275 mm) compared to the average (2,721 mm) of all measuring points in other districts.

Average Monthly Rainfall (2008-2012) at the Measuring Points in Several Districts in Kerala State Unit: mm

Source: District Rainfall (mm) for Last Five Years. Hydromet Division, India Meteorological Department

(2) Temperature and Humidity

Temperatures and relative humidity recorded in Trivandrum, the capital of the state are indicated in the following table. The mean daily temperature ranges from 19.8 to 36.7 o C through a year. Mean annual temperatures range from 20.0 to 22.5 o C in the eastern highlands of Western Ghats to 25.0 to 27.5 o C in the coastal lowlands. The following table shows the monthly average high and low temperatures in Kerala State. Relative humidity does not become below 50% through a year and constantly reaches more than 60%. The highest humidity is recorded in June with the onset of monsoon season and gradually decline to January and February when the monsoon season is terminated.

District JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC TOTALKasargode 1.5 0.5 62.4 82.3 90.8 885.6 942.1 682.5 392.9 165.8 164.6 7.2 3,478.1Wayanad 7.6 15.3 62.7 127.9 93.5 396.0 596.4 366.3 230.3 227.2 132.0 20.4 2,275.5Kozhikode 1.5 2.2 62.6 115.1 127.8 919.5 916.9 464.2 435.1 370.1 200.4 9.6 3,625.1Palakkad 0.6 17.5 53.9 97.0 84.5 475.4 509.7 306.5 235.9 277.3 160.7 10.3 2,229.2Ernakulam 11.3 29.4 95.2 200.3 207.0 646.3 608.9 419.0 462.3 312.3 228.9 42.8 3,263.9Pathanamthitta 18.3 33.1 101.4 215.0 149.3 387.6 421.4 342.7 278.1 269.6 244.4 73.3 2,534.3Trivandrum 34.3 26.7 90.0 126.8 139.0 181.2 193.8 128.1 141.9 239.6 248.3 94.1 1,643.8Average 10.7 17.8 75.5 137.8 127.4 555.9 598.4 387.0 310.9 266.0 197.1 36.8 2,721.4

Annex 1-45


Temperatures and Relative Humidity of Trivandrum in Kerala State Unit: oC

2Source: http://www.kerala.climatemps.com

1.10.5 Vegetation and Land Use

(1) Vegetation

The vegetation map prepared by the Forest Survey of India (FSOI) in 2009 shows a variation of forest vegetations and their distribution in the State territory. It features the spatial patterns of evergreen/semi-evergreen, moist deciduous, and other types of forests in respond to the physiographic and seasonal weather conditions.

The Kerala Forest Statistics 2012 also gives the result of the satellite image analysis and interpretation to show the forest cover in terms of canopy density classes. The figures of the whole state are given in the following table.

Forest Covers Identified through Satellite Image Analysis and Interpretation Unit Area

(ha) % to

Geographical Area

Remarks

Very dense 144,200 3.72 Canopy closure is more than 70%. Moderate dense 939,400 24.17 Canopy closure is between 40 and 70%. Open forest 646,400 16.63 Canopy closure is less than 40%. Total 1,730,000 44.52 Geographic Area of the state 3,886,300 100.00

Source: Kerala State Forest Statistics, 2012

(2) Land Use

The land use pattern of Kerala State is given in the next table. The total geographical area is given as 3,885,000 ha. The categories indicated in the table follow the thirteen different uses of land as regulated by the State Government of Kerala.

Land Use Pattern of Kerala State and Its Change in the Last 30 Years

No. Category 1980-1981 2011-2012 Area (ha) % Area (ha) %

1 Forest 1,081,942 27.84 1,081,509 27.83 2 Land put non-agricultural uses 269,708 6.94 399,924 10.29 3 Barren and uncultivated lands 85,887 2.21 17,552 0.45 4 Permanent pastures and other grazing land 5,441 0.14 85 0.0 5 Land under miscellaneous, tree crops 63,735 1.64 3,366 0.09 6 Cultivable waste 129,025 3.32 95,437 2.46 7 Fallow other than current fallow 26,815 0.69 57,670 1.48 8 Current fallow 43,526 1.12 77,056 1.98 9. Marshy land 0 - 220 0.01 10 Still water 0 - 107,181 2.76 11 Water Logged Area 0 - 3,239 0.08 12 Social Forestry 0 - 2,916 0.08

Item JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC AverageAverage MaxTemperature (oC)

29.0 30.0 31.0 31.0 31.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 29.0

Average Temperature 27.0 27.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0Average MinimumTemperature (oC)

22.0 23.0 25.0 26.0 26.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 23.0 23.0 24.0

Relative Humidity (%) 63 63 66 73 77 82 81 78 77 80 78 69 74Average Dew PointTemperature (oC)

19.4 19.4 21.1 22.7 23.6 22.7 22.5 21.9 22.6 23.3 22.8 20.8 21.9

Annex 1-46


No. Category 1980-1981 2011-2012 Area (ha) % Area (ha) %

13 Net area sown 2,180,207 56.10 2,040,132 52.50 Total 3,886,287 100.00 3,886,287 100.00

Source: Kerala Agricultural Statistics, 2011-2012

No drastic changes are found in the last 30 years (1980-2011) as a whole, while there are slight decrease of net sown area, barren & uncultivable land, and land under misc, tree crops. Forest area has decreased 433 ha during 1980 and 2011, which is equivalent to 0.04% of total forest area of 1980. Accordingly the annual deforestation rate in the above period becomes 0.0013%. These figures indicate no significant decrease of forest area took place in Kerala State in the past 30 years. Meanwhile “land put non agricultural use” shows the largest increase among all categories, which can be attributed to the recent industrial and commercial developments in urban and rural areas.

Apart from the above figures of land uses, the Kerala Forests Statistics 2012 compiled by Kerala Forest Department indicates the areas of forest cover and the forest land under the jurisdictions of the state government as the followings.

Forest Area according to Legal Status in Kerala State Unit Area (ha) % Definition in Relevant Government Act

Reserve forest 917,632.26 81.94 The forest reserved under section 19 of Kerala Forest Act, 1961 and includes forest notified under Section 4 of the said Act.

Proposed Reserve 29,535.81 2.61

Vested Forest + EFL (Ecologically Fragile Land)

16.25 Vested Forest: Any forest vested in government under Section 3 of the Kerala Private Forest (Vesting & Assignment) Act, 1971.

EFL: This means any land potion held by a person and lying contiguous or enriched by a reserve forest or vested forest or any other forest land owned by the Government and supporting natural vegetation; and land declared as EFL by the government by notification in the official Gazette under Section 4 of Kerala Forest Act.

Total 1,130,947.64 100.00 Source: Kerala Agricultural Statistics, 2011-2012

1.11 Agriculture and Livestock

1.11.1 Institutions of Agriculture and Livestock

(1) Agriculture

The organogram of Agriculture department in the state is shown in the following figure.

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Final Report: Volume-III Annexes Preparatory Survey for Wayanad ComprehensiveEnvironment Conservation and Community Development Project

Organogram of Agricultural Department at the state LevelSource: http://www.kissankerala.net/kissan/kissancontents/deptagriculture.jsp

Organogram of Agricultural Department at District to Panchayat LevelSource: http://www.kissankerala.net/kissan/kissancontents/deptagriculture.jsp

The Department of Agriculture was established in 1956 in the state of Kerala and present set up is functioning from 1987 for overall development of agriculture in the state. The mission of the Department31 is as follows;

- Safeguard the interest of farmers, ensure food and nutritional security and support Kerala’s agricultural economy.

- Achieve targeted growth rate for agriculture sector by successful implementation of various schemes.

- Protect farmers from risk through risk management cover and from unfair and deceptive business practices.

- Set up investment in agriculture. - Ensure the safety of agricultural products by ensuring supply of quality agricultural inputs. - Conserve and protect the state’s agricultural and natural resources by promoting environmentally

safe agricultural practices.

The major functions of the Department of Agriculture32 are:

- Planning, implementation and monitoring of the state and central scheme for agriculture development, taking Grama Panchayat as the basic unit.

- Agricultural extension and transfer of technology and giving recognition to farmers for their outstanding efforts in producing maximum output from unit area.

- Production and distribution of improved seed and planting materials and organizing a sustainable seed programme and quality control of inputs like seeds, fertilizers and pesticides.

31 Farm Guide 2014, Farm Information Bureau, Government of Kerala32 Farm Guide 2014, Farm Information bureau, Government of Kerala

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- Promotion of value addition, mechanization and eco friendly practices in agriculture. - Providing market infrastructure through liaison with national organizations in the field of

agriculture and also with different development agencies, Commodity Boards etc. - Assessment of crop situation from time to time and reporting the crop losses due to natural

calamities and disbursement of assistance and providing crop insurance cover to farmers. - To take adequate steps for the farmers to secure remunerative prices for their produce. - To evolve a cropping strategy inclusive of multiple cropping and mixed farming for maximum

and sustainable use of natural resources aimed at integrated development of farm holdings. - Ensuring the timely availability of the relevant technology, inputs and credit to farmers and

organizing community efforts among them for agricultural operations.

(2) Livestock

There are three main departments that work for the development of the livestock sector in the state – Animal Husbandry Department, Dairy Development Department and the Kerala Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (KCMMF) Ltd. Each department has a specific mandate and they have developed programs and activities to achieve.

Departments Concerning Livestock Department Activities

Animal Husbandry Strengthening the livestock population of the state Increasing the production of milk, meat and egg Creating more employment/livelihood opportunities in the sector Conduct scientific studies on livestock rearing Breeding for and Artificial insemination

Dairy Development Enhance milk production Increase consumption of milk in rural areas Provide facilities for profitable dairying Administration of dairy cooperatives Register and control milk processing plants Ensure adherence to food safety standards Fodder development Rural dairy training, extension and advisory services

KCMMF (MILMA)

Establish a viable dairy industry in the state Ensure marketing of surplus milk from rural areas to urban areas Maximize returns for producer and ensure quality product to the consumer Production, procurement, processing and marketing of milk and milk products Provide farmers a stable and profitable market for their produce

Source:http://www.kerala.gov.in; http://www.milma.com/

1.11.2 Kerala Draft Agricultural Policy 2013

The primary focus of this policy document is to ensure that farmers are assured of decent living standards by improving agricultural productivity while simultaneously ensuring sustainability of the natural resource base on which agriculture depends. The document covers the following sectors – crop production, animal husbandry, plantation, livestock and fisheries.

The important aspects described in the policy document are summarized below.

Annex 1-49

http://www.kerala.gov.in/


Overview of Kerala Draft Agriculture Policy 2013 Policy Description

Policy on land

Agricultural lands should be identified, mapped and a digitized database established to ensure that such lands are not used for non-agricultural purposes. The policy also suggests that purchase of farm lands is restricted to cultivators. There is immediate and special focus on restoring wetlands and promoting paddy cultivation in the state. It recommends bringing in appropriate legislative mechanism for promoting ‘Rent a Land for Farming’ program.

Policies related to watershed development approach

All agriculture related planning and development activities must be based on a watershed perspective involving local communities so as to ensure their livelihood security.

Policies to address farmers in distress

Provide farmers in distress with ‘relief funds’ or ‘relief loans’ to overcome their suffering. Also strengthen the mental health programs in villages, with the involvement of extension personnel, where incidence of farmers’ suicides is prevalent.

Policies for farm and farm labourer welfare

Establish a farmer welfare board which would handle matters related to farmer pension, health insurance and other welfare programs. To tackle the problem of labour shortage for agriculture operations, the policy recommends setting up of labour banks at every Panchayat and provision of a production incentive to farm labourers who work for more than 100 days in the farm sector.

Policies for market development/marketing

To minimize post harvest losses and ensure cost effective marketing, efficient infrastructure facilities of wholesale, retail, assembly markets and storage facilities are mandatory in all major production centres and these need to be managed by producers through producer companies. A perfect market intelligence system must be developed to ensure remunerative prices for farmers and affordable prices for consumers.

Policies related to Farmer Producer Organizations (FPO)

The state government should create an environment conducive for the growth of the FPOs through appropriate policy decisions as well as support the formation of FPOs through various centre and state sponsored schemes. All FPOs must be registered, be administered by farmers, be involved in agriculture or agriculture allied activities.

Policies related to income assurance and crop insurance

The policy prescribes levying of a cess of Rs 1, for every Kg of produce traded at the terminal point of sale. The revenue derived from this is directly routed to small and marginal farmers to ensure that they too enjoy a share in the profits derived from trade of agriculture produce.

It also proposes the formation of a Price Fixation Authority to protect farmers against fall in commodity prices as well as announce the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for paddy, vegetables, spices and banana. It also emphasizes the need for an Agriculture Risk Fund and an Income Guarantee program for farmers.

Agriculture credit policies

Credit facilities to small and marginal farmers must be facilitated through SHG- Bank linkage and all District Cooperative Banks must set aside a fixed amount for agriculture loans. It also recommends the setting up of an Agricultural Relief Credit Fund for addressing loan waiver issues during natural calamities.

Policies for crop husbandry

Ensure that no more paddy fields are converted to other crops or activities by providing incentives to paddy farmers. Immediate focus is also on improving yields from paddy cultivation. Coconut farmers need to be encouraged for production of coconut oil, tender coconut water and ‘Neera’33 The policy favours creation of a platform that brings together producers, processors and retailers to link agricultural production to markets. The policy also focuses on the following: improving vegetable and fresh fruit (mango, banana) production in the state tuber crop production to be enhanced pepper cultivation and production to be given special attention cashew, ginger, turmeric, pineapple, cut flowers and traditional flower

cultivation, medicinal and aromatic plants, fodder plants, minor millets and bee keeping to be supported.

33 A sweet non-alcoholic sap tapped from the coconut palm that is used in the preparation of value added products like palm syrup, palm sugar and palm jiggery

Annex 1-50


Policy Description Policies related to value addition and processing

The policy recognizes the need for involving farmers in post harvest activities including processing and value addition to ensure profitability in the farming sector. To be able to effectively compete in a globalized economy, farmers must shift focus from quantity to quality of produce and it also recommends the formation of FPOs and New Generation Cooperatives (NGC) to support producers. It also understands the need for efficient storage facilities and development of cold chains to minimize losses and improve the profitability of agriculture.

Policies for livestock development

The policy advocates the creation of a mechanism to monitor, evaluate and upgrade the livestock population of the state. Ensure that all livestock populations are free from contagious diseases by universal vaccination. Improve cross breeding programs and use low yielding cattle as foster mothers for embryo transfer technology. Encourage the rearing of indigenous and native breeds of cattle as a conservation measure.

Policies related to animal nutrition

To improve the dairy sector in the state, commercial cultivation of fodder to be promoted on a mission mode and mineral mix formulations to be made available to farmers. The primary focus is on improving the health and productivity of the animals (both male and female) by ensuring adequate nutrition.

Policies for quality improvement in animal food production

The policy proposes the introduction of Automatic Milk Collection System to assure the farmer of fair price for their produce. Meat sold in Kerala must be from approved slaughter houses where cleanliness and hygiene practices are stringently followed.

Policies for increasing profitability in animal husbandry

It is important to involve the younger generation in dairying by drawing up appropriate plans to include them in the development activities. To ensure that farmers continue to participate in dairying activities the insurance schemes must be modified to ensure that the compensation received is comparative to the real cost. Increase the profitability of the enterprise by reducing production costs and assuring better price for milk.

Policies related to dairying

This relates to providing financial assistance to farmers for purchase of milch animals, insurance facilities for both - farmers and animals, subsidized power supply and financial assistance to run milk chilling plants. It also suggests production incentives to dairy farmers and stresses on the need to strengthen advisory services. The policy also suggests enhancing the subsidy given to cattle feed to 25% of actual cost of feed. It also recommends the creation of an organized structure that includes all dairy farmers of the state and to promote the formation of more milk cooperative societies.

Policies for Poultry development

The demand for chicken meat in the state is growing at a rate of 40-45% annually; broiler farming should become an additional income generation activity in the state to meet this growing demand. Egg production must be enhanced both by homestead farming as well as commercial production. The policy also encourages the promotion of diversified poultry species.

Source: Government of Kerala, Draft Agricultural Development Policy, 2013

1.11.3 Agriculture in Kerala

Agriculture plays a crucial role in the Kerala’s economy in which almost two-thirds of the population of Kerala derives their livelihoods from agriculture and allied sectors. The trend in agricultural income in Kerala during the last seven years is shown below. The provisional estimate of agricultural income of the state recorded a negative growth of 1.79% during 2009-10. The quick estimate for 2010-11 also indicated a decline of 0.78 % in growth over 2009-10. The share of agriculture and allied sectors in Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) indicated a continuous decline in the state. The share was 17.48% during 2004-05 and declined to 10.59% in 2010-11.

Annex 1-51


Trend in Agricultural Income in Kerala

Year Agricultural

Income(10 million Rs)

Rate of change over previous

year

Agriculture and Allied Sectors (10

million Rs.) Percentage

2004-05 16,980.51 20,843.75 17.48 2005-06 18,041.97 6.25 21,882.16 16.67 2006-07 16,567.85 -8.17 20,507.67 14.48 2007-08 16,196.60 -2.24 20,255.14 13.15 2008-09 16,533.94 2.08 20,656.57 12.70 2009-10* 16,236.47 -1.79 20,534.52 11.57 2010-11** 16,110.59 -0.78 20,486.12 10.59

*Provisional **Quick Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics

A unique feature of Kerala is the predominance of cash crops. An integrated mixed cropping pattern is practiced in Kerala by majority of the farmers in which land holding size is very limited. The following table shows cropped area, production and yield of major crops in Kerala and all-India in 2012-13.

Area, Production and Yield of Major Crops in Kerala and All-India in 2012-13

Crop Kerala All-India

Area (thousand ha)

Production (thousand ton)

Yield (kg/ha)

Area (thousand ha)


Yield (kg/ha)

Coffee* 85 (20.7) 68 (21.7) 799 410 314 766 Tea** 37 (6.4) 57 (5.9) 1,550 580 967 1666 Rubber** 534 (80.7) 771 (89.4) 1442 662 862 1302 Cardamon 42 (45.7) 10 (55.6) 246 92 18 196 Pepper 85 (68.0) 46 (86.8) 547 125 53 424 Areca nut 102 (22.9) 118 (19.4) 1,162 446 609 1,366 Coconut 798 (37.3) 3,990 (25.6) 4,999 2,137 15,609 7,304 Cashew 85 (8.6) 77 (10.2) 906 992 753 759 Paddy 197 (0.5) 508 (0.5) 2,577 42,410 104,400 2,462 Banana 61 (7.9) 516 (1.9) 8,451 776 26,509 34,161 Ginger 5 (3.7) 22 (3.2) 4,898 136 683 5,022 Tapioca 70 (33.8) 2,459 (34.0) 35,331 207 7,237 34,961

*Data in 2011-12 Data in 2010-11 The figure in clause is percentage to all-India. Source: Government of Kerala Agricultural Statistics 2012-13, Statistical Year Book, India 2013

Kerala accounts for 89% of natural rubber production of the country and produces 87% and 56% of the country's national output of pepper and cardamom, respectively. Kerala has the largest coconut area in the country with the share of 37%, however, as productivity of coconut in Kerala is very low and production is 3rd after Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

1.11.4 Livestock in Kerala

Livestock sector in Kerala is “livelihood intensive”34 and also a major contributor to GSDP, it could be as high as 40% of the agricultural GSDP in Kerala. Contribution of livestock sector to the GSDP, is not made visible because it is always clubbed with agriculture and allied sectors. Livestock production has been traditionally practiced in Kerala mainly as an extensive, low input subsistence system integrated with crop production.

34 “livelihood intensive” is used to describe a productive activity that is widely practiced in the rural area and contributes to the livelihoods.

Annex 1-52


Cattle, buffalo, goat, pig and poultry are the major livestock population reared in Kerala. The following table shows the number of livestock in Kerala and all-India in 2007. Kerala's shares of number of livestock in all India are quite small, in which 0.87% of cattle, 0.06% of buffalo, 1.23% of goat, 0.53% of pig and 2.42% of poultry.

Cattle population in Kerala which was 3.4 million in 1996 declined to 1.7 million by 2007. The crossbred cattle population which stood at 2.3 million (67%) as per 1996 Census decreased to 1.6 million numbers and in percentage terms increased to 93% in 2007. This increase in proportion of crossbred population was made possible by expanded health care facilities and artificial insemination services available in the state.

Major Livestock Population in Kerala and All India in 2007 Unit: thousand Number

Cattle Buffaloes Goats Pigs Poultry Number in all India 199,075 105,343 140,537 11,134 648,830 Number in Kerala 1,740 58 1,729 59 15,686 % share of Kerala to India (0.87) (0.06) (1.23) (0.53) (2.42)

Source: 18th Live Stock Census, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture

1.12 Community Infrastructure

1.12.1 Present Condition of Community Infrastructure

With reference to the official Website of the GoK, the ongoing programs for the community infrastructure development by the GoK (i) with its own fund, (ii) from GoI and (iii) also by other agencies are listed as follows:

- Indira Awaz Yogana (IAY) - Nirmal Bharath Abhiyan (NBA) - Integrated Water Management Program (IWMP) - Prime Minister’s Gram Sadak Yogana (PMGSY) - Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) - Kerala Local Government Service Delivery Project (KLGSDP) - Plan Funds for Block Panchayats - Non-planning Schemes - Innovative Stream for Rural Housing and Habitat Development - Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS)

GoK is put the stress on the housing works and the road works for the rural area as well as the sanitation and the drinking water.

Objectives of the major ongoing programs are briefly mentioned as follows:

(i) Prime Minister’s Gram Sadak Yogana (PMGSY): Rural road connectivity is not only a key component of the rural development in India, it is also recognised as an effective Poverty Reduction Program. Notwithstanding the efforts made, over the years, at the State and Central levels, through different programs, about 40% of the habitations in the country are still not connected by the all-weather roads. It is well known that even where connectivity has been provided, the roads constructed are of such quality that they cannot be categorised as all-weather roads

(ii) Indira Awas Yogana( IAY): Primarily to provide grant for construction of houses to members of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes, freed bonded labourers and also to non-SC/ST rural poor below the poverty line.

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http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/userlogin.aspx?Page=live%20stock%20link%201.pdf&file=pdf




The community infrastructure development works in the rural area are now being executed under the programs above-listed.

In accordance with Annual Plan 2014-15 by State Planning Board (SPB) of the State of Kerala, it is known that emphasis is placed on the following community infrastructure sectors/ schemes:

(i) Prime Minister’s Gram Sadak Yogana (PMGSY):

The proposed budget for 2014-15 amounts to Rs.750 million that is 12% of the grand total Rs. 6,172.3 million (100%). This is the highest among the sector/ schemes in relation to the community infrastructure.

(ii) Indira Awas Yojana( IAY)

The proposed budget for 2014-15 amounts to Rs. 544.8 million that is 9% of the grand total Rs. 6,172.3 million. This is the second highest.

(iii) Nirmal Bharath Abhiyan (NBA)

The proposed budget amounts to Rs. 400.0 million that is 6% of the grand total. This is the third highest.

(iv) Kerala Local Government Service Delivery Project (KLGSDP)

The proposed budget amounts to Rs. 224.2 million that is 4% of the grand total. This is the fourth highest.

Annex 1-54

Annex-2 Institutional Framework of Forest Management in the State of Kerala

Final Report: Volume III Annexes Preparatory Survey for Wayanad Comprehensive Environment Conservation and Community Development Project

Table of Contents

Annex-2 Institutional Framework of Forest Management in the State of Kerala ............ 2-1 2.1 Legal Regime ..................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1.1 National Level ............................................................................................................ 2-1 2.1.2 State Level .................................................................................................................. 2-2

2.2 General Forest Policy ......................................................................................................... 2-3 2.2.1 The National Forest Policy, 1988 ............................................................................... 2-3 2.2.2 Kerala State Forest Policy, 2009 ................................................................................ 2-5

2.3 Laws and Policies related to Wildlife and Biodiversity Conservation ............................... 2-6 2.3.1 National Level ............................................................................................................ 2-6 2.3.2 State Level .................................................................................................................. 2-7

2.4 Laws and Policies related to Forest Produces .................................................................... 2-8 2.4.1 National Level ............................................................................................................ 2-8 2.4.2 State Level .................................................................................................................. 2-9

2.5 Policies on Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribes and Forest Management ....................... 2-10 2.5.1 National Level .......................................................................................................... 2-10 2.5.2 State Level ................................................................................................................ 2-11

2.6 Kerala Forests and Wildlife Department .......................................................................... 2-16 2.6.1 Organizational Setups ............................................................................................... 2-16 2.6.2 Staff Arrangement .................................................................................................... 2-17


Annex-2 Institutional Framework of Forest Management in the State of Kerala

2.1 Legal Regime Since the time of British administration, the governance of forest and forestland in India is in principle vested to the governments at the national and state level. The governments of both levels have been taking balances of exploitation and conservation of forest resources through enforcing the law and regulations to shape the legal regime of forest administration. Following sections highlights those legislations and show their implications to the proposed Project.

2.1.1 National Level

The basis of legal regime of forest administration is declared principally in the Constitution of India and Indian Forest Act, 1927. Their main features with implications to the proposed Project are highlighted in the following table.

Forestry Related Legal Regime at National Level Title Main Features

Constitution of India

In Part IV “Directive Principles of State Policy”, it declares the duties of the state government and the citizen to protect and improve the national environment in their territory providing the following articles. Article 48-A: “Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife. The state shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country” Article 51-A: “It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for all living creatures” <Implications of the proposed Project> Having come into force in 1950, the Article 48-A and 51-A in the Constitution have been showing the philosophy and direction to manage the natural environments in the country, which are vested to the citizens under the initiatives of the government. The proposed Project shall be formulated exactly consistent with what is stipulated in the above two clauses.

Indian Forest Act 1927

The Act was promulgated during the British administration and is currently effective to provide the primary foundation of forest administration in the country. It consists of 13 chapters and provides 86 clauses. 1) Forest types in legal status: Following Chapter 1 “Preliminary” three chapters (Chap.2

to Chap.4) designate the category and administration of three types of government owned forests such as reserved forests, village forests and protected forests. Chapter 5 provides the clauses to control over the forest lands which are nor the property of the government.

2) Control of forest produces and other threats: The following five chapter (Chap.6 to Chap.10) deal with controlling the forest produces in particular timbers and the trespasses of domestic animals such as cattle, elephant, buffalo, etc.

3) Other rules: The last three chapters (Chap.11 to Chap.13) provide other rules and miscellaneous.

<Implications of the proposed Project> Legal frame to designate the reserved forest and control of forest produce are relevant to the basic concept of the proposed Project.

National Green Tribunal Act, 2010

This Act is to provide for the establishment of a National Green Tribunal for the effective disposal of cases of relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources, including enforcement of any legal right relating to environment and giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property and for incidental matters. <Implications of the proposed Project> Wayanad forest divisions are dealing with several cases of encroachments and cases of paying compensations for the damages/losses caused by relocations or animal attacks to the private properties. Although such cases are usually settled at the district level thus not

Annex 2-1


Title Main Features directly handled at the National Tribunal, the leading cases dealt at national level could affect the judgement of the cases at the district and the state level. Therefore the application of this Act to the actual cases should be paid due attention to understand the national trend of perceptions on protecting human rights in conducting environment and forest conservation.

Source: Compiled by the JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the related acts and rules

2.1.2 State Level

In accordance with the legal regimes designated at the national level, the following key acts were promulgated by the State Government of Kerala to shape the legal frame for forest administration within the state territory. Considering the general situation of natural resources and landholding in Kerala state, Land Reform Act is regarded as one of the basic act to figure the frame of forest land administration in the state. Their salient features are summarized in the following table.

Forestry Related Legal Regime at State Level Title Contents

Land Reform Act 1963

The content of this act is to dismantle the large scale land ownership system and allocate the land to the agricultural labourers to foster them as independent farmers. The salient features of the act are; 1) Article 82 Ceiling area: Provision (a) says that “in case of an adult unmarried person

or a family consisting on a sole surviving member, five standard acres (5 acre=2.0 ha), so however that the ceiling area shall not be less than six and more than seven and a half acres in extent.

Other than Provision (a), several clauses follow to describe varied family sizes and compositions and their corresponding ceiling area. <Implications to the proposed Project> According to the coming into force of this act, large scale farms exceeding ceiling area were disposed and allocated to the landless labourers in Wayanad District. The concept of ceiling area developed in this act gives the basis to the subsequent legislations to shape the settlements rules and the dwellers right in the forests, which consequently rises one of the issues/challenges in keeping the balances between the maintenance of the state forest lands and the livelihoods of the forest dwellers.

Kerala Forest Act, 1961, with amendment 1975

Kerala Forest Act was promulgated in 1961 to provide the primary foundation of forest administration in the country. The structure of the chapters exactly follows that of the Indian Forest Act 1927. The chapters are; 1) Protection and control of the forest: Following Chapter 1 “Preliminary” three chapters

(Chap. 2 to Chap. 4) stipulate the power of the state government over the forests in/outside of the disposal of the government. Major parts are spared to describe the control over the Protection Forests.

2) Control over timber and other forest produces: Chap. 5 and Chap. 6 regulate the productions of timber through planned logging and collection of drift/stranded timbers. These chapters also cover the deals of minor forest products, including those logged regularly and drifter/stranded in the log sites.

3) Preservation of wild elephants: it should be noted in particular Chap. 7 stipulates the preservation of elephant in Kerala State. It is the first legislation to regulate the protection of larger mammals in the natural environments in the state.

4) Other rules: The last three chapters (Chap.8 to Chap.12) provide other rules and miscellaneous including ban and sanctions of trespass f domestic animals. Article 75-B stipulates the introduction of forest development tax.

<Implications to the proposed Project> This act provides the legal foundation of forest administration by GoK which functions today in every part of the state territory. Powers to control the forests through managing the reserved forest and regulating the forest produce is a key to maintain the authority of the forest department.

Annex 2-2


Title Contents Kerala Private Forests (Vesting and Assignment) Act, 1971

The Act is to provide for the vesting in the government of private forests in the state of Kerala and for the assignment thereof to agriculturists and agricultural labours for cultivation.

The Act stipulates in Clause 3 (1) to (3) that the principal target to be vested in government is 1) private forest held by an owner under his personal cultivation as is exceed the ceiling limit applicable to him under the Kerala land Reforms Act, 1963 and 2) private forest held by an owner without a valid registered document to which Chapter III of the Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963 is applicable.

Clause 9 stipulates that no compensation to be payable for vesting in the government of any private forests or for the extinguishment of the right, title and interest of the owner.

Clause 10 of the Act designates the Assignment of the private forests. The government shall assign on registry or lease to the agriculturists and agricultural labours the private forests vested in the government of the lands as part of it for the purposes towards the promotion of agriculture or the welfare of the agricultural population. <Implications to the proposed Project>

This Act provides the legal frame and procedures to transfer the ownership of the forests between the government and the private entity. The area of vested forests in Wayanad District is 31,380.34 ha as in 2012 and its ratio reaches 35% of the total state forest, which is around two times higher compared to the average ratio of the whole state.

Different from the reserved forest the legal status of vested forest is subject to change, namely is deemed to be the reserved forests or converted to the agricultural land. Therefore the vested forests in Wayanad have been for years a target of the concern of the government and the private entities. In this sense the disposal of vested forest by applying this Act is matter of significance toward successful forest management through people’s participation.

Kerala Forests (Vesting and Management of Ecologically Fragile Lands) Act, 2003

The Act is to provide for the vesting in the government of ecologically fragile land (EFL) in the terrestrial area of the state and for the management of such lands with a view to maintaining ecological balance and conserving the bio-diversity. The Act defines the “ecologically fragile land” as: 1) any forestland of any potion

thereof held by any person and lying contiguous to or encircled by a reserved forest or a vested forest or any other forestland owned by the government and predominantly supporting natural vegetation, 2) any land declared to be an ecologically fragile land by the government by notification in the Gazette under section 4.

Accordingly no technical criteria to define the “ecologically fragile land” are designated in the Act. The designated EFL shall be managed in accordance with the management plan approved by the government.

<Implication to the proposed Project> The Kerala Forest Statistics shows that in total 2,673.03 ha of EFL are distributed in

Wayanad, which is around 3 % of the total state forest land of the district. Although physically is tiny part, EFL area is in its nature located close to the community thus could be one of the focuses of Participatory Forest Management (PFM) conducted by the community members.


2.2 General Forest Policy

2.2.1 The National Forest Policy, 1988

Responding the Resolution No.13/52-F, dated on 12th May 1952, the Government of India formulated the first Forest Policy in the country after the Independence of 1947. Since then it has been amended several times and currently the Policy of 1988 version is effective to give overall directions in forest regime and administration in the county. The key features are highlighted in the following table.

Annex 2-3


Key Features of the National Forest Policy, 1988 Items Contents

Basic Objectives

To maintain the environmental stability through preservation and restoration of ecological balance that has been adversely disturbed by serious depletion of the forests of the country.

To conserve the natural heritage of the country by preserving the remaining natural forests with the vast variety of flora and fauna, which represent the remarkable biological diversity and genetic resources of the country.

To check soil erosion and denudation in the catchment areas of rivers, lakes, reservoirs in the interest of soil and water conservation, for mitigating floods and droughts and for the retardation of siltation of reservoirs.

To check the extension of sand-dunes in the desert areas of Rajasthan and along the coastal tracts.

To increase substantially the forest/tree cover in the country through massive afforestation and social forestry programmes, especially on all denuded, degraded and unproductive lands.

To meet the requirement of fuel wood, fodder, minor forest produce and small timber of the rural and tribal populations.

To increase the productivity of forests to meet essential national needs. To encourage efficient utilization of forest produce and maximizing substitution of

wood. To create a massive people’s movement with the involvement of women, for achieving

these objectives and to minimize pressure on existing forests. Essentials of Forest Management

In order to realize the basic objectives of the Policy the government and the private entities should strictly comply with the following essentials of forest management as a principle. Existing forests and forest lands should be fully protected and their productivity

improved. Forest and vegetal cover should be increased rapidly on hill slopes, in catchment areas of rivers, lakes and reservoirs and ocean shores and on semi-arid, arid and desert tracts.

Diversions of good and productive agricultural lands to forestry should be discouraged in view of the need for increased food production.

For the conservation of total biological diversity, the network of national parks, sanctuaries, biosphere reserves and other protected areas should be strengthened and extended adequately.

Provisions of sufficient fodder, fuel and pasture, especially in areas adjoining forests, is necessary in order to prevent depletion of forests beyond the sustainable limit. Since fuel wood continues to be the predominant source of energy in rural areas, Uthe program of afforestation should be intensified with special emphasis on augmenting fuel wood production to meet the requirement of the rural people

Minor forest produce provides sustenance to tribal population and to other communities residing in and around the forests. Such produce should be protected, improved and production enhanced with the regards to generation of employment and income.

Strategy The Policy further elaborates its philosophy by giving the strategies covering 16 areas as follows. Some of the key areas in association with the proposed Project are described hereunder. Area under forest: The national goal to maintain the forest is to have at minimum scale

one-third of the total land area of the country under the forest or tree cover. In the hills and mountain regions, two-third of the area should be maintained under such cover in order to prevent erosion and land degradation.

Afforestation, Social Forestry and Farm Forestry: A large-scale program of afforestation is a national priority. Social forestry to plant trees on the public land and village community land should be encouraged. In order to firmly implement the tree planting, land law should be modified whenever necessary to motivate and facilitate the individuals to do the planting in their areas.

Wildlife Conservation: Forest management plan s should include prescriptions for the purpose of wildlife conservation. Especially it is essential to provide for “corridors” linking the protected areas in order to maintain genetic continuity of the existing

Annex 2-4


Items Contents biosphere.

Tribal People and Forests: Any agencies responsible for forest management should closely cooperate with the tribal people residing in the target forests in implementing its protection, regeneration and development. They should pay special attention to promote sustainable NTFP collection and family-focused livelihood improvements including development of forest/revenue villages.

Other than these four areas above, the following 12 areas constitute the Policy to cover relevant issues to fully implement the forest administration in the country.

1) Management of State Forest, 2) Diversion of forest lands for non-forest purposes, 3) Shifting Cultivation, 4) Damage to Forest from Encroachment, Fires and Grazing, 5) Forest based Industries, 6) Forest Extension, 7) Forestry Education, 8) Forestry Research, 9) Personnel Management, 10) Forest Survey and Data Base, 11) Legal Support and Infrastructure Development, 12) Financial Support for Forestry


2.2.2 Kerala State Forest Policy, 2009

In accordance with the National Forest Policy, 1988, the Kerala Government drafted the state forest policy in 2007 which was finally approved as the Kerala State Forest Policy, 2009. It is constituted with preface, scope and vision and policy description covering 16 areas in the forest administration. The key features are summarized in the following table.

Key Features of the Kerala State Forest Policy, 2009 Items Contents

Scope and Vision

Special situation of Kerala, such as high population pressure, good literacy, high pressures from socioeconomic sectors on forests, and increased environmental consciousness compels the state government to formulate the Forest Policy. The state government agrees to maintain one third (75%) of the total land area to be

covered by trees and plants. To protect forest should secure simultaneously the financial basis of the people who

resided in the forest. Forest Department should help these people through supporting the village forest committee, eco-development committee and forest development agencies.

Forest has very important function in reducing the global warming. In terms of this reforestation and forest protection program shall be conducted together with ensuring the livelihoods of tribal people and other forest dependants

Policies to Cover 16 Areas

In order to realize the scope and vision of the Policy it designates the following area wise policies to conduct full range of forest administration in the state. The key policies supposed to be associated with the proposed Project are the following four areas. Natural Forest: To protect the natural forest is the first priority. It is enhanced with

increasing productivity through proper management and provision of livelihood means to the tribal people who are dependent on forest.

Forest Protection: To strongly prevent the deforestation and take back all parts of forests which were taken and converted to other land uses after 1-1-1977 from the holders. In order to do this, the forest protection system shall be decentralized under the directory of forest station, which can further ensure the support to the local communities as well.

Eco tourism: Eco-tourism helps to make aware people on the importance of forest protection and learn the skills to increase the income depending on the forests. Kerala State has successfully operated 56 eco tourism projects recently, which will be expended in the future.

Tribal people: Forest Department will take initiatives to support the tribal and other forest dwelling communities as designated in Forest Rights Act, 2006 to derive the benefits of their rights by ensuring the demarcation of their communities. To support their livelihood through running eco-shop is another issues to be addressed.

Annex 2-5


Items Contents

Other than these four areas above, the following 12 areas constitute the Policy to cover relevant issues to fully implement the forest administration.

1) Protected Area, 2) Plantation, 3) Other geographical areas, 4) Social forestry and extension, 5) Special schemes, 6) Wood industry, 7) Forest awareness programs, 8) Human resource development, 9) Land lease, 10) Reporting and Evaluation, 11) Research, 12) Direction ahead


2.3 Laws and Policies related to Wildlife and Biodiversity Conservation


The following table features the key acts issued by the central government related to wildlife and biodiversity conservation.

Laws and Policies related to Wildlife and Biodiversity Conservation at National Level Documents Highlighted Features

Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, Amendment 2006

Constituted with seven chapters, the Act aims to shape the embodied administration systems in wildlife conservation in the country. Following initial chapters on the authority (Chap. 1), hunting of wild animals (Chap.2) and protection of specifies plants (Chap. 3), the basic concept and frame of the protected areas (Chap.4) and zoo (Chap.4A) are presented. Chapter 5 and 5A deal with the trading and commerce of wildlife and its prohibition. Chapter 6 gives prevention and detention of offences, which is ended with Chapter 7 as miscellaneous. Some salient features which are supposed to be closely associated with the proposed Project are summarised below. Chapter 2 Authority: Clause 4- Appointment of Life Warden and Other Officers: For

the purpose of this Act, the state government may appoint (1) A Chief Wildlife Warden, (2) Wildlife Wardens, (3) Other Officers and Employees as may be necessary.

Chapter 3 Hunting of Wild Animals: Clause 9- Prohibition of hunting: No person shall hunt any wind animal specified in Schedules –I, I,III and IV with some exceptions provided in the Act. Clause 11 stipulates if any wild animals specified in Schedule I become dangerous to human life, or is so disabled or diseased, the Chief Wildlife Warden by order in writing may permit any person to hunt such animal or cause such animal to be hunted.

Chapter 3A Protection of Specified Plants: Clause 17A stipulates to prohibit picking, uprooting, etc. of specified plants as listed in Schedule VI of the Act. There are six species in this category, such as (1) Beddomes Cycad (Cycas beddomei), (2) Blue Vanda (Vanda coerulea), (3) Kuth (Saussurea lappa), (4) Ladies slipper orchids (Paphiopedilum spp.), (5) Pithcher Plant (Nepenthes khasiana), (6) Red vanda (Rananthera imschootiana).

Chapter 4 Protected Areas –Sanctuaries Clause 18: It designated the power of the state government to declare to constitute the sanctuaries inside of reserve forest or territorial waters. Clause 18B: state government shall appoint an officer to act as collector under the Act. Clause 22: The collector may exercise the power to enter in or upon any land to survey, demarcate and make a map of the same or to authorise any other officer to do so. Clause 34A: Power to remove encroachment; An officer may evict any person from a sanctuary or national park, who in unauthorised manner occupies government land in contravention of the provisions of this Act.

Annex 2-6


Documents Highlighted Features Forest Conservation Act, 1980,

Clause 2: The act aims to restrict the conversion of forests or use of forest land for non-forest purpose in the country. “Non-forest purpose” means “the breaking up or clearing of any forest land or portion thereof for the cultivation of tea, coffee, spices, rubber, palms, oil-bearing plants, horticultural crops or medical plants and any other purpose other than reforestation.

Claus 3B: Offences by the Authorities and government department shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.

Clause 4: The central government may make ruled for carrying out the provisions of this Act (Accordingly Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981 were promulgated thereafter.)

Environmental Protection Act, 1986

This Act aims to stipulate the powers of the central government to take all measures for the purposes of protecting and improving the quality of the environment and preventing controlling and abating environmental pollution. It is constituted with four chapters and 26 clauses (Chapter I Preliminary, Chapter II General Powers of the central government, Chapter III Prevention, Control, and Abatement of Environmental Pollution, Chapter IV Miscellaneous) Chapter II General Powers of the Central Government: Power of central government

to take measures to protect and improve environment, Appointment of officers and their powers and functions, power to give directions; Rules to regulate environmental pollution

Chapter III: Prevention, Control and Abatement of Environmental Protection: This chapter regulates the prohibition of emission or discharge of environmental pollutants in exceeding the standards, handling the hazardous substances, furnishing of information to authorities and agencies.

(Note: Although the relevancy of this Act to the proposed Project is weak, it gives a perspective that the overall environmental issues are ultimately dealt at the national level.

Biological Diversity Act, 2002

This Act aims to provide for conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of its components and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of biological resources, knowledge and for other matters connected. It is constituted with 12 chapters and 65 clauses. The salient features of the Act are as the followings. Chapter II stipulates any activities to utilize the biological resources are the subject to

the approval of the National Biological Authority including the research to create the intellectual property of biodiversity

Chapter III and Chapter IV designate the establishment of the National Biodiversity Authority and its functions and power in accordance with the purposes of this Act. The following Chapter IV gives the functions and powers of the National Biodiversity Authority. The Authority, not only regulate the bio resources related activities but also advise the central and state governments on the matters to the biodiversity conservation, its sustainable uses and equitable sharing of benefits.


2.3.2 State Level

No basic acts, rules or orders issued by the Kerala state government were found in the area of biodiversity conservation.

The Government of Kerala has formed “State Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for Kerala” (SBSAP) in 2005 to frame the issues and actions to be taken in addressing biodiversity conservation in Kerala State. It is constituted with the several independent chapters to cover the whole ecosystems and subsequent areas in the State. The structure of the policy and its major contents associated with the proposed Project are summarized in the following table.

Annex 2-7


State Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for Kerala in 2005 Item Major contents

Overall structure

SBSAP for Kerala consists of the following chapters. Each chapter has its general description, issues, reasons, strategies, actions, indicators, etc. Those are 1) Culture, lifestyle, Livelihood, Tribal and Intellectual Property Rights, 2) Domesticated Biodiversity, 3) Economics and Biodiversity, 4) Education, Awareness, Training and Research, 5) Health and Biodiversity, 6) Micro-organism diversity, 7) Natural Aquatic Ecosystem, 8) Natural Terrestrial Ecosystem, 9) Policy, Laws and Institutions, 10) Technology, Industry and Biodiversity, 11) Wild Animal Diversity, and 12) Wild Plant Diversity.

Natural Terrestrial Ecosystem

Issue 1: Land degradation caused by (1) accelerated soil erosion, (2) improper land use, (3) destruction of natural vegetation, (4) inappropriate management practices of forests and revenue land. (5) non-sustainable developmental activities, (6) introduction of exotic species, and (7) man-made and natural calamities. Action 1-1: Create general information on site-specific land use planning. Action 1-2: Create awareness regarding sustainable uses of land resources Action 1-3: Increase vegetation cover and initiate action for reduction of soil erosion

Wild Animal/plants Diversity

Wild animals and plants Issue 1: Lack of adequate and comprehensive information on wild animals and plants caused by (1) lack of comprehensive studies, (2) lack of practical motivation and specialists available to identify various animal groups, and (3) some difficulties in getting permission from the Forest Department to carry out inventory studies. Action 1-1: Conduct immediately to prepare inventories on different animal groups and wild plant groups, Action 1-2: Establish the centres of taxonomic studies for various groups of animals. Action 1-3: Consolidate all available data on wild plant species Wild Animals: Issues 2: Man-wildlife conflicts in and around Protected Areas (PAs) Action 2-1: Conduct periodic meetings, workshops in vulnerable areas to increase the awareness of people and to reduce tense situations,, Action 2-2: Improve core areas in terms of habitat management for the survival/feeding of wild animals so as to reduce their movement to marginal areas e.g. fringe communities in search of food. Wild Plant: Issue 3: Loss of plant diversity due to excessive exploitation from the wild Action 3-1: Gather details on the availability and growing stock of species. Action 3-2: Regulate the frame to check further depletion of natural population and execute it effectively Action 3-3: Promote the regeneration, sustainable utilization and research for alternate source species Issue 4: Loss of species and their ecosystems Action 4-1: Identify wild plant species and their habitats to require conservation actions. Action 4-2: identify depletion and strategies to mitigate such negative impacts Action 4-3 Standardize protocols for the conservation of endangered species and their natural habitats.


2.4 Laws and Policies related to Forest Produces


The following table features the key acts issued by the central government related to forest produces. The National Forest Policy, 1988 is the only documents which clearly figure the overall ideas of forest-based industry and forest produce.

Annex 2-8


Laws and Policies related to Forest Produce at National Level Documents Highlighted Features

National Forest Policy, 1988

The Forest Policy gives the major considerations governing the establishment of forest-based industries and supply of raw materials. Their full texts in the Policy are given as bellow being attached with some notes to brief their implications. Supply of raw materials for forest-based industry: As far as possible, as forest-based

industry should raise the raw material needed for meeting its own requirements, preferably by establishment of a direct relationship between the factory and the individuals who can grow the raw material by supporting the individuals with inputs including credit, constant technical advice and finally harvesting and transport services. (Note: This consideration assumes the forest-based industry is developed by an enterprise to run the factory and the individual supplier of timber woods.)

Resource availability for forest based industry: Forest based industries should not be only providing employment opportunities to local people but also involving them in raising trees and raw-materials (Note: It probably means the people will be motivated to launce raising trees as their own business through being involved into the employment provided.)

Natural forest vs. Plantation: Natural forests serve as a gene pool resource to help to maintain ecological balance. Such forests will not therefore, be made available to industries for undertaking plantation and for any other activities. (Note: Natural forest should be protected as they are. Instead, plantation development should be encouraged to enhance the supply of materials of the forest-base industries.)

Enhancement of famers’ tree planting and growing: Farmers particularly small and marginal farmers would be encouraged to grown, on marginal/degraded lands available with them, wood species required for industries. These may also be grown along with fuel and fodder the species on community lands not required for pasture purposes and by Forest department /corporations on degraded forests, not earmarked for natural regeneration. (Note: The point of this consideration is clear. In any cases, sufficient support by the Forest Department is prerequisite to develop the farmers’ tree growing.)

Abolishment of concessional base supply of forest produce: To supply the forest produce to industry at concessional prices should be abolished (Note: Probably it is because the substantial profit to the Forest Department is little).

Framing of forest-based industries within the land policy: The above consideration will be the subject to the current land policy regarding land ceiling and relevant land laws. (Note: Not only the land policy it is also supposed to be framed by the Acts and Government Orders of forestry and industrial sector.)


2.4.2 State Level

The following table features the key acts issued by the state government related to forest produce.

Laws and Policies related to Forest Produce at State Level Documents Highlighted Features

Kerala Forest Produce Transit Rules, 1975

These rules were made under the Kerala Forest Act, 1961 to regulate the movement of forest produce including timber within the state as well as outside. This also came handy to the public to legally transport timber and other forest produce from timber depots/market, yards, private lands to place of consumption.

Kerala Forest Produce (Fixation of Selling Price) Act, 1978

This Act is to provide for the fixation of the selling price of certain important produce, for the prohibition of the sale of such forest produce at less than the price so fixed. Forest produce means the produce of the following 18 tree spices. Bamboo, Reeds,

Eucalyptus, Vellapine (Vateria indica), Kalpine (Dipterocarpus spp.), Punna (Calophyllum spp.), Cedrelatoona (Chandana vembu), Pali (Palaquim elipticum), Matty (Ailanthus malabaricum), Elevu (Bombax malabaricum), Kambli (Evodia roxburghiana), Vellakil (Dysoxylum malabaricum), Kadambu (Adina cordifolia), Vekkalee (Anogeissus latifolia), Banda (Kydia calycina), Uppathy or Vatta

Annex 2-9


Documents Highlighted Features (Macaranga peltana), Pala (Alstonia scholaris), and Thanni (Terminalia bellerica)

Clause 3: By notification in the Gazette, the government notifies selling price of every forest produce for the following financial year before the end of each year. If it is necessary the government to reconfigure the selling price of any forest produce during the course of a financial year.

Clause 5: After the notification by the government, all forest produce shall be sold by the government at a notified price.

The above Clause 5 shall not be applied to the case of selling forest produce to any company owned by the government or selling less than 10 m3 to any cooperative society. Also it shall not be applied to the large scale contract of selling between the government and the industry in which they deal the forest produce more than 50,000 ton/year or the number of person employed in the industry is more than 1,000 workers.

Clause 7: 10% of selling price is utilized for forest development. It is set apart for utilize for the development of forests.

Selling Price of the Forest Produces in the year of 2014-2015

This document is called “G.O. (Ms.) No. 36/2014/F&WLD, dated 31st March 2014, Notification”, issued by the Forest and Wildlife Department in Trivandrum. Following the Kerala Forest Produce Act, 1978, the Government of Kerala has fixed the selling price of the forest produce, as specified in the Schedule hereto, for the financial year 2014-2015, namely:- (Only some popular species are indicated. 18 tree species are listed in the original document.)

Tree Name Unit Price (a) Price (b) With/Without Bark Bamboo MT 1,700 4,500 Not applicable Reeds MT 2,500 3,000 Not applicable Eucalyptus Stacked tone 3,000 5,700 With bark Vellapine MT 7,400 9,100 Without bark Kalpine MT 20,700 22,900 Without bark

Note: “Price (a)”: Price for standing timber at site, “Price (b)”: Ex-depot price Source: Compiled by the JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the related acts and rules

2.5 Policies on Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribes and Forest Management


The following table features the key acts issued by the central government related to Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribes and Forest Management (SC/ST & FM).

Laws and Policies related to SC/ST & FM at National Level Documents Highlighted Features

The Circular Concerning Joint Forest Management, 1990

Responding to the National Forest Policy, 1988 which envisages people’s involvements into the development and protection of forests, the Government of India, under the name of its Secretary issued the circular concerning Joint Forest Management (JFM), 1990. It provides 14 disciplines to shape the frame and embody the concepts of JFM. Their key features are as the followings. Stakeholders: The programs should be implemented under the arrangement between

Voluntary Agency/NGO, the village communities (beneficiaries) and the State Forest Department (Clause 1).

Ownership of land No ownership of lease over the forest land should be given to the beneficiaries or to the Voluntary Agency/NGO (Clause 2).

Access and Benefits: Access to forest land and usufructuary* benefits should be only to the beneficiaries who are organized into a village institution. They should be entitled to share usufructuary benefits such as grasses, lops and tops of branches, and NTFPs. Profits by selling forest products are also the subject to sharing among the beneficiaries (Clause 3, 4 and 5). * Any values produced only through “utilizing” the land. No value derived from “owing” or “depositing” the land is included in the concept of

Annex 2-10


Documents Highlighted Features “usufructuary”.

Areas to conduct the activities: The area to be selected for the program should be free from the claims of any person who is not a beneficiary under the program. Given a site for the program, the way of selecting the beneficiaries shall give full opportunities to the people who have their claims to any forest produces (Clause 6).

Working scheme and payment for works: Working scheme to cover the period of 10 years give the contents of works to be done in each target area. It should be prepared through consultation with the beneficiaries. They have to be paid by the Forest Department in case if they took part in the works done in the field (Clause 7 and 8).

Other land use: No agriculture or grazing in the forest land protected by the village committee should be permitted (Clause 9 and 10).

Planting/Cutting of Trees: The village committee may be permitted to plant some useful trees such as fruit species so long as being consistent with the overall scheme of afforestation. Cutting of trees should not be permitted before they are ripe for harvesting (Clause 11 and 12).

Benefit of people’s participation: The benefit of people’s participation should go to the village communities. Thus the selection of the beneficiaries should be done from only those families who are willing to participate through their personal efforts (Clause 13). The Forest Department should closely supervise the works, It the beneficiaries and /or the Voluntary Agency/NGO fall or neglect to protect the forest land from prohibited activities, the usufructuary benefits should be withdrawn without paying compensations (Clause 14).

The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006

This Act aims 1) to recognize and vest the forest rights and occupation in forest land in forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers who have been residing in such forests for generations but whose rights could not be recorded, 2) to provide for a framework for recording the forest rights to vested and the nature of evidence required for such recognition and vesting in respect of forest land. As stipulated in the Act, the Forest Rights are embodied with the following salient features. (Among all relevant clauses, only a few are described) Right to hold and live in the forest land under the individual or common occupation for

habitation or for self-cultivation for livelihood by a member or members of a forest dwelling Scheduled Tribe or other traditional forest dwellers.

Right of ownership, access to collect use, and dispose of minor forest products which has been traditionally collected within or outside village boundaries.

Rights of settlement and conversion of all forest villages*, old habitation, unsurveyed villages and other villages in forests, whether recorded, notified or not into revenue village. * The forest village means the settlement which have been established inside the forests by the forest department

The target of vesting the Forest Rights is: 1) the forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes in States where they are declared as scheduled Tribes in respect of all forest rights. 2) the other traditional forest dwellers in respect of all forest right. The Rights may be modified in critical wildlife habitats of National Parks and Sanctuaries.

The recognitions and vesting the Rights is subject to the conditions that the target individuals or communities had occupied forest land before the 13 PthP December 2005.

The Rights shall be inherited but not alienable or transferable and the area under actual occupation shall in no case exceed an area of four hectare.

The Grama Sava (The Village Committee) shall be the authority to initiate the process to determine the nature and extent of individual or community forest rights. It will further forwarded through Grama Sabha to the sub-divisional level committee. There the State government constitute the committee to examine the resolution passed by the Grama Sabha and prepare the forest rights and forward ti to the District Level Committee for a final decision.

To implement the Act the “Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Right) Rules, 2007” was promulgated.


2.5.2 State Level

The following table features the key acts issued by the state government related to Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribes and Forest Management (SC/ST & FM).

Annex 2-11


Laws and Policies related to SC/ST & FM at State Level Documents Highlighted Features

Kerala Restriction on cutting and destruction of Valuable Trees Act, 1974

This act was enacted to set forth effective measures to restrict the cutting and destruction of some valuable trees. The salient feature of the Act is described in Clause 6 which stipulates the target of restriction as follows.

Tree Species Prohibition/Permission Rosewood (Dalbergia spp.)

No green rosewood tree shall be permitted to be felled unless its girth at breast height exceeds 2.5 m.

Teak (Tectona grandis)

No green teak tree shall be permitted to be felled unless its girth at breast height exceeds 1.85

Sandalwood (Santalum album)

No green sandal wood tree shall be permitted to be felled.

Others All dead trees may be permitted to be felled. All trees, irrespective of the girth at breast height standing dangerous shall be permitted to be felled.

Applications for permission for cutting or/and destruction of valuable trees shall be made to the “authorized officer” having jurisdiction over the area (Clause 2) .

The Kerala Preservation on Tree Acts, 1986 amendment

The Act aimed at prevention of rampant clearing of tree in private areas with the primary objectives of soil and water conservation in the state. Following clauses provide the key stipulations of the Act. Clause 2: Ten tree species targeted by this Act: Cheeni (Tetrameles nudiflora), Chadachi

(Grewia tiliaefolia), Chandala vempu (Cedrela toona), Chempakam (Michilia chempaca), Irul (Xylia xylocarpa), Kampakam (Hopea paviflora), Rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia), Sandalwood (Santalum album), Teak (Tectona grandis), Thempavu (Terminalia tomantosa)

Clause 4 stipulates any person shall not cut uproot or burn, or cause to be cut, uprooted or burnt any tree without the previous permission in writing of the authorized officer. The permission shall not be refused if the trees might give a danger to life or property or the tree is dead, diseased or fallen by the wind.

Kerala Land Assignment Special Rules, 1993

The Kerala Land Assignment (Regularization of Occupations of Forest Lands prior to 1st January 1977) Special Rules, 1993. The Act regularized the occupation in the forest land which took place before 1-1-1977.

It is a “cut-off date” set by the government to judge whether to entitle the land right or evict the encroachers from the state forest land.

Participatory Eco-tourism Programme

G.O. (Rt) No. 3314/05/GAD, Participatory Eco-tourism Programme undertaken by the Forest Department- Guidelines, dated on 30/04/2005 This government order attaches the Guideline under PFM to Eco-tourism in Forest Areas (Issued by Kerala Forests Department). Responding to the expansion of interests among the tourists and introducing the key concepts of PFM into the eco-tourism, the guideline gives the frame, contents and procedures to establish the eco-tourism locations under participatory management by the FD and VSSs/EDCs. Its key contents are as the followings. Identification and selection of locations: Location of forest areas with potential for

eco-tourism is identified by the FD or the local VSS. The DFO may then take the matter for approval of the CF.

Micro planning: Once the proposed area is approved by the CF, a micro plan is prepared through PRA involving the VSS members. Facilities necessary for eco-tourism and basic rules to be observed shall be incorporated into the micro plan format as given in the Guideline. The micro plan is subject to the approval of the Conservator of Forests.

Implementation: The Divisional Forest Officer will make public the contact point for the visitors.

Monitoring and Review: The Conservator will review the program every quarter and submit a consolidated report to the Regional Chief Conservator of Forests/Chief Conservator of Forest (Wildlife) who will report it to the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests.

Annex 2-12


Documents Highlighted Features FDA-related rules and guidelines

The Kerala Forest Department (KFD) has issues the following orders and the rules/regulations. Their key contents are summarised as the followings. G.O. (Rt) No.223/02/F&WLD, Implementation of National Afforestation Programme

(NAP), Samanvit Gram Vanikaran Samirddhi Yajana (SGVSY) and Creation of Forest Development Agency in the State-Guidelines Approval and Constitution of State Coordination Committee for the Purpose, dated on 17/07/2002

This order provides the guidelines for formation of forest development agency (FDA) and constitutes a State Coordination Committee to monitor and evaluate the functioning of FDA chaired by the Chief Secretary. The major contents of the guidelines are summarized as the followings. Goal: To closely inter-link the two approaches of integrated forest development and rural employment generation into a single umbrella scheme, for effective forest conservation. (Note: The idea is to create employment opportunities for the rural residents in forest development/conservation activities.)

Salient Features: (1) The FDA will aim at providing 1) employment to the local forest dependent communities

through afforestation and conservation programs, 2) other durable community assets for overall eco-development of the target communities.

(2) The FDA will be registered as Federation of VSS/EDC under the Societies Registration Act. Each FDA shall be headed by the respective Territorial/Wildlife Conservator of Forests. All VSSs/EDCs of forest development communities/villages will come under the FDA.

(3) ODA is constituted with the three main bodies, namely General Body, Executive Body and State Coordination Committee.

(4) Each FDA shall prepare an integrated project proposal which is incorporated in the micro plan of VSS/EDC and fit into the range of eligible items of afforestation/tree planting, village eco-development, pasture development, etc. The proposal shall be submitted by the Principal Chief Conservator to the funding agency. (Note: In most cases FDAs prepare the proposal to implement the National Afforestation Program (NAP) in the target communities through deploying the members of VSSs).

(5) One of the most important components of the proposal shall be the mutual obligations and responsibilities of the major stakeholders, namely the FDA, the VSSs/EDCs and the Forest Department.

(6) In accordance with this Guideline, the “Rules and Regulations of the State Forest Development Agency, Kerala” was issued to direct the detailed procedures and jurisdictions of the implementing bodies under the FDA.

G.O. (Rt) 238/05/F&WLD, Constitution of a State Level Co-ordination Committee for Monitoring and Evaluation of Forest Development Agency Project, dated on 15/04/2005.

Following the establishment of the FDA and its rules and regulation, the state government issued the order as titled above to direct the constitution of a State Level Coordination Committee. The major duties and responsibilities of the Committee are: (1) to monitor the implementation of PFM in the State, (2) to monitor the performance of FDA in the State, (3) to monitor and evaluate the projects undertaken by FDAs and recommend the reports to the funding agency, (4) to develop eligibility criteria for incentive and rewards, and select FDA for rewards based on performance, (5) to recommend corrective actions for improving the performance of FDAs.

Guideline for NTFP Resource Protection

G.O. No. 40/2001/Forest, on “NTFP Resource Protection”, Dated on 02/02/2001, Its aims are: (1) To protect the NTFP with the help of Tribal settlements near forest. For this purpose the

traditional knowledge of the tribes should barinaioe at maximum utilized; (2) To train the tribal community for forest protection; (3) To provide them the basic facilities required; (4) To organize the “Tribal Forest Protection Committee“ to also take care of their welfare. The Act is further determining “Committee formation”, “Working area and style”,

Annex 2-13


Documents Highlighted Features “Organizational Rules and Regulations”, “Micro level planning”, “Operation and Core fund”, “Forest Resource Collection” and Processing Centre, Working stage, etc. The structures of these chapters closely follow those stated in the Implementation Guideline of PFM, 2008 however their contents are as a whole too general to embody the improvement of NTFP production. No numerical standards or criteria are provided to indicate the conceptual frame of enhancing NTFP production.

Right to collection of Minor forest Produce (MFP) to ST cooperative society

G.O. (Rt) No. 174/13/F&WLD, Right to Collection of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) to Scheduled Tribe Cooperative Societies – Period of Collection Extended-, dated on 10/05/2013, This government order accords the extension of the period for the right to collect minor forest produce (MFP) to the Scheduled Tribe Cooperative Societies in Kerala State. The 20 societies approved their extension include the following societies in Wayanad District. Entitled the extended right of MFP collection the listed society are able to continue to collaborate with VSS and EDC in the assigned areas to collect and sell the MFP as their business.

No Division Name of ST Cooperative Society

Name of Range allotted

1 Wayanad North Thiruneli Begur 2 Wayaanad

South Meppadi Meppadi

3 SulthanBatheri Chethalayam & Pambra Sections

4 Pulappally Pathiri North, Pathiri South, Cheeyambam Sections

Source: Compiled by the JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the related acts and rules and documents

The government has issued the Guideline for implementing Participatory Forest Management (PFM) in Kerala in 1998. The following table highlights the key contents of the guideline relevant the proposed Project. It was issued during the pilot phase of PFM program supported by the World Bank in the late 1990’s however its directions and frame of PFM implementations are considered to be still applicable to the future proposal.

Guideline for PFM, 1998 Items Highlighted Features in the Guideline

Objectives To explore the potential of PFM and to develop appropriate approaches to introduce PFM in Kerala State.

Scope of the Program

The major factors contributing to forest degradation related people-forest interaction in Kerala are: forest fires, grazing, unsustainable harvesting of NTFPs, human-animal conflicts, forest encroachment, timber smuggling, gunja cultivation, poaching of wild animals, environmental degradation.

The program is designed to assess the potential of PFM to address these critical problem through strategies for: (1) Management for fires to reduce forest degradation, (2) Introduction of sustainable NTFP harvesting practices, (3) topping further encroachment into forest areas, (4) Curbing illicit timer harvesting, (5) Reversing localized environmental degradation.

Areas to be selected for PFM

Keeping the above in view, the Range Officer (RO) shall select degraded natural forests and plantations where conditions are suitable for introduction of PFM. These areas may include: (1) Scattered and fragmented degraded forest lands in the vicinity of the valleys, facing encroachment and conservation problems, (2) fringes of forest areas adjoining the villages, (3) forest areas adjoining tribal hamlets, 84) forest areas encroached after 1-1-1977 and evicted by the Kerala Forest Department

Procedure for developing PFM

The forest management activities agreed between FD and VSS (Village Forest Committee) are planned, implemented, maintained and monitored.

Assuming the total period of the program is five years, the process of PFM involves several phases, such as Entry phase (two months), Preparatory phase (two moths), Planning phase (four month), Implementation phase (40 months), and Monitoring and Evaluation phase (period from first month to 60 months or more).

Annex 2-14


Items Highlighted Features in the Guideline Constitutions Every household in the selected ward/hamlet/user-groups will have the option of

participating VSS. They register their names at Range office with the payment of registration fee which is credited to the Core Fund of VSS. The SCST members are exempted from the payment. DFO approve the VSS and the registration of the members. Under the VSS an executive committee (VSSEC) will be constituted by the representing members.

Duties and responsibilities of VSS

The members of VSS are responsible for (1) ensuring protection of the PFM areas from encroachment, grazing, fires, illicit felling, poaching, theft, etc. (2) ensuring execution of the activities in accordance with the approved micro plan through the executive committee, (3) making order villagers are of the importance of nature conservation and forest protection, (4) ensuring protection of other forest areas not covered under PFM.

Duties and responsibilities of Kerala FD

Kerala Forest Department (KFD) has duties and responsibilities. Their main contents are (1) to provide technical assistances in the formulation and implementation of the micro plan, (2) to make all efforts to get finances for the implementation of the annual activities specified in the micro plan. (3) To credit the amount earmarked for all works of VSS in the account of the committee under VSS Operation Fund if DFO is convinced enough that VSS fulfilled their tasks completely, (4) To review the activities of VSS every quarter. (5) To arrange necessary training to VSS members.

Sharing of Benefit

The VSS is entitled to the benefits if they are satisfactory achieve the protection of rests and the implementation of activities in the micro plan. Patterns of sharing benefits: The VSS is entitled to collect the specified quantities of NTFPs from the PFM areas

as per the prescriptions in the micro plan. The VSS is entitled to collect the specified quantities of fodder, fuel-wood, green

manure or such other products from PFM area for domestic uses as prescribed in the micro plan.

The VSS is entitled to collect the specified quantities of bamboo and reeds from PFM area for domestic uses as prescribed in the micro plan.

The VSS is entitled to 10% of the net revenue of the harvested forest produce from the plantation raised and protected by VSS under PFM. They are also entitled 100% of net revenue from the NTFPs from the forests and services rendered within the PFM area.

Utilization of the fund: The amount received is credited to the VSS Core Fund. 50% of this amount shall be utilized for the development activities other than the forestry. 25% may be distributed among the members or utilized and the rest of 25% will be kept for future sustained management of forests after the project period. This pattern of fund distributions will be determined by the VSS members.

Micro plan The VSSEC shall prepare a micro plan for a period of 10 years. Required aspects to micro plan: The micro plan shall be prepared through a process of

PRA. The plan shall (1) include prescriptions for the management of forests and village resources under the control of VSS, (2) contain the details on production and annual harvestable quantities, (3) prescribe measures for the control of excessive biotic pressure on forests, (4) provide harvesting practices and distribution plan of forest products for their sustainable management, (5) include other development programs which is required by the community and will help them reduce their dependency on forests, (6) specify the activities to be supported by KFD who is responsible to monitor them.

Constituents of the micro plan: Accordingly the plan shall essentially have the following elements, such as (1) forest protection, (2) forest maintenance, (3) NTFP development, (4) resource management on non-forest lands, (5) other activities.

VSS Operation and Core fund

Operation fund: The cost of investments in planting, soil & water conservation measures and contribution to the protection of forests from the KFD will be put in the VSS operation fund. All the forest development activities are funded through this fund in accordance with the provisions built in the micro plan.

Core fund: A core fund shall be constituted by the VSS for the other developmental activities and individual share of benefits to members of VSS. The VSS contributes to this fund from the benefits received by it by way of implementation of micro plan.

Transaction: All financial transactions of VSS shall be carried out through the two accounts (VSS operation fund and core fund).

Resources available for

The staff of KFD and NGOs should be given adequate training through coaching tours, etc. government will appoint a forest officer not below the rank of a CD as state level

Annex 2-15


Items Highlighted Features in the Guideline participating officers

coordinator. A PFM consultant will be selected to assist the state level PFM programme coordinator.

Source: Compiled by the JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the related acts and rules and documents

2.6 Kerala Forests and Wildlife Department

2.6.1 Organizational Setups

The Kerala Forests and Wildlife Department (KFWD) is headed by the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF & Head of Forest Force, HOFF). Under the head there are four wings covering the main areas of forestry and wildlife management and nine thematic wings in charge of specific issues covering the State. In total 13 wings are constituted under the visions to form their duties and functions as summarized in the following table.

Overview of the Kerala Forests and Wildlife Department Items Contents

Vision Improving and sustaining healthy living conditions through conservation of biodiversity, protection of environment, soil, water etc. and empowering forest tribes, women and other weaker sections of the society through scientific, transparent and responsible methods.

Wings of PCCF

There are four wings of PCCF in KFWD headed by the persons with the titles as below. Principal Chief Conservator of Forest (Head of Forest Force, HFF) Principal Chief Conservator of Forest (Wildlife, WL) & Chief Wildlife Warden (PCCF

& CWW) Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (Social Forestry) Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (Development & PFM)

Thematic wings

Administration, Biodiversity, Development, FMIS (Forest Information System), Infrastructure and Human Resource Development (IHRD), Protection, Special Afforestation, Tribal Rehabilitation, Vigilance

Source:21http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=37 T (Accessed on the 10th June 2014)

As one of the thematic wings, Tribal Rehabilitation has duties to address “all matters related to integrated development and rehabilitation schemes in respect of the tribes to be settled in forest lands” and to administer and manage “all funds/assistance provided for rehabilitation and development of tribes living in the forest areas” (Source: the URL above). To facilitate the administrations, KFWD has five types of circles and several layers of field units to outreach their jurisdictional areas in the State. The following table shows the set up of administrative units with their numbers extending in all districts within the state territory.

Administrative Setup of KFWD Circle Circle Division Range Section Beat

Territorial 5 25 74 177 303 Wildlife 3 11 19 48 49 Vigilance 2 8 19 25 90 Social Forestry 3 14 37 223 - Timber Sales 1) - 6 - - -

TOTAL 13 64 149 473 442 Source:21Thttp://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=3721T(Accessed on the 10th June 2014) Note: 1) The unit of Timber Sales under the division is “Depot”.

Activities of the territorial and wildlife circles are “ground-base” therefore they are sharing their boundaries without overlapping while the boundaries the rest of three circles (Vigilance, Social Forestry, and Timber Sales) are drawn being not consistent with each other and with the former two

Annex 2-16

http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=37



circles because their approaches are not “ground-base”, rather focusing socioeconomic activities in/around the forests. Following figure shows the organizational structures of KFWD covering theechelons from the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (HOFF) to the divisional office level. The following figure indicates the organizational setup of KFWD headquarter and divisional offices.

Organizational Setup of KFWD Headquarters and Divisional OfficesSource:http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=3721T(Accessed on

the 10th June 2014)

2.6.2 Staff Arrangement

As of April 2012, KFWD had in total 6,804 staffs in 102 posts assigned in several areas and fields to cover all mandates given to the department. The post wise numbers of staff are indicated in thefollowing table.

Staff Arrangement in KFWDPost Numbers Post Numbers

Principal Chief Conservator of Forest 4 Deputy Range Forest Officer 151Additional Principal Chief Conservator of Forest

10 Section forest Officer 923

Chief Conservator of Forest 15 Beat Forest Officer 2,494Deputy Conservator of Forest 17 Watcher 185Assistant Conservator of Forest 101 Others (Administrative/supporting

staff, etc.) 2,700

Forest Range Officer 204 TOTAL 6,804Source:21Thttp://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=3721T(Accessed on the

10th June 2014)

Under the regional level, the circle wise numbers of staff are as the followings. The number in bracket shows the standard number of the assigned staff in one unit, which varies slightly according to the conditions of the localities.

Annex 2-17

http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=3721T



Staff Arrangement at Each Administrative Unit 1 Circle Circle Division Range Section Beat

Territorial Conservator of Forests CF (1)

Divisional Forest Officer (DFO)

Range Forest Officer (FRO) (1)

Forest Officer (1)

Beat Forest Officer (1~2)

Wildlife Chief Conservator of Forests CCF (1)

Wildlife Warden, AFVO (1)

Assistant Wildlife warden (AWW) (1)

Forest Officer Beat Forest Officer

Vigilance Conservator of Forests CF (1)

Divisional Forest Officer (DFO)


Forest Officer (4)

Beat Forest Officer (15)

Social Forestry Chief Conservator of Forests CCF (1)

Asst. Conservator of Forests (1)


Forest Officer (8)


Timber Sales Divisional Forest Officer (DFO)

Range Forest Officer(RFO) (2). Dy. RFO (2)

Forest Officer (3)


Source: http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=3721T (Accessed on the 10PthP June 2014)

Annex 2-18

http://www.forest.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=3721T

Annex-3 Present Condition of Wayanad District


Table of Contents

Annex-3 Present Conditions of Wayanad District ................................................................... 3-1 3.1 Area, Location and Topography ......................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 District Administration and Relevant Organisations .......................................................... 3-1

3.2.1 District Administration and Local Self Government (Panchayat Raj Institutions) .... 3-1 3.2.2 Roles and Responsibilities of Departments ................................................................ 3-2 3.2.3 Panchayat Raj Institutions in Wayanad District ......................................................... 3-4 3.2.4 Other Relevant Organisations ...................................................................................... 3-6

3.3 Development Plans of District and Panchayats .................................................................. 3-8 3.3.1 Funding for PRI Development Plans .......................................................................... 3-8 3.3.2 District Panchayat ....................................................................................................... 3-9 3.3.3 Block Panchayat ....................................................................................................... 3-10 3.3.4 Grama Panchayat ...................................................................................................... 3-15

3.4 Demography ..................................................................................................................... 3-17 3.5 Socio Economic Condition ............................................................................................... 3-18

3.5.1 Economic Condition ................................................................................................. 3-18 3.5.2 Labour ....................................................................................................................... 3-20 3.5.3 BPL ........................................................................................................................... 3-21

3.6 Household Amenities ....................................................................................................... 3-22 3.7 Health Care Services ........................................................................................................ 3-25 3.8 Education ......................................................................................................................... 3-26


Annex-3 Present Conditions of Wayanad District

3.1 Area, Location and Topography The district of Wayanad covers the geographical area of 2,129.17 km2 which accounts for 5.48% of the Kerala State total. The district has situated in the north-eastern part of Kerala State and bounded on the east by Nilgiris and Mysore districts of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka respectively, on the north by Coorg District of Karnataka, on the south by Malappuram District and on the west by Kozhikode and Kannur Districts.

The district has no coast line and lies between north latitudes 11° 26' 28" and 11° 58' 22", and east latitudes 75° 46' 38" and 76° 26' 11" with elevation ranging between 700 and 2,100 m of above sea level. It is situated in an elevated picturesque mountainous plateau on the crest of Western Ghats. Being hilly district, vast area of district consists of forest (40%).

The district can be divided into different physiographic zones: i) high ranges with rugged topography which include hill ranges in the west, northwest and south western part with steep slopes and narrow valleys; ii) high ranges with moderately rugged topography includes hill ranges along the eastern part; iii) isolated hills which flattens and open towards south and west; and iv) the mountainous region descends in height except some lofty hills, intermountain valley and flood plains.

In the centre of the district, hills are lower in height while the northern and south-eastern areas have high hills and they give a wild and a mountainous appearance. The highest peaks in the District are Vellarimala, Banasura, Brahmagiri and Chembra and they range from 1,500 to 2,100 m height. The Map 10 in Vollume II shows slope of the district.

3.2 District Administration and Relevant Organisations

3.2.1 District Administration and Local Self Government (Panchayat Raj Institutions)

The district administration is comprised of Regulatory and Development Administration. The District Collector heads the administration sector. In parallel, the Local Self Government (Panchayat Raj Institutions/ PRI) is established by the elected members from constituencies at District, Block and Village level. In Wayanad, Village Panchayat is known as Grama Panchayat which comprises of a group of “Wards”. In each Ward, Grama Sabha, which is an assembly of all the voters in a Ward is held 4 times a year.

Structure of District Administration and Local Self-Government

Source: Edited by JICA Survey Team (2014) based on “A presentation by the Administrative Reforms Commission, Government of India1.

1 http://arc.gov.in/viet.ppt

Annex 3-1


In order for better coordination between the District Administration and Panchayat Raj Institution (PRI), GoK has issued a government order to transfer some of the departments that have been under the district administration to PRI for enhanced coordination and effective implementation of the developmental interventions (vide G.O. (P) 188/2000/LSGD dated 4th July 2000 issued by the Local Self Government (p) Department). According to the said government order, the departments listed below are transferred to PRI.

List of District Level Departments Transferred to PRI Agriculture Soil Conservation Animal Husbandry Dairy Development Fisheries, Industries Rural Development

Social Welfare Department Scheduled Castes Development Scheduled Tribes Development Health Services Education Kerala Khadi and Village

Industries Kerala State Electricity Board.

Source: G.O. (P) 188/2000/LSGD dated 4th July 2000 issued by the Local Self Government (p) Department

The district level officers will remain accountable to GoK while maintaining the close coordination with the District Panchayat and implementing the developmental interventions.

3.2.2 Roles and Responsibilities of Departments

(1) District Planning Committee

The District Planning Committee is constituted under the chairmanship of the District Panchayat President corresponding with the provision made in the Article 243 ZD of the 74th Amendment of the Constitution. Its Convener is the District Planning officer. The members comprise of the presidents of the associations of Block Panchayats and Grama Panchayats, officials from various departments. All the development plans of PRI in the district are reviewed for formal approval.

Composition of the District Planning Committee Position Designation in the PRI/ District Administration

Chairperson President, District Panchayat Member Secretary District Collector Convener District Planning Officer Joint Convener Heads of all the government departments in the district Members 1 Representative of all Grama Panchayats (the President of the Grama

Panchayats), 1 Representative of all Blocks (the President of the Block Panchayat), 1 Representative of Municipality, 12 elected members among the district level division members and

special invitee Objective: To give official approval to all the development plans at all levels in the

district Source: JICA Survey Team (2014)

(2) District Collector

The District administration office is called District Collectorate. It is headed by the District Collector who reports to the Revenue Department of GoK. Key responsibilities of the Collector include keeping law and order, acting as a head of the revenue department and facilitating coordination between the departments in the district.

Annex 3-2


Role and Responsibilities of the District Collector Position Roles and Responsibilities of the District Collector

District collector Keeping law and order Revenue collection as head of the Revenue Department in a District Revenue and natural resource control, issuing permits for quarrying, sand

mining, mining, river management committee chairman and etc. Administrative sanction of projects of MP and MLA funds Drought, flood projects Public grievance cell in charge Decision power on fund allocation Coordinator of all the departments Official spokes person of the state government in the district


(3) Departments

The list of relevant departments in the District and the number of officers working at various offices/ institutions is given below.

Annex 3-3


No. of Officers deployed at the Relevant Departments in the District


Departments of Agriculture, Livestock and Dairy, and Fisheries will be dealt with in Annex 5. The Public Works Departments and Forest Departments are not transferred under the district administration. The former is in charge of public infrastructure development and the latter undertakes management of state forest and protected areas, and monitoring and controlling production and harvesting of the timber and collection non timber forest produces (NTFPs). Forest Department has its own jurisdictions which do not coincide with the administrative boundaries, which administrative structure is shown in Annex 6.

3.2.3 Panchayat Raj Institutions in Wayanad District

(1) Overview

As per the Kerala State Panchayat Raj Act 1994, democratic planning and decision making bodies called “Panchayats” are created at the District, Block and Village levels. The Panchayat at each level is comprised of ward members elected by the constituency of respective Ward and standing committee

Departments Level Position No ofOfficers

Remarks

District Project Director 1District Assistant Project Director 2Block Block Development Officer 4 1 in each BlockGram Panchayat Village Extension Officer 25 1 in each Gram PanchayatDistrict District Development Officer 1Block SC Development Officer 4 1 in each BlockGram Panchayat SC Promoters 25 1 in each Gram Panchayat

Project Officer of Integrated Tribal Development Project(Nodal Officer)

1

Assistant Development Officer 1Tribal Extension Officer 5Tribal Development Officer 1Assistant Development Officer 1Tribal Extension Officer 5Tribal Development Officer 1Assistant Tribal Development Officer 1Tribal Extension Officer 5

Gram Panchayat Tribal Promoters (allocated on the basis of tribal populationin each ward.)

255 10 to 12 in each GramPanchayat

District ICDS Program Officer 1Block Child Development Program Officer 8 2 in each BlockAnganwadi Supervisors Anganwadi Supervisors 47Anganwadi Anganwadi Workers 1664 2 in each Anganwadi CentreMini Anganwadi Teachers 42 1 in each mini anganwadi

District Social Justice Officer- District level 1Probation Officer District Probation Officer- District level 1Women Protection Officer Women Protection Officer- District level 1Superintendents Institutions (Orphanage, House of Physically Handicapped,

Government Observation Homes, Shelter Home forWomen)

4

Kozhikode Region Regional Director 1District Deputy Director 1District Education Officer- District level 1District Assistant Education Officer 3Schools Headteachers 371District Medical Officer 1District Deputy DMO 3District Malaria Officer 1District Reproductive and Child Health Officer (RCH) 1District District Program Manager, NRHM including Polyclinic 1District Media Officer 1District Food OfficerMedical Blocks Medical Officer (Porunallur, Pulpally, Meenangadi, Mepadi,

Thariyode)5 1 in each Medical Block

District Hospital Superintendent 1General Hospital Superintendent 1Community Health Centre Superintendent 9Taluk Hospitals Superintendent 2

24 x 7 (8) Medical Officer 8Day (14) Medical Officer 14Sub centres (208) Medical Officer 208

Circle Food Inspector Office Circle Food Officer(Manandavady and Kalpetta) 2 1 in each CircleVector Control Unit Biologist 1Nursing School Nursing Superintendent 1

Integrated Child Development Service Mission

District Social Justice Office

Health Department

Vythiri Taluk

Manandavady Taluk

S. Bathery Taluk

Other Units

Primary Health Centre

Medical Institutions

Poverty AlleviationUnit

Scheduled CasteDevelopmentDepartmentScheduled TribesDevelopmentDepartment

Social WelfareDepartment

Education Department

Annex 3-4


formed out of the elected members. Sector wise working group will be formed as an advisory body for reviewing the developmental projects/ interventions. The president and vice president of the Panchayat are selected amongst the elected members. The number of elected members would vary as the number of constituency would be uniquely defined for district and block Panchayat elections.

In Wayanad, there are 459 Grama Panchayat Wards as of March 2014, whose boundaries have beenredefined at each election.

No. of Divisions and Wards in WayanadWard at each level Number of Panchayat Number of Wards

District Panchayat Division 1 16Block Panchayat Ward 4 57Grama Panchayat Ward 25 459


(2) Grama Panchayat

The structure of Grama Panchayat is shown in the figure below.

Structure of Grama PanchayatSource: JICA Survey Team (2014).

(3) Grama Sabha and Oorukoottam

Each ward has a local body called Grama Sabha in which all the voters are the members. Where tribal population is found, a traditional local body of Oorukoottam is held by all the adults of ST communities to provide separate arena for discussion of the issues which are pertinent to the tribal communities. The decisions taken at the Grama Sabha and Oorukoottam are directly communicated to the standing committee of the Grama Panchayat by the ward members. In the case of Wayanad, most of the Grama Panchayats have an Oorukoottam in each ward. In some exceptional cases, more than one Oorukoottams in a ward are constituted as in Meenangadi, whereas in Vythiri, tribal people from more than one ward constituted one Oorukoottam.

Annex 3-5


Organisation of Grama Sabha and Oorukoottam Grama Sabha Oorukoottam Convener Ward member Ward member Secretary Secretary of Panchayat Tribal Promoter Constituency Ward Ward or Colony(s) Members All voters in a ward STs Agenda Needs for development

Issues to be resolved in the community Selection of the beneficiaries for various developmental schemes/

programmes Source: JICA Survey Team (2014)

3.2.4 Other Relevant Organisations

(1) Hills Area Development Agency (HADA)

HADA has initiated financial assistances for improvement of livelihoods and community infrastructure in Wayanad. The activities that can be supported include agriculture and allied activities, water supply, irrigation, road, and poverty alleviation. HADA has initiated the loan subsidy scheme for the selected 37 SHGs in Wayanad in June 2014.

Its organisational budget is Rs. 1.1 billion for 2014-15. HADA works in all districts in Kerala except Alappuzha.

(2) National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)

NBARD is a financial institution established by the GoI and major financing agency for the Self Help Groups (SHGs) and Joint Liability Groups (JLGs) through intermediaries such as banks and NGOs.

It operates various financial schemes and implements developmental projects in Wayanad. NABARD also funded watershed programmes, road construction, formation of organic spice marketing which works were undertaken by NGOs and other concerned agencies.

(3) Kerala State Literacy Mission

Kerala State Literacy Mission under the State Education Department has an office in Kalpetta. The mission provides literacy programmes that leads to the certification equivalent to that of formal education. In Wayanad, 68 centres are established and 72 Promoters (Peraks) are functioning. In FY 2013-14, Rs. 800,000 has been spent on equivalency programmes. Currently, 1,540 learners are registered for 7th standard equivalency programme. Legal literacy programme is also conducted by the Promoters.

(4) SC/ ST Service Cooperative Societies and Federation

In Wayanad, four Scheduled Tribe Service Cooperative Societies (also known as Tribal Service Cooperative Societies) are actively involved in NTFP collection and marketing. Nine Scheduled Caste Service Cooperative Societies (SC Cooperative Societies) are registered with the Kerala State SC/ ST Federation under the initiative of the State Co-operation Department (SC/ ST Federation, Wayanad). However, the latter cooperatives are dormant although in the past they used to sell handicraft and organic manures.

(5) Kerala Mahila Samakiya Society

Kerala Mahila Samakiya Society was established in 1992 and started functioning in Kerala in 2012. In 2012-13, they started emphasising on the remote and tribal area. Their mandate is to address the issues of women and children and provide various facilities for them. Some programmes are implemented through convergence.

In Wayanad District, the Kerala Mahila Samakiya Society emphasises on the tribal areas and currently operates in Mananthavady Block. The Society has conducted a survey on dropouts in 100 tribal hamlets and identified 465 dropouts. It also works with Kudumbasree, People Friendly Policy and

Annex 3-6


Excise Department, Integrated Child Development Services and Nirbaya (Fearless) Project Committee (a project aiming at sensitising society towards safety of women and children). An overview of the activities implemented in the district is summarised below.

An overview of the activities of Kerala Mahila Samakiya Society in Wayanad District Activities Particulars

Block covered Mananthavady Vanitha Sabha (Women’s Committee) 70 Adolescent Groups 60 Mahila Shikshan Kendras (Learning Centres for Women) 1

(Palvelicham in Thirunelli Panchayat) Source: Interview with Wayanad District Coordinator (2014), Kerala Mahila Samakiya Society

(6) Kudumbasree District Mission

Wayanad District Mission office of Kudumbasree is located in Kalpetta. It implements Kudumbasree Programmes through Panchayat Level elected body (Community Development Society / CDS) and Ward Level Elected Body (Area Development Society / ADS). Under ADS, a number of Neighbourhood Groups (NHGs) are formed by the women who are in need of support for better livelihood. One of the main activities of the NHGs is savings and internal-lending. To undertake income generation activities, Activity Groups will be formed by the interested members of NHGs for non agriculture based activities and JLGs for agriculture based livelihood improvement activities. Kudumbasree offers entrepreneurship and enterprise development training, various financial support schemes and business management support by the Micro Enterprise Consultant placed at each Panchayat. The details of NHGs and activities undertaken by the Kudumbasree associated groups are given in Annex 4.

(7) NGOs

As of 31st March 2014, 13,065 NGOs are registered with the District Registrar Office under the Indian Societies Registration Act 1860. Although these organisations are required to renew their registration on an annual basis, most of them do not do so. Several NGOs are actively implementing community development activities including skills training, livelihood improvement, education, farming, agriculture marketing, and etc. Social Service Centre for Sustainable Development and Justice (SHREYAS) and Wayanad Social Service Societies (WSSS) are two NGOs which have worked with the World Bank supported Jalanidhi and NABARD funded projects. The summary of their achievements is given below.

NGOs implementing Livelihood Improvement in Wayanad Name of NGO Area of Expertise Achievements

Social Service Centre for Sustainable Development and Justice (SHREYAS)

1.Community Based Organizations 2.Natural Resource Management 3.Agriculture Development and Animal

Husbandry 4.Tribal Development 5.Entrepreneurship Development 6.Community based rehabilitation of persons with

disability 7.Community mental health programme 8.Gender 9.Family development programme 10.Community health Insurance initiative 11.Integrated Youth and Child development 12. Senior citizens support service 13.Educational support scheme 14.Finance management 15.Human Resource Development

1. Natural resource management interventions.

2. Reviving the withdrawn paddy fields-through collective farming.

3. Organic farming. 4. Entrepreneurship interventions

programmes –Through JLGs and SHGS.

5. Training on food processing. 6. Tribal development programmes

assisted by NABARD, and CARITAS INDIA,

7.Awareness programme on health and legal

8. Programmes for differently able.

Annex 3-7


Name of NGO Area of Expertise Achievements Wayanad Social Service Societies (WSSS)

1. Expertise in formation of community level organization.

2. Tribal development 3. Agriculture. 4. Gender development. 5. Extension and training 6. Research and documentation. 7. Consultancy.

1. Formation of SHGs, JLGs and federations and linking for micro-finance.

2.Implementation of NABARD assisted programmes of Tribal Development Fund

3.Livelihood security and social mainstreaming

4. Skill training for rural school dropout

5. Save A Family Plan Development through empowerment of entrepreneurship and participation.

6. Community Radio-mattoli (90.4 FM).

7. Training assistance for JLGS -.Micro enterprise development programme.

8. Organic certification and Marketing.


3.3 Development Plans of District and Panchayats

3.3.1 Funding for PRI Development Plans

District, Block and Grama Panchayat prepares a 5-year plan and annual plan. Current planning period is based on the 12th 5-Year Plan (2012-17). Various projects are planned to be implemented with various fund sources. PRIs in Wayanad mainly depend on five funding sources. The utilisation of each type of fund is defined as follows.

Various Types of Funds and Utilization

Sl No Fund to Village Panchayat Source of fund Utilization

1 Own Fund Income from the assets of Grama Panchayat, like, shopping complexes, rent of other buildings, etc owned by Grama Panchayat.

Shall be expended for those projects which will not earn immediate financial returns

Mandatory projects Public Service commission Coaching Cultural activities

2 Plan Fund Central government plan fund share + State government plan fund share for the year

10% of plan fund for Women Welfare projects 3% for Old age and Youth welfare activities Any development projects coming under

Agriculture, Infrastructure, Service, etc sectors 3 Maintenance

Grant State government Road- Only for construction and maintenance

of roads Non Road- Clearing electricity bill, water bill,

etc. of Grama Panchayat and related institutions, electricity line extension, electric wiring of schools, Maintenance of schools, Primary Health Centre, etc.

4 General Purpose Grant

State government Office administration Salary of Panchayat officials, etc.

5 World Bank fund

From central government through separate channel (nodal officer in the district)

Asset creation Bus stops, Computerisation of Panchayat

office, shopping complex, Panchayat buildings, etc.


Annex 3-8


3.3.2 District Panchayat

According to the “2012-13 Development Plan of Wayanad District”, the reduction of the agriculture land by land conversion and climate change and man- animal conflict were identified as the urgent issues to be dealt with. The plan placed an emphasis on poverty alleviation interventions such as development of tribal communities, women and children, improvement of health, drinking water supply and hygiene. Sector wise plans are as summarised in the table below.

Sector Wise Development Plan of Wayanad District (2012-13) Developmental Objectives

Agriculture:

To reduce the production cost and increase the production by adopting scientific techniques

Increase the usage of waste lands for agriculture purposes Promotion of organic farming Implement soil and water conservation activities Mechanisation of agriculture Control the usage of pesticides

Animal Protection Increase the cattle in the district Improve animal health Promote cattle husbandry for meant Promote poultry farming to ensure supply of meat

Fishing Promote fishing and provide basic facilities (electricity, water, etc.) Provide bank loans Production of value added products for economic development in the rural areas Group farming for fisheries

Poverty Reduction Develop a community with high social and cultural base Increase employment opportunities Provide bank loans for BPL Skills development training

Social Welfare Malnutrition Medical care for senior citizens Employment opportunities for mentally and physically disabled

Scheduled Caste Provide basic facilities Provide education facilities Provide machineries and equipments etc for agriculture Skills training for educated people Provide health facilities and care for pregnant women and infants

Scheduled Tribes Create employment opportunities and provide daily income sources Provide better health facilities Provide more opportunities for education, public education and technical education

(Gothra Velicham Project) Create awareness toward social exploitation Free from addiction of alcohol, cigarettes and drugs

Women and Children

Projects for financially backward women (bank loans for women/ projects for women’s groups engaged in agriculture activities)

Welfare of pregnant women and children Welfare for senior citizens and widow (creation of old age home) Health facilities for the teenage girls for improved nutrition (distribution of

nutritious food) Ensure proper functioning of government hospitals for women and children Create awareness for the women’s problems and abuse

Health Provide basic medical facilities for all Establish modern medical facilities Welfare for vulnerable communities and other backward groups Create awareness for health insurance programme Provide welfare for people affected by the severe illness

Annex 3-9


Developmental Objectives Drinking Water Protect all the existing water sources

Provide drinking water to all Create rain water harvesting Pollution control and awareness creation

Education, art, sports, cultural and youth welfare

Provide basic facilities for better education Improve hygiene in schools Provide IT facilities in the schools Making the active participation of youth in art, sports and cultural activities

Public works Protect existing roads and buildings Provide basic facilities development programme Constructing new roads to the tribal colonies

Housing Build new houses for the needed people with the help of Panchayat system Small scale business

Encourage the small scale business units and those associated with IT

Source: District Development Plan (2012-13) Translated and compiled by JICA Survey Team

In FY 2012-13, the total budget allocated for the District Deployment Plan was Rs. 446,026,431. The sector wise analysis of the budget allocation shows that the 29.97% or Rs.88.8 million of the total budget was spent for transportation followed by shelter (15.97% or Rs.47.3 million), drinking water (14.73% or Rs.43.6 million) and education (12.81% or Rs.38.0 million). The financial sources are comprised of General Purpose Fund (own budget of the district) and funds provided by the two categories of funds provided by the Central Government: Special Component Plan (SCP) for SCs and Tribal Sub Plan (TSP). Drinking water, tarring of roads and soil and water conservation works were included under SCP. Under the TSP, drinking water, construction of footpaths and side wall protection were undertaken.

FY 2012-13 Budget for Wayanad District Panchayat Development Plan Unit: Rs.

Source: Wayanad District Development Plan (2012-13)

3.3.3 Block Panchayat

(1) Sulthan Bathery

The 12th Five-Year plan (2012-17) of Sultan Bathery Block has indicated a list of various projects to be implemented. The number of projects proposed for each sector is summarised below. No budget was given in the plan.

Sl.No Source of Fund Fund Previous Balance

2012-13 Available Fund

Additional Fund

Total

1 Developmental Fund General 14,588,684 10,767,000 42,916,500 68,272,184Road construction 46,980,744 46,980,744SCP 11,583,349 14,917,000 26,500,349TSP 74,970,580 79,632,000 154,602,580

2 Maintenance Grand Non Road 19,873,601 8,325,000 6,821,000 35,019,601Road 27,114,207 49,978,000 1,935,000 79,027,207

3 Other fund 5,102,026 5,102,0264 State Project Fund 05 Central Project Fund 06 Loan from Co-operative sector 07 Other Financial Loan 08 Beneficiary Contribution paid in Panchayat 800,000 800,0009 Beneciciary Contribution 9,343,176 9,343,17610 In kind 011 Collected fund 012 Contribution from other sectors 4,300,000 4,300,00013 Other fund 16,078,564 16,078,564

Total 195,111,165 199,242,766 51,672,500 446,026,431

Annex 3-10


Proposed Projects in 12th Five-Year Development Plan (Sulthan Bathery)

Sectors No. of Proposed Projects the Plan Synopsis of the project proposed

Production Sector 43 Construction/renovation of canal, check dam, well Animal Protection and Dairy Development

7 Mobile medical unit, cattle feed subsidy, support for dairy farmers group etc.

Small Scale Business 21 Support for various units (catering, bakery, handcrafts, poultry etc)

Public Works 155 Road tarring, side protection at various locations, culverts SC 125 road tarring, culture centre, drinking water supply, well

construction Social Welfare 10 Block Panchayat office maintenance, block Panchayat car

shed, ICDS office car shed and toilet, etc Health 42 Sickle cell anemia project, medicine and clinic for

diabetics patients, medicine, generator system for ayurveda hospital, lap top for health education etc.

Drinking Water 36 Dwells at various locations, Rajiv Gandhi drinking water project)

Education Culture and Social Welfare

55 Anganwadi, Library, PHC, cultural centre

Source: Sulthan Bathery Block, 12th 5 Year Development Plan

(2) Kalpetta

In the Kalpetta Block Panchayat, Rs. 445,030,911 was allotted for the various projects in FY 2012-13 and Rs. 598,853,300 was allocated in FY 2014-15. The GoI fund provides the largest share of the Kalpetta Block.

Annex 3-11


Budget Allocation for FY 2014-15 (Revised) Unit: Rs.

Source: Kalpetta Block Panchayat Annual Budget 2014-15 *MLA Fund: Member of Legislative Assembly Fund; MP Fund: Member of Parliament Fund; BRGF: Backward Region Grant Fund; MSDP: Multi-sectoral Development Programme ** Note: The budget item wise figures were taken from the Annual Budget FY 2014-15. In the official report, the budget for FY 2013-14 was indicated to be Rs. 494,530,911 and the same for FY 2014-15 was Rs. 593,803,300. Both figures did not match with the calculation done by the Survey Team based on the item wise figures taken from the same document.

In FY 2015-16 and 2016-17, Kalpetta Block allocated budget amounting Rs. 39,000,000 and Rs. 20,575,000 for each year. Infrastructure component takes the largest proportion of the budget which included road tarring and concreting in various locations in the Block. Service sector projects proposed included drinking water supply, construction of community hall and installation of street light.

Proposed Budget for FY 2015-16 and FY 2016-17 (Kalpetta Block) Unit: Rs.

Source: Kalpetta Block Panchayat 12th 5 Year Plan Annual Plan from 2014-15 to 2016-17

BudgetAllocation by

%Exped

ExpenditureOpeningBalance

Allocationby%

General 35,792,000 41,160,800Special Project 7,135,000 8,205,250ST Sub Project 17,285,000 19,877,750

2 Maintanance Fund Non-Road 4,979,000 1.12% 5,300,000 0.89%General Purpose Grant 2,400,000 2,550,000 250,000Tender Form Sale 125,000 137,500Others 375,000 300,000 112,500Health 700,000 1,100,000Social Welfare 20,000 22,000ST 1,500,000 11,000,000Saksharatha (Literacy) Mission 100,000 110,000State Youth Development BoardKeraloltsavam 30,000 27,500MLA Fund 10,000,000 11,000,000District Panchayat 9,556,161 11,000,000Grama Panchayat 10,893,750 11,000,000IAY 28,140,000 49,500,000BRGF 7,800,000 11,000,000IWM P 500,000 24,400,000MP Fund 10,000,000 11,000,000RDIF 20,000,000HADA 2,700,000RIDF/ HADA 24,400,000NREGA 250,000,000 250,000,000RGCWS (Rajive Gandhi DrinkingWater Project) 5,000,000 5,000,000MSDP` 20,000,000 100,000,000Total Sanitation 400,000Total 445,030,911 100.00% 598,353,300 500,000 100.00%

Grand Total 598,853,300

State Government Fund(Department wise)

3.43%

4.60%

77.33%

4.44%

3.67%

79.44%5Central Govt Formed

Project

3

Own Fund

4 Other Self GoverningBodies

Sl No Source Category2013-14 (Revised) 2014-15

1 Development Fund 11.56%13.53%

No foProjects Amount %

No foProjects Amount %

Production Sector (General) 3 0 0.00% 2 1,175,000 5.71%Service Sector (General) 3 1,500,000 3.85% 6 2,500,000 12.15%Infrastructure (General) 48 23,600,000 60.51% 40 10,300,000 50.06%Serivce Sector - SC 2 1,000,000 2.56% 1 0.00%Infrastructure - SC 17 4,100,000 10.51% 5 1,300,000 6.32%Production Sector - ST 2 1,000,000 2.56% 0.00%Service Sector - ST 2 1,300,000 3.33% 2 500,000 2.43%Infrastructure - ST 13 6,500,000 16.67% 18 4,800,000 23.33%Total 90 39,000,000 100.00% 74 20,575,000 100.00%

2016-172015-16

Sectors

Annex 3-12


(3) Mananthavady

In FY 2012-13 and 2013-14, road tarring, culture centre, drinking water and education projects were proposed to be implemented. The largest proportion of the annual budget was allocated to ST related projects. In FY 2012-13, 37.17% was planned to be sourced from the Financial Institution and 24.80% from Development Fund. The fund anticipated from the financial institution was to be mobilised from Kerala State Financial Cooperation Fund for building a shopping complex, which proposal was later dropped by the Block. In FY 2013-14 was largely financed by the Development Fund and Own Fund.

Annual Plan for FY 2012-13 and FY 2013-14 Unit: Rs.

Source: 12th Five- Year Development Plan Manandavady Block (2012-17)

There was no concrete financial plan between FY 2014-15 and FY 2016-17. The 12th Five-year plan provides only the budget for Development Fund.

Infrastructure PublicSector

SC ServiceSector

ST Total %

Development Fund 12,952,408 1,497,037 2,840,184 19,246,236 30,155,763 66,691,628 24.80%Central Government 1,552,000 11,106,500 15,035,000 27,693,500 10.30%Own Fund 1,238,990 600,000 161,670 2,000,660 0.74%Fund from Financial Organisation 99,950,000 99,950,000 37.17%Beneficiary Constribution 68,125 89,750 157,875 0.06%Gram Panchayat 612,000 4,379,625 9,803,750 14,795,375 5.50%District Panchayat 612,000 4,379,625 9,803,750 14,795,375 5.50%External Aid 2,400,000 17,175,000 23,250,000 42,825,000 15.93%Maintenance Fund 0.00%Other 0.00%Total 114,141,398 1,565,162 8,016,184 56,976,736 88,209,933 268,909,413 100.00%

Infrastructure PublicSector

SC ServiceSector

ST Total %

Development Fund 8,400,000 3,400,000 3,018,750 4,787,250 27,594,250 47,200,250 39.30%Central Government 20,160,000 20,160,000 16.79%Own Fund 2,800,000 27,280,000 30,080,000 25.05%Fund from Financial Organisation 2,835,000 2,835,000 2.36%Beneficiary Constribution 393,750 2,835,000 3,228,750 2.69%Gram Panchayat 0.00%District Panchayat 8,098,750 8,098,750 6.74%External Aid 8,098,750 8,098,750 6.74%Maintenance Fund 0.00%Other 393,750 393,750 0.33%Total 8,400,000 3,400,000 6,606,250 30,617,250 71,071,750 120,095,250 100.00%

2012-13Sources of Fund

Sources of FundFY 2013-14

Annex 3-13


Development Fund Allocation Planned From FY 2014-15 to FY 2016-17 Unit: Rs.

Source: 12th Five- Year Development Plan Manandavady Block (2012-17)(4) Panamaram

(4) Panamaram

Panamaram is a newly established Block in 2012. The total budget for FY 2013-14 was Rs.11,657,950 Production Sector Fund was used to dig wells, extension and repair of the canals, financial supports for SHGs and rice cultivation. Under the service sector, house construction for physically challenged and self employment for women, skills development training and construction of Anganwadi buildings.

Summary of the Budget of Panamaram Block FY 2013-14

Production Sector Service Sector Total

FY Amount (Rs.) % to Total Amount

(Rs.) % to Total Amount (Rs.)

FY 2013-14 2,900,000 24.88% 8,757,950 75.12% 11,657,950 Source:12thFive Year Plan Panamaram Block Panchayat (2012-17)

Between FY 2014-15 and FY 2016-17, constantly Rs. 31,418,500 was allocated for Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) to provide housing for those who do not have appropriate houses for dwelling. Out of which, in FY 2014-15, 36% will be used for the houses for the STs.

Summary of the Budget Allocation between FY 2014-15 to FY 2016-17 (Panamaram Block Panchayat)

FY 2014-15 FY 2015-16 FY 2016-17

IAY Project Amount (Rs.) 31,418,500 31,418,500 31,418,500 % to Total 68.97% 66.95% 66.95%

Production Sector Amount (Rs.) 3,700,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 % to Total 8.12% 10.65% 10.65%

Service Sector Amount (Rs.) 285,000 125,000 125,000 % to Total 0.63% 0.27% 0.27%

Infrastructure Amount (Rs.) 6,860,000 6,095,000 6,095,000 % to Total 15.06% 12.99% 12.99%

SCP Amount (Rs.) 175,000 475,000 475,000 % to Total 0.38% 1.01% 1.01%

Maintenance Grant Amount (Rs.) 3,116,000 3,816,000 3,816,000 % to Total 6.84% 8.13% 8.13%

Total Amount (Rs.) 45,554,501 46,929,501 46,929,501 Source:12th 5-Year Plan Panamaram Block Panchayat (2012-17)

SL.NO Name of the project 2014-15 2015-16 2016-171 Projects Expenses 250,000 2,500,000 150,0002 Thiruvathira Complete vegetable development project 1,500,0003 Vegetable Development Project 150,0004 Check dam Construction 100,0005 Selfhelp group skill development training 1,000,000 120,0006 EMS Loan repayment 6,433,400 6,433,400 6,433,4007 IAY House construction for SC ST families 1,000,000 1,000,0008 IAY House construction 100,0009 Land for Landless SC families 2,000,000 2,000,000

10 Welfare Senior citizen and physically challenged 1,000,00011 Complete educational development program 1,000,000 1,000,000 100,00012 Senior citizen and physically challenged complete Welfare project 1,000,000 100,000

Total 14,183,400 13,933,400 7,253,400

Annex 3-14


3.3.4 Grama Panchayat

(1) Development Fund

Development Fund is to be utilised for various project activities. In FY 2013-14, Rs. 1,238,809,892 was available to the 25 Panchayats inclusive of the balance carried forward from the previous year. The fund carried forward needs to be spent within the succeeding financial year. On an average, 25.32% of the fund is the share of the balance carried from the previous year. Vythiri Panchayat has the least amount brought forward from the previous year.

Available Funds in Grama Panchayats (FY 2013-14)

Source: Office of Deputy Director of Panchayats, Wayanad (2014)

Vythiri has spent the allotted amount. Kaniambetta, Meenangadi and Edavaka Panchayats are remained with small proportion of the unspent balance. In the 25 Panchayats, 20.77% of the allotted fund is carried forward to FY 2014-15.

Total Fund Available Share of

Balance carriedforward

Budget for FY 2013-14 Opening Balance

Panchayat Rs Rs Rs %1 Thirunelly 27,594,421 54,503,000 82,097,421 33.61%2 Mananthavady 19,759,277 48,641,400 68,400,677 28.89%3 Thavinhal 18,411,743 46,758,000 65,169,743 28.25%4 Thondernad 9,589,377 31,971,000 41,560,377 23.07%5 Edavaka 1,811,442 30,606,000 32,417,442 5.59%6 Vellamunda 13,238,419 38,622,000 51,860,419 25.53%7 Panamaram 17,700,773 55,920,000 73,620,773 24.04%8 Kottathara 5,203,022 23,504,000 28,707,022 18.12%9 Kaniambetta 2,164,055 33,816,000 35,980,055 6.01%

10 Muttil 9,428,545 34,040,000 43,468,545 21.69%11 Padinharathara 6,951,246 25,827,000 32,778,246 21.21%12 Vengappally 6,440,724 14,370,000 20,810,724 30.95%13 Thariode 7,169,882 17,564,000 24,733,882 28.99%14 Pozhuthana 9,040,814 25,581,000 34,621,814 26.11%15 Vythiri 152 18,191,000 18,191,152 0.00%16 Meppadi 27,846,127 42,781,000 70,627,127 39.43%17 Muppainad 7,206,151 24,476,000 31,682,151 22.75%18 Pulpalli 19,171,800 45155000 64,326,800 29.80%19 Poothadi 20,816,991 50,739,000 71,555,991 29.09%20 Mullankolly 5,846,423 31,432,246 37,278,669 15.68%21 Sultahn Bathery 14,722,872 44,287,000 59,009,872 24.95%22 Noolphzha 24,559,518 54,069,000 78,628,518 31.23%23 Nenmeni 21,944,357 53,359,000 75,303,357 29.14%24 Ambalavayal 11,233,263 38,466,000 49,699,263 22.60%25 Meenangadi 5,833,852 40,446,000 46,279,852 12.61%

Total 313,685,246 925,124,646 1,238,809,892 25.32%

FY 2013-14

Annex 3-15


Expenditure of Grama Panchayats (FY 2013-14)


(2) Maintenance Fund

Maintenance Fund is a grant given by the state government directly to Panchayats specifically for road and non-road assets maintenance. Maintenance Fund in FY 2013-14 for 25 the Grama Panchayats was amounting Rs. 429,741,571 inclusive of the balance carried forward from the preceding financial year in FY 2013-14. The opening balance can be retained and utilised within the succeeding one year.

Maintenance Fund Available in FY 2013-14

Panchayat Opening Balance Budget

Provision Available

Fund Opening Balance

Total Total 2013-14 % to Available Amount (Rs.) Amount (Rs.) Amount (Rs.) Fund

Thirunelly 9,933,112 12,839,000 22,772,112 43.62% Mananthavady 9,696,051 13,962,000 23,658,051 40.98% Thavinhal 8,467,419 14,036,000 22,503,419 37.63% Thondernad 1,661,066 10,217,000 11,878,066 13.98% Edavaka 3,035,238 13,202,000 16,237,238 18.69% Vellamunda 9,701,024 17,881,000 27,582,024 35.17% Panamaram 8,725,293 15,236,000 23,961,293 36.41% Kottathara 1,352,410 9,163,000 10,515,410 12.86% Kaniambetta 1,527,498 6,882,000 8,409,498 18.16% Muttil 2,730,356 11,853,000 14,583,356 18.72% Padinharathara 5,952,529 12,455,000 18,407,529 32.34% Vengappally 1,630,860 5,824,000 7,454,860 21.88%

Grand Total

Panchayat Rs % Rs % Rs % Rs Rs %1 Thirunelly 41,913,735 58.4% 1,265,565 1.76% 28,628,019 39.87% 71,807,319 10,290,102 12.53%2 Mananthavady 34,092,742 62.9% 2,328,378 4.29% 17,820,758 32.85% 54,241,878 14,158,799 20.70%3 Thavinhal 27,593,206 62.3% 1,879,475 4.24% 14,850,188 33.50% 44,322,869 20,846,874 31.99%4 Thondernad 20,259,058 66.4% 416,000 1.36% 9,845,475 32.26% 30,520,533 11,039,844 26.56%5 Edavaka 19,561,542 62.1% 1,158,951 3.68% 10,756,975 34.17% 31,477,468 939,974 2.90%6 Vellamunda 26,798,121 65.4% 1,627,354 3.97% 12,572,686 30.67% 40,998,161 10,862,258 20.95%7 Panamaram 37,425,129 59.0% 2,329,941 3.67% 23,666,335 37.32% 63,421,405 10,199,368 13.85%8 Kottathara 13,241,334 53.3% 1,432,458 5.77% 10,171,846 40.94% 24,845,638 3,861,384 13.45%9 Kaniambetta 21,475,810 59.8% 1,392,761 3.88% 13,033,610 36.30% 35,902,181 77,874 0.22%

10 Muttil 21,643,185 67.9% 1,700,250 5.33% 8,543,774 26.79% 31,887,209 11,581,336 26.64%11 Padinharathara 19,280,082 69.3% 3,089,947 11.10% 5,469,206 19.65% 27,839,235 4,939,011 15.07%12 Vengappally 8,756,015 54.4% 1,128,250 7.01% 6,220,225 38.62% 16,104,490 4,706,234 22.61%13 Thariode 10,611,530 63.8% 521,250 3.14% 5,486,872 33.01% 16,619,652 8,114,230 32.81%14 Pozhuthana 16,111,223 63.6% 818,456 3.23% 8,390,335 33.14% 25,320,014 9,301,800 26.87%15 Vythiri 11,764,152 64.7% 4,621,000 25.40% 1,806,000 9.93% 18,191,152 0 0.00%16 Meppadi 41,779,423 71.0% 8,601,963 14.62% 8,437,788 14.35% 58,819,174 11,807,953 16.72%17 Muppainad 22,276,986 82.5% 2,438,412 9.03% 2,299,135 8.51% 27,014,533 4,667,618 14.73%18 Pulpalli 24,521,963 59.9% 3,605,000 8.80% 12,817,408 31.30% 40,944,371 23,382,429 36.35%19 Poothadi 35,279,003 61.7% 1,122,500 1.96% 20,762,796 36.32% 57,164,299 14,391,692 20.11%20 Mullankolly 23,980,175 74.9% 3,387,584 10.58% 4,656,073 14.54% 32,023,832 5,254,837 14.10%21 Sultahn Bathery 24,864,126 59.6% 2,812,969 6.75% 14,013,192 33.61% 41,690,287 17,319,585 29.35%22 Noolphzha 25,618,789 50.5% 1,334,000 2.63% 23,799,977 46.89% 50,752,766 27,875,752 35.45%23 Nenmeni 32,615,173 56.6% 5,104,268 8.86% 19,895,987 34.53% 57,615,428 17,687,929 23.49%24 Ambalavayal 27,218,340 74.6% 1,837,425 5.04% 7,409,023 20.32% 36,464,788 13,234,475 26.63%25 Meenangadi 26,182,402 57.4% 1,764,114 3.87% 17,629,328 38.68% 45,575,844 704,008 1.52%

Total 614863244 62.6% 57718271 5.88% 308983011 31.48% 981,564,526 257,245,366 20.77%

Expenditure

General SCP TSPUnspent Balance

Annex 3-16


Panchayat Opening Balance Budget

Provision Available

Fund Opening Balance

Total Total 2013-14 % to Available Amount (Rs.) Amount (Rs.) Amount (Rs.) Fund

Thariode 1,857,901 4,787,000 6,644,901 27.96% Pozhuthana 1,925,607 5,992,000 7,917,607 24.32% Vythiri 984,168 3,934,000 4,918,168 20.01% Meppadi 3,858,213 13,211,000 17,069,213 22.60% Muppainad 2,719,405 4,750,000 7,469,405 36.41% Pulpalli 8,835,338 26,402,000 35,237,338 25.07% Poothadi 3,729,734 10,765,000 14,494,734 25.73% Mullankolly 5,149,720 18,327,000 23,476,720 21.94% Sultahn Bathery 7,661,619 20,919,000 28,580,619 26.81% Noolphzha 8,712,085 15,771,000 24,483,085 35.58% Nenmeni 9,353,085 15,259,000 24,612,085 38.00% Ambalavayal 4,590,197 8,899,000 13,489,197 34.03% Meenangadi 1,762,643 11,623,000 13,385,643 13.17% Total 125,552,571 304,189,000 429,741,571 29.22%


3.4 Demography According to the Census 2011, the total population of Wayanad is 785,840 persons. Out of which ST population accounts for 18.9% or 148,215 persons and 3.9% or 30,378 persons for SCs. The District is known for its high concentration of ST population. Amongst Panchayats in the District, ST population is concentrated in Thirunelly and Noolphzha Panchayats where the proportion of the ST population to the Panchayat total is 44.4% (13,179 persons) and 40.4% (11,233 persons) respectively. The concentration of SC population is high in Vythiri (15.3% or 2,808 person) and Meppady (9.3% or 3,502) in the district.

Demography in Wayanad District

Panchayat No. of_HH Total SC ST

Population Population SC % in Panchayat Population ST % in

Panchayat Thirunelly 6,902 29,696 480 1.6% 13,179 44.4% Mananthavady 11,376 47,974 1,689 3.5% 7,501 15.6% Thavinhal 9,257 39,813 1,557 3.9% 7,676 19.3% Thondernad 5,280 23,142 466 2.0% 5,147 22.2% Edavaka 7,539 33,665 450 1.3% 5,412 16.1% Vellamunda 8,796 40,627 811 2.0% 6,605 16.3% Panamaram 10,334 45,627 1,026 2.2% 10,815 23.7% Kottathara 3,787 16,670 531 3.2% 4,808 28.8% Kaniambetta 7,672 33,956 772 2.3% 6,563 19.3% Muttil 7,998 35,281 1,030 2.9% 5,279 15.0% Padinharethara 5,788 25,965 1,830 7.0% 3,131 12.1% Vengappally 2,676 11,756 266 2.3% 2,977 25.3% Thariyode 2,734 11,725 224 1.9% 2,695 23.0% Pozhuthana 4,256 18,406 1,222 6.6% 3,622 19.7% Vythiri 4,159 18,305 2,808 15.3% 1,289 7.0% Meppady 8,661 37,785 3,502 9.3% 3,577 9.5% Muppainad 5,562 24,590 1,832 7.5% 1,899 7.7% Pulpalli 8,414 33,951 1,022 3.0% 7,027 20.7% Poothadi 9,800 39,649 930 2.3% 7,813 19.7% Mullenkolly 6,929 28,400 1,578 5.6% 3,108 10.9% Sulthan Bathery 10,848 45,417 1,761 3.9% 5,346 11.8% Noolpuzha 6,510 27,833 862 3.1% 11,233 40.4% Nenmeni 11,330 46,950 1,866 4.0% 7,871 16.8%

Annex 3-17


Ambalavayal 8,568 35,207 955 2.7% 5,867 16.7% Meenangadi 8,199 33,450 908 2.7% 7,775 23.2% Total 183,375 785,840 30,378 3.9% 148,215 18.9%

Source: Census 2011, Census of India, Government of India

3.5 Socio Economic Condition

3.5.1 Economic Condition

The economic statistics show that the economic structure of the Wayanad has seen a drastic change between 2005–06 and 2012-13 as in Fig. 4.5.1. The contribution of the primary sector to the Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) in 2005-06 was 17.11% whereas the same in 2012-13 was reduced to 9.34%. The contribution of the tertiary sector has grown from 60.44% to 66.72% between 2005-06 and 2012-13.

Source: Compiled by the JICA Survey Team based on “Gross District Domestic Product at Factor Cost by Industry of Origin

at Constant Price Base Year 2004-05”, Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala

Share of the Sector wise Gross District Domestic Product in 2005-06 and 2012-13 at Constant Price (Base Year 2004-05)

The GDDP of the secondary and tertiary sectors have shown a rapid growth. In the secondary sector, construction sub-sector has grown nearly twice of the scale of 2005-06. The transport sub-sector has grown more than three times than that of the scale of 2005-06 followed by banking subsector (237%) in the tertiary sector. On the other hand, the primary sector especially agriculture and allied activities sub-sector is on the sharp decline, which value has become nearly halved in 2012-13 in comparison to 2005-06.

Primary Sector 17.11%

Secondary Sector 22.45%

Tertiary Sector 60.44%

2005 - 06 Primary Sector

9.34%

Secondary Sector 23.94%

Tertiary Sector 66.72%

20012 - 13

Annex 3-18


Gross District Domestic Product 2005-06 and 2012-13 (2004-05 Constant and Current Price)

Unit: million Rs.

Source: Gross District Domestic Product (At Factor Cost by Industry of Origin). Department of

Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala; Compiled by JICA Survey Team.

Among the 14 districts in Kerala, Wayanad recorded the second lowest per capita income in 2012-13 (at constant price, 2004-05) after Malapurram District. The growth rate of Wayanad District shows the lowest amongst the 14districts in the state.

Per Capital Income based on the Gross District Domestic Product at Constant Price (Base Year 2004-05)

Districts Constant Price (Base Year 2004-05) Current Price

2004-05 2012-13 Growth Rate 2012-13 Rs. Rs. % Rs.

Trivandrum 38,447 68,903 79.22% 106,994 Kollam 33,410 58,393 74.78% 94,522 Pathanamthitta 37,071 70,600 90.45% 109,882 Alappuzha 35,463 63,262 78.39% 99,126 Kottayam 41,129 72,280 75.74% 115,053 Idukki 38,874 62,082 59.70% 106,496 Ernakulam 51,950 94,392 81.70% 144,558 Thrissur 37,216 67,807 82.20% 103,501 Palakkad 34,244 58,072 69.58% 93,638

Sectors/ Sub-Sectors2005-06

(A) 2012-13 (B) 2012-132005-06

(C)2012-13

(D) 2012-13

1 Agriculture & Allied Activities 180,420 155,880 -14% 412,272 11,605 6,203 -58% 16,4042 Forestry & Logging 21,354 24,569 15% 41,661 615 723 16% 1,2263 Fishing 17,048 18,192 7% 51,148 8 22 131% 634 Mining and Quariying 5,847 8,467 45% 22,760 61 225 125% 604A Total of Primary Sector 224,669 207,108 -8% 527,841 12,288 7,172 -53% 18,2975 Manufacturing 104,333 171,709 65% 265,543 886 1,458 29% 2,254

5.1 Registered 45,521 76,691 68% 119,595 386 651 27% 1,0155.2 Un-registered 58,812 95,018 62% 145,948 499 807 30% 1,239

6 Electricity, Gas and Water supply 23,257 27,166 17% 47,157 159 187 -48% 3186.1 Electricity 20,990 23,361 11% 40,978 141 157 -56% 2756.2 Gas 393 599 52% 599 9 13 51% 136.3 Water Supply 1,874 3,206 71% 5,579 10 17 -15% 30

7 Construction 167,143 332,330 99% 560,514 1,939 3,855 87% 6,502B Total of Secondary Sector 294,733 531,205 80% 873,214 2,984 5,500 62% 9,0748 Transport, Storage & Communication 134,434 344,394 156% 355,281 1,628 6,031 222% 7,344

8.1 Railways 5,604 7,716 38% 12,329 0 0 0% 08.2 Transport by other means 91,467 163,595 79% 275,922 1,143 3,823 177% 6,4488.3 Communication 36,846 172,029 367% 65,071 464 2,168 339% 8208.4 Storage 518 1,054 104% 1,958 20 41 79% 76

9 Trade, Hotel & Restaurants 269,534 378,251 40% 637,966 4,259 5,976 32% 10,08010 Banking & Insurance 72,011 172,477 140% 185,049 1,599 3,829 137% 4,10811 Real Estate Onership, Business 145,264 230,310 59% 427,213 3,559 5,643 30% 10,46712 Public Administration 53,331 83,482 57% 153,045 624 977 30% 1,79113 Other Services 118,963 271,273 128% 333,775 2,869 6,542 108% 8,050C Tertiary Sector 793,538 1,480,186 87% 2,092,329 14,537 28,998 79% 41,838

District Domestic Product (A+B+C) 1,312,939 2,218,499 69% 3,493,383 29,809 41,670 23% 69,209Mid Year Population 33,154,000 34,942,000 5% 34,942,000 839,000 896,000 7% 896,000Per capita Income( in Rupees) 39,601 63,491 60% 99,977 35,529 46,507 15% 77,243

KeralaConstant (Base Year

2004-05)Growth Rate (%)

(A/B-1)

Current Price

Current Price

WayanadConstant (Base Year 2004-05)

Growth Rate (%)

(C/D-1)

Annex 3-19


Districts Constant Price (Base Year 2004-05) Current Price

2004-05 2012-13 Growth Rate 2012-13 Rs. Rs. % Rs.

Malappuram 24,982 40,742 63.09% 64,890 Kozhikode 34,480 61,307 77.80% 95,750 Wayanad 33,932 46,507 37.06% 77,243 Kannur 35,068 62,416 77.99% 97,749 Kasargod 31,808 52,813 66.04% 85,609 State 36,278 63,491 75.01% 99,977

Source: Gross District Domestic Product at Factor Cost by Industry of Origin at Constant Price Base Year 2004-05, Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala

3.5.2 Labour

(1) Overall

In Wayanad, 77.22% is the main workers who are employed more than six months in a year. The marginal workers who are employed less than six months a year, constitute 22.78% of the total number of workers in the District.

Labour Structure in Panchayats in Wayanad


Gender disaggregated data shows that male workers constitute 72.63% of the total main workers category whereas the female ones account for the marginal employment sector (51.63%). In total, male workers accounts for 67.10% of the total work force where as female ones is nearly half of that of the male (32.90%).

Persons % Persons %1 Thirunelly 9,387 70.83% 3,865 29.17% 13,252 16,444 24%2 Mananthavady 16,511 82.74% 3,444 17.26% 19,955 28,019 40%3 Thavinhal 13,334 78.97% 3,551 21.03% 16,885 22,928 36%4 Thondernad 6,839 73.11% 2,515 26.89% 9,354 13,788 47%5 Edavaka 9,783 74.95% 3,269 25.05% 13,052 20,613 58%6 Vellamunda 10,696 72.01% 4,157 27.99% 14,853 25,774 74%7 Panamaram 14,414 76.95% 4,317 23.05% 18,731 26,896 44%8 Kottathara 5,143 70.41% 2,161 29.59% 7,304 9,366 28%9 Kaniambetta 11,093 80.94% 2,613 19.06% 13,706 20,250 48%

10 Muttil 10,535 82.47% 2,239 17.53% 12,774 22,507 76%11 Padinharethara 7,341 72.12% 2,838 27.88% 10,179 15,786 55%12 Vengappally 3,898 80.64% 936 19.36% 4,834 6,922 43%13 Thariyode 3,826 75.29% 1,256 24.71% 5,082 6,643 31%14 Pozhuthana 6,140 80.10% 1,525 19.90% 7,665 10,741 40%15 Vythiri 5,144 78.35% 1,421 21.65% 6,565 11,740 79%16 Meppady 11,858 79.68% 3,024 20.32% 14,882 22,903 54%17 Muppainad 7,496 75.22% 2,470 24.78% 9,966 14,624 47%18 Pulpalli 12,029 78.77% 3,242 21.23% 15,271 18,680 22%19 Poothadi 13,490 70.57% 5,625 29.43% 19,115 20,534 7%20 Mullenkolly 9,745 77.61% 2,812 22.39% 12,557 15,843 26%21 Sulthan Bathery 15,340 81.55% 3,470 18.45% 18,810 26,607 41%22 Noolpuzha 9,186 72.35% 3,511 27.65% 12,697 15,136 19%23 Nenmeni 14,926 76.36% 4,621 23.64% 19,547 27,403 40%24 Ambalavayal 12,590 80.13% 3,122 19.87% 15,712 19,495 24%25 Meenangadi 12,556 82.14% 2,730 17.86% 15,286 18,164 19%

Total 253,300 77.22% 74,734 22.78% 328,034 457,806 40%

PanchayatSl.No

Main Workers Marginal WorkersTotal No ofWorkers

No of NonWorkers

Unemployent Rate

Annex 3-20


Gender Disaggregated Labour Structure in Wayanad Male Female Total

No of

Workers % No of

Workers % No of

Workers % Main Workers 183,961 72.63% 69,339 27.37% 253,300 100.00% Marginal Workers 36,150 48.37% 38,584 51.63% 74,734 100.00% Total 220,111 67.10% 107,923 32.90% 328,034 100.00%


(2) Main Workers by Sector

Amongst the main workers, agriculture provides the most of the employment opportunities despite the decline in its economic turn over in Wayanad. 18.25% of the main workers are engaged in cultivation. 26.95% are employed as agriculture labourers. The other work sectors provide the sources of employment to 53.71% of the main workers. The other work sector in Wayanad includes plantation work, daily wage work at construction sites, government employee.


Sector wise Distribution of Main Workers in Wayanad

3.5.3 BPL

According to the BPL Survey conducted in 20092, 102,762 HHs out of 178,572 HHs are categorised as BPL HHs. Out of the total BPL HHs, 62,299 HHs were in “Other” category constituted by the general and minority groups. 32,537 HHs were ST HHs. The highest concentration of BPL HHs was observed in Thirunelly with 75.27% or 5,250 HHs.

The Survey Team made an attempt to further disaggregate the “other” category by extracting the data from BPL list published on the web3. The data shows that the BPL HHs under “General” category accounted for 24,511 HHs or 23.85% of the total number of the BPL HHs. The “Minority” category BPL HHs were 37,788 HHs or 36.77% of the total number of BPL HHs. Thus, in Wayanad, the most number of HHs fall under “Minority” category followed by ST. The Minority comprises of Other Backward Class (OBC) and HHs of religious groups other than Hinduism.

2 BPL data prepared through the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 conducted by LSGD have not been provided to the JICA Survey Team despite the request by the Team. 3 http://bplsurveykerala2009.gov.in/ (accessed on 2nd July 2014)

Cultivators18.25%

Agriculture Labourers

26.95%

Household Industries

1.10%

Others53.71%

Annex 3-21

http://bplsurveykerala2009.gov.in/


Distribution of BPL Households by Social Groups in Panchayats Unit: Families4

Source: BPL Survey 2009

3.6 Household Amenities (1) Household Electricity Connection

Household electricity connection is available to 87.36% of the total HHs in the District. In nine Panchayats out of the 25 Panchayats, more than 90% HHs have the household connection. The least number of houses having household electricity connection is in Noolphzha (3,429 HHs or 52.72%).

Households with electricity connection in Wayanad District

Panchayat Total No. of HHs No. of HHs %

Ambalavayal 8,761 7,990 91.20% Edavaka 7,339 6,777 92.34% Kaniyambetta 7,831 6,941 88.63% Kothathara 3,972 3,507 88.29% Mananthavady 11,296 10,418 92.23% Meenangady 8,986 7,451 82.92% Mepadi 8,554 8,085 94.52% Moopainad 5,713 5,401 94.54% Mullankolly 6,942 6,444 92.83% Muttil 7,965 6,746 84.70%

4 In the BPL Survey 2009, the term “family” was used instead of “household”. In this Survey, “household” is used in the place of family unless the term is used in a proper noun..

No ofFamilies %

No ofFamilies %

No ofFamilies %

No ofFamilies %

No ofFamilies %

Ambalavayal 8,713 1,383 28.84 308 6.42 1,268 26.44 1,836 38.29 4,795 55.03Edavaka 7,196 977 27.37 166 4.65 887 24.85 1,539 43.12 3,569 49.60Kaniyanbatta 7,253 1,294 30.22 247 5.77 732 17.09 2,009 46.92 4,282 59.04Kottathara 3,925 1,101 44.15 128 5.13 473 18.97 792 31.76 2,494 63.54Mananthavady 10,223 1,594 28.03 620 10.90 1,280 22.51 2,192 38.55 5,686 55.62Meenangadi 7,844 1,686 37.07 299 6.57 1,381 30.36 1,182 25.99 4,548 57.98Meppady 8,409 791 17.38 726 15.95 1,086 23.86 1,949 42.82 4,552 54.13Mullankolly 6,964 812 20.42 536 13.48 1,095 27.54 1,533 38.56 3,976 57.09Muppainad 5,569 453 14.63 515 16.63 583 18.82 1,546 49.92 3,097 55.61Muttil 7,650 1,092 25.09 244 5.61 879 20.20 2,137 49.10 4,352 56.89Nenmeni 11,300 1,828 28.97 469 7.43 1,924 30.49 2,090 33.12 6,311 55.85Noolpuzha 6,660 2,728 62.76 147 3.38 798 18.36 674 15.50 4,347 65.27Padinhaharthara 5,479 615 20.98 450 15.35 466 15.89 1,401 47.78 2,932 53.51Panamram 9,862 2,277 38.19 254 4.26 1,083 18.17 2,348 39.38 5,962 60.45Poothadi 9,431 1,728 30.43 201 3.54 2,504 44.09 1,246 21.94 5,679 60.22Pozhuthana 3,875 687 30.41 281 12.44 258 11.42 1,033 45.73 2,259 58.30Pulpally 8,543 1,844 35.81 220 4.27 1,836 35.65 1,250 24.27 5,150 60.28Sulthan Bathery 10,351 1,269 25.57 300 6.04 1,417 28.55 1,977 39.83 4,963 47.95Thariyod 2,731 698 41.72 150 8.97 234 13.99 591 35.33 1,673 61.26Thavinhal 9,186 1,539 28.98 416 7.83 1,249 23.52 2,106 39.66 5,310 57.81Thirunelly 6,975 2,935 55.90 200 3.81 1,151 21.92 964 18.36 5,250 75.27Thondarnad 5,356 1,051 33.49 184 5.86 606 19.31 1,297 41.33 3,138 58.59Vaithiri 3,885 186 9.07 397 19.36 390 19.02 1,078 52.56 2,051 52.79Vellamunda 8,501 1,377 29.24 316 6.71 640 13.59 2,377 50.47 4,710 55.41Vengapalli 2,691 592 35.32 152 9.07 291 17.36 641 38.25 1,676 62.28Total 178,572 32,537 31.66 7,926 7.71 24,511 23.85 37,788 36.77 102,762 57.55

PanchayatTotal No

ofFamilies

ST SC General Minority Total

Annex 3-22



Nenmeni 11,450 10,659 93.09% Noolpuzha 6,504 3,429 52.72% Padhinualthara 5,984 5,343 89.29% Panamaram 7,716 5,839 75.67% Poothazhy 9,980 8,450 84.67% Pozhuthana 4,552 4,311 94.71% Pupally 8,419 7,684 91.27% S. Bathery 11,959 10,350 86.55% Thariyode 2,754 2,431 88.27% Thavinjhal 9,255 8,117 87.70% Thirunelli 6,998 5,224 74.65% Thondarnadu 5,338 4,970 93.11% Vaythiri 4,192 3,741 89.24% Vellamunda 8,692 7,977 91.77% Vengappaly 2,678 2,308 86.18% Total 183,830 160,593 87.36%

Source: ICDS Annual Survey (2012-13)

(2) Water Sources

As domestic water sources, 40.78% of the HHs depend on well. Household pipe connection is available to 21.47% of the HHs. 11.58% of the HHs rely on the other water sources including water springs, water pond emerged in the excavation sites, etc., which may not be suitable for domestic water.

Water Sources for Domestic Water in Wayanad

Source: ICDS Annual Survey (2012-13)

The proportion of the HHs having pipe connection is high in Venganppaly (44.62%) and Nenmeni (43.43%). More than 60% of the HHs in Padhinalthara, Panamaram, Thondarnadu, and Vellamunda Panchayats relies their domestic water on well. Approximately 30% of the HHs are depending on public taps in Pozhuthana and Thirunelli Panchayats. Nearly 20% of the HHs in Pozhuthana, Thavinjhal and Thirunelli Panchayats depend on other sources, which are considered to be unsuitable for domestic usage.

Pipe connection21.47%

Well 40.78%

Public well13.98%

Public Taps12.19%

Others11.58%

Annex 3-23


Sources of Domestic Water

Source: ICDS Annual Survey (2012-13) Data as of end of March 2013.

(3) Toilets

91.48% of the HHs in Wayanad is reported to have toilet at household premises. In Muttil Panchayat all the HHs have toilet at home. The least number of HHs having toilets at home is Thirunelli where still 26.48% of the HHs do not have toilets at home.

No. of Households with Toilet


Ambalavayal 8,761 8,099 92.44% Edavaka 7,339 6,740 91.84% Kaniyambetta 7,831 7,116 90.87% Kothathara 3,972 3,666 92.30% Mananthavady 11,296 11,168 98.87% Meenangady 8,986 8,170 90.92% Mepadi 8,554 7,700 90.02% Moopainad 5,713 5,401 94.54% Mullankolly 6,942 6,386 91.99% Muttil 7,965 7,965 100.00% Nenmeni 11,450 10,779 94.14% Noolpuzha 6,504 5,427 83.44% Padhinualthara 5,984 5,448 91.04% Panamaram 7,716 6,943 89.98% Poothazhy 9,980 8,425 84.42% Pozhuthana 4,552 3,937 86.49% Pupally 8,419 7,534 89.49% S. Bathery 11,959 11,487 96.05%

No ofHouseholds

% No ofHouseholds

% No ofHouseholds

% No ofHouseholds

%

Ambalavayal 8,761 2,494 28.47% 3,126 35.68% 1,213 13.85% 1,248 14.24%Edavaka 7,339 2,012 27.42% 2,993 40.78% 1,238 16.87% 863 11.76%Kaniyambetta 7,831 980 12.51% 4,583 58.52% 1,403 17.92% 550 7.02%Kothathara 3,972 506 12.74% 2,172 54.68% 726 18.28% 328 8.26%Mananthavady 11,296 2,668 23.62% 4,612 40.83% 1,526 13.51% 1,812 16.04%Meenangady 8,986 2,798 31.14% 2,586 28.78% 1,720 19.14% 730 8.12%Mepadi 8,554 795 9.29% 3,570 41.73% 1,014 11.85% 1,477 17.27%Moopainad 5,713 1,458 25.52% 2,787 48.78% 216 3.78% 869 15.21%Mullankolly 6,942 1,465 21.10% 2,476 35.67% 1,109 15.98% 1,165 16.78%Muttil 7,965 1,283 16.11% 3,987 50.06% 1,345 16.89% 749 9.40%Nenmeni 11,450 4,973 43.43% 3,183 27.80% 1,240 10.83% 761 6.65%Noolpuzha 6,504 1,106 17.00% 2,101 32.30% 2,235 34.36% 842 12.95%Padhinualthara 5,984 549 9.17% 3,689 61.65% 518 8.66% 363 6.07%Panamaram 7,716 95 1.23% 4,653 60.30% 753 9.76% 894 11.59%Poothazhy 9,980 3,741 37.48% 2,921 29.27% 1,292 12.95% 587 5.88%Pozhuthana 4,552 827 18.17% 1,105 24.28% 205 4.50% 1,490 32.73%Pupally 8,419 2,243 26.64% 2,424 28.79% 948 11.26% 801 9.51%S. Bathery 11,959 1,607 13.44% 4,147 34.68% 1,675 14.01% 1,381 11.55%Thariyode 2,754 505 18.34% 1,360 49.38% 520 18.88% 135 4.90%Thavinjhal 9,255 1,288 13.92% 3,936 42.53% 915 9.89% 949 10.25%Thirunelli 6,998 1,591 22.74% 716 10.23% 1,128 16.12% 2,124 30.35%Thondarnadu 5,338 600 11.24% 3,407 63.83% 377 7.06% 409 7.66%Vaythiri 4,192 855 20.40% 1,264 30.15% 334 7.97% 971 23.16%Vellamunda 8,692 1,596 18.36% 5,313 61.13% 740 8.51% 546 6.28%Vengappaly 2,678 1,195 44.62% 1,395 52.09% 1,154 43.09% 225 8.40%Total 183,830 39,230 21.34% 74,506 40.53% 25,544 13.90% 22,269 12.11%

Well Public Well Public TapsPipie ConnectionPanchayat

Total No ofHouseholds

Annex 3-24



Thariyode 2,754 2,603 94.52% Thavinjhal 9,255 8,508 91.93% Thirunelli 6,998 5,145 73.52% Thondarnadu 5,338 4,653 87.17% Vaythiri 4,192 4,091 97.59% Vellamunda 8,692 8,336 95.90% Vengappaly 2,678 2,441 91.15% Total 183,830 168,168 91.48%

Source: ICDS Annual Survey (2012-13) Data as of end of March 2013

3.7 Health Care Services (1) Services and Facilities under District Medical Office

In Wayanad, seven health programmes are implemented including Reproductive and Child Helath Programme, National Tuberculosis Control Programme, National Leprosy Eradication Programme, etc. through District Medical Office and National Rural Health Mission.

Available medical facilities in Wayanad are as below. Primary Healthcare Centre (PHC) and Community Health Centres (CHC) provide curative treatments.

No of Medical Institutions in Wayanad Unit: Institution

Type of Medical Institution No District Hospital 1 Taluk Hospital 2 Community Health Centre 9 Primary Health Centre (24x7)5 8 Primary Health Centre 14 Sub Centre 204 Private Clinics /Hospitals 76 Source: District Medical Office, 2014

In addition, field activities are conducted by the District Medical Office for Reproductive Child Health, Public Health and Tribal Mobile Units. The cumulative number of camps and no. of patients is shown in the table below.

The Number of Medical Camps conducted and Patients Attended Between 2010-11 and 2013-14

Year No. of Mobile Units

No. of Camps conducted No. of Patients Attended

Routine Special M F Children Total 2013-14 7 1,392 4 13,461 23,776 7,758 44,995 2012-13 7 1,132 7 11,963 24,137 6,536 42,636 2011-12 6 642 5 6,454 12,127 4,671 23,252 2010-11 5 772 0 9,647 18,157 5,734 33,538 Source: District Medical Office, 2014

(2) National Rural Health Mission (NRHM - Arogyakeralam)

School Health Programme is implemented through NRHM in Wayanad covering all the government and government aided schools (310 schools). School Health Nurse to look after the health of children. 53 nurses are deployed by the NRHM to conduct visits to schools on a regular basis. The activities include school hygiene monitoring, health education and health checkups for children. Medical camps are also conducted.

5 Primary Health Centre opens 24 hours a day for 7 days a week.

Annex 3-25


(3) Anganwadi

Anganwadi centres (Courtyard Shelter) are established to improve the child and maternal health and to provide early childhood education. They are established according to the population of the locality as per the guideline set by the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) under the Ministry of Child and Women Development. In the case of Wayanad, including Kalpetta Municipality, rural criteria is applied and where the tribal area is concerned, Tribal criteria is applied. The criteria for establishing Anganwadi is shown below.

Criteria for Establishing Anganwadi Centre Rural Tribal / Hilly/ Other Difficult Areas

150-400: 1 mini Anganwadi 150 – 300: 1 mini Anganwadi 400 -800: 1 Anganwadi 300 – 800: 1 Anganwadi 800-1600: 2 Anganwadi 1600 – 2400: 3 Anganwadi Above 2400: 1 Anganwadi for every 800 Source: Extracted by JICA Survey Team (2014). Integrated Child Development Services, Ministry of Child and Women Development6

ICDS at the district level functions under the Department of Social Welfare of Wayanad District. In each Anganwadi centre, there are one Anganwadi teacher and helper whereas in mini Anganwadi centre is placed with one teacher. They conduct various education programmes on child and maternal health, nutrition and also to provide early childhood education. In Wayanad, 882 Anganwadi centres and 42 mini Anganwadi centres which are to cater for smaller population have been established.

(4) Total Sanitation Programme

Total Sanitation Programme was introduced in 1999 with an objective to “eradicate open defecation”. The programme include the following sub-programmes: financing the construction of individual household latrines, community sanitary complex, and Anganwadis toilets. School sanitation and hygiene education sub-programme is directly implemented by the Office of the District Coordinator of Total Sanitation Mission in Wayanad. This is a joint funding scheme by the state and central government. The state share constitutes 20% of the total financing.

3.8 Education In Wayanad, education facilities are established by the government and private entities. The total number of Lower Primary Schools (1st to 4th standard) is 144. The same for Upper Primary (5th to 7th standard) and High Schools (8th to 10th standard) are 71 and 78, respectively. Special Schools are in Sulthan Bathery and Muttil for the differently abled children. The number of Higher Secondary Schools (11th to 12th standard) is 43, which are much less in comparison to the schools of the lower level.

No of Education Facilities in Wayanad (Lower Primary up to Higher Secondary Schools) (2011)

Unit: Schools

Panchayat Lower Primary

Upper Primary High School Special

Schools

Higher Secondary

Schools Manandavady 7 3 5 8 Vellamunda 10 7 2 1 Thirunelly 6 3 4 2 Thondernadu 5 3 2 0 Edavaka 7 4 4 4 Thavinhal 13 4 5 2

6 http://wcd.nic.in/icds.htm

Annex 3-26


Panchayat Lower Primary

Upper Primary High School Special

Schools

Higher Secondary

Schools Sulthan Bathery 3 3 7 1 3 Noolpuzha 6 1 4 1 Nenmeni 7 4 2 1 Ambalavayal 7 3 3 1 Meenangady 5 4 2 2 Vengapally 2 2 1 1 Vythiri 2 1 3 2 Pozhuthana 6 2 1 1 Thariyode 2 2 2 1 Meppady 6 4 3 2 Muppainadu 3 1 1 1 Kottathara 4 3 2 0 Muttil 7 2 4 1 0 Padinjarathara 9 1 1 1 Panamaram 7 0 5 2 Kaniyambetta 3 5 2 1 Poothady 6 3 6 4 Pulpally 7 4 3 0 Mullankolly 4 2 4 2 Total 144 71 78 2 43 Source: Panchayat Level Statistics 2011. Wayanad District. Department of Economic & Statistics, Thiruvananthapuram.

The dropout rate of Wayanad for Lower Primary is 1.67%. The same for Upper Primary is 1.61% and 2.51% for higher secondary. Although the dropout rates increases as the educational level progresses, the level is still considered to be minimum.

School Dropout Rates of Districts in Kerala (%)

Lower Primary Upper Primary Higher Secondary Thiruvananthapuram 4.87 2.15 1.26 Kollam 2.62 1.46 9.68 Pathanamtitta 1.72 0.53 0.52 Alappuzha 0.78 0.74 0.89 Kottayam 0.96 0.38 0.77 Idukki 2.01 0.69 1.54 Ernakulam 1.17 0.44 0.68 Trishur 0.64 0.4 0.85 Palakkad 2.36 0.96 1.27 Malapurram 0.76 0.46 0.56 Kozhikode 0.68 0.24 0.42 Wyanad 1.67 1.61 2.51 Kannur 0.62 0.3 0.63 Kasargod 1.47 0.98 1.24 State Average 1.60 0.81 1.63

Source: Economic Review 2013, State Planning Board, Kerala

Annex 3-27

Annex-4 Communities in Wayanad District


Table of Contents

Annex-4 Communities in Wayanad .......................................................................................... 4-1 4.1 Understanding Heterogeneity of BPL Households and Data Used in the Section ............. 4-1 4.2 Community Level Governance Structure ........................................................................... 4-1 4.3 Livelihoods ......................................................................................................................... 4-2

4.3.1 Overview of the Livelihood Patterns of BPL Households ......................................... 4-2 4.3.2 Livelihood Options (1) Kudumbasree and Income Generation

Activities ..................................................................................................................... 4-3 4.3.3 Livelihood Options (2) – Loan ................................................................................... 4-7 4.3.4 Livelihood Options (3) - NTFP collection and Marketing ......................................... 4-9 4.3.5 Livelihood Options (4) – Mahatma Gandhi National Rural

Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) .............................................................. 4-14 4.3.6 Lessons Learned from Attappady – Corpus Fund and Income

Generation Activities ................................................................................................ 4-19 4.4 Government Programmes/Schemes ................................................................................. 4-20

4.4.1 Housing Schemes...................................................................................................... 4-20 4.4.2 Projects for Community Development ..................................................................... 4-23 4.4.3 Integrated Watershed Development Programme ...................................................... 4-23 4.4.4 Interventions targeting for Tribal Communities ....................................................... 4-24 4.4.5 World Bank Funded Projects .................................................................................... 4-27

List of Attachments

Attachment III 4.1 Report on RRA fieldwork ...................................................................... A.III.4.1.-1

Attachment III 4.2 Report on SHGs and their income generation activity .......................... A.III.4.2.-1

Attachment III 4.3 List of NTFPs Collected in Wayanad .................................................... A.III.4.3.-1


Annex-4 Communities in Wayanad

4.1 Understanding Heterogeneity of BPL Households and Data Used in the Section

As discussed in Section 4.5.3, BPL households are heterogeneous. In the following sections, the characteristics of each of the social group constituting BPL households are reviewed in the context of Wayanad. Understanding the livelihood characteristics and issues specific to each social group is a key to designing interventions. Thus, the Survey Team has made an attempt to extract data from various sources as the Census 2011 data do not provide the disaggregated data by religion or by communities within the ST and SC communities.

The data used in this section was collected at varying timing and agencies. This means that the discrepancies in the total figures such as the number of households and population are inevitable. However, such data still provides an indication of the social structure and gives us insights. The list of data sources referred in this section is given below.

Sources of Data used in This Section Type of Data Data Source Year Published

Population and number of households of BPL disaggregated by different social groups

BPL Survey 20091 2009

Population by religious groups Female Headed Households

Integrated Child Development Services Annual Survey (2012-13)2

2013

Basic Information on ST Community – Wayanad Selected Data

Local Self Government Department and ST Development Department, Kerala

The Survey was conducted in 2008. The results were published between Aug 2011 and Apr 2012.

Sources: JICA Survey Team (2014)

4.2 Community Level Governance Structure Under Grama Panchayat, community level committee is constituted at each Grama Panchayat Ward, which is called Grama Sabha. It is constituted by all the voters in the Ward. ST population will form a separate meeting called Oorukoottam. These are the arena for local planning and discussing issues to identify possible solutions. In some cases, special Grama Sabha can be held in order to address the issues of a particular category of the local residents.

An Overview of Grama Sabha and Oorukoottam Grama Sabha Oorukoottam

Convenor: Ward Member Presided by: President of the Grama Panchayat

or ∙Vice President in the absence of the President

Quorum: 10% of the number of voters in the Ward

Members: All the voters in the Ward

Convener: Tribal Extension Officer Tribal Promoter, Ward member, Tribal headman

is to be present. Members: ST Adults Quorum: 50% of members (Out of this, 50%

should be women.)

Responsibilities Responsibilities Identify developmental needs Discuss the development needs

1 http://bplsurveykerala2009.gov.in/ (accessed on 29th June 2014) 2 The data collection of ICDS annual survey is done by Anganwadi teachers. They visit each household within the catchment area of the Anganwadi centre that they are placed.

Annex 4-1

http://bplsurveykerala2009.gov.in/


Monitoring of the development projects Beneficiary selection Mobilise local resources to augment resources of

the Panchayat Supervising development activities as volunteer

teams Report in the case of epidemics, natural

calamities and etc. Report to Grama Panchayat from time to time

Beneficiary selection Draw social map for the infrastructure project Social audit


Oorukoottam can be held one in a Ward or by a multiple number of colonies together. Where the tribal population is few, one Oorukoottam may be held by more than one ward.

Grama Sabha is to be held 4 times a year according to the Kerala Panchayat Raj Act 1994. Oorukoottam is also to be held likewise. An average of three Grama Sabha meetings was conducted in FY 2013-14 whereas an average of one Oorukoottam meeting was held. Especially, Meenangadi, reflecting the high concentration of the tribal population, had seen the most frequent meetings of Oorukoottam. Vythiri has also seen an active Oorukoottam. While the meeting minutes of Grama Sabha was kept in order in most Wards, those of Oorukoottam occasionally indicated incomplete recording.

4.3 Livelihoods

4.3.1 Overview of the Livelihood Patterns of BPL Households

In May 2014, RRA exercises were carried out by the JICA Survey Team with the BPL households from the selected communities to understand the livelihood patterns and issues that they face. In addition, the JICA Survey Team has also conducted the socio-economic survey by a sub-contractor with randomly selected 1,001 BPL households in order to understand the local specificity and heterogeneity in the livelihoods of the BPL households in Wayanad. The results are found in Annex 11.

(1) Livelihood Patterns of Different Social Groups

All the communities except Kurichya were mostly dependent on the daily wages, which is seasonal or intermittent. Due to the seasonal fluctuation of the income, a common mitigation measure was to work at MGNREGA activity and to borrow money from various sources. As most of the informants are members of Kudumbasree NHGs, at first, they are likely to borrow money from the internal savings accumulated with the NHGs. The General Caste community indicated the highest average amount of loan that they borrow at one time. The findings also suggested that the alcoholism has affected many households in Adiya/Paniya community. The same was the case with Vettakuruma, and coffee plantation workers community, which was learned in the succeeding RRA exercises. Those affected by the alcohol cause problems in the households and the community. Women in the affected households need to bare the additional responsibility to earn living and play a public role that would be otherwise shared with their spouses. Income generation activities were not mentioned as a common means of livelihood among the informants.

Based on the findings, their livelihood pattern can be summarised below. Further details and interview results with coffee plantation workers and Vettakuruma community are attached in Attachment III. 4.1 to Annex 4.

Various Communities and their Livelihood Base Communities Kurichya Muslim Adiya/ Paniya Kuttunaikka General*

Location Kallanthodu colony, Madakunnu, Vengappally

Ambukuthi, Muttil Panchayat

Puzhavayal Colony, Thirunelli Panchayat

Ponkuzhi Colony, Noolpuzha Panchayat

Karinkutty, Kottathara Panchayat

Annex 4-2


Communities Kurichya Muslim Adiya/ Paniya Kuttunaikka General* Date RRA conducted

6 Many 2014 6th May 2014 7th May 2014 8th May 2014 18 May 2014

Livelihood base Agriculture based (Paddy, banana, coffee)

Daily wage based (Construction sites/ hotels)

Daily wage based (Paddy labourer)

NTFP based (Honey/ Amla)

Daily wage based (MGNREGA)

Food availability Enough Enough Enough Less than actual requirement

Enough

Loan dependency

- Rs. 10,000 per borrowing

- - Rs. 30,000 to 40,000 per borrowing

Land

Have agriculture land (individually owned/ communally owned)

No land for agriculture




*General: General Caste Community


(2) Land

All the communities visited for RRA except Kurichya community indicated that they have no land for cultivation. Kurichya community has land for agriculture and grow paddy and other crops. Their land holding includes both individual and communal. In this community, even a widow or woman heads of households work in the communally owned area, which provide them with food security.

Vettakuruma, residing inside the forest area, is given a piece of land for household premises under the Forest Rights Act but they have started cultivation around the homestead and grow vegetables which they mostly consume at home.

(3) Women and the Vulnerable

Women are placed as key actors in the development interventions such as Kudumbasree, IAY and others. Thus, their role in the public domain has been increased.

The most vulnerable in the locality identified by the informants was defined as “those who cannot work” irrespective of gender. This category includes widows and deserted women whose employment opportunities may be limited and men who cannot work due to illness.

4.3.2 Livelihood Options (1) Kudumbasree and Income Generation Activities

(1) Neighbourhood Groups (NHGs)

Kudumbasree has mobilised the community members to form NHG aiming to reduce the household level financial vulnerability through internal savings and credit and promoting income generation activities. The members of NHGs are women from the vulnerable household. However, it is not a condition for a member to be BPL.

In Wayanad, 8,965 NHGs with 113,276 households have been formed for internal savings and credit. The social group wise data shows that 40,026 households of the NHGs are formed by the General Caste households whereas the NHGs comprised of ST households only constitute 20,891 households of the total number of NHGs.

Economic Status of the NHG Member Households (31st March 2014)

Social Group

APL BPL Total No of

Households % No of Households % No of

Households %

SC 345 5.50% 5,924 94.50% 6,269 100.00% ST 406 1.94% 20,485 98.06% 20,891 100.00%

Annex 4-3


Social Group

APL BPL Total No of

Households % No of Households % No of

Households %

SC 345 5.50% 5,924 94.50% 6,269 100.00% ST 406 1.94% 20,485 98.06% 20,891 100.00% General 10,263 25.64% 29,763 74.36% 40,026 100.00% Minority 11,343 25.82% 32,592 74.18% 43,935 100.00% Total 22,357 20.12% 88,764 79.88% 111,121 100.00%

*General: Hindu community other than SC and ST

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) based on data obtained from Kudumbasree District Mission, Wayanad (2014)

The following table shows that SC NHGs are many in Vaythiri and Padinjyarathara Panchayats and ST NGHs are mostly formed in Noolpuzha, Panamaram and Thirunelli Panchayats. OBC NHGs are mostly in Vellamunda and Panamaram Panchayats.

Panchayat wise Details of NHGs formed under Kudumbasree by Social Group

Note: “General” category is comprised of all the social groups other than SC, ST, OBC.

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the data obtained from Kudumbasree District Mission, Wayanad (2014)

(2) Activity Groups

Out of the NHG members, interested members can form an activity group to undertake income generation activities (IGA) that they are interested in. In Wayanad, 437 groups are engaged in various small scale enterprises of non agriculture based activities. Joint Liability Groups (JLG)3 are promoted

3JLG is comprised of 4-10 members. The group is to provide access to loan to those who do not have collateral including small and medium scale farmers, oral lessees, share croppers, artisans and entrepreneurs. It is not a must to have internal savings. All members are liable for the loan taken by individual member or by a group. The maximum loan amount is fixed to Rs. 50,000 per individual. On the other hand, it is mandatory for SHG to have internal savings and the loan is only granted

Groups % Groups % Groups % Groups % Groups %1 Ambalavayal 2 0.52% 49 12.73% 2 0.52% 332 86.23% 385 4.29% 5,189 2 Edavaka 3 0.85% 42 11.90% 35 9.92% 273 77.34% 353 3.94% 4,294 3 Kaniambetta 2 0.58% 57 16.67% 53 15.50% 230 67.25% 342 3.81% 4,221 4 Kottathara 8 3.72% 49 22.79% 11 5.12% 147 68.37% 215 2.40% 2,520 5 Mananthavady 8 1.72% 73 15.73% 36 7.76% 347 74.78% 464 5.18% 5,885 6 Meenagadi 1 0.28% 75 21.25% 14 3.97% 263 74.50% 353 3.94% 4,626 7 Meppady 4 1.18% 28 8.24% 18 5.29% 290 85.29% 340 3.79% 4,315 8 Muppainad 20 7.63% 19 7.25% 30 11.45% 193 73.66% 262 2.92% 3,782 9 Mullankolly 2 0.78% 19 7.36% 4 1.55% 233 90.31% 258 2.88% 3,244

10 Muttil - 0.00% 42 11.44% 18 4.90% 307 83.65% 367 4.09% 4,387 11 Nenmeni - 0.00% 85 14.41% 17 2.88% 488 82.71% 590 6.58% 7,693 12 Noolpuzha 7 2.33% 100 33.22% 15 4.98% 179 59.47% 301 3.36% 4,156 13 Padinharathara 35 9.23% 47 12.40% 96 25.33% 201 53.03% 379 4.23% 3,953 14 Panamaram 4 0.68% 141 23.90% 137 23.22% 308 52.20% 590 6.58% 7,269 15 Poothadi 1 0.19% 72 13.48% 29 5.43% 432 80.90% 534 5.96% 7,432 16 Pozhuthana 4 1.85% 31 14.35% 28 12.96% 153 70.83% 216 2.41% 2,313 17 Pulppalli 1 0.28% 39 10.83% 4 1.11% 316 87.78% 360 4.02% 4,735 18 Sulthan Bathery 8 1.75% 49 10.70% 38 8.30% 363 79.26% 458 5.11% 6,023 19 Thariode - 0.00% 34 21.25% 15 9.38% 111 69.38% 160 1.78% 2,137 20 Thavinhal 10 2.45% 74 18.14% 27 6.62% 297 72.79% 408 4.55% 4,967 21 Thirunelly 1 0.32% 105 34.09% 13 4.22% 189 61.36% 308 3.44% 4,080 22 Thondernad 1 0.34% 56 19.11% 19 6.48% 217 74.06% 293 3.27% 3,485 23 Vythiri 26 11.82% 11 5.00% 64 29.09% 119 54.09% 220 2.45% 2,435 24 Vellamunda 8 1.64% 70 14.37% 185 37.99% 224 46.00% 487 5.43% 5,374 25 Vengappally 1 0.72% 23 16.67% 9 6.52% 105 76.09% 138 1.54% 1,642

TOTAL: 162 1.81% 1,404 15.66% 917 10.23% 6,482 72.30% 8,965 100.00% 113,276

Number of Families

SL NO

TotalSC ST OBC GeneralPanchayat/ CDS

Annex 4-4


to undertake agriculture based activities. Individual women farmers are also supported under the scheme of Mahila Kisan Shakti Karan Parayojana (Women Farmer Empowerment Programme) of National Rural Livelihood Mission. The number of activity groups and JLGs along with that of the women farmers is given below.

No of Activity Groups, JLGs and Women Farmers Supported by Kudumbasree as of February 2014

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the data obtained from Kudumbasree District Mission (2014)

*MKSKP: Mahila Kisaan Sashakutikaran Programme

Out of 437 activity groups, 59 enterprises are currently undertaken by them. Activities included calf rearing, curry power making, direct marketing, goatry, and hotel/ mess, etc.

Types of activities engaged by the Kudumbasree NHG members Type of Activity No of Activity Group

Calf Rearing 2 Curry Powder 2 Direct Marketing 2 Goat 3 Hotel/ Mess 2 Milk Cow/ Dairy 3 Paper bag 2 Rabbit rearing 2

to the group. Their loan is only approved on the basis of prior history of transaction with the bank. An average size of the SHG is between n10 to 20 members.

Panchayat/CDS

Income GenerationActivity Group JLG

Women FarmersSupported by MKSKP

Vengappally 13 32 162 Vellamunda 4 294 1,908 Vythiri 6 90 460 Thondernad 1 156 785 Thirunelly 52 111 736 Thavinhal 6 385 2,271 Thariode 13 81 491 Sulthan Bathery 42 62 233 Pulppalli - 254 1,525 Pozhuthana 11 43 223 Poothadi 2 248 1,238 Panamaram 28 295 1,710 Padinharathara 22 233 1,537 Noolpuzha 20 40 259 Nenmeni 29 169 827 Muttil 16 113 672 Mullankolly - 232 1,446 Muppainad 40 26 136 Meppady 14 21 114 Meenagadi 53 130 706 Mananthavady 1 223 1,170 Kottathara 11 192 1,181 Kaniambetta 37 184 965 Edavaka 8 85 489 Ambalavayal 7 319 2,450

TOTAL: 436 4,018 23,694

Annex 4-5


Readymade garment 2 Buffalo (male/ female) 2 Other units 37 Total 59

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the data obtained from Kudumbasree District Mission, Wayanad (2014)

The JICA Survey Team has conducted sample visits to activity groups out of the successful enterprise list prepared by Kudumbasree, which results are attached in Attachment III. 4.2 to Annex 4. Through the field visits such as herbal medicine, umbrella assembly, and mushroom cultivation, it was found that no cluster of each enterprise was formed for the activities. The synopsis of the observation is given below.

Summary of the Observations made through the Field Visits to the Income Generation Activity Groups by JICA Survey Team Members

Common Observations 1. Activities are seasonal or on demand basis. 2. Not more than 5 members were in a group. 2 groups visited only had single member working and mobilise

others as hired workers or for marketing on demand basis. 3. Licensing for herbal medicine was too costly for an SHG to obtain. 4. Marketing was done by the members’ own initiative. 5. Income earned from the activities was close to minimum wage (200 Rs./ day). 6. Some members prefer would prefer the stable income from MGNREGA. Source: JICA Survey Team (2014)

(3) Other Organisations supporting SHGs and IGAs

In Wayanad, NABARD promotes the formation of SHGs through NGOs. NABARD has its own guideline for formation of the SHGs which gives a condition of internal savings among the SHG members to strengthen their financial security. The total number of SHGs formed by various NGOs as of March 2014 is 1,725 SHGs with 499 activity groups that would undertake income generation activities.

SHGs formed by major NGOs of Wayanad under the Assistance of NABARD Name of NGO No. of SHGs No. of Activity groups

Shreyas 513 173 WSSS 767 143 Rastha 177 67 Jeevana 121 44 Flame 147 72 Total 1,725 499

Source: Data collected from each NGO by JICA Survey Team (2014)

(4) Marketing of the Products Produced by Activity Groups/ SHGs

The products of activity groups or SHGs are basically marketed in the local antenna shops through Kudumbasree or NGOs supporting the groups in Wayanad. The groups may take part in the exhibitions and fairs at various locations for promoting their own products. In the case of NTFPs, the marketing is done through the ST Cooperatives who is entitled to organise auction once a year. The buyers will be invited from various locations in and out of Kerala.

Different Types of Products of Activity Groups/SHGs and Market Sl. no Type of products Market destination

1 Processed foods Like pickle ,jams and powders

Kudumbasree monthly fair at various locations Fairs at festive seasons of Onam, Christmas and Bakrid at district /state

headquarter Three selected retail shops of Kerala like Aroma Fresh, and other local

retailers

Annex 4-6


Sl. no Type of products Market destination Antenna shops promoted by NGO and to other retailers

2 Toiletries Direct marketing to homes Local retailers Various Fairs monthly/festive occasion Antenna shops promoted by NGO and to other retailers

3 Handicrafts Monthly ,district state and national Fairs Local –shops and KVIC –Gandhi -Gram shops (Souvenir Shops in

Wayanad) 4 Bakery items Local bakeries of Wayanad 5 Catering and

perishable foods As per requirement and to local retailers

6 NTFP –collected by tribes

ST Cooperative Society


(5) Value Addition currently done by Kudumbasree Groups (NHGs) and SHGs

The list of value addition to various raw materials practiced in Wayanad is given below. Value addition is done for goose berry, chevakka, khus-khus grass, lemon grass, jack fruits and etc. All the value addition is done at homes in a small scale.

Raw Materials and Value Addition (including NTFPs) in Wayanad Sl. No. Item Value Added Product

1 Unripe fruits and vegetables Pickles 2 Dry spices ,like chillies, coriander, pepper Curry powder 3 Ripe matured fruits like mango, jack fruit Jams and squash 4 Dry coconut-copra Packed coconut oil 5 Lemon grass Lemon grass oil 6 Pepper White pepper 7 White pepper Pepper powder 8 Coffee beans Coffee powder 9 Tea Blended with flavours 10 Khus-khus grass Mats and handicraft 11 Banana fibre Handicrafts 12 Gooseberry Gooseberry in honey 13 NTFP-Chevakka Shampoo powder 14 Bamboo Handicrafts and furniture Source: JICA Survey Team (2014)

4.3.3 Livelihood Options (2) – Loan

As many of the vulnerable households depend on daily wage from agriculture or non agriculture work, the fluctuation of employment opportunities and hence, of the income is inevitable. During the RRA, it was learned that taking loan was a common mitigation measures to cope with the seasonal shocks in household economy. The money borrowed from various sources is used to buy household needs including food, school fees for children, and medical expenses. Kudumbasree NHGs was commonly mentioned by the informants across the communities as a source of loan. Other sources included gold loan from private financial institutions, bank and relatives. In some areas of Wayanad, savings bank account with an NGO, Wayanad Social Service Societies was also used along with Chitti (informal savings) as discussed in the later part of this section.

(1) Internal Lending in Kudumbasree NHGs

Members of NHGs formed under Kudumbasree (Kudumbasree SHG) have saved as a group on a regular basis and when in need they can take a loan from the group that they belong to. The credit or loan availed from these NHGs requires no collateral. The amount of loan and who can take loan are decided by the members of NHGs collectively. Repayment is done at the regular meetings held by the

Annex 4-7


groups. In the case of Kudumbasree, the thrift mobilised is on an average of Rs. 40 per month per member.

(2) Bank Loan

In Wayanad, bank also provides loan. It is used for meeting the household requirement as well as to provide the initial capital for small scale business that could be taken up by a group. In Wayanad 178 banks provide banking services. Nationalised commercial banks have 57 branches and service cooperative banks/ credit societies4 have 47 branches (Panchayat level statistics, Wayanad, 2011). During the FY 2012-13, loan amount of Rs. 31.66 billion was disbursed, out of which 69.68% was given to priority sector (agriculture sector) whereas 26.69% or Rs. 8.4billion was given to BPL households (indicated as “weaker”).

Cumulative Amount of Loan Disbursed (2013) –Wayanad District

Source: District Credit Plan, Canara Bank (Lead Bank) 2013-14

(3) Loan from Other Sources

NGOs

There are other sources from which one can take loan. NGOs listed below give loan to SHGs that are formed by them. These NGOs are registered under Societies Registration Act 1860 or Indian Trust Act 1882.

Micro Finance Institutions established by NGOs and Trust in Wayanad

Sl. No Name of Organization Type of Organisation Type of Borrowers

1 SHREYAS Society SHG 2 RASTA Society SHG 3 People’s action for Educational and Economic

development of tribal People Trust Individual and SHG

4 WSSS Society SHG 5 Uravu Society SHG 6 Flame Society SHG 7 Jeevana Society SHG 8 Voice-Voluntary Organisation for

Innovative and Collective Education Society SHG


Community specific financial assistance is available through organisations like Sree Narayana Dhama Paripalan Yogam and Nair Service Society. The former is targeting Ezhava and the latter Nair community respectively.

4 Service Cooperative Banks and Credit Societies are under Kerala Cooperative Societies Act (1969). They extend loan for agriculture activities.

million Rs. % million Rs. % million Rs. % million Rs. %State Bank Group 5,047 70.08% 719 9.98% 1,436 19.94% 7,202 100.00%Nationalised Banks 5,665 67.08% 184 2.17% 2,596 30.74% 8,445 100.00%Private SectorBanks

1,974 82.82% 42 1.75% 368 15.44% 2,384 100.00%

Cooperatives 3,686 78.29% 166 3.53% 856 18.19% 4,708 100.00%Regional Rural Bank 4,471 58.03% 39 0.51% 3,194 41.46% 7,704 100.00%Kerala FinanceCooperation

1,219 100.00% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 1,219 100.00%

Grant total 22,062 69.68% 1,149 3.63% 8,451 26.69% 31,662 100.00%

Priority SC/ST Weaker (BPL) TotalType of Bank

Annex 4-8


Organisations Lending to Specific community

Sl. No Name of the Organisation Name of

Community /Group

Type of Organisation Borrower

1 Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalan Yogam

Ezhava Trust SHG

2 Nair Service Society Nair Society SHG Source: JICA Survey Team (2014)

Government Organisations

For individual entrepreneurs, Khadi and Village Industries and District Industries Cooperation provides loan to the individual entrepreneurs.

Private Money Lenders

Private money lenders who are from Tami Nadu and Mysore also lend money to people in Wayanad. Although they do not require collateral and the required amount can be provided when needed, the disadvantage can be the high interest rate which is 5-10 times more than the market rates and may also force one to repay. In addition, there are several private financial companies that extend loan.

Major Non Banking Financial Companies in Wayanad Sl. No Name of institution Major functions

1 Muthoot Finance ltd Gold loans, money transfer, other financial services 2 Manapuram Finance ltd Gold loans, money transfer and other financial services 3 Muthoot Pappachan group Gold loans, money transfer other financial services 4 Kosamattom Finance ltd Gold loans and other financial services


(5) Chitties

Chitty is a traditional savings practice in Kerala. Women interviewed during the field visits indicated that it is a common practice in Wayanad. It is a way of group savings mechanism. Members of Chitties will save money on a regular interval. The one who is given the savings will be decided by lot. However, in the case of urgency, the one who won the lot may give the right to take money to another member who needs money. It can take place through Kerala State Financial Enterprise, a non banking company fully owned by the GoK promoting chitti, or informally by a locally constituted unit.

4.3.4 Livelihood Options (3) - NTFP collection and Marketing

(1) Livelihoods of Forest Dependants

The population around the forest and the adjoining villages are mainly agriculturists and agricultural labourers. Inside the forests and along forest fringe areas both tribal and non-tribal communities are occupied. The main occupations of non-tribals like Wayanadan Chetties inside the forest are agriculture related and the tribes depend on daily wages from different sources. The major crops cultivated are paddy, ginger, coffee, pepper, coconut, areca nut, plantain, tapioca, colacacia, turmeric, green yam, vegetables, ragi, etc.

The principal tribes living in the forest plateau are Mullukurumas, Paniyans, Kattu Naikans, Uralis and a few Kurichiars. The Kattunaikans are considered as the least civilized among the jungle tribes and subsist on the forest by collecting NTFP such as honey, tubers, fruits, medicinal plants and others. The Paniyans used to practice shifting cultivation in the virgin forest. At present, they live by extending labour to neighbouring estates as well as to the Forest Department. The livelihood options of forest dependent communities are mainly NTFP collections and forestry work.

Overall analysis of the survey by KFRI shows that the main sources of daily cash income are the daily wage labour, which is followed by agriculture related work.

Annex 4-9


Source of Income for tribe and non tribe (Percentage, %) Sl.No. Source Tribe Non-tribe

Inside forest 1 Cultivation 16.19 58.61 2 Livestock 2.78 6.04 3 Fire watcher –Forest 14.94 1.78 4 Daily wage labour 55.94 29.84 5 Fire wood collection 0.00 0.00 6 NWFP collection 1.82 0.36 7 Government employees 7.18 2.49 8 Merchant 1.15 0.89

Periphery 1 Cultivator 22.51 51.11 2 Cattle owner 5.44 11.94 3 Fire watcher –Forest 6.75 1.67 4 Daily wage labour 64.16 32.50 5 Fire wood collection 0.75 0.00 6 NWFP collection 0.38 0.00 7 Government employees 0.00 2.78 8 Merchant 0.00 0.00

Source: Easa, P. S., Sanker, S, 2001, Study on Man Wildlife Interactions in Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala. Forest Research Institute. KFRI Research Report 166.

Through the RRA exercise and field visits, Kuttunaikka community, in particular, was learned to be dependent on the NTFP for their livelihood. The NTFPs collected by the STs are traded through ST Cooperative Societies and its apex body, SC/ ST Federation.

(2) Legal Background for NTFP Collection

Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP) are any commodity obtained from the forest that does not necessitate cutting of trees. It includes game animals, fur -bearers, nuts and seeds, berries, mushrooms, oils, foliage, medicinal plants, peat, fuel wood, forage, etc. Since pre-history, humans around the world have relied on products derived from forest species for their survival and well-being.

Because they are distributed widely in the natural forests in the state forest lands, their collection and utilizations should be legally controlled by the government. In 1970 it entitled the right to collect NTFPs to the scheduled tribal people. After then in 1978, Tribal Service Co-operative Societies (TSCS) which was granted the monopoly right launched their activities to exclusively procure NTFPs collected by the tribal people.

In 1981 the government directed to organize the federation of the TSCSs which had a title of The Kerala State Schedule Caste- Scheduled Tribe Development Cooperative Federation Limited. Same as the former founded TSCS, this federation was also entrusted with the right of monopoly marketing of all kinds of NTFPs collected by the tribal communities.

In 2002, vide G.O. (Rt) No.40/2001/F&WLD (G) dated 02/02/2001 issued the guidelines for collection and marketing of NTFP. The objectives of the Government Order were to ensure the participation of tribal communicates living in the forest area for Sustainable Management of Non Timber Forest Products and protection of the forest, to empower the tribal communities so that they confidently take part in the program and to nurture the community in order to help them to solve their basic livelihood problem. This specifically refers to the tribal communities involved in NTFP collection to be organised into Vana Samrakshana Samithi (VSS) at the hamlet level comprised of all adults in a hamlet. It also states that the collection of NTFP is to be done according to the micro plan. In June 2014, 35 VSSs are formed in Wayanad District whose members include STs.

(3) Collection and Marketing System of NTFPs

In Kerala, the NTFPs are marketed through different channels depending upon a variety of factors such as nature of the product, demand, distance to the market etc. In the first channel, the products are

Annex 4-10


marketed through the ‘Federation’. In the second channel, the products are marketed through private trader.

There are number of institutions involved in the management of NTFPs in Kerala. Important among them are (1) Minor Forests Products Committee, (2) Forest Department (3) The Kerala State Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe Development Co-operative Federation Ltd and (4) Tribal Service Co-operative Societies. In Wayanad, the NTFPs are collected by Scheduled Tribal Service Co-operative Societies as per the agreement between Divisional Forest Officers and Presidents of Scheduled Tribal Co-operative Societies. Those societies are:

Sulthan Bathery Scheduled Tribe Co-operative Society Pulpalli Scheduled Tribe Co-operative Society Meppady Scheduled Tribe Co-operative Society Thirunelly Scheduled Tribe Co-operative Society Thavinjal Scheduled Tribe Co-operative Society

Out of the above, four ST Cooperative Societies are currently engaged in NTFP collection, which details of memberships are give below.

ST Cooperative Societies Engaged in NTFP Collection in Wayanad

Name of ST Cooperative Society

Forest Division Signing an Agreement for

Collection

Name of Tribal Group

No. of Members

Sulthan Bathery North Division Kattunaikka Paniya 1,200 Meppady South Division Paniya, Kattunaikka 2,000 Pulpalli South Division Kuruma, Kattunaikka 967 Tirunelly North Division Kattunaikka, Paniya. 1,300


The period of collection and removal of Minor Forest Produces/Non Wood Forest Produces under this agreement for a period from one year or up to the date on which the Government decides to cease NTFP collection. But most of the NTFPs are marketed by collectors to the merchants in the local areas

In Forest Department mechanism, each VSS can collect NTFP and transport a central place at each Division level and managed and marketed by respective Forest Development Agency (FDA).

Forest Development Agency is involved to: To adopt scientific methods for sustainable extraction of NTFP.

To protect, conserve, propagate and harvest the NTFPs. To provide efficient marketing system for the NTFP collectors. The area should be completely protected from fire. This protection from fire is without any extra

money given to the VSS members. Pre-treatment of NTFPs to enhance the storage life. Maintain quality control checks from collection to selling. Make value addition for better income. For example the collected honey can be bottled, labelled

and marketed. Save the NTFP collectors from exploitation. Improve the growing stock of NTFP by planting.

Besides, unofficially a number of species, especially, the medicinal plants are collected and marketed by the tribes to the private agencies in very small scale as and when required (as is already mentioned as “through private trader”). There is yet another type of extraction is for personal requirements to meet the day to day needs of the forest dependent people. Major items collected for self-consumption are honey, gooseberry and various types of tubers, roots and mushrooms.

Annex 4-11


(4) Kinds of NTFPs Collected in Wayanad

Altogether 135 plant species are included in the list of Forest Department as NTFPs and are permitted to be collected. It is found that only 10 to 15 species are extensively harvested by the tribes and marketed through Tribal Development Societies and another 20-25 species are harvested when the demand arise in the local market.

In 2013-14, 13 kinds of NTFPs were collected. Their names, part of the plant collected, and timing of collection are summarised in the table below. Various NTFPs are available throughout the year. The NTFP species that can be collected in Wayanad are given in the Attachment III. 4. 3 to Annex 4.

NTFPs Collected in Wayanad in 2013-14

Sl. No Common Name Scientific Name Parts Collected Time of Collection

1 Kurunthoti Sida rombifolia Root Oct 2 Chunda Solanum torvum Fruit Nov-Dec 3 Puthari chunda Solanum indicum Fruit Nov-Dec 4 Orila Desmodium gangeticum Whole plant Nov-Dec 5 Muvila Psudarthia viscidae Whole plant Aug-Nov 6 Kalpamsham Parmalia perlata Lichen-body All times 7 Van –Then Honey-big Extract May-June 8 Cheru-Then Honey-small Extract May-June 9 Chenikka Accacia coccina Fruit Aug-Nov

10 Wax Honey Wax Wax May-June 11 Padakizhagu Cyclia peltata Rhizome Nov-Dec 12 Pacha - Nellikka Emblica officinalis Fruit Nov-Dec 13 Karikuringi Strobilanthus nilagiricum Root Nov-Dec

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the data obtained from Kerala State SC/ST Federation – Kalpetta, Wayanad (2014)

(5) Volume and Values of NTFPs traded through ST Cooperative Societies in Wayanad

Following table shows the amount of NTFP species collected from 2000 to 2011. The figures indicates the total amount of 12 years however it suggests that several NTFP species reached considerable amount of production even in their annual basis.

NTFPs Collection from 2000 to 2011

Sl.No

Items of Collection

Name of Co - Operative Society Total (kg)

Average kg / year S.Battery

(kg) Pulppally

(kg) Meppady

(kg) Thirunelli

(kg) 1 Honey 11,218.15 2682.84 374.25 126,502.00 140,777.24 35,194.31 2 Small Honey 16,237.00 0 0.00 0.00 16,237.00 4,059.25 3 Wax 163.75 12.25 0.00 0.00 176.00 44.00 4 Kalpasam 9,283.20 347.54 192.50 0.00 9,823.24 2,455.81 5 Cheenikka 3,307.00 3,302.00 19,543.67 120,327.00 146,479.67 36,619.92 6 Kurunthotty 137,033.00 36805.57 117,626.00 509,057.00 800,521.57 200,130.39 7 Chunda veru 97,835.63 33,439.60 38,688.82 320,183.00 490,147.05 122,536.76 8 Nellikka 73,464.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 73,464.80 18,366.20 9 Putharichunda 7,378.00 0.00 15,343.50 0.00 22,721.50 5,680.38 10 Moovila 11,311.78 9.445.14 0.00 99,492.00 120,248.92 30,062.23 11 Manjal 11,822.33 0.00 950.00 0.00 12,772.33 3,193.08 12 Kasthuri Manjal 394.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 394.33 98.58 13 Oorila 713.50 4.847.40 0.00 2,247.00 7,807.90 1,951.98 14 Kakkumkayi 16.00 1.906.00 0.00 0.00 1,922.00 480.50 15 Padakkizhangu 574.50 0.00 1,151.25 1,289.00 3,014.75 753.69 16 Sathavari 3,416.00 0.00 4,588.75 0.00 8,004.75 2,001.19 17 Karimkurinji 15,016.00 0.00 69,495.00 46,678.00 131,189.00 32,797.25

Annex 4-12


Sl.No

Items of Collection



(kg) Pulppally

(kg) Meppady

(kg) Thirunelli

(kg) 18 Cheruthekku 19.00 0.00 1,225.00 0.00 1,244.00 311.00 19 Kunthirikkam 0.00 0.00 265.40 0.00 265.40 66.35 20 Palmuthukku 0.00 0.00 4,613.50 0.00 4,613.50 1,153.38 21 Kattukurumulaku 0.00 0.00 7,358.67 0.00 7,358.67 1,839.67 22 Adalotakam 0.00 0.00 1,912.50 0.00 1,912.50 478.13 23 Avanakku 0.00 0.00 2,500.00 0.00 2,500.00 625.00 24 Paachotty 0.00 0.00 3,639.20 20,450.00 24,089.20 6,022.30 25 Kodampuli 0.00 0.00 200.00 0.00 200.00 50.00 26 Cardomom 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 100.00 25.00

Source: Working plans 2012-2022 of North and South Wayanad Forest Divisions

The volume of the NTFPs traded through the SC/ ST Federation in 2013-14 and the sales are given in the table below. Sulthan Battery and Meppady ST Cooperative Societies have showed the high earnings. Sida rombifolia and Solanum torvum are collected across Wayanad. The total financial value traded in 2013-14 was Rs. 18.6 million.

Volume and Values of NTFPs Traded through ST Cooperative Societies in 2013-14

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the data obtained from Kerala State SC/ ST Federation, Wayanad (2014)

(6) Pricing of NTFPs and Marketing System

Sales will be done once a year at the district level SC/ ST Federation office. The buyers are invited by the Federation. The auction will be attended by SC/ ST Federation officials, official from each ST Cooperative Society and district officials of SC/ ST Federation. Those buyers who win the auction will be issued a sale letter from the society and an approval pass from the Forest Department. The forest official will be present at the site of loading who approves the quantity of the NTFP item and transportation pass. The unit rate for each NTFP in FY 2013-14 is given in the table below. Kalpamsham (Lichen) fetched the highest price amongst the NTFPs. Cheru-Then (Small Honey) fetches a good price but the bulk of the small honey traded in Wayanad is brought from Mysore area.

Unit Rate for NTFP in FY 2013-14 Sl. No Local Name Scientific Name Rs./kg

1 Kurunthoti Sida rombifolia 13 2 Chunda Solanum torvum 11 3 Puthari chunda Solanum indicum 12 4 Orila Desmodium gangeticum 13

Kgthousand

Rs. Kgthousand

Rs. Kgthousand

Rs. Kgthousand

Rs. Kgthousand

Rs.1 Kurunthoti root 13 149 1,931.72 42 549.55 45 585.00 108 1,409.66 344.30 4,4762 Chunda fruit 11 104 1,146.38 35 390.04 20 220.00 32 351.36 191.62 2,1083 Puthari chunda fruit 12 6 71.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.98 724 Orila whole plant 13 3 41.42 0.00 0 3.38 0.00 3.45 455 Muvila whole plant 13 0 2.76 0.00 5 65.00 0.00 5.21 686 Kalpamsham lichen-body 250 10 2,435.88 4 909.75 2 479.50 0.00 15.30 3,8257 Van -Then 150 21 3,161.40 3 489.60 1 112.50 0.00 25.09 3,7648 Cheru-Then 170 19 3,198.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.82 3,1999 Chenikka fruit 15 0 1.13 5 76.58 0.00 10 151.95 15.31 23010 Wax 180 0 26.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 2611 Padakizhagu rhizome 200 0.00 0 17.40 0.00 0 48.00 0.33 6512 Pacha -Nellikka fruit 12 41 488.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.75 48913 Karikuringi root 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 55 273.60 54.72 274

Total 12,506 2,433 1,465 2,235 18,639

Sl.no

Meppadi TotalSulthan Battery Tirunelli Pulpalli

NTFPParts

Collected

Ratesold atAuction

(Rs./ Kg)

Annex 4-13


Sl. No Local Name Scientific Name Rs./kg 5 Muvila Psudarthia viscidae 13 6 Kalpamsham Parmalia perlata 250 7 Van –Then Big Honey 150 8 Cheru-Then Small Honey 170 9 Chenikka Accacia coccina 15

10 Wax Honey Wax 180 11 Padakizhagu Cyclia peltata 200 12 Pacha –Nellikka Emblica officinalis 12 13 Karikuringi Strobilanthus nilagiricum 5

Source: Kerala State SC/ ST Federation, Wayanad (2014)

(7) Benefit Sharing

Under the marketing system of Kerala State SC/ ST Federation, members of the ST Cooperative Societies will be given a fixed price upon delivering the NTFPs to the Cooperative Society’s office. The price of NTFP is determined by the Price Committee at Kerala State SC/ ST Federation Head Office in Thiruvananthapuram. The rate of each item is decided by this committee and intimated to the respective societies. 80% of the sales cash amount at the auction will be shared with the tribes who collected the NTFPs as an incentive during festive seasons or as decided by societies. 15% of the same will be given to the ST Cooperative Society, which amount will be saved and used in the following year’s purchasing of NTFPs from its members. The benefit sharing between the individual members of a ST Cooperative Society, and SC/ ST Federation is given in the table below. .

Profit Sharing between Individual Members, ST Cooperative Societies and SC/ ST Federation Sl. No Organization/Community Percentage

1 Tribes-who collects 80% 2 ST Cooperative Society 15% 3 Kerala State SC/ ST Federation 0.5% Total 100%

Source: Kerala State SC/ ST Federation Guidelines (2002)

(8) Value addition of NTFPs

The value addition to the NTFPs collected in Wayanad is done at minimum. Value addition in Bamboo is done by an NGO cum Producer Company called Uravu in Wayanad but they are mostly dependent on the bamboo produced in the household plantation or from its own plantation.

ST Cooperative Societies has not done any value addition. Their functions are limited to collection of the NTFPs and forwarding the collected produces to the SC/ST Federation.

4.3.5 Livelihood Options (4) – Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)

(1) Types of Works Undertaken by MGNREGA

Another common coping strategy for fluctuating income is to earn by taking part in the activities under MGNREGA. When the employment opportunities decrease, the households would go to work in one of the MGNREGA activity. To benefit from this opportunity, it is mandatory for an adult household member to register with the scheme. Up to 5 adult members of both BPL and APL households can be registered.

The registered households are entitled to 100 work days of employment. As of May 2014, the daily wage given to the workers under MGNREGA is Rs. 212 per day per person. The wages is directly remitted to the workers’ bank account.

Annex 4-14


Under the MGNREGA, various works including irrigation facilities to SC/ ST and constructing ponds for IAY and Land Reform (LR) beneficiaries5, drought proofing, water conservation, water harvesting, renovation of traditional water bodies and flood control works are done in Wayanad.

Cumulative Labour Cost Spent on Works under MGNREGA (April –May 2014)

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the data obtained from MGNREGA

Management Information System (MIS) (2014)6

The MGNREA works are proposed by each Grama Panchayat. Block wise summary of the number of works proposed by Grama Panchayats is given below. As of 31st May 2014, 40,275 projects await sanction. Between 1st April 2014 and 31st May 2014, 7,876 works have already been completed. Most of the works have been proposed and completed in Mananthavady.

Work Status of the MGNREGA activities by Number of Works in Wayanad as of 31st May 2014

Block name No of works in progress/suspended

No of works Approved but not in

progress

No of works Proposed but not

yet approved

Total no of works approved

Kalpetta 1,536 191 1,0516 196 Manathawadi 3,677 197 13,801 385 Panamaram 1,509 285 7,907 202 Sulthan Bathery 1,154 130 8,051 261 Total 7,876 803 40,275 1,044

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the data obtained from MGNREGA MIS (2014)7

(2) Households Registered with MGNREGA

The Number of households registered with MGNREGA in Wayanad is 122,937 households as of 31st May 2014. 80.79% of the households registered in Wayanad belong to the categories other than ST and SC category. ST and SC households account for 16.51% (20,299 households) and 2.70% (3,318 households) respectively. Panchayat wise number of households registered with MGNREGA is given table below. The table shows that the Vythiri Panchayat shows the highest proportion of the SC

5 Land Reform Beneficiaries: Households received land title from the government. 6http://164.100.128.68/netMGNREGA/Homedist.aspx?flag_debited=S&is_statefund=Y&lflag=local&district_code=1603&district_name=WAYANAD&state_name=KERALA&state_Code=16 (Accessed on 29th June 2014) 7 ibid

Sl. No Work TypeLabour Cost

(Rs.) %1 Flood Control 1,838,000 4.15%2 Rural Connectivity 3,429,000 7.74%

3Water Conservation And Water Harversting 10,840,000 24.48%

4Renovation of Traditional Water Bodies 5,211,000 11.77%

5 Drought Proofing 7,743,000 17.49%6 Irrigation Canals 2,091,000 4.72%

7Irrigation Facilities To SC/ST/IAY/LR 11,197,000 25.29%

8 Land development 1,902,000 4.30%9 Rural Sanitation 28,000 0.06%10 Total 44,279,000 100.00%

Annex 4-15

http://164.100.128.68/netMGNREGA/Homedist.aspx?flag_debited=S&is_statefund=Y&lflag=local&district_code=1603&district_name=WAYANAD&state_name=KERALA&state_Code=16

http://164.100.128.68/netMGNREGA/Homedist.aspx?flag_debited=S&is_statefund=Y&lflag=local&district_code=1603&district_name=WAYANAD&state_name=KERALA&state_Code=16


households in the registered households in a Panchayat. ST households registered with MGNREGA are high in Noolpuzha and Thirunelli. In Mullakolly, 91.70% of the total households registered with MGNREGA belong to other category.

No of Households Registered with MGNREGA disaggregated by Social Groups

Note: “Others” include all the social groups other than SC and ST.

Source: JICA Survey Team based on MGNREGA MIS (2014)

(3) Number of Workers per Household

The number of workers who can be registered with MGNREGA is 5 adults per registered household. The average number of workers per household was 1.67 in Wayanad. Panchayat wise figures show that Noolpuzha (2.19 workers per household), Kotthathara (2.11 workers per household), Thondernad (2.08 workers per household) and Manandavady (2.04 workers per household) have more than two persons per household registered with MGNREGA. In Noolpuzha, across all social groups, the registered workers per household exceeded 2 workers per household, whereas other Panchayats show the variations in the registered number of workers by social category. The Panchayat wise average number of workers per household is given in the table below.

No of HH % No ofWorkers



No of HH

1 Thirunelly 89 1.91% 115 1,410 30.32% 2,100 3,151 67.76% 4,661 4,6502 Mananthavady 118 1.74% 276 1,058 15.58% 2,091 5,615 82.68% 11,473 6,7913 Thavinhal 91 1.32% 143 1,027 14.89% 1,569 5,779 83.79% 8,527 6,8974 Thondernad 82 1.86% 161 443 10.05% 867 3,885 88.10% 8,145 4,4105 Edavaka 19 0.34% 32 661 11.99% 1,065 4,832 87.66% 8,094 5,5126 Vellamunda 189 2.70% 329 1,020 14.60% 1,931 5,779 82.70% 10,295 6,9887 Panamaram 63 0.91% 101 815 11.82% 1,339 6,018 87.27% 10,254 6,8968 Kottathara 79 2.51% 148 845 26.81% 1,853 2,228 70.69% 4,648 3,1529 Kaniyambetta 74 1.49% 123 570 11.44% 900 4,337 87.07% 6,850 4,98110 Muttil 158 3.52% 289 715 15.92% 1,322 3,618 80.56% 7,126 4,49111 Padinharathara 263 6.05% 355 440 10.12% 588 3,644 83.83% 4,973 4,34712 Vengappally 43 2.40% 69 353 19.70% 659 1,396 77.90% 2,444 1,79213 Thariode 77 3.41% 120 555 24.61% 866 1,623 71.97% 2,517 2,25514 Pozhuthana 260 7.75% 522 749 22.32% 1,399 2,347 69.93% 4,637 3,35615 Vythiri 273 13.14% 399 123 5.92% 192 1,681 80.93% 2,684 2,07716 Meppadi 218 4.58% 391 630 13.25% 1,262 3,908 82.17% 7,454 4,75617 Muppainad 268 7.26% 376 282 7.64% 402 3,141 85.10% 4,572 3,69118 Pulpally 74 1.51% 89 936 19.12% 1,155 3,886 79.37% 5,145 4,89619 Poothadi 148 2.10% 249 1,244 17.67% 1,950 5,649 80.23% 8,771 7,04120 Mullankolly 104 2.41% 133 254 5.89% 319 3,954 91.70% 5,512 4,31221 SulthanBathery 94 1.83% 183 569 11.06% 1,078 4,481 87.11% 8,122 5,14422 Noolpuzha 160 3.36% 340 1,627 34.14% 3,593 2,979 62.51% 6,483 4,76623 Nenmeni 224 2.80% 366 1,394 17.44% 2,239 6,376 79.76% 10,667 7,99424 Ambalavayal 91 1.59% 104 936 16.34% 1,174 4,702 82.07% 5,961 5,72925 Meenangadi 59 0.98% 73 1,643 27.32% 2,360 4,311 71.69% 5,616 6,013

Total 3,318 2.70% 5,486 20,299 16.51% 34,273 99,320 80.79% 165,631 122,937

Sl. No PanchayatSC ST Others Total

Annex 4-16


No of Registered MGNREGA Workers per Household in Wayanad

Source: JICA Survey Team based on MGNREGA MIS (2014)

(4) BPL Households in MGNREGA

MGNREGA provides employment opportunities to both APL and BPL households. The table below shows that the work participation of the BPL households is as high as 98.86% in Wayanad.

No of HHNo of

Workers SC ST Others Total1 Thirunelly 4,650 6,876 1.29 1.49 1.48 1.482 Mananthavady 6,791 13,840 2.34 1.98 2.04 2.043 Thavinhal 6,897 10,239 1.57 1.53 1.48 1.484 Thondernad 4,410 9,173 1.96 1.96 2.10 2.085 Edavaka 5,512 9,191 1.68 1.61 1.68 1.676 Vellamunda 6,988 12,555 1.74 1.89 1.78 1.807 Panamaram 6,896 11,694 1.60 1.64 1.70 1.708 Kottathara 3,152 6,649 1.87 2.19 2.09 2.119 Kaniyambetta 4,981 7,873 1.66 1.58 1.58 1.5810 Muttil 4,491 8,737 1.83 1.85 1.97 1.9511 Padinharathara 4,347 5,916 1.35 1.34 1.36 1.3612 Vengappally 1,792 3,172 1.60 1.87 1.75 1.7713 Thariode 2,255 3,503 1.56 1.56 1.55 1.5514 Pozhuthana 3,356 6,558 2.01 1.87 1.98 1.9515 Vythiri 2,077 3,275 1.46 1.56 1.60 1.5816 Meppadi 4,756 9,107 1.79 2.00 1.91 1.9117 Muppainad 3,691 5,350 1.40 1.43 1.46 1.4518 Pulpally 4,896 6,389 1.20 1.23 1.32 1.3019 Poothadi 7,041 10,970 1.68 1.57 1.55 1.5620 Mullankolly 4,312 5,964 1.28 1.26 1.39 1.3821 SulthanBathery 5,144 9,383 1.95 1.89 1.81 1.8222 Noolpuzha 4,766 10,416 2.13 2.21 2.18 2.1923 Nenmeni 7,994 13,272 1.63 1.61 1.67 1.6624 Ambalavayal 5,729 7,239 1.14 1.25 1.27 1.2625 Meenangadi 6,013 8,049 1.24 1.44 1.30 1.34

Total 122,937 205,390 1.65 1.69 1.67 1.67

Sl. No Panchayat

Total Average No of Workers/ HH

Annex 4-17


No of BPL Households registered with MGNREGA in Wayanad

Source: JICA Survey Team based on the data obtained from MGNREGA MIS (2014)

(5) Women in MGNREGA

As learned during RRA exercises with various communities, women are taking part in the MGNREGA work to supplement the household income when the employment opportunities reduce. It has been seen a common mitigation measures.

When they have to travel to the work site away from home, they have to spend more time away from the households yet their domestic work load remains the same. Among the Muslim community interviewed, in their households, MGNREGA is not for the child bearing age women’s work but for their mothers.

The statistics show that 56.04% or 115,101 workers out of the total registered workers of 205,390 are women.

Sl. No Panchayat

No fo Houshold Registered in MG

NREGA*Total No of

BPL HH% of BPL to

Panchayat Total1 Tirunelli 4,650 4,605 99.03%2 Manathavadi 6,802 6,550 96.30%3 Tavinjal 6,897 6,643 96.32%4 Thondernadu 4,410 4,331 98.21%5 Edvaka 5,512 5,299 96.14%6 Vellamunda 6,988 6,943 99.36%7 Panamaram 6,896 6,733 97.64%8 Kottathara 3,152 3,140 99.62%9 Kaniampatta 4,983 4,907 98.47%10 Multil 4,491 4,479 99.73%11 Padijarethara 4,347 4,344 99.93%12 Vengapalli 1,792 1,791 99.94%13 Tariyodu 2,255 2,243 99.47%14 Pozhuthana 3,356 3,351 99.85%15 Vythiri 2,077 2,071 99.71%16 Mepadi 4,756 4,601 96.74%17 Mupainadu 3,691 3,637 98.54%18 Pulpalli 4,958 4,951 99.86%19 Pothadi 7,043 7,027 99.77%20 Mullankolli 4,313 4,307 99.86%21 Sulthan Bathery 5,144 5,081 98.78%22 Noolpuzha 4,766 4,719 99.01%23 Nenmeni 7,994 7,992 99.97%24 Ambalavayal 5,730 5,704 99.55%25 Menangadi 6,018 6,005 99.78%

Total 123,021 121,454 98.86%

Annex 4-18


No. of Women Workers and % to the Total No. of Workers (31st May 2014)

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the data obtained from MGNREGA MIS (2014)

4.3.6 Lessons Learned from Attappady – Corpus Fund and Income Generation Activities

The predecessor of the proposed project implementing agency AHADS - CCPRM has formed SHGs for internal savings and credit and IGAs in the area of Attappady Wasteland Comprehensive Environmental Conservation Project (AWCECOP). Towards the end of AWCECOP, these groups were reconstituted in order for them to be integrated with Kudumbasree. The AWCECOP also allocated Rs. 40 million as a corpus fund to be utilised by the AHADS initiated SHGs to utilise as loan to carry out IGAs. The JICA Survey Team visited AHADS and Community Development Societies (CDSs: Panchayat level elected body by Ward Level elected members of Kudumbasree NHG members) of Kudumbasree in Attappady to understand the current status of the corpus fund and IGAs that might have been implemented utilising the fund.

During the implementation of AWCECOP, 186 groups were formed by AHADS. These groups were engaged in internal savings and credit. Some of them took loan from banks to undertake IGAs such as goat rearing, poultry, pickle making, paper bag making, etc. AHADS, then, was struggling to identify more profitable options for income generation other than the conventional enterprises. However, not much could be done in terms of business development as the time left with the project was short by the time SHGs were formed. It was also partly due to the absence of the specialised personnel in enterprise development and marketing and thus many of the activities did not sustain for long.

No of HH No ofWorkers

No ofWorkers

%

1 Thirunelly 4,650 6,876 4,393 63.89%2 Mananthavady 6,791 13,840 7,209 52.09%3 Thavinhal 6,897 10,239 6,022 58.81%4 Thondernad 4,410 9,173 4,798 52.31%5 Edavaka 5,512 9,191 5,206 56.64%6 Vellamunda 6,988 12,555 6,663 53.07%7 Panamaram 6,896 11,694 6,180 52.85%8 Kottathara 3,152 6,649 3,373 50.73%9 Kaniyambetta 4,981 7,873 4,399 55.87%10 Muttil 4,491 8,737 4,764 54.53%11 Padinharathara 4,347 5,916 3,669 62.02%12 Vengappally 1,792 3,172 1,837 57.91%13 Thariode 2,255 3,503 2,030 57.95%14 Pozhuthana 3,356 6,558 3,488 53.19%15 Vythiri 2,077 3,275 1,940 59.24%16 Meppadi 4,756 9,107 4,726 51.89%17 Muppainad 3,691 5,350 3,287 61.44%18 Pulpally 4,896 6,389 4,049 63.37%19 Poothadi 7,041 10,970 6,215 56.65%20 Mullankolly 4,312 5,964 3,390 56.84%21 SulthanBathery 5,144 9,383 5,094 54.29%22 Noolpuzha 4,766 10,416 5,206 49.98%23 Nenmeni 7,994 13,272 7,452 56.15%24 Ambalavayal 5,729 7,239 4,658 64.35%25 Meenangadi 6,013 8,049 5,053 62.78%

Total 122,937 205,390 115,101 56.04%

Sl. No PanchayatWomenTotal

Annex 4-19


Towards the end of AWCECOP, AHADS made an attempt to establish linkage between the Kudumbasree, which operation manual was approved by G.O. (RT) No 914/2004/ LSGD dated 18th April 2009. Further to sustained support to AHADS initiated SHGs, an amount of Rs. 40 million was curved out of the project fund as a Corpus Fund vide G.O. (RT) 2553/2009/ LSGD dated 5th October 2010. For the utilisation of the fund, AHADS and Kudumbasree have designed a modality of proposal review and disbursement procedure, which was approved by the government vide G.O. (RT) No 1506/ LSGD dated 4th May 2010.

Based on this legal basis, Kudumbasree and AHADS formed a Project Execution Committee (PEC) for reviewing the proposals that are submitted by SHGs and give approval to disburse the fund to the respective Kudumbasree CDS. Between 2009 and 2010, seven Project Execution Committees were held and disbursement of the funds started after the 4th Project Execution Committee held in April 2010. In total, Rs. 26 million was disbursed to 141 groups up to the 7th Project Execution held in December 2010. Out of the 141 groups that received the loan, 83 groups were ST groups.

The Number of Groups Submitted Proposals and Sanctioned Loan Amount

PEC Meetings Date ST Others Total No of

Groups

Disbursed Amount

( million Rs.) PEC1-3 6th Mar. 2009

3rd Jul. 2009 26th Nov 2009

0 0 0 0

PEC-4 19th Apr. 2010 2 9 11 1.92 PEC-5 23rd Jun. 2010 4 24 28 4.67 PEC-6 10th Aug. 2010 44 12 56 11.1 PEC-7 22nd Dec. 2010 33 13 46 8.3 Total 83 58 141 26.1 Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the Minutes of PECs

After the announcement of AHADS closure in March 2012, no follow up or repayment monitoring was done. As of May 2014, Rs. 6.08 millions was received from CDSs. The remaining amount to be repaid by the CDSs is Rs. 20.02 millions. The balance in the Treasury Savings Bank8 was Rs. 19.98 millions in December 2013.

Repayment Status and Outstanding Balance in Rs. million

Received Disbursed Outstanding Balance

Loan - 26.1 26.1 Repayment received 6.08 - 20.02

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the data obtained from AHADS and Kudumbasree CDSs

When CDSs were interviewed in Attappady, the JICA Survey Team was informed that the group members felt that the money was given to them since there is no one to collect. Almost all the groups took loan are no longer undertaking IGAs that they initiated.

4.4 Government Programmes/Schemes

4.4.1 Housing Schemes

(1) EMS Housing Scheme

12,462 houses were sanctioned to be financed by this scheme in 2009 and completed in 2011. Spill over work is still in progress. 75.37% of 12,462 houses, the total number of houses sanctioned, was for

8 A Bank operates under the Finance Department of the Treasure of GK.

Annex 4-20


general category (all the social groups other than SC and ST) of the society. The completion rate is 47.75% as of 31st March 2014. It is a financial assistance for BPL households who have not got any government support in the past 10 years and to be used for a replacement of dilapidated house, or land and house to landless. Some exclusion criteria are also applied in selection of the beneficiaries such as employment status, house size, possession of 4 wheel vehicle and wither a household member works in overseas or not. Subsidised amounts are Rs. 75,000 for general category and Rs. 100,000 for SC, and Rs. 125,000 for STs and others. This is a GoK financing scheme.

Status of EMS Housing Scheme as of 31st March 2014

Source: Poverty Alleviation Unit, Wayanad District (2014)

(2) Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)

Under the IAY, subsidies are given to the BPL households for house construction. The amount of subsidies is Rs. 70,000 – 75,000. The rest of the cost needs to be met by the beneficiary households themselves. The fund is released stage wise to the bank account of the woman in the household after receiving an inspection by the Village Extension Officer. This is a central government financing scheme.

CompletionRate

LoanAmount

General SC ST Total General SC ST Total %million

Rs.Thirunelly 383 0 371 754 279 0 80 359 47.61% 39.9Manandavady 436 22 338 796 282 11 15 308 38.69% 39.9Thavinjal 596 14 57 667 396 3 25 424 63.57% 39.9Thondernadu 484 15 57 556 258 2 12 272 48.92% 27.3Edavaka 353 2 128 483 294 0 23 317 65.63% 14.7Vellamunda 287 0 212 499 195 0 64 259 51.90% 39.9Panamaram 494 4 170 668 236 3 72 311 46.56% 39.9Kottatara 181 1 82 264 126 0 17 143 54.17% 22.1Kaniyambetta 312 0 60 372 221 0 4 225 60.48% 31.1Muttil 412 14 70 496 324 0 5 329 66.33% 27.8Painharethara 312 4 62 378 260 2 12 274 72.49% 21.6Vengappally 112 2 91 205 55 1 7 63 30.73% 13.8Thariyod 200 0 0 200 88 0 0 88 44.00% 14.7Pozhuthana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% 0Vythiri 280 14 3 297 141 5 0 146 49.16% 15.2Meppadi 210 23 40 273 83 2 1 86 31.50% 35.3Muppainadu 255 8 19 282 107 1 2 110 39.01% 16Pulpally 326 0 110 436 162 1 2 165 37.84% 39.9Poothadi 505 1 39 545 304 1 3 308 56.51% 39.9Mullenkolly 564 21 136 721 413 16 16 445 61.72% 27.2Sulthan 421 10 165 596 180 1 24 205 34.40% 34.7Noolpuzha 249 0 42 291 69 0 0 69 23.71% 39.9Nenmeni 680 38 181 899 479 11 45 535 59.51% 39.9Ambalavayal 691 7 237 935 247 0 59 306 32.73% 31.4Meenangadi 650 18 181 849 150 3 50 203 23.91% 36.3

Total 9,393 218 2,851 12,462 5,349 63 538 5,950 47.75% 728.3

Sanctioned Completed

Panchayat

Annex 4-21


Beneficiary Selection Criteria of IAY Selection Criteria of Beneficiaries Entitlement

Beneficiary should be in BPL List. Prioritization of beneficiaries are; Freed bonded labourers SC/ST households Households /Widows of personnel from defense services/Paramilitary forces, killed

in action Non SC/ST BPL households Physically and mentally challenged persons Ex servicemen and retired members of the paramilitary forces Displaced persons on account of developmental projects, nomadic/semi nomadic,

and de notified tribal’s, households with physically/mentally challenged members The selection of the beneficiaries will be subject to the condition that the

households of all the above categories except No 3 are in the BPL list.

Subsidies for house construction

Rs. 70,000 – 75,000


The total number of houses sanctioned as of 1st April 2013 was 4,808 houses. Of which, 57.07% or 2,744 houses are sanctioned for STs followed by 19.13% or 920 houses for General category and 15.54% or 747 houses for the minority groups. 397 houses or 8.26% was sanctioned for the houses of SCs.

At the end of March 2014, the 23.09% of the houses were completed. 27.45% of the houses completed up to the foundation level, 21.71% completed up to wall and the rest was completed up to the roof. Meppadi and Muttil Panchayats have the least number of completed houses. By Social Category wise, 81% of the houses for STs have not been completed the houses followed by SC (77.08%) and General community9 (70.43%). Minority community10 has the least number of incomplete houses (61.85%). The Panchayat wise status of house construction under IAY as of March 2014 is given in the table below.

9 General: Hindu community other than SC and ST comprises of the General community. 10 Minority: All communities other than SC, ST and general hindu population.

SC8.26%

ST57.07%

Minority15.54%

General19.13%

Annex 4-22


Status of House Construction under IAY as of March 2014


4.4.2 Projects for Community Development

Hills Area Development Agency (HADA) is an autonomous body established and finances a various community development intervention in all districts in Kerala other than Alappuzha district. In June 2014, Sahisree Project was launched to provide loan subsidies for the selected SHGs which were formed under the Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY/ initiated SHGs preceding the commencement of National Rural Livelihood Mission) Scheme. Road projects are also in pipeline.

4.4.3 Integrated Watershed Development Programme

The Integrated Watershed Management Programme has been implemented since 2009 in Wayanad and is a centrally financed scheme. The proposed total project cost is Rs. 267, 585,800 for 4 years. 56% of the total cost is allocated for natural resource management such as construction of earthen bunds, community water harvesting facility, farm pond, check dam, irrigation facilities, gully plugging and etc. Dairy unit and back yard poultry, bio gas plant, backyard vegetable cultivation, and etc. are also proposed as livelihood activities in the project. The works are still being implemented at the time of the Survey.

Total Total % Total % Total % Total %1 Thirunelly 122 33 27.05% 47 38.52% 16 13.11% 26 21.31%2 Mananthavady 207 46 22.22% 65 31.40% 46 22.22% 50 24.15%3 Thavinjal 156 24 15.38% 36 23.08% 45 28.85% 51 32.69%4 Thondernad 97 30 30.93% 31 31.96% 34 35.05% 2 2.06%5 Edavaka 153 15 9.80% 43 28.10% 33 21.57% 62 40.52%6 Vellamunda 135 14 10.37% 28 20.74% 38 28.15% 55 40.74%7 Panamaram 277 83 29.96% 68 24.55% 52 18.77% 74 26.71%8 Kottathara 249 98 39.36% 27 10.84% 61 24.50% 60 24.10%9 Kaniyambetta 250 69 27.60% 71 28.40% 53 21.20% 57 22.80%10 Muttil 205 16 7.80% 58 28.29% 46 22.44% 93 45.37%11 Padinjarathara 192 46 23.96% 38 19.79% 53 27.60% 54 28.13%12 Vengappally 149 36 24.16% 18 12.08% 40 26.85% 54 36.24%13 Thariyode 149 63 42.28% 21 14.09% 22 14.77% 35 23.49%14 Pozhuthana 140 14 10.00% 37 26.43% 53 37.86% 28 20.00%15 Vythiri 142 63 44.37% 23 16.20% 26 18.31% 28 19.72%16 Meppadi 446 15 3.36% 168 37.67% 80 17.94% 175 39.24%17 Muppainad 172 47 27.33% 30 17.44% 25 14.53% 73 42.44%18 Pulpally 214 71 33.18% 50 23.36% 40 18.69% 54 25.23%19 Poothadi 197 51 25.89% 68 34.52% 32 16.24% 43 21.83%20 Mullankolly 126 54 42.86% 29 23.02% 24 19.05% 17 13.49%21 Sulthan Bathery 202 41 20.30% 60 29.70% 59 29.21% 36 17.82%22 Noolpuzha 223 47 21.08% 72 32.29% 48 21.52% 55 24.66%23 Nenmeni 260 56 21.54% 97 37.31% 43 16.54% 60 23.08%24 Ambalavayal 153 33 21.57% 42 27.45% 26 16.99% 47 30.72%25 Meenagadi 192 45 23.44% 63 32.81% 49 25.52% 31 16.15%

Total 4,808 1,110 23.09% 1,290 26.83% 1,044 21.71% 1,320 27.45%

No of HousesSanctiond as on

01.04.2013PanchayatSl. No Completed

Completed upto Roof Level

Completed uptoWallplate

Level

Completed uptoBasement

Level

Annex 4-23


Overview of the Integrated Watershed Management Programme (Planning Period: 2010/11 – 2014/15)


4.4.4 Interventions targeting for Tribal Communities

(1) Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group Project

The Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group Project is for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) funded by GoI. In Wayanad, Kuttunaikka community is the only PVTG. The Project period is 2011-15. Total outlay is Rs. 1.48 billion for Kerala. In Wayanad, the project was commenced in 2012. The main activities include housing grant to houseless tribes, supply of food grains to all the households, conducting medical camps and supply of medicines through Mobile Medical Units, running of special Aanganwadis and Peripatetic centres at various colonies, construction of roads at various colonies, implementation of drinking water facilities at different colonies, soil conservation activities at different colonies and agriculture developmental activities. These project activities are implemented under the supervision of concerned Sectoral Officers of the project located in

Grama PanchayatVythiri 1 2Pothuthana 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 10 11 12 13Thariyode 9 10 11Vengapalli 2 6 7 8 9 12Kalpetta Municipality 1 2Area 4403 haLat 11° 33' 29.6'' N - 11° 39' 10.0'' NLon 75° 58' 33.3'' E - 76° 04' 55.7'' EProposed Project Cost for 4 YearsGrama PanchayatMoopainad 14 15Meppadi 4 5 7 13 15 16 20 21 22 17 18 19Vythiri 2Kalpetta Municipality 17 18 19 25 26Area 3,663 haLat 11°32' 20'' N - 11° 36' 08'' NLon 76° 04' 11'' E - 76° 10' 07'' EProposed Project Cost for 4 Years Rs.54,945,800Grama PanchayatMoopainad 1 3 16Meppadi 1 2 3 4Meenangadi 11 12 13Muttil 1 2 4 6 7 8 9 11 19Kothatthara 5 6Ambalavayal 15Area 5,175 haLat 11° 32' 48'' N - 11° 40' 12'' NLon 76° 04' 12'' E - 76° 10'12'' EProposed Project Cost for 4 Years Rs. 77,625,000Grama PanchayatS. Bathery 12 13 14 15Meenangadi 5 6 8Ambalavayal 4 5 7 8 9 10 11Nenmeni 1 2 3 20 21 22 23Area 4,598 haLat 11° 32' 33'' N - 11° 40' 42'' NLon 76° 11' 24'' E - 76° 15' 50'' EProposed Project Cost for 4 Years Rs. 68,970,000

IWMP II

IWMP III

IWMP IV

Wards No/ Particulars




Rs. 66,045,000

IWMP I

Annex 4-24


Mananthavady, Pulpally, Sulthan Bathery and Kalpetta sectors. Beneficiaries should be BPL households of Kuttunaikka community. At the end of March 2014, 5,349 households have benefited. The Block wise number of beneficiaries and expenditure are summarised below.

No of Beneficiaries and Financial Achievement as of March 2014

Block No of Beneficiaries

Project Expenditure for Wayanad

Pulpally Bathery Mananthawady Kalpetta

1,786 1,626 1,260

677

2012-13: Rs. 237,588,511 2013-14: Rs. 424,592,419

Total 5,349 Total: Rs.662,179,930 Source: Office of the Project Leader, PVTG Project at KIRTADS, Kozhikode (2014)

(2) Special Package Scheme for Paniya Tribe

In May 2014, special tribal package for Paniya Tribe has been planned to provide food for pregnant ladies and assistances for child drop outs. 71 colonies with 3,410 households have been selected by the Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP) office of Wayanad. Activities will be implemented through Kudumbasree using the funds available at ST Development Department. The amount of funding for FY 2014-15 is Rs. 2 million.

(3) Works Funded by Backward Region Grant Fund

Wayanad has been officially recognised as one of the 250 most backward districts in India by the central Government of India. Thus, the central government has provided Backward Region Grant Fund to the district for facilitating convergence with other schemes/ projects and to be spent to address the needs that have not been catered for to accelerate the development of the district. Most of the fund in Wayanad has been spent on infrastructure. Especially, in FY 2012-13, road construction was undertaken. The cumulative total financial achievement between 2007-08 and 2012-13 was Rs. 82 million.

Annex 4-25


Summary of Expenditures of Works funded by Backward Region Grant Fund Unit: Rs.

Source: Poverty Alleviation Unit, Wayanad District, 2014. (Data compiled by JICA Survey Team)

(4) Special Package for Adiya Paniya

A budget of maximum Rs. 2 million is earmarked under the Adiya Paniya Development Package every year. The budget allotment is from GoI Pooled Fund. The amount spent last year is Rs. 1.8 millions. Rs. 2 million is allotted for 2014-15. The amount is utilized for educational and livelihood development activities of the members of the Adiya and Paniya communities. Executing department is ST Development Department.

(5) Deployment of Committed Social Workers

Even though a substantial sum of fund has been invested in tribal development in general and particularly in Wayanad District, the state of tribal communities is still lagging behind. ST Development Department (STDD) has identified that a gap lies mostly in the implementation system and process. The shortage of implementing personnel in the STDD is one of the major reasons. The follow up of the project activities was not being done as required. Thus, the STDD has introduced the Committed Social Worker to Wayanad on pilot project basis for one year since March 2014. 25 Committed Social Workers are deployed under the District Collector. Their performances are to be closely monitored by the Tribal Development Officers at the block level. District level monitoring is

Panchayat 2007-08 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 TotalAmbalavayal 500,000 500,000 District Panchayath 3,012,506 19,397,721 - 1,500,000 23,910,227 Edavaka - - - Kalpetta BP 99,109 - 200,000 299,109 Kaniyambetta 3,250,000 590,800 - 304,175 4,144,975 Kapetta Municipality - - Kottathara 3,175,000 1,450,000 564,000 5,189,000 Mananthavady BP 132,278 420,831 1,008,596 1,561,705 Mananthavady GP 168,000 1,150,000 - 1,318,000 Meenangadi 148,410 496,662 645,072 Meppadi 500,000 - 500,000 moopainad 950,000 - - 950,000 Mullankolly 903,223 903,223 Muttil 2,475,000 508,184 - 638,341 3,621,525 Nenmeni 800,000 - - 800,000 Noolpuzha 3,525,000 3,525,000 Padinjarathara - - Panamaram 4,250,000 1,500,000 576,652 279,441 6,606,093 Panamaram BP 200,000 2,166,514 2,366,514 Poothadi 4,000,000 431,020 1,008,979 5,439,999 Pozhuthana 300,000 500,000 800,000 Pulpally 1,000,000 1,000,000 S. Bathery 973,894 - 1,103,802 2,077,696 Thariode 100,000 572,690 - 49,002 721,692 Thavinjal 100,000 600,000 - 1,016,268 1,716,268 Thirunelly 4,100,000 4,200,000 1,203,758 497,376 10,001,134 Thondernadu 25,000 649,558 674,558 Vellamunda 1,568,454 1,568,454 Vythiri 110,250 405,750 516,000 Not Specified 1,209,258 1,209,258 Total 21,618,000 22,792,684 23,552,642 11,892,918 2,709,258 82,565,502

Annex 4-26


carried out by the Programme Officer of ITDP. It is financed by ST Development Department State Plan Fund. The budget outlay is Rs. 3,300,000.

4.4.5 World Bank Funded Projects

(1) Local Self Government Service Delivery Project

This is a World Bank supported project to improve the capacity of the Local Self Government to deliver services. According to the summary of the budget of Grama Panchayats for FY 2013-14, Rs.174 million was allocated to all the 24 Panchayats for introducing IT system for Panchayat administration and establishing capital assets. In Wayanad, in FY 2013-14, 23 Panchayats have received funding from the project except Thirunelli and Meppady Panchayats.

(2) Jalanidhi Phase II

Jalanidhi, being implemented by Kerala Water Supply Agency with the financial support of World Bank, considers tribal communities are less endowed and thus, has a component specifically targeting tribal area. 14 Panchayats having higher proportion of tribal population in Wayanad are proposed for implementation. It aims at establishing rural water supply facilities through participatory mode of implementation. The cost of implementation will be shared between GoK, Grama Panchayats, and beneficiary groups. Although a cost sharing mode can be effective in nurturing a sense of ownership among the beneficiaries during the implementation and thus, for better maintenance and sustainability of the facilities established, a difficulty has been observed in mobilising beneficiary contribution among the ST population.

Project Financing Cost Sharing Budget

75 % GoK 15 % Grama Panchayats 10% Beneficiary Group For tribes, Only 5% for Beneficiary Group (5%

in-kind/ 1% - cash)

Poothadi Panchayat: Rs. 80 million Other panchayats budget is estimated to fall

between Rs. 80-100 million for each Panchayat.

Source: Jalanidhi Office, Wayanad (2014)

Project activities will be implemented in a batch wise manner. The project activities will be implemented in 14 Panchayats. Batch I Panchayats are 11 which names are listed as below. The project implementation is planned between 2012 and 2015 for 36 months after the agreement is signed between the project and Panchayat.

Names of the Panchayats selected for Jalanidhi Batch I and Selection Criteria Name of the Panchayat for Batch I Selection Criteria

Noolpuzha Thavinjal Edavaka Thondarnadu Vellamunda Pozhuthana

Kottathara Kaniyambetta Panamaram Poothadi Pulpally

1. Density of tribal population 2. Scarcity of water among tribal population 3. Willingness of Grama Panchayat to participate

Source: Jalanidhi Office, Wayanad (2014)

Annex 4-27

Attachment III 4.1: Report on RRA fieldwork Duration: 6th May – 18 May 2014 Sites: BPL families in 7 Communities in Wayanad of different social groups (Purposive Sampling) Visited by: JICA Survey Team Livelihood/ Gender and Rural Institution Specialist Tools used: Mapping, Seasonal calendar, Problem Tree (Gender Role Matrix/ Daily Schedule – with the selected communities.) Overall: Basic amenities and food seemed to be available to most of the communities. Food availability is slightly less in Kuttunaikka community. Drinking water supply problem (quality and volume) was observed across the communities (Jalnidi will be implemented in Wayanad. They need to define in which Panchayats the project will be implemented.) Creating employment during the lean season would be a way to minimise the vulnerability across the communities. However, the kind of work / employment/ IGAs need to be selected to suit their capacity and preference. Community Development Interventions: Panchayats and Tribal Development Department along with NGOs have implemented various schemes for the communities. They were implemented in fragments and unplanned manner. Overlapping of the interventions was observed. And also the malfunctioning of the facilities established by one scheme invited another to do the same, which also failed. This suggests that the possible leakage of funds. The STDD recognizes this issue and thus deployed Committed Social Worker on a pilot basis whether it was effective. Loan for livelihood security: The level of vulnerability of the livelihood of BPL families varies from one community to another. Those having land or access to NTFPs would have alterantive income sources other than wages and thus, will be less dependent on the wages. However, across the communities, a main cause of the vulnerability is the fluctuation in household income. BPL families interacted during RRA indicated that a common mitigation measure to the fluctuating income is to borrow money from different sources. BPLs of general caste heavily depended on loan for various household requirement followed by Muslim communities. Kuttunaikka community, though changing, is less dependent on loan as they can earn when they need cash by harvesting and selling honey. For those who take loans, Kudumbasree NHGs and SHGs formed by local NGOs are the primary loan source for many. The scale of loan is the largest amongst the general caste BPL families. Alcoholism: In half of the community, alcohol is affecting the households. Daily wage workers (male) will spend nearly Rs. 100/day out of their wages. They need a drink to feel energized they say. De-addiction centres are in Wayanad. Women of such families will become the sole provider for the family. Vulnerability: Vulnerability of the majority of the informants lie with the fluctuation of the employment opportunities. As they depend on daily wages, loss of employment opportunities means loss of income. If one’s abilities do not fit to work, their life will get even more difficult. NREGA and others available for BPL families are mostly manual labour workers, which is difficult for those who are not fit for it.

A. III.4.1-1

A

.III.4.1-2

Summary of Various Communities and Livelihood Base Communities Kurchiya Muslim Adiya/ Paniya

mixed Kuttunaikka General

(Christian) + ST Vettakuruma Coffee Plantation

Workers Data: 6 May 2014 6 May 2014 7 May 2014 8 May 2014 8 May 2014 17 May 2014 18 May 2014 Locatoin: Kallanthodu

colony, Madakunnu, Vengappally Panchayat


Puzhavayal colony, Thirunelli Panchayat

Ponkuzhi colony, Noolpuzha Panchayat

Thanniyadu, Edavaka Panchayat

Veliyambam, Pulpally Panchayat


Livelihood base

Agriculture based (Paddy, banana, coffee)

Wage based (Construction sites/ hotels)

Wage based (Paddy labourer)


Wage based (NREGA)

Wage based (Coffee plantation, NREGA)

Wage Labourer

Land Agriculture (individual/ communal)

Homestead Homestead Homestead Homestead Homestedad+garden around household

Homestead

Food availability

Enough Enough Enough Less than actual requirement

Enough Mostly enough. During low income season, lack of food. Largely depend on food bought from the market.

Loan dependency


- - Rs. 30,000 to Rs. 40,000 per borrowing

- Rs. 5,000 –10,000 at a time. Rs. 25,000 during food shortage season. Kudumba Sree Tamil Nadu Money Lenders Cooperative Banks Gold Loan

Available Skill Sets

Farming To be further explored

Farm related work NTFP harvesting - Reviving traditional basket weaving skills

-

Issues observed

- Population increase

Alcohol addiction - - Alcohol addiction Alcohol addiction

A

.III.4.1-3

Field Notes: A. Sites Kallanthodu colony, Madakunnu, Vengappally Panchayat Ambukuthi, Muttil Panchayat Date visited 6th May 2014 6th May 2014 Habitation/ Characteristics

i) Kurchiya Tribe ii) 60 families (All Kuruchiya) iii) Traditionally paddy farmers iv) Owns land v) Traditionally extended family lived in a shared compound

but for the sake of receiving housing support, each household started establishing separate house.

i) Muslim area ii) Informants were women from households listed as BPL

families in 2011 but in APL in 2009 list. iii) All the families do not have agriculture land but only the

land for homestead. Since the number of families has increased, the plots are broken into smaller sizes and given to the family members who are married to build a house of their own. Their houses are built in the marshy land.

Livelihood i) Agriculture based livelihood. ii) Cultivates paddy for consumption and coffee and banana. iii) 10 acres of paddy for 13 families including 6-7 families who

have no land. iv) Average land holding size 5-15 cents1 (residential +

agriculture). v) Paddy: traditionally they grew 150 days varieties but prefer

120 days hybrid variety. Work mostly done by the family. vi) Vegetable cultivation was tried by women JLGs. But failed

at first attempt. Since then, never tried. vii) Produces may be sold within the community or at the

market. viii) Coffee and banana gives income at different timing of the

year. During lean season, NREGA can also provide some income.

ix) Dairy: 8 families are engaged. 20-25Rs/ litre are paid by the milk society. But due to the cuts of subsidies for the feed, they are unable to give sufficient feed to the cows, which also affected the quality of milk and thus the sale price.

i) Main source of income is wages of men earned from construction work or working in hotels.

ii) Women of productive age often stay at home. Their mothers will go to NREGA.

iii) The high expenditure season overlaps with the low income season. During the time, they borrow money from Kudumba Sree, bank friends and at times take gold loans. An average amount of 10,000Rs is borrowed. Once the money is finished, they will borrow from another place and continue doing so during the low income season.

1 1cent=0.01 acre

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.III.4.1-4

x) Coffee: 80Rs/ kg dried beans with husk gives the highest income.

xi) Irrigation: the hamlet collectively applied to Panchayat to establish irrigation facilities. The project was implemented between 2000 – 2009. A check dam with canals was constructed. But the facilities are damaged and no step was taken. The villagers think that the maintenance should be done by the government as the project was brought by the government and the facilities are owned by the district Panchayat.

Access to Basic Amenities

i) Well: established by Rajive Gandhi Drinking Water Project 10 years ago. But pump got broken after a month of installment. Since then, they draw water manually.

ii) Sub-Centre: 4-5 km

i) Each family has a well (shallow/ 6m depth approx.) The water level goes down during the rainy season and also water gets coloured. They borrow water from neighbours.

Food i) No scarcity of food. Ration provides safety net. i) No scarcity of food. Ooru Kotham/ Gram Sabha

ii) 7 colonies meet 4 times a year. Issues on housing, electricity, drinking water, health are discussed.

iii) The decision will be communicated to respective agencies through Ooru mooppan (Chair person of the Ooru Kootham).

i) Gram Sabha is not very active.

Kudumba Sree/ other schemes

i) NHGs are formed in the hamlet. Some women also formed JLGs. But being afraid of default, they did not take loan but invested their own money to begin vegetable (cucumber) cultivation.

i) Kudumba Sree and Janasree are functioning in the area.

Issues i) Irrigation/ agriculture water. i) Lack of land was identified as a serious issue in the area. Population is growing due to the in-flow of the population due to the employment at the orphanage and local educational institution. Some of them settle in the area. It created some pressure on land.

ii) The grown children need to establish a separate household and need land for that.

Observation i) [The situation of this hamlet is representative of the rest of the Kuruchiya tribe.] There is more than one season that the income flows in the household, which can be considered to

i) The BPL families here had pukka houses with furniture and TVs. Some also had vehicles. The women we spoke to also seemed to have been well educated. [They did not seem to

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.III.4.1-5

be shock resistant. Management skills in agriculture and enterprises are to be strengthened amongst the villagers.

ii) Severe lack of ownership towards the government established facilities. Even for the crop failure, they look up the government for compensation. The dependency on the government was observed to be high.

iii) Kudumba Sree intervention also does not prepare the group members to undertake business enterprise by training them in management of enterprises.

be BPL at all.] ii) They can also chose to go to a private hospital for delivery

(c-section) which cost 10,000Rs. iii) High dependency on the loan increases vulnerability of the

household when default occurs. iv) Women may be organized into groups for small business

activities as they are already organised into groups.

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.III.4.1-6

B. Sites Puzhavayal colony, Thirunelli Panchayat Ponkuzhi colony, Noolpuzha Panchayat Thanniyadu, Edavaka Panchayat Date visited 7th May 8th May 2014 8th May 2014 Habitation/ Characteristics

i) Adiya/ Paniya mixed colony. 18-19 houses settled in more than 50 years ago. The total area of the hamlet is 1.5 acres given by the owner who was the relative of the families. They needed to shift from another place as the stronger tribes drove them out of their settlement. There is one General Caste Family and One Muslim family settled nearby. They bought plots. They are settled about 3-10 years (not sure.)

i) Kuttunaikka Colony ii) 70 families in the colony. Language is a

mixture of Kannada, Malayalam and Tamil. We were able to communicate in Malayalam but the internal discussion amongst the informants took place in Kuttunaikka language. The colony is encircled by the trenches, which were dug by NREGA.

iii)

i) 50 families in the area. Settled about 15-20 years. General caste dominant with a few households of ST.

ii) Aanganwadi centres: 2 are available within 1 km radius. UP 3km/ HS 5 km. All within reach.

iii) General Caste BPL area.

Livelihood i) They do not own agriculture land. They mostly work are wage labourers for paddy related work, coffee harvesting. Traditionally they are hired as to do paddy related work. But due to the increase in the population and farm mechanization, their employment opportunities are decreasing. They used to go to ginger cultivation (seasonal migration) in Karnataka, which will give 300 Rs/ day (paid on weekly basis). Paddy and coffee labour work – 200Rs/ Day for women and 300 Rs/ Day for men but paid on daily basis.

ii) Do not prefer to work on NREGA as payment gets delayed.

iii) When the money is not enough, women will take gold loan and buy

i) Depending on NTFPs (Honey, Amla) but these days, 40 families are engaged in buffalo rearing.

ii) A pair of cows/ buffaloes was given by the Tribal department free of charge. When they grow, they sell them off. Then they buy calf again.

iii) Livestock scheme: Bramaghiri – They society will

give livestock and they buy back.

Panchayat – When selling, Panchayat consent needs to be obtained. This is to ensure that the animal is sold at the fair rate.

Tribal dept – after 6 months, they can sell to anyone.

One pair of buffaloes will fetch 50,000 – 60,000Rs.

i) The average income BPL: ranging between 150Rs/ month/ family – 300Rs/ month/ family according to the BPL card. Median 300 Rs/ month/ family. The main source of income is daily wage labourer at Rubber and coffee plantation + NAREGA. When cash is short, they borrow money from Kudumba Sree. The amount of loan they take is 25,000Rs – 30,000 Rs at a time. They can take 10,000Rs from SHGs formed by WSSS. Everyone takes loan from bank (Grameen and Cooperative Banks.) They use land title as collateral. The loan taken from the bank will be used as cattle, education, marriage and house maintenance.

ii) Especially, in April and May, those

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.III.4.1-7

Sites Puzhavayal colony, Thirunelli Panchayat Ponkuzhi colony, Noolpuzha Panchayat Thanniyadu, Edavaka Panchayat food/ daily necessity on credits from shops. Never borrow money from money lenders. It is the woman in the household who meets the cash requirement when it falls short.

iv) None of the families in colony is registered with NREGA. When the registration took place, they were harvesting in the forest and away from home for some time. (They also do not seem to make an effort to get themselves registered.)

v) Last 2 years they started to work as wage laborers. NTFPs available in the forest are getting less. So they need to compensate. When the rain is very heavy like in June, they will not go to the forest. Recently, outsiders come to collect gooseberry and other NTFPs. So their harvest has decreased.

vi) They do not borrow money. If working in the forest to collect NTFP, money is not the issue. But those who do not go, they will not have money. If they have buffalo, they go to forest less frequently.

depend on NREGA will need to borrow money.

iii) When women work on NREGA, the work will be done in faraway places. So women have more work to do.

iv) Land holding: 5-30 cents. Only backyard farming is possible.

v) Men can earn 400Rs/ day while 202 Rs/ Day is given by NREGA.


i) Household tap connection is available for 2 hours daily.

ii) Electricity is connected to all houses. iii) Dish connection attached to most of

the houses.

i) The houses built (PVTG Scheme) by the sub-contractors were not in good quality and soon after construction; the houses begin to show the problems. So the community members started to build themselves.

ii) Two anganwadi centres in the colony. One of them is not functioning as all the children are now grown up. One of them was constructed by the Forest Department and Panchayat. They are

i) They share a well, which is owned by a family. It is shallow well and will dry up during the season. No charge is paid to the owner. No household connection.

ii) Most families have electricity connection.

iii) JALNIDI will be implemented through WSSS.

iv) Road is not good. 6 months a year, during rain, it becomes difficult to

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.III.4.1-8

Sites Puzhavayal colony, Thirunelli Panchayat Ponkuzhi colony, Noolpuzha Panchayat Thanniyadu, Edavaka Panchayat trying to utilize the centre by bringing children from other colony but not working out as they are unable to arrange the transportation.

iii) They take drinking water from the pond in the forest area where elephants also drink water from. There are two unused wells constructed by Panchayats (one by Panchayat and the other by tribal Department). The water quality is not good and during dry season, the water level will decrease. Panchayat water system with pump was also established to provide shared tap for each 5 households. But again, it got broken. They complained to Panchayat but no response was given. The location of the taps was not discussed with the community members.

iv) Water harvesting tanks were also installed in some of the houses but not all. It was joint funding by the political party and Panchayat (Irdhara). The households which supported the political party have got the water harvesting tanks. But the water leakage soon started and not used. Now JALNIDI will be implemented in the colony (Wayanad Social Service Society) has come and conducted a survey.

pass.

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.III.4.1-9

Sites Puzhavayal colony, Thirunelli Panchayat Ponkuzhi colony, Noolpuzha Panchayat Thanniyadu, Edavaka Panchayat Food i) They depend on ration. But it is more

or less enough. i) June/ July/ August food will be less.

October, November wild tuber will be available. They will not have money but they will have enough food.

ii) They only go to ration shop occasionally. They are entitled to 8kg/ week/ family of rice at the rate of 1Rs/ kg. But as they don’t have money, they will not go there very often.

i) Enough.

Ooru Kotham/ Gram Sabha

i) Ooru Kootham meetings are held 4 times a year. In the morning Ooru Kootham will be held and followed by Gram Sabha in the afternoon. In the Ooru Kootham, maintenance of houses is discussed.

i) 2 meetings were held in the last year. All families participated. Problems like water and employment were discussed but nothing was solved. Notes were taken.

i) Housing, road, water, employment are discussed. But normally, the agenda placed by the Panchayat is discussed and most of the time is consumed. So people are not given much time to voice their needs and issues. No decisions were take in the Gram Sabha and No solution has come out of the discussion.


i) No Kudumba Sree or SHGs were mentioned.

i) SHREYAS formed 2 SHGs. 10 – 12 families seem to be in the SHGs. Weekly savings is 10 Rs. One can take 500 Rs as an internal loan. But the loan is not always s available. [The group did not seem to be active.]

i) There are 4 NHGs in the area. JLGs (veg/ paddy/ banana/ ginger) were formed and started but they failed in vegetable cultivation (ended in loss/ the production cost was high) and so no more IGA is done. There are also SHGs formed by WSSS. Multiple memberships are also common.

Issues i) They need more land. Children will grow up and need place to settle. They cannot go elsewhere because they do not have land.

ii) They also cannot send their children above 10th standard because of the

i) Shortage of drinking water is the most serious problem followed by lack of employment opportunity.

i) All weather road is needed. They requested to Panchayat but no response.

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.III.4.1-10

Sites Puzhavayal colony, Thirunelli Panchayat Ponkuzhi colony, Noolpuzha Panchayat Thanniyadu, Edavaka Panchayat shortage of money.

iii) Issue of Alcoholism is very serious in the hamlet. All families are affected. Men can get drinks at cheaper rate on the border of Karnataka. One man said he would spend 100 Rs/ day (180ml brandy) every day. He says after heavy work they want to take drinks and feel energized.

Observation i) Structural problem like land cannot be resolved at once. A way out would be their economic empowerment. If they have the purchasing power, they may be able to get out of the situation. However, since they have been long worked as laborers, starting a new enterprise would take long to launch. It will require a close and intensive support. The enterprise also needs a careful selection by looking at the locally available skills sets and resources.

ii) It is also understood by the interview that they are in need of immediate cash. Thus, any of the enterprise should give them instant income.

iii) Alcoholism needs to be tackled while supporting women to manage the families.

i) In Kuttunaikka community, men also fetch water, collect firewood and they also cook food to feed women.

i) The loan scale is large. Loan is essential part of the livelihood.

ii) Multiple group membership suggests a potential cycle of borrowing to repay cycle. The cases of default may need to be looked into.

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.III.4.1-11

C. Sites Veliyambam, Pulpally Panchayat Karinkutty, Kottathara Panchayat Date visited 17 May 2014 18 May 2014 Habitation/ Characteristics

i) Live inside the forest ii) Land for houses given under the Forest Rights Act in 2006 but

they have lived there for 33 years iii) 4-5 cents of land for home – some have cultivated 45 cents of

land for agriculture.

i) 25 families in the area ii) The area is surrounded by the coffee plantation. iii) Paddy fields are also found in the area but they are owned

by someone outside of the area. They will not be hired to work on the land. They will have permanent workers to work on the plots. (Paddy – banana- vegetable cultivation). The informants may engage a few days a year.

iv) 2 Paniya colonies are adjunct to the settlement area. They are also engaged in the wage labour.

Livelihood i) Almost all houses use forest land for agriculture. They plan coffee, arekanut, banana, ginger, tubers, vegetables, cabbage, tomato, cauliflower for home consumption.

ii) Household expenses: Women’s income contribution will be high towards household expenditure. Men’s contribution is less than the money spent on alcohol.

iii) During coffee season, men will go to the plantation 15 km away. But the to and fro transportation is provided by the employer. A truck will come and pick them up and take them to plantation.

iv) There is a club where cricket/ football games are shown. Men will go there and come home late.

v) May-June –July – August: rainy season. The employment opportunity is much less than other seasons. Thus, their income level is low. But they will supplement the income through NREGA.

i) Totally depending on the wage labour mostly earned from the coffee plantation. They will approach supervisors of the plantation who live nearby when the coffee season approaches to get employed.

ii) Loan: When in need of money, they’ll borrow from Tamil money lenders (in 6 months 20% of the interest will be levied.) or from Kudumba Sree which interest rate is 2%. Women only borrow money. 5,000Rs to 10,000Rs at a time. About 10,000Rs they borrow from money lenders. During food deficiency, they will take loan. 25,000Rs in a year.

iii) They also go to cooperative bank with gold or with land

title.


i) STDD gave them houses. All the houses are the same. ii) A pond was dug by NREGA to maintain the water level in the

well. iii) LP Schools: 1.5 km iv) UP/ High School: 5 km

i) Almost all the families have individual well. 6 years ago, Panchayat subsidy was given 10,000Rs per well. Church scheme was also available. But majority of the villagers dug the wells spending their own money.

ii) UP/ LP School within 2 km from the area.

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.III.4.1-12

v) PHC: 3kmvi) Sub Centre: 2 kmvii) All the children in the colony are in school. Government

school is sending a jeep to pick up children. PTA – some wealthier families contributed to buy a vehicle.

viii) Household electricity connection is available. They have enough money to pay the bill. But 10 HHs do not have.

Food i) Food is also available throughout the year. Jan – Feb: They will have the vegetables from their own garden and June –August, they will have wild tuber.

ii) When the ration shop falls short of supply, then they will have difficulties but that is not very often. More or less enough.

i) Sources of Food: 90% of the food comes from ratoin shops and market

Kudumbasree/ other schemes

i) 2 NHGs are formed in the colony. Only internal lending and savings are going on. No bank linkage and No chitti in the area.

i) 3 NHGs are formed in the area. No activity group. Tribal families are not part of Kudumba Sree.

Issues i) Some children are interested in learning but others are not. Such children would leave the house as if they go to school but do not attend the lessons in school. There are 5-8 children in primary level stopped going to school.

ii) Most vulnerable in the colony: One woman with four children. She was deserted by her husband who used to drink and quarreled a lot with his wife. One day, all of a sudden, he left

i) Snake bites and heat strokes are the major health problem while working in the coffee plantation during the coffee harvesting season. The treatment may cost 25,000 Rs but the employer pay only 5,000 Rs or so.

ii) It has been a serious issue within the community. Neighbours help each other to support the families who are affected by the alcoholism. One participant attended the 10

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.III.4.1-13

the house. days de-addiction camp in Muttil. It cost about 4,000Rs. The husband now works in coffee plantation or in construction work while wife will take part in NREGA or

iii) work in coffee plantation. iv) Most Vulnerable:

Both men and women who cannot go to work due to illness. A lady whose house was burnt down by her husband. He was a drunkard and they quarreled a lot. Their livelihood will depend on MGNREGA and Kudumba Sree.

Observation i) In the past, they used to weave an extra large size basket using bamboo and reed from the forest. It was used to store the grains. The sale of one basket was enough for a family to live a month. But not anymore.

i) It is critical for the community to have a continuous income for survival. This community seemed mor evuleranble in comparison to other communitities for which community specific government support is available or having land or NTFPs that they can mitigate the shocks.

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Selected Results of RRA exercises Village Map Seasonal Calendar

A Map drawn by the Muslim Community (6th May 2014) By this exercise, tribal colonies were identified. Some agriculture land nearby is owned by someone outside of the community. During the exercise, it was understood that the community is living in the low lying area and facing constant drinking water quality problem. Increase in the local population due to the orphanage was also pointed out. Households having married children would split the land within the plot for their new house.

Kurichiya Community(6th May, 2014) This community has agriculture land. Thus, the income level shown on the tow row has a few heaps where the income increases in a year. The row below shows the expenditure hikes. The hike in the income and expenditure nearly coincides.

Coffee Plantation Dependent The income low season coincides with the expenditure high season. They take loan from various sources to meet the daily requirement.

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.III.4.1-15

Gender Roles – Coffee Plantation Workers (18 May 2014) Men Women Gender Division of Tasks (Original Family Collect fuel wood

Collect water Only if women are not well, prepare food Go to hospitals Go to work Do some work around the house Go to ration shops/ maaveri shops Buy daily necessities from the market

Clean their house Prepare food Wash clothes Collect firewood Collect water Look after children Look after the animals Vegetable cultivation Go for work Go to ration shop to buy rice Attend PTA meetings Attend Kudumba Sree Go to hospitals Go to Panchayat meetings

Community Gram Sabha meetings Jalanidhi meetings Attend religious ceremony and marriage

Panchayat meetings/ Gram Sabha Jalanidhi meetings Atend religious ceremony and marriage.

Attachment III 4.1: Report on RRA fieldwork Duration: 6th May – 18 May 2014 Sites: BPL families in 7 Communities in Wayanad of different social groups (Purposive Sampling) Visited by: JICA Survey Team Livelihood/ Gender and Rural Institution Specialist Tools used: Mapping, Seasonal calendar, Problem Tree (Gender Role Matrix/ Daily Schedule – with the selected communities.) Overall: Basic amenities and food seemed to be available to most of the communities. Food availability is slightly less in Kuttunaikka community. Drinking water supply problem (quality and volume) was observed across the communities (Jalnidi will be implemented in Wayanad. They need to define in which Panchayats the project will be implemented.) Creating employment during the lean season would be a way to minimise the vulnerability across the communities. However, the kind of work / employment/ IGAs need to be selected to suit their capacity and preference. Community Development Interventions: Panchayats and Tribal Development Department along with NGOs have implemented various schemes for the communities. They were implemented in fragments and unplanned manner. Overlapping of the interventions was observed. And also the malfunctioning of the facilities established by one scheme invited another to do the same, which also failed. This suggests that the possible leakage of funds. The STDD recognizes this issue and thus deployed Committed Social Worker on a pilot basis whether it was effective. Loan for livelihood security: The level of vulnerability of the livelihood of BPL families varies from one community to another. Those having land or access to NTFPs would have alterantive income sources other than wages and thus, will be less dependent on the wages. However, across the communities, a main cause of the vulnerability is the fluctuation in household income. BPL families interacted during RRA indicated that a common mitigation measure to the fluctuating income is to borrow money from different sources. BPLs of general caste heavily depended on loan for various household requirement followed by Muslim communities. Kuttunaikka community, though changing, is less dependent on loan as they can earn when they need cash by harvesting and selling honey. For those who take loans, Kudumbasree NHGs and SHGs formed by local NGOs are the primary loan source for many. The scale of loan is the largest amongst the general caste BPL families. Alcoholism: In half of the community, alcohol is affecting the households. Daily wage workers (male) will spend nearly Rs. 100/day out of their wages. They need a drink to feel energized they say. De-addiction centres are in Wayanad. Women of such families will become the sole provider for the household. Vulnerability: Vulnerability of the majority of the informants lie with the fluctuation of the employment opportunities. As they depend on daily wages, loss of employment opportunities means loss of income. If one’s abilities do not fit to work, their life will get even more difficult. NREGA and others available for BPL families are mostly manual labour workers, which is difficult for those who are not fit for it.

A. III.4.1-1

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.III.4.1-2

Summary of Various Communities and Livelihood Base Communities Kurchiya Muslim Adiya/ Paniya

mixed Kuttunaikka General

(Christian) + ST Vettakuruma Coffee Plantation

Workers Data: 6 May 2014 6 May 2014 7 May 2014 8 May 2014 8 May 2014 17 May 2014 18 May 2014 Locatoin: Kallanthodu

colony, Madakunnu, Vengappally Panchayat


Puzhavayal colony, Thirunelli Panchayat

Ponkuzhi colony, Noolpuzha Panchayat

Thanniyadu, Edavaka Panchayat

Veliyambam, Pulpally Panchayat


Livelihood base

Agriculture based (Paddy, banana, coffee)

Wage based (Construction sites/ hotels)

Wage based (Paddy labourer)


Wage based (NREGA)

Wage based (Coffee plantation, NREGA)

Wage Labourer

Land Agriculture (individual/ communal)

Homestead Homestead Homestead Homestead Homestedad+garden around household

Homestead

Food availability

Enough Enough Enough Less than actual requirement

Enough Mostly enough. During low income season, lack of food. Largely depend on food bought from the market.

Loan dependency


- - Rs. 30,000 to Rs. 40,000 per borrowing

- Rs. 5,000 –10,000 at a time. Rs. 25,000 during food shortage season. Kudumba Sree Tamil Nadu Money Lenders Cooperative Banks Gold Loan

Available Skill Sets

Farming To be further explored

Farm related work NTFP harvesting - Reviving traditional basket weaving skills

-

Issues observed

- Population increase

Alcohol addiction - - Alcohol addiction Alcohol addiction

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.III.4.1-3

Field Notes: A. Sites Kallanthodu colony, Madakunnu, Vengappally Panchayat Ambukuthi, Muttil Panchayat Date visited 6th May 2014 6th May 2014 Habitation/ Characteristics

i) Kurchiya Tribe ii) 60 families (All Kuruchiya) iii) Traditionally paddy farmers iv) Owns land v) Traditionally extended household lived in a shared

compound but for the sake of receiving housing support, each household started establishing separate house.

i) Muslim area ii) Informants were women from households listed as BPL

families in 2011 but in APL in 2009 list. iii) All the families do not have agriculture land but only the

land for homestead. Since the number of families has increased, the plots are broken into smaller sizes and given to the household members who are married to build a house of their own. Their houses are built in the marshy land.

Livelihood i) Agriculture based livelihood. ii) Cultivates paddy for consumption and coffee and banana. iii) 10 acres of paddy for 13 families including 6-7 families who

have no land. iv) Average land holding size 5-15 cents1 (residential +

agriculture). v) Paddy: traditionally they grew 150 days varieties but prefer

120 days hybrid variety. Work mostly done by the household.

vi) Vegetable cultivation was tried by women JLGs. But failed at first attempt. Since then, never tried.

vii) Produces may be sold within the community or at the market.

viii) Coffee and banana gives income at different timing of the year. During lean season, NREGA can also provide some income.

ix) Dairy: 8 families are engaged. 20-25Rs/ litre are paid by the milk society. But due to the cuts of subsidies for the feed, they are unable to give sufficient feed to the cows, which

i) Main source of income is wages of men earned from construction work or working in hotels.

ii) Women of productive age often stay at home. Their mothers will go to NREGA.

iii) The high expenditure season overlaps with the low income season. During the time, they borrow money from Kudumba Sree, bank friends and at times take gold loans. An average amount of 10,000Rs is borrowed. Once the money is finished, they will borrow from another place and continue doing so during the low income season.

1 1cent=0.01 acre

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.III.4.1-4

also affected the quality of milk and thus the sale price. x) Coffee: 80Rs/ kg dried beans with husk gives the highest

income. xi) Irrigation: the hamlet collectively applied to Panchayat to

establish irrigation facilities. The project was implemented between 2000 – 2009. A check dam with canals was constructed. But the facilities are damaged and no step was taken. The villagers think that the maintenance should be done by the government as the project was brought by the government and the facilities are owned by the district Panchayat.


i) Well: established by Rajive Gandhi Drinking Water Project 10 years ago. But pump got broken after a month of installment. Since then, they draw water manually.

ii) Sub-Centre: 4-5 km

i) Each household has a well (shallow/ 6m depth approx.) The water level goes down during the rainy season and also water gets coloured. They borrow water from neighbours.

Food i) No scarcity of food. Ration provides safety net. i) No scarcity of food. Ooru Kotham/ Gram Sabha

ii) 7 colonies meet 4 times a year. Issues on housing, electricity, drinking water, health are discussed.

iii) The decision will be communicated to respective agencies through Ooru mooppan (Chair person of the Ooru Kootham).

i) Gram Sabha is not very active.


i) NHGs are formed in the hamlet. Some women also formed JLGs. But being afraid of default, they did not take loan but invested their own money to begin vegetable (cucumber) cultivation.

i) Kudumba Sree and Janasree are functioning in the area.

Issues i) Irrigation/ agriculture water. i) Lack of land was identified as a serious issue in the area. Population is growing due to the in-flow of the population due to the employment at the orphanage and local educational institution. Some of them settle in the area. It created some pressure on land.

ii) The grown children need to establish a separate household and need land for that.

Observation i) [The situation of this hamlet is representative of the rest of the Kuruchiya tribe.] There is more than one season that the

i) The BPL families here had pukka houses with furniture and TVs. Some also had vehicles. The women we spoke to also

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.III.4.1-5

income flows in the household, which can be considered to be shock resistant. Management skills in agriculture and enterprises are to be strengthened amongst the villagers.

ii) Severe lack of ownership towards the government established facilities. Even for the crop failure, they look up the government for compensation. The dependency on the government was observed to be high.

iii) Kudumba Sree intervention also does not prepare the group members to undertake business enterprise by training them in management of enterprises.

seemed to have been well educated. [They did not seem to be BPL at all.]

ii) They can also chose to go to a private hospital for delivery (c-section) which cost 10,000Rs.

iii) High dependency on the loan increases vulnerability of the household when default occurs.

iv) Women may be organized into groups for small business activities as they are already organised into groups.

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.III.4.1-6

B. Sites Puzhavayal colony, Thirunelli Panchayat Ponkuzhi colony, Noolpuzha Panchayat Thanniyadu, Edavaka Panchayat Date visited 7th May 8th May 2014 8th May 2014 Habitation/ Characteristics

i) Adiya/ Paniya mixed colony. 18-19 houses settled in more than 50 years ago. The total area of the hamlet is 1.5 acres given by the owner who was the relative of the families. They needed to shift from another place as the stronger tribes drove them out of their settlement. There is one General Caste household and one Muslim household settled nearby. They bought plots. They are settled about 3-10 years (not sure.)

i) Kuttunaikka Colony ii) 70 families in the colony. Language is a

mixture of Kannada, Malayalam and Tamil. We were able to communicate in Malayalam but the internal discussion amongst the informants took place in Kuttunaikka language. The colony is encircled by the trenches, which were dug by NREGA.

iii)

i) 50 families in the area. Settled about 15-20 years. General caste dominant with a few households of ST.

ii) Aanganwadi centres: 2 are available within 1 km radius. UP 3km/ HS 5 km. All within reach.

iii) General Caste BPL area.

Livelihood i) They do not own agriculture land. They mostly work are wage labourers for paddy related work, coffee harvesting. Traditionally they are hired as to do paddy related work. But due to the increase in the population and farm mechanization, their employment opportunities are decreasing. They used to go to ginger cultivation (seasonal migration) in Karnataka, which will give 300 Rs/ day (paid on weekly basis). Paddy and coffee labour work – 200Rs/ Day for women and 300 Rs/ Day for men but paid on daily basis.

ii) Do not prefer to work on NREGA as payment gets delayed.

iii) When the money is not enough,

i) Depending on NTFPs (Honey, Amla) but these days, 40 families are engaged in buffalo rearing.

ii) A pair of cows/ buffaloes was given by the Tribal department free of charge. When they grow, they sell them off. Then they buy calf again.

iii) Livestock scheme: Bramaghiri – They society will

give livestock and they buy back.

Panchayat – When selling, Panchayat consent needs to be obtained. This is to ensure that the animal is sold at the fair rate.

Tribal dept – after 6 months, they can sell to anyone.

One pair of buffaloes will fetch

i) The average income BPL: ranging between 150Rs/ month/ household – 300Rs/ month/ household according to the BPL card. Median 300 Rs/ month/ household. The main source of income is daily wage labourer at Rubber and coffee plantation + NAREGA. When cash is short, they borrow money from Kudumba Sree. The amount of loan they take is 25,000Rs – 30,000 Rs at a time. They can take 10,000Rs from SHGs formed by WSSS. Everyone takes loan from bank (Grameen and Cooperative Banks.) They use land title as collateral. The loan taken from the bank will be used as cattle, education, marriage and house maintenance.

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.III.4.1-7

Sites Puzhavayal colony, Thirunelli Panchayat Ponkuzhi colony, Noolpuzha Panchayat Thanniyadu, Edavaka Panchayat women will take gold loan and buy food/ daily necessity on credits from shops. Never borrow money from money lenders. It is the woman in the household who meets the cash requirement when it falls short.

50,000 – 60,000Rs. iv) None of the families in colony is

registered with NREGA. When the registration took place, they were harvesting in the forest and away from home for some time. (They also do not seem to make an effort to get themselves registered.)

v) Last 2 years they started to work as wage laborers. NTFPs available in the forest are getting less. So they need to compensate. When the rain is very heavy like in June, they will not go to the forest. Recently, outsiders come to collect gooseberry and other NTFPs. So their harvest has decreased.

vi) They do not borrow money. If working in the forest to collect NTFP, money is not the issue. But those who do not go, they will not have money. If they have buffalo, they go to forest less frequently.

ii) Especially, in April and May, those depend on NREGA will need to borrow money.

iii) When women work on NREGA, the work will be done in faraway places. So women have more work to do.

iv) Land holding: 5-30 cents. Only backyard farming is possible.

v) Men can earn 400Rs/ day while 202 Rs/ Day is given by NREGA.


i) Household tap connection is available for 2 hours daily.

ii) Electricity is connected to all houses. iii) Dish connection attached to most of

the houses.

i) The houses built (PVTG Scheme) by the sub-contractors were not in good quality and soon after construction; the houses begin to show the problems. So the community members started to build themselves.

ii) Two anganwadi centres in the colony. One of them is not functioning as all the children are now grown up. One of them was constructed by the Forest

i) They share a well, which is owned by a household. It is shallow well and will dry up during the season. No charge is paid to the owner. No household connection.

ii) Most families have electricity connection.

iii) JALNIDI will be implemented through WSSS.

iv) Road is not good. 6 months a year,

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.III.4.1-8

Sites Puzhavayal colony, Thirunelli Panchayat Ponkuzhi colony, Noolpuzha Panchayat Thanniyadu, Edavaka Panchayat Department and Panchayat. They are trying to utilize the centre by bringing children from other colony but not working out as they are unable to arrange the transportation.

iii) They take drinking water from the pond in the forest area where elephants also drink water from. There are two unused wells constructed by Panchayats (one by Panchayat and the other by tribal Department). The water quality is not good and during dry season, the water level will decrease. Panchayat water system with pump was also established to provide shared tap for each 5 households. But again, it got broken. They complained to Panchayat but no response was given. The location of the taps was not discussed with the community members.

iv) Water harvesting tanks were also installed in some of the houses but not all. It was joint funding by the political party and Panchayat (Irdhara). The households which supported the political party have got the water harvesting tanks. But the water leakage soon started and not used. Now JALNIDI will be implemented in the colony (Wayanad Social Service Society) has come and conducted a survey.

during rain, it becomes difficult to pass.

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.III.4.1-9

Sites Puzhavayal colony, Thirunelli Panchayat Ponkuzhi colony, Noolpuzha Panchayat Thanniyadu, Edavaka Panchayat

Food i) They depend on ration. But it is more or less enough.

i) June/ July/ August food will be less. October, November wild tuber will be available. They will not have money but they will have enough food.

ii) They only go to ration shop occasionally. They are entitled to 8kg/ week/ household of rice at the rate of 1Rs/ kg. But as they don’t have money, they will not go there very often.

i) Enough.

Ooru Kotham/ Gram Sabha

i) Ooru Kootham meetings are held 4 times a year. In the morning Ooru Kootham will be held and followed by Gram Sabha in the afternoon. In the Ooru Kootham, maintenance of houses is discussed.

i) 2 meetings were held in the last year. All families participated. Problems like water and employment were discussed but nothing was solved. Notes were taken.

i) Housing, road, water, employment are discussed. But normally, the agenda placed by the Panchayat is discussed and most of the time is consumed. So people are not given much time to voice their needs and issues. No decisions were take in the Gram Sabha and No solution has come out of the discussion.


i) No Kudumba Sree or SHGs were mentioned.

i) SHREYAS formed 2 SHGs. 10 – 12 families seem to be in the SHGs. Weekly savings is 10 Rs. One can take 500 Rs as an internal loan. But the loan is not always s available. [The group did not seem to be active.]

i) There are 4 NHGs in the area. JLGs (veg/ paddy/ banana/ ginger) were formed and started but they failed in vegetable cultivation (ended in loss/ the production cost was high) and so no more IGA is done. There are also SHGs formed by WSSS. Multiple memberships are also common.

Issues i) They need more land. Children will grow up and need place to settle. They cannot go elsewhere because they do not have land.

ii) They also cannot send their children

i) Shortage of drinking water is the most serious problem followed by lack of employment opportunity.

i) All weather road is needed. They requested to Panchayat but no response.

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.III.4.1-10

Sites Puzhavayal colony, Thirunelli Panchayat Ponkuzhi colony, Noolpuzha Panchayat Thanniyadu, Edavaka Panchayat above 10th standard because of the shortage of money.

iii) Issue of Alcoholism is very serious in the hamlet. All families are affected. Men can get drinks at cheaper rate on the border of Karnataka. One man said he would spend 100 Rs/ day (180ml brandy) every day. He says after heavy work they want to take drinks and feel energized.

Observation i) Structural problem like land cannot be resolved at once. A way out would be their economic empowerment. If they have the purchasing power, they may be able to get out of the situation. However, since they have been long worked as laborers, starting a new enterprise would take long to launch. It will require a close and intensive support. The enterprise also needs a careful selection by looking at the locally available skills sets and resources.

ii) It is also understood by the interview that they are in need of immediate cash. Thus, any of the enterprise should give them instant income.

iii) Alcoholism needs to be tackled while supporting women to manage the families.

i) In Kuttunaikka community, men also fetch water, collect firewood and they also cook food to feed women.

i) The loan scale is large. Loan is essential part of the livelihood.

ii) Multiple group membership suggests a potential cycle of borrowing to repay cycle. The cases of default may need to be looked into.

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.III.4.1-11

C. Sites Veliyambam, Pulpally Panchayat Karinkutty, Kottathara Panchayat Date visited 17 May 2014 18 May 2014 Habitation/ Characteristics

i) Live inside the forest ii) Land for houses given under the Forest Rights Act in 2006 but

they have lived there for 33 years iii) 4-5 cents of land for home – some have cultivated 45 cents of

land for agriculture.

i) 25 families in the area ii) The area is surrounded by the coffee plantation. iii) Paddy fields are also found in the area but they are owned

by someone outside of the area. They will not be hired to work on the land. They will have permanent workers to work on the plots. (Paddy – banana- vegetable cultivation). The informants may engage a few days a year.

iv) 2 Paniya colonies are adjunct to the settlement area. They are also engaged in the wage labour.

Livelihood i) Almost all houses use forest land for agriculture. They plan coffee, arekanut, banana, ginger, tubers, vegetables, cabbage, tomato, cauliflower for home consumption.

ii) Household expenses: Women’s income contribution will be high towards household expenditure. Men’s contribution is less than the money spent on alcohol.

iii) During coffee season, men will go to the plantation 15 km away. But the to and fro transportation is provided by the employer. A truck will come and pick them up and take them to plantation.

iv) There is a club where cricket/ football games are shown. Men will go there and come home late.

v) May-June –July – August: rainy season. The employment opportunity is much less than other seasons. Thus, their income level is low. But they will supplement the income through NREGA.

i) Totally depending on the wage labour mostly earned from the coffee plantation. They will approach supervisors of the plantation who live nearby when the coffee season approaches to get employed.

ii) Loan: When in need of money, they’ll borrow from Tamil money lenders (in 6 months 20% of the interest will be levied.) or from Kudumba Sree which interest rate is 2%. Women only borrow money. 5,000Rs to 10,000Rs at a time. About 10,000Rs they borrow from money lenders. During food deficiency, they will take loan. 25,000Rs in a year.

iii) They also go to cooperative bank with gold or with land

title.


i) STDD gave them houses. All the houses are the same. ii) A pond was dug by NREGA to maintain the water level in the

well. iii) LP Schools: 1.5 km iv) UP/ High School: 5 km

i) Almost all the families have individual well. 6 years ago, Panchayat subsidy was given 10,000Rs per well. Church scheme was also available. But majority of the villagers dug the wells spending their own money.

ii) UP/ LP School within 2 km from the area.

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.III.4.1-12

v) PHC: 3kmvi) Sub Centre: 2 kmvii) All the children in the colony are in school. Government

school is sending a jeep to pick up children. PTA – some wealthier families contributed to buy a vehicle.

viii) Household electricity connection is available. They have enough money to pay the bill. But 10 HHs do not have.

Food i) Food is also available throughout the year. Jan – Feb: They will have the vegetables from their own garden and June –August, they will have wild tuber.

ii) When the ration shop falls short of supply, then they will have difficulties but that is not very often. More or less enough.

i) Sources of Food: 90% of the food comes from ratoin shops and market

Kudumbasree/ other schemes

i) 2 NHGs are formed in the colony. Only internal lending and savings are going on. No bank linkage and No chitti in the area.

i) 3 NHGs are formed in the area. No activity group. Tribal families are not part of Kudumba Sree.

Issues i) Some children are interested in learning but others are not. Such children would leave the house as if they go to school but do not attend the lessons in school. There are 5-8 children in primary level stopped going to school.

ii) Most vulnerable in the colony: One woman with four children. She was deserted by her husband who used to drink and quarreled a lot with his wife. One day, all of a sudden, he left

i) Snake bites and heat strokes are the major health problem while working in the coffee plantation during the coffee harvesting season. The treatment may cost 25,000 Rs but the employer pay only 5,000 Rs or so.

ii) It has been a serious issue within the community. Neighbours help each other to support the families who are affected by the alcoholism. One participant attended the 10

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.III.4.1-13

the house. days de-addiction camp in Muttil. It cost about 4,000Rs. The husband now works in coffee plantation or in construction work while wife will take part in NREGA or

iii) work in coffee plantation. iv) Most Vulnerable:

Both men and women who cannot go to work due to illness. A lady whose house was burnt down by her husband. He was a drunkard and they quarreled a lot. Their livelihood will depend on MGNREGA and Kudumba Sree.

Observation i) In the past, they used to weave an extra large size basket using bamboo and reed from the forest. It was used to store the grains. The sale of one basket was enough for a household to live a month. But not anymore.

i) It is critical for the community to have a continuous income for survival. This community seemed mor evuleranble in comparison to other communitities for which community specific government support is available or having land or NTFPs that they can mitigate the shocks.

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.III.4.1-14

Selected Results of RRA exercises Village Map Seasonal Calendar

A Map drawn by the Muslim Community (6th May 2014) By this exercise, tribal colonies were identified. Some agriculture land nearby is owned by someone outside of the community. During the exercise, it was understood that the community is living in the low lying area and facing constant drinking water quality problem. Increase in the local population due to the orphanage was also pointed out. Households having married children would split the land within the plot for their new house.

Kurichiya Community(6th May, 2014) This community has agriculture land. Thus, the income level shown on the tow row has a few heaps where the income increases in a year. The row below shows the expenditure hikes. The hike in the income and expenditure nearly coincides.

Coffee Plantation Dependent The income low season coincides with the expenditure high season. They take loan from various sources to meet the daily requirement.

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.III.4.1-15

Gender Roles – Coffee Plantation Workers (18 May 2014) Men Women Gender Division of Tasks (Original Household Collect fuel wood

Collect water Only if women are not well, prepare food Go to hospitals Go to work Do some work around the house Go to ration shops/ maaveri shops Buy daily necessities from the market

Clean their house Prepare food Wash clothes Collect firewood Collect water Look after children Look after the animals Vegetable cultivation Go for work Go to ration shop to buy rice Attend PTA meetings Attend Kudumba Sree Go to hospitals Go to Panchayat meetings

Community Gram Sabha meetings Jalanidhi meetings Attend religious ceremony and marriage

Panchayat meetings/ Gram Sabha Jalanidhi meetings Atend religious ceremony and marriage.

Attachment III 4.2: Report on SHGs and their Income Generation Activity

Profile of the Group Visited (1) Date of visit 13.5.2014 Panchayat: Meppadi

Name of the Group: Trikeaipatta pickle making unit Type of the Group: Kudumbasree Activity Group. A micro enterprise group formed from 3 NHGs.

Ward: - No of Members: M ( nil ) F ( 5 ) Social group: One member from ST household. All members are from BPL families.

Year Established: 2005 Year started the enterprise:2005 Type of IGA: The products include: 1. Processed food products like pickles of items ( Mango, Tender mangos, garlic, lemon etc.) 2. Powdered spices (Chilli, Turmeric, coriander powder, etc.) 3. Mixed curry powder (Chutney powder , sambar powder, etc.) Initial Investment Recurring Cost/annum Annual Turnover Rs. 350,000 (loan+ subsidy) Rs. 220,600 Rs. 410,000

Loan Taken for start up Source: loan from State bank

of Travancore Amount: Rs. 275,000

Subsidy Source: -Kudumbasree Amount: Rs. 50,000 Revolving fund-for working capital

Source: Kudumbasree Amount: Rs. 25,000

Repayment/ Outstanding Balance:

Completed all repayments in 4 year time with in the end of 2010.

Benefit sharing arrangement among the group members

Normally shares@ Rs180 Rs/day for an average 20 days /month. Maximum 3 members work a day

Marketing and Sales: i) Initially an NGO nearby Uravu, helped them in marketing, through exhibitions and other sales

exposures. ii) Later, marketing was through Kudumbasree outlets, fairs and IITF (India International Trade Fair

–New Delhi) iii) Sales to Aroma Fresh (an organic outlet Trivandrum) iv) Sales and production as per requirement (for parties and functions) v) Sales to local outlets of bakeries and other related grocery shops. Training Attended: i) One month (30 days) training on food processing at the Industrial Training Institute-Calicut. ii) Quality control training at the Central Food Technology Research Institute, Mysore .The training was

done at their own site in Meppadi for 2 weeks. Observations: i) The total income generated by the group is sufficient for recurring expenses /year, the repayment for

loan and to share @ Rs. 180 /day. The unit will run steadily if the initially generated income is maintained continuously.

ii) During the loaning period, they have to repay a total of Rs. 7,000/month as loan and interest @ 12% for the Rs. 275,000.

iii) The profit generated from the project is sufficient to repay loans during loaning period and the unit is running on the basis of income generated.

iv) The Performance Appraisal Ratio which is profit+ loan interest/loan repayment is more than one.

A. III.4.2-1

Issues Faced by the Group: i) More marketing outlets need to be explored to increase the demand, to increase the production and

thus to increase the profit. ii) The increase in the price of the raw materials makes a big challenge in fixing a competitive price for

marketing.

Profile of the Group Visited (2) Date of visit: 13.5.2014 Panchayat: Ambalavayal

Name of the Group: Soorya Candle making unit-expansion

Type of the Group: 8 BPL household members of 1 NHG named Soorya

Ward: 2 No of Members: M ( nil ) F ( 8 ) Social group: 8 BPL female household members

Year Established: 2009 Year started the enterprise expansion: 2010 Type of IGA: Candle making unit: Various sizes of candles are made, packed and marketed Initial Investment Recurring Cost Annual Turnover Loan: Rs. 800,000

Rs. 517,000

Rs. 1,110,000

Loan Taken for start up Source: Cooperative Bank Ambalavayal

Amount: Rs. 800,000

Repayment/ Outstanding balance:

The loan amount of Rs 400,000 has been repaid. Rs. 400,000 is outstanding principal.

Benefit sharing arrangement among the group members:

Rs 200/person/day for a minimum of 20 days a month. three members maximum will work in a day.

Market and Marketing: Bulk sales to various churches in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, retail shops and household buyers. Training Attended: Training was by Navajeevana Training Institute in Calicut (An NGO) for 2 weeks and KVIC (GoI) for 1 month. Observations: i) The unit is in the loan period. ii) The profit received is sufficient for the repayment of loans @12% interest rate. iii) The Performance Appraisal Raito values( profit + interest)/total loan to be repaid is more than one.

This indicates that the project is feasible.

A. III.4.2-2

Profile of the Group Visited (3) Date of visit: 15.5.2014 Panchayat: Edavaka Name of the Group: Kathir umbrella making unit

Type of the Group: All ST group members Ward: - No of Members: M ( nil ) F ( 12 )

Social group: ST group members of Kurichiya community

Year Established: 2002 Year started the enterprise: 2002 Type of IGA: This is a unit which makes umbrellas, school bags, paper bags ,file, medicine cover, long cover, etc. Previous loans: Loans taken between 2002 and 2011 were repaid in full. The loan amount taken in 2012 from Farmers Cooperative Society was Rs 500,000. Initial Investment Recurring Cost Annual Turnover Rs. 500,000 Rs. 240,000 Rs. 776,000 Loan Taken for start up Source: Farmers Co

-Operative Bank -Edavaka Amount: Rs. 250,000

Subsidy Source: Kudumbasree Amount: Rs. 125,000 Revolving fund Source: Kudumbasree Amount: Rs. 25,000 Repayment/ Outstanding balance:

The repayment is completed up to Rs. 400,000.


Rs 200/day/member Maximum 3 members /day basis for 20 days a month.

Market and Marketing: Major markets are through the initiative of district and Gram Panchayat to supply umbrellas to school children including ST students at various hostels and schools in Wayanad. Their umbrellas have no or very little share in other markets. Training Attended: Attended training of Manvilla Umbrella Training Institute (GoK) for a period of 14 days. Observations: i) The major buyers are Panchayat. ii) The profit generated through sales is adequate to repay the loans @ 12% interest. iii) The Performance Appraisal Ratio value is positive (Income +Interest)/total loan to be repaid

annually). This indicates the viability of the enterprise. iv) However, there is too much dependency on the government. Marketing is not advantageous for the

group in the long run. Issues faced by the Group: The umbrellas made initially were not accepted by people since the quality of the products was not good. They received complaints of leakage. This was later corrected by performance improvement training of Kudumbasree.

A. III.4.2-3

Profile of the Group Visited (4) Date visited: 8.5.2014 Panchayat: Poothadi

Name of the Group: SA Mini and super Market and Bakery

Type of the Group: An activity group of Souhrida

Ward: 4 No of Members: M ( nil ) F ( 5 ) Year Established: 2008 Year started the enterprise: 2009 Type of IGA: Bakery and mini retail grocery and stationary store. This group received a previous loan of Rs. 210,000 in 2009 and repaid it in full. The unit used initial investment of Rs. 275,000. Initial Investment Recurring Cost Annual Turnover Rs. 475,000 Rs. 421,000 Rs. 725,000 Loan Taken for start up Source: Cooperative Bank

Pulpally Amount: Rs. 475,000

Repayment: Outstanding balance: Already paid Rs. 125,000/- in a span of 5 months. Repayment maximum period is up to 2019 January. They produce bakery items fried in oil.


Share labor from profit @ Rs. 150-200 as per profit and remaining balance for repayment.

Market and Marketing: They had consignments with various bakeries in Wayanad that placed an order in advance to buy the products from the group. Orders can be placed daily or weekly basis. The transportation cost is borne by bakery unit. Training Attended: Bakery training organized by Kudumbasree and State Bank of Travancore in 2008 at Kambalakkad Wayanad. For a period of 5 days. Observations: i) The unit generates adequate income for the repayment of the loan. ii) The profit generated is sufficient for the loan repayment @ 12% annually. iii) Performance Appraisal Ratio value is more than 1(Profit+intrest for the year)/total loan repayment . Issues faced by the Group: The unit is running at a rented location. More funding is required to get a permanent structure. But at this point, rented unit is adequate.

A. III.4.2-4

Profile of the Group Visited (5) Date visited: 13.5.2014 Panchayat: Ambalavayal Name of the Group:

Soorya Coffee and Curry Powder Unit Type of the Group: Activity group formed from Soorya NHG The members belong to the BPL families.

Ward: 14. No of Members: M ( nil ) F ( 10 ) Year Established: 2008 Year started the enterprise: 2009 Type of IGA: Coffee and Curry powder unit. Initial Investment Recurring Cost Annual Turnover Rs. 350,000 (2008/ Repayment completed)

Rs. 300,000

Rs. 410,000

Loan Taken for start up Source: Ambalavayal Cooperative Bank

Amount: Rs. 370,000 (February 2014)


Repayment is on going completed up to Rs. 45,000


Three ladies will work daily @Rs 200/day for a maximum of 24 days.

Market and Marketing: Retail marketing to households and to various wholesale buyers in Wayanad. Training Attended: They have completed training for one week at Wayanad Micro-Credit Training Institute, Kambalakkad by State Bank of Travancore linked with district mission Wayanad of Kudumbasree. Observations: i) It was found that the unit is not making profit. ii) Sales amount is less than recurring cost. iii) The Repayment seems difficult with the generated profit. iv) The Performance Appraisal Ratio (net profit +interest)/loan repayment per annum) value is less than

one. Issues faced by the Group: i) This group only purchases good quality coffee beans for grinding (of first quality). ii) The cost of purchase is very high and they cannot afford to sell coffee at low prices as sold by some

of the units nearby run by big entrepreneurs. iii) According to them, bigger units blend various grades of coffee and sell at a lower price. iv) At the time of starting this unit in 2010, there were no similar units nearby, but now there are more

than 2 units within 5 km circumference which makes Soorya group’s business small. v) The unit merely survives on grinding of curry powders.

A. III.4.2-5

Profile of the Group Visited (6) Date visited: 16.5.2014 Panchayat: Panamaram

Name of the Group: Flora mushroom products unit. Type of the Group: 5 members -Activity group formed from a 10 member NHG.

Ward: - No of Members: M ( nil ) F ( 5 ) Year Established: 2009 Year started the enterprise: 2011. Type of IGA: Cultivation of oyster –Mushroom. Initial Investment Recurring Cost Annual Turnover Rs 100,000 Rs. 80,000 Rs. 325,000 Loan Taken for start up Source: Panamaram District

Cooperative Bank Amount: Rs. 100,000


No outstanding balance.


On the basis of available income /month, the profit will be shared among the actively participating 2 members and balance as wages to members who help in marketing. For marketing daily wages of Rs 250/- is given.

Market and Marketing: Marketing is to various vegetable and fruit outlets in Wayanad and Kozhikode on a daily basis. Training Attended: Received institutional training organized by MSSRF for one week and further they got training from personnel at Panchayat, Mr. Venugopal, who himself is an entrepreneur in mushrooms at his own place outside Wyanad. Observations: The unit is running a profit. They have repaid entire loan amount. The unit has the potential of expansion as there is demand in Wayanad and outside. Issues faced by the Group: i) The unit has to go up to Hissarghat –Bangalore (400 km away) to get spawn (seeds) at a lower cost. ii) The price of spawns (seeds) available at Krishi Vizhan Kendra in Ambalavayal, Wayanad is 1.5

times higher than the ones available in Bangalore.

A. III.4.2-6

Attachment III 4.3 List of NTFPs Collected in Wayanad

No. Local Name Botanical Name 1 Adalodaka veru Adathoda vasica

2 Amalpori (red) Rauwolfia serpentina

3 Amalpori (white) Rauwolfia serpentina 4 Ataspathian Kizhangu Holostemma rheedii 5 Changalamparanda Cissus quadrangularis 6 Chappangathaoli Caesalpinnea sappan 7 Cheenikka Acacia concinna 8 Chemparathi veru Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 9 Cheruteak veru Clerodendron serratum 10 Chittamruthu Tinospora cordifolia 11 Chittaratha (dry) Alpina galanga 12 Chittelam Elettaria cardamomum 13 Dharbhapullu Sacharum spontaneum 14 Edampiri valampiri Helicteres isora 15 Eendhapana Kai Cycas circinalis 16 Elakai Elettaria cardamomum 17 Erankol Dendrocalamus strictus 18 Jeerakam Cummins pp. 19 Kacholam Kaempferia galanga 20 Kadukka Terminalia chebula 21 Kadukka thodu Terminalia chebula 22 Kaithonni Gloriosa superba 23 Kakkumkai Entada scadens 24 Kanhirakuru Strychnos nux-vomica 25 Kanthari mulaku Capsicum minimum 26 Karaveru Elaeocarpus serratus 27 Karimkurinhi Strobilanthus kunthianus 28 Karimthen Honey 29 Kariyathu Andrographis paniculata 30 Kasthuri manjal Curcuma aromatica 31 Kattarvazha Aloe vera 32 Kattinchi Zingiber zerumbet 33 Kattu Kurumullaku Piper nigrum 34 Kattu manjal Curcuma aromatica 35 Kattupavakka Momordica charantia

A. III.4.3-1

No. Local Name Botanical Name 36 Kattupayar Phaseolus tribolus 37 Kattupunnakaya Calophylum tomentosum 38 Kattuthippalli Piper longum 39 Kattuthulasi veru Oscimum canum 40 Kazhangikuru Caesalpinia crista 41 Kizhamelli Phyllanthus reticulatus 42 Kodithoova vera Fragia unvolucrata 43 Koduvelikizhangu Plumbago zeylanica 44 Kolarakku Lac 45 Kudampuli Garcinia cambogia 46 Kudampuli (dry) Garcinia cambogia 47 Kumizhinveru Gmelina arborea

48 Kunkilliam Canarium sp.

49 Kunthirikkam (grade 1) Cannarium strictium 50 Kunthirikkam (grade 2) Cannarium strictium

51 Kunthirikkam (grade 3) Cannarium strictium

52 Kurunthotty veru Sida carpinifolia 53 Manjakoova Curcuma angustifolia

54 Maramanjal Coscinium ferustratum 55 Marottikuru Hydnocarpus laurifolia 56 Marotti oil Hydnocarpus laurifolia 57 Moovilaveru Desmodium gangeticum 58 Mullilakuru Fagara badringa 59 Muthanga Cypres rotundus 60 Naikorana parippu Mucuna prurita 61 Nanginkuru Mesua ferrea 62 Nannari (dry) Hemidesmus indicus 63 Neela amiri Indigofera tinctoria 64 Neervalakuru Croton tiglium 65 Nellikka Embilica officinalis 66 Nellikka thodu (seedless) Embilica officinalis 67 Nellikka thodu (seeded) Embilica officinalis 68 Njaval kuru Syzygium cumini 69 Odakuru Gnetum scandens 70 Oorila veru Desmodium gangeticum 71 Pachottitholi Symplocos spicata 72 Padakizhangu Cyclea burmanni

A. III.4.3-2

No. Local Name Botanical Name 73 Palikuru Palaquium ellipticum 74 Palmuthakkinkizhangu Ipomea digitata 75 Panjikaya Ceiba pentandra 76 Pathiripoovu (first) Myristica attenuata 77 Pathiripoovu (second) Myristica attenuata 78 Pattincha Acacia instia 79 Plashu Butea monosperma 80 Poovanthari Schleichera oleosa 81 Puli (seedless) Tamarindus indica 82 Puli (seeded) Tamarindus indica

83 Pulthilam Andropogon Schaenanthus

84 Punnapoovu Calophylum tomentosum 85 Putharichunda veru Solanum indicum

86 Ramacham (dry) Vetiveria zizanioides

87 Sathavari Kizhangu Asparagus recemosus 88 Thamarakizhangu Nelumbium speciosum 89 Thannikka (dry) Terminalia bellerica 90 Thannikkathodu Terminalia bellerica 91 Thazhuthama veru Boerhavia diffusa 92 Thenmezhuku (purified) Honey wax 93 Thenmezhuku (raw) Honey wax 94 Thettamparal Strychnos potatorum 95 Thippali Piper longum 96 Urunchi Kai Sapindus trifoliatus 97 Van Kurunthottiveru Sida retusa 98 Vayambu Acorus Calamus 99 Vayana poovu Cinnamomum verum 100 Vellathumbaveru Leucas aspera 101 Veluthavanakkinveru Jatropha curcus

Source: Working Plan, South Wayanad Forest Division. 2011

A. III.4.3-3

Annex-5 Agriculture and Livestock in Wayanad District


Table of Contents

Annex -5 Agriculture and Livestock in Wayanad District ................................................... 5-1

5.1 Agricultural Administration in Wayanad ........................................................................... 5-1

5.1.1 Departments and Institutions in Agriculture ............................................................... 5-1

5.1.2 Departments and Institutions in Livestock ................................................................. 5-4

5.1.3 Agricultural Extension ................................................................................................ 5-6

5.1.4 Ongoing Schemes ....................................................................................................... 5-7

5.2 Draft Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan (CDAP) for 2014-15 ............................... 5-9

5.2.1 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 5-9

5.2.2 Development Strategy ................................................................................................ 5-9

5.2.3 Proposed Interventions in CDAP ............................................................................. 5-11

5.3 Agriculture ....................................................................................................................... 5-12

5.3.1 Agricultural Land Use .............................................................................................. 5-12

5.3.2 Land Tenure and Holdings ....................................................................................... 5-15

5.3.3 Cropped Area and Crop Production ......................................................................... 5-16

5.3.4 Agricultural Land Conservation ............................................................................... 5-20

5.3.5 Farm Input Supply .................................................................................................... 5-21

5.3.6 Agriculture Marketing .............................................................................................. 5-22

5.3.7 Agriculture Processing ............................................................................................... 5-27

5.4 Livestock .......................................................................................................................... 5-28

5.4.1 Overview of Livestock ............................................................................................. 5-28

5.4.2 Meat .......................................................................................................................... 5-28

5.4.3 Milk and Dairy Production and Collection ............................................................... 5-29

5.4.4 Milk Processing and Marketing ................................................................................ 5-31

5.5 Farmers in Wayanad ......................................................................................................... 5-34

5.5.1 Land holdings ........................................................................................................... 5-34

5.5.2 Characteristics of farmers by land holding size ........................................................ 5-34

5.5.3 Land Holding Size and BPL ..................................................................................... 5-36

5.5.4 Irrigation Practice of BPL Household ...................................................................... 5-36

5.5.5 Agricultural Problems for BPL ................................................................................. 5-37

List of Attachments

Attachment III 5.1 Agriculture field survey ........................................................................... A.III.5.1-1


Annex 5 Agriculture and Livestock in Wayanad District

5.1 Agricultural Administration in Wayanad

5.1.1 Departments and Institutions in Agriculture

(1) District Level

The following table show the agriculture relating departments and institutions at district level.

Agriculture Relating Departments and Institutions in Wayanad Institutions Utility Number

Department of Agriculture

Office of Principal Agricultural Officer Co-ordinate all agricultural related activities at district level 1

Office of Assistant Directors of Agriculture

Co-ordinate all agricultural related activities at Block level 4

District Soil Testing Laboratory Analysis of soil samples including micro nutrients 1 Cheengeri Extension Farm Production of seedlings, Farm management 1 State Agmark Grading Lab Grading of Agricultural Commodities 1

Agricultural Engineering Office Mechanisation of farm implements and providing infrastructure facilities for paddy 1

Krishi Bhavans

Extension activities, Production improvement techniques, Expansion of cultivable area, Implementation of schemes of central, state governments and three tier Panchayats. Extension education through Agro clinics

26

Rural Agricultural. Wholesale Market (RAWM) Promote Agricultural Marketing 1

Vegetable Fruits Promotion Council Kerala Promote Horticultural crop Production and Marketing 1

State Agricultural University Regional Agriculture Research Station (RARS)

Research 1

Krishi Vigyan Kendra(KVK) Training and extension activities; Organizing front-line demonstrations and On-farm trials.

1

Soil Conservation Department District office Land development work & water conservation work 1 Soil Conservation office Land development work & water conservation work 1 Soil Conservation office, Land development work & water conservation work 1 Soil Survey Soil Survey Office Soil classification and Soil mapping 1 Minor Irrigation Department Executive Engineer Office Minor irrigation activities, soil and water conservation

measures 1

Agri Allied Units Regional Agro Industrial Development Cooperative of Kerala Ltd (RAIDCO)

Supply of agricultural machinery, agricultural inputs and processing machineries

1

Kerala Agro Industries Corporation Ltd. (KAICO)

Supply of agricultural machinery, agricultural inputs and processing machineries

1

Spices Board Field Office Promote spices crop production and marketing 1 Coffee Board Regional Coffee Research Station Promote coffee crop production and marketing 1 Coffee Board Extension Office Promote coffee crop production and marketing 1 Source: CDAP 2014-2015

Annex 5-1


(2) Panchayat Level

Krishi Bhavans

Krishi Bhavans are the Panchayat level administrative offices of the Department of Agriculture of the Government of Kerala. They came into existence in 1987 and one Krishi Bhavan is assigned at each Grama Panchayat. The Krishi Bhavans serve as the point of contact at the field level and are responsible for the implementation of all programs and schemes of the department. Since it is the basic agriculture unit, all agriculture and extension activities for the Grama Panchayat come under its jurisdiction. All development activities and integrated services of the department including input supply and credit support is being done under a single window through the Krishi Bhavan.

The primary objective of setting up this administrative unit was to ensure location specific planning and implementation of programs with the complete involvement and participation of farmers, right from planning, formulation, implementation, decision making, sharing of benefits, monitoring and evaluation. The Krishi Bhavan is headed by an Agriculture Officer and depending on the population size of the Panchayat assisted by two (2) (if population less than 2800 families) or three (3) Agriculture Assistants (if the population exceeds 2800 families). The major roles and responsibilities of the Krishi Bhavan, Agricultural Officer and Agricultural Assistants, as envisaged at the time of formation of Krishi Bhavans are given in the table below.

Role of Krishi Bhavan Administrative Body / Officer Roles/Responsibilities

Krishi Bhavan Planning and implementing programs for agricultural development, taking the Panchayat as the basic unit; - Involving the farmers in planning and implementation of agricultural programs; - Creating the basic infrastructure necessary for improving the production and

productivity of crops; - Planning optimum use of available land, water, and solar energy; - Formulating location-specific programs for agricultural development and channeling

institutional finance; - Ensuring the timely availability of relevant technology, inputs, and credit to farmers and

organizing community efforts among them for agricultural operations; - Bestowing special interest in the case of crops under cultivation in certain pockets of the

state which have not received adequate priority and attention; - Changing the style of functioning of the field officers and the farmers through

recognition of outstanding performance; - Enabling the farmers to secure remunerative prices for their produce by promoting

collection, storage, processing, and marketing on co-operative basis through organized efforts;

- Monitoring the progress of agricultural development in each Panchayat based on physical achievement on regular basis.

Agricultural Officer

Transfer of technology relevant to the crops and conditions obtaining in the area; - Organizing programs for the development of infrastructure facilities to improve

productivity of the crops; - Arranging the supply of inputs including decentralized production of planting materials

in his/her area with the active involvement of farmers and organizations; - Identifying, formulating, and implementing location-specific agricultural development

projects availing institutional finance. The objective of such projects will be to increase production, productivity, income, and employment in the crop production sector;

- Organizing community efforts; - Educating the farmers about primary processing of agricultural commodities and

motivating them for co-operative marketing; - Implementation of plan schemes; - Quality control of inputs; - Establishing model gardens and demonstration plots in farmer’s fields, including the

conduct of farm trials (adaptive trials); - Assessment of crop situation from time to time and reporting of crop losses due to

Annex 5-2


Administrative Body / Officer Roles/Responsibilities

natural calamities and disbursement of assistance;- Revitalizing existing farmers organizations like co-operatives and organizing new ones

for agricultural development;- To ensure public participation by organizing karshika vikasana samithis;- To keep close surveillance of the pest and disease incidence on crops in the Panchayat

area and take steps to bring under control the pest and disease outbreaks by providing effective plant protection services;

- To study the marketing problems and associating with marketing surveys; to bring tangible progress in agricultural production and productivity in his/her jurisdiction by setting targets for production of each crop and taking stock of the base year levels of production and productivity.

Agricultural Assistants

- Participate in all the agricultural activities organized in the Panchayat. - Visit the farmer’s groups according to a fixed schedule - Educate as many farmers as possible on new techniques and innovative ideas - Participate in the fortnightly training courses.

Source: Performance Evaluation of Krishi Bhavan Set-up in Kerala; Jinraj. P. V; Discussion Paper No. 8; December 1999

Karshika Vikasana Samithis:

To ensure that extension services to farmers are farmer driven and farmer accountable, Karshika Vikasana Samithis have been developed at the Grama Panchayat, Block Panchayat and district level consisting of farmers, elected representatives of people, bank officials and officers from agriculture allied departments to advise farmers on matters relating to agriculture development in their areas. The major responsibilities of the Karshika Vikasana Samithi include:

Help the Department of Agriculture in implementing the agricultural programs successfully Offer suggestions to prepare location-specific projects identified by the Agricultural Officer

for the development of agriculture in the area and help in the implementation of such projects Render necessary assistance for production and distribution of seeds and seedlings, looking

into the availability of and the demand for seeds, fertilizers, pesticides etc Ensure public participation in agriculture through voluntary services wherever necessary Organize seminars, agriculture fairs, exhibitions, etc. and help in the disbursement as well as

repayment of loans Suggest minor irrigation and other infrastructural development works required in the area and

help in their implementation.

Relationship of the Krishi Bhavan with the various stakeholders is shown in the following figure.

Relationship between Krish Bhavan and Other Organizations/StakeholdersSource: Performance Evaluation of Krishi Bhavan Set-up in Kerala; Jinraj. P. V;

Discussion Paper No. 8; December 1999

Annex 5-3


5.1.2 Departments and Institutions in Livestock

The following table show the livestock relating departments and institutions at district level.

Livestock Relating Departments and Institutions in Wayanad Infrastructure Utility Number

Department of Animal Husbandry Veterinary Dispensaries AH and extension activities 18 Veterinary Hospitals AH and extension activities 6 Veterinary Polyclinics Treatment and AI facilities 2 District Veterinary Centre Treatment and AI facilities 1 AI Centres- ICDP Centres Treatment and AI facilities 71 Mobile farm AID Unit Treatment and AI facilities 1 Regional Artificial Insemination Centre Treatment and AI facilities 1 RP - Check Post Quarantine 2 Dairy Development Department Dairy Development District Office District level administration, statutory administration

of milk co-operative societies, district level co-ordination of dairy extension activities, quality control of milk and milk products.

1

Block level dairy extension service units Block level extension activities in dairy sector and statutory administration of dairy co-operative societies.

4

Department of Fisheries Office of the Assistant Director of Fisheries, Pookote

Inland and fresh water aquaculture, Ornamental fish culture, aquarium

1

Department of Sericulture Promotion of sericulture 1 Source: CDAP 2014-2015

(1) Organizational Structure of the Dairy Development Department (DDD):

The organizational Structure of DDD in the district is shown in the figure below. At the district level, the office of the DDD is headed by a Deputy Director who is assisted by a Technical Assistant of the cadre of Assistant Director. At the block level are Dairy Extension Officers posted in the Extension Service Unit who are in turn assisted by Dairy Farm Instructors. In addition to this each district also has a District Quality Control Unit headed by an Assistant Director who is designated as the Quality Control Officer.

At the Grama Panchayat level, the basic unit is the Dairy Cooperative Society which has dairy farmers as members. Each Dairy Cooperative Society has contact to a Milk Chilling Centre to ensure that milk is chilled at the primary level itself. Milk from farmers is collected along assigned routes from designated Milk Collection Centres/ Branch offices. Input supply, payments, credit support and extension services are provided through these Branch offices.

Annex 5-4


Organisation Structure of Dairy Development Department

Source: http://www.dairy.kerala.gov.in/index.php/orgstructure (Accessed on June 2014)

(2) Organizational structure of the Animal Husbandry Department (AHD)

The organizational Structure of AHD in the district is shown in the figure below. At the district level, the District Animal Husbandry Officer who is of the Joint Director cadre has the technical and administrative control of all the veterinary institutions in the district except those that come under the direct control of the Directorate. For technical matters, the District Animal Husbandry Officer is assisted by a Deputy Director and Chief Veterinary Surgeon. They are in turn assisted by seven Senior Veterinary Surgeons and one Assistant Project Officer. Livestock Inspectors are at the bottom rung of the organizational structure and they assist the Veterinary Surgeons who report to the Senior Veterinary Surgeon and the Assistant Project Officer.

Annex 5-5

http://www.dairy.kerala.gov.in/index.php/orgstructure


Organisation Structure of Animal Husbandry DepartmentSource: http://www.kissankerala.net/kissan/kissancontents/animalhusbandry.jsp (Accessed on June 2014)

5.1.3 Agricultural Extension

As mentioned in Section 5.1.1, Karshika Vikasana Samithis (KVS) is in charge of extension services to farmers. In addition to KVS, there is another structure for extension, especially extension on research and technology issues.

The Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR) is the premier institute of the country promoting agricultural research and education and is an autonomous organization under the Department of Agriculture Research and Education (DARE) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. Agricultural Extension is a separate Division under the ICAR and is involved in assessment, refinement and demonstration of technology and products through a network of Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVK).

The thrust areas of KVKs include: Assessment, refinement and demonstration of technology/products Training of farmers Training of extension personnel areas of technology Single window delivery system for technology products, diagnostic services and information

through Agricultural Technology Information Centres Development of gender-specific technologies Creating awareness of improved agricultural technologies among the farmers

Each district is allotted one KVK and the one for Wayanad is at the Regional Agriculture Research Station in Ambalavayal and is nested under the Kerala Agriculture University. It was established in October 1982 and recognized by the ICAR in 1984. In the initial years, the focus was on tribal communities, however now this includes the entire farming community of Wayanad.

The Facilities and Mandatory Activities of the KVK Ambalavayal include:

Facilities Available:

Bio-Control Lab Goat Breeding Plant propagation Soil Testing Lab E- connectivity Demonstration units

Mandatory Activities:

Annex 5-6

http://www.kissankerala.net/kissan/kissancontents/animalhusbandry.jsp


On-Farm Trial (OFT) on performance evaluation of white pepper making machine OFT on the efficacy of flumethrin pour for the control of tick infestation in cattle Front-Line Demonstration (FLD) on biological control of stem borer and leaf roller in rice Evaluation of fodder grasses in Wayanad Infertility management in Heifers Introduction of good quality layer bird athulya for Wayanad Demonstration of rearing of meat type broiler rabbits Prevention of mastitis in cows Integrated management of foot rot disease of black pepper Management of nursery wilt disease of black pepper Fertilizer management in nendran banana Integrated pest management of fruit flies in summer season vegetable – bitter gourd Management of mites in coconut Integrated nutrient management in transplanted rice Nutritional gardens in tribal hamlets Demonstration on high yielding varieties of vegetables Pre-germinated direct paddy seeder (aiswarya) with cono weeder SRI method of rice cultivation

5.1.4 Ongoing Schemes

Government of Kerala in the State Plan for 2013-14 had set aside Rs. 14.1 billion for agriculture and allied sectors. This was Rs. 1.7 billion more than that allotted in 2012-13. In addition to this the state government also receives assistance from the central government through various programs of the Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR), Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) and the National Horticulture Mission (NHM). These are called Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) and are provided as assistance to the state governments in areas that are of national priority. The schemes range from 75-100% grant by the central government. In case of less than 100% grant, the remaining component is to be met by the state government. In times of natural disasters like floods, drought, pest and disease problems, landslides, fire, tsunami, earth quake, and cyclones, funds are disbursed from the Central National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) to the State Disaster Response Fund for relief assistance.

Another source of funds for agriculture development is from the Local Self Governance Department. A certain proportion of the funds allotted to the district, Block and Grama Panchayat levels is set aside exclusively for agriculture development activities.

The following table shows the on-going activities of the Department of Agriculture in fiscal year 2013-14 with the funds received from the State budget and the centrally sponsored schemes.

Progress of On-going Activities of the Department of Agriculture 2013-14

Scheme Component Allotted Fund (million Rs.)

Financial Achievement (million Rs.)

Sustainable Development of rice based farming systems 18.80 18.58 Strengthening of Agriculture 0.85 0.75 LEADS 2.85 2.55 ATMA 0.36 0.36 Integration to ATMA PLUS 0.30 0.30 ATMA PLUS 3.87 3.68 Agri-Engineering and Agro Service Centres and service delivery 0.24 0.23 Modernization of Departmental Laboratories 0.13 0.11 Purchase of chemicals and equipment/Creation of infrastructure 0.09 0.09 Augmenting production of planting material through Departmental farms 0.01 0.01 Coconut development 26.37 25.80 Scheme for development of spices 15.00 15.00

Annex 5-7


Scheme Component Allotted Fund (million Rs.)

Financial Achievement (million Rs.)

Crop insurance 0.11 0.11 Wayanad Package – Pepper Development 82.00 82.00 Wayanad Package - Vegetable 15.25 13.69 Wayanad Package – Common Facility Centre 2.22 2.20 Scheme for comprehensive development of vegetables 28.66 28.47 RKVY Rice 2013-14 33.24 30.42 Soil Health Management and Productivity Improvement 0.17 0.17 State Crop Health Management 0.61 0.61 Market Development 0.14 0.14 National e-governance plan 0.65 0.64 Agro Service Centre 7.50 7.50 National project on Bio-gas development 0.98 0.91 CSS Micro-irrigation (National Mission on micro-irrigation (NMMI) 0.98 0.91 TOTAL 214.03 205.84 Source: Data from the Office of the Principal Agricultural Officer, Wayanad

The RKVY is a special Central Assistance Scheme provided by the Government of India to the state governments as a 100% grant under the 11th Five Year Plan for the rejuvenation of the agriculture sector in the states.

In order to revive the agrarian economy of the Wayanad District, a special RKVY package called as “Wayanad Package “for Rs. 190 million has been sanctioned. The focus of the program is on the following components:

Credit Revolving fund for JLG Vegetable promotion program Minor irrigation Pepper rehabilitation Villager Resource and Counseling Centre Training centre and Awareness programs Support for soil ameliorants like Dolomite

Wayanad Package has also been introduced for the development of the dairy sector in the district at a total outlay of Rs. 30 million. The details of the package are described below.

Wayanad Package – Objectives of the Integrated Milk Shed Development Program Program Objective

Wayanad Package - Integrated Milk Shed Development Program

Installation of 100 nos. of Automatic Milk Collection Unit with networking and provide electronic cards to dairy farmers.

Provide housing for 1,000 cattle by constructing 1,000 nos. scientific cattle sheds. Establish 5 nos. of commercial Hydroponic fodder machine having a capacity of 1 MT/day. Provide common Hydroponic fodder machine to 20 dairy farms rearing five or more

animals with a capacity of 120 Kg/day production Construct 10 nos. Of feed/fodder bank to store low cost wet feeding material Construct 500 nos. of Biogas plants with 2 m3 capacity for auxiliary support to dairy

farmers. Install a mobile testing lab with the facility to test physical/chemical/ bacteriological

analysis of milk and milk products in accordance with FSSA standards Provide logistic support to milk society by establishing 20 nos. of goods vehicles for the

collection and transportation of milk and feeds for the better service of dairy farmers. Provide need based assistance to 50 dairy co-operatives for purchase / repair / renovation of

milk testing equipments , construction of hygienic Milk Collection Centres and other infrastructure facilities

Construct a cattle feed plant with 300 MT capacity per day at Wayanad District. Provide Cattle Insurance Scheme for 10,000 nos. of cattle to offer moral support to farmers.

Annex 5-8


Program Objective Provide Cattle Feed Subsidy for 6,850 MT to Dairy Farmers pouring milk to the society Provide care and management of 7,700 pregnant cows Provide one additional milch cows for 4,000 dairy farmers (Godhan) and to increase milk

collection to 60,000 litres per day. Establish 100 nos. of new dairy farms by providing 5 milch cows each. Establish 3,650 nos. of Heifer Rearing Units for ensuring the animal stock Provide assistance to 250 nos. of dairy farmers for farm mechanization. Adopt 7,000 cross bread calves and feed them with adequate quantities of calf starter,

mineral mixture, vitamin A supplement and cattle feed Establish 250 nos. of Hi-Tech Fodder farms using the technology of open type precision

farming TOTAL OUTLAY Rs. 30 million Source: Farm Guide 2014, Farm Information Bureau, Government of Kerala

5.2 Draft Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan (CDAP) for 2014-15

A primary requirement for any state to access funds under the RKVY program is the preparation of District Agriculture Plan, one for every district and integrating them to form a State Agriculture Plan.

The office of the Principal Agricultural Officer, Wayanad has prepared a Draft Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan (CDAP) in consultation with peoples’ representatives from the block and Grama Panchayat level. The prioritization of activities was done by the Principal Agricultural Officer after detailed discussions with the District Panchayat President and the Standing Committee Chairman (Development). This document details the focus area of the department and the planned activities for the coming year to ensure the overall development of the agriculture sector in the district.

5.2.1 Objectives

- Prepare agricultural plans for the district based on agro climatic conditions, availability of technology and natural resources.

- Reduce the yield gaps in important crops through focused interventions. - Maximize return to the farmers in the agriculture and allied sectors. - Bring about quantifiable changes in the production and productivity of various components of

agriculture and allied sectors by addressing them in holistic manner.

5.2.2 Development Strategy

(1) Agriculture

The agriculture development strategy focuses on:

increasing the area under cultivation improving crop productivity mechanization and post harvest interventions The CDAP focuses on the following crops in the district – Paddy, Tuber crops (Amorphophallus, Colacasia, Dioscorea), Pulses and oilseeds, Tree vegetables (Papaya, Drumstick, Curry leaves), Spice trees (Clove, Cinnamon, Nutmeg), Coconut, Banana, Vegetables.

- Paddy

Paddy cultivation in the district has been steadily decreasing over the years. The DOA hopes to reverse this trend by bringing fallow lands as well as upland areas under paddy cultivation and re-converting paddy lands that have been grown to other crops. Over the next 5 years they plan to bring in an additional 1,000 ha under paddy cultivation. The strategy to increase productivity from existing fields includes efficient nutrient and pest / disease management (Integrated Nutrient Management and Integrated Pest Management) as well through input supplies. Market interventions and mechanization

Annex 5-9


would further help increase area under paddy cultivation. An additional 100 ha of paddy could be cultivated by providing irrigation facilities to the padasekharams in some of the drought prone blocks. In the current year the department hopes to increase the area under scented rice varieties (Jeeragasala and Gandhakasala) by about 1,750 ha

- Tuber crops

A number of tuber crops were traditionally grown in the region and provided food and nutritional security of rural households. These crops include lesser yams, dioscorea, colocasia, tapioca, amorphophallus, ginger and turmeric. The department proposes to encourage the cultivation of these crops in paddy fields after the harvest of the first crop. They hope to bring about an additional 5,000 ha under tuber crops during 2014-2015.

- Pulses and oilseeds

Since there are only two harvests of paddy in Wayanad, land is left fallow after the summer harvest of paddy. The DOA proposes to introduce pulse crops in such fallow lands in the coming year and hope to increase the area under pulses by about 3,000 ha.

- Tree vegetables and Tree spices

Vegetable tree crops like papaya, drumstick, curry leaves and spice trees like nutmeg, clove, and cinnamon grow well in this region, but their market potential has been under exploited so far. The department will promote the cultivation and marketing of these under-utilized crops in the current year.

- Coconut

The department hopes to bring in an additional 400 ha under coconut cultivation in the district and also set up 10 regional nurseries for coconut.

- Banana

The department hopes to increase the area under banana by another 1,000 ha and provide assistance for both input supply and market access.

- Vegetables

The area under vegetable cultivation will be increased to include another 1,300 ha by providing support to small units and increasing the area under cool season vegetables.

(2) Animal Husbandry

Veterinary services and animal health care is the primary function of the Animal Husbandry Department (AHD). The services include disease eradication programs and control of zoonotic diseases, development programs for cattle, goat, pig and poultry, conducting training and extension programs for farmers and veterinarians as well as production of biologicals. The focus of the department is to make livestock a strong contributor to the overall development process in the state. The main objectives of the department include;

Supply of good quality germplasm to farmers. Effective implementation of breeding policy. Exploit the production potential of livestock and poultry. Evolve schemes to retain traditional livestock farmers in AH Sector. Conserve local and native breeds. Conduct research and development on problems faced by the farmers, consumers and public. Transfer of Technology from lab to field. Capacity building of technical and administrative staff Promote fodder production ICT applications for e Governance. Implement hygienic meat production by proper meat inspection and modernization of slaughter

houses.

Annex 5-10


Effective control of zoonotic diseases through treatment, screening of animals, vaccination and creating public awareness.

5.2.3 Proposed Interventions in CDAP

(1) State Schemes

The Agriculture Department proposed the following interventions on each crops for the State financial schemes.

Planned Cost of Interventions (for the next three years)

Crop Increase in Area (ha)

Cost (Rs. millions)

Productivity + Mechanization +

Market costs (Rs. millions)

Total Cost (Rs. millions)

Paddy 3,200 172.00 762.50 934.50 Coconut 400 4.38 38.00 42.38 Vegetables 1,300 19.50 10.00 29.50 Banana 1,000 15.00 22.50 37.50 Tuber 2,000 30.00 0.00 30.00 Tapioca 2,000 20.00 0.00 20.00 Ginger 3,000 45.00 0.00 45.00 Turmeric 240 3.60 0.00 3.60 Total 13,140 309.48 833.00 1142.48 Source: CDAP 2014-2015

(2) Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) - RKVY

The Agriculture Department and the Kerala Agricultural University (KAU) have sought support from RKVY for the following programs in the district.

Abstract of Project Proposal to RKVY

Project Area of Implementation Total Cost of

Project (millions Rs.)

Agriculture Department Promotion of Tuber crops Wayanad District 150.00 Promotion of pulses Wayanad District 127.50 Providing irrigation facilities by 20 HP Motor pump set and 2000 m pipeline

Kalpetta Block (Pozhuthana) 0.80

Providing irrigation facilities by 20 HP Motor pump set and 1500 m pipeline

Kalpetta Block (Padinharathara)

1.23

Lift irrigation facility by 20 HP Motor pipeline, canal extension

Kalpetta Block (Meppady) 0.53

Construction of open canal Kalpetta Block (Muttil) 1.00 Providing irrigation facility by 20 hp motor, renovation of pond pipeline

Kalpetta Block (Muttil) 0.70

Providing assistance to Ayanikandhi Thozhil Sangam Kalpetta Block (Vengappally)

0.28

Supply of Bio-control agents Kalpetta Block (Vythiri) 0.03 Promotion of traditional and indigenous paddy varieties Mananthavady Block 60.00 Promotion of HYV of paddy Mananthavady Block 113.40 Irrigation of ponds and pump sets Mananthavady Block 15.00 Supply of Agricultural Machineries Mananthavady Block 11.88 Construction of drying yard cum seed store Mananthavady Block 26.73 Promotion of perennial vegetables and fruit verities Mananthavady Block 15.00 Promotion of tree vegetables Panamaram Block 0.38 Promotion of tree spices Panamaram Block 0.10 Infrastructure work in Chanthankolly padasekhram Panamaram Block 0.74

Annex 5-11


Project Area of Implementation Total Cost of

Project (millions Rs.)

Development of demonstration of Herbal garden Mar Baselios College of Education

0.17

Sub total 525.44 Kerala Agricultural University Poverty alleviation through total value addition of Jack RARS Ambalavayal 27.00 Setting up a skill Development centre for Hi-tech Farming activities at Regional Agricultural Research Station,

RARS Ambalavayal 8.40

Large Scale production of elite black pepper cuttings RARS Ambalavayal 26.80 Sub Total 62.20 Grand Total 587.64

Source: CDAP 2014-2015

5.3 Agriculture

5.3.1 Agricultural Land Use

The changes on agricultural land utilisation in Wayanad and Kerala are shown in the following table.

Changes in Agricultural Land Utilisation Wayanad Kerala

Area in 2010-11

(ha)

Area in 2012-13

(ha)

Area Changed(ha)

Area in 2010-11 (ha)

Area in 2012-13 (ha)

Area Changed(ha)

Total Geographical Area 212,966 212,966 - 3,886,287 3,886,287 -

Cultivable waste 1,195 (0.6) *1

997 (0.5) *1

-198 (16.6) *2

91,665 (2.4) *1

96,596 (2.5) *1

4,931 (5.4) *2

Fallow other than current fallow

833 (0.4) *1

863 (0.4) *1

30 (3.6) *2

51,943 (1.3) *1

55,835 (1.4) *1

3,892 (7.5) *2

Current fallow 1,750 (0.8) *1

2,363 (1.1) *1

613 (35.0) *2

76,028 (2.0) *1

76,744 (2.0) *1

716 (0.9) *2

Net area sown 114,966 (54.0) *1

114,899 (5.4) *1

-67 (-0.1) *2

2,071,507 (53.3) *1

2,048,109 (52.7) *1

-23,398 (-1.1) *2

Area sown more than once 60,334 55,714 -4,620

(-7.7) *2 575,954 543,625 -32,329 (-5.6) *2

Total Cropped Area 175,300 170,613 -4,687 (-2.7) *2 2,647,461 2,591,734 -55,727

(-2.1) *2 Note: *1 is the percentage to the total geographical area and *2 is the percentage of area changed from 2010-11 to 2012-13

to the area in 2010-11 in each land category.

Source: Agricultural Statistics 2012-13, Panchayat level statistics 2011

Share of net area sown to Total geographical area in Wayanad (54% both in 2010-11 and 2012-13) is about same share of that of in Kerala (53.3% in 2010-11 and 52.7% in 2012-13). Share of cultivable waste, fallow other than current fallow, and current fallow in Wayanad are less than those of in Kerala in both years. While net area sown in Kerala has decreased 5.6% in two years, the area haven’t changed in Wayanad. Although current fallow in Wayanad increased 613 ha in two years, the change mostly derives from the decrease of cultivable waste (198 ha), Land put on non agricultural use (138 ha), Water logged area (120 ha) etc. and it didn’t make an effect to net area sown. The main reason of decrease of total cropped area of about 4,600 ha is from the decrease of area sown more than once. From the results, it can be said that agricultural activities in Wayanad have tendency to decrease, mainly because of termination of double cropping.

The following maps show block wise land use of Wayanad.

Annex 5-12


Land Use in Kalpetta BlockSource: Natural Resources Data Bank Wayanad, p.97

Land Use in Mananthavady BlockSource: Natural Resources Data Bank Wayanad, p.99

Annex 5-13


Land Use in Sulthan Bathery BlockSource: Natural Resources Data Bank Wayanad, p.101

Land Use in Panamaram BlockSource: Natural Resources Data Bank Wayanad, p.103

Annex 5-14


While coffee-based cropping systems involving coffee, pepper, areca nut along with many trees are the most prevalent land use patterns in upland, paddy-based cropping systems involving paddy, vegetables, ginger and banana are seen in lowland.

Change in land use is the major feature in the district. The conversion at Pozhuthana, Muppainad and Vythiri Grama Panchayats are the order of 97%, 93% and 87%, respectively during the last 35 years. The paddy lands of Kalpetta Municipality are also subjected to high level of conversion to the tune of 93%.

Level of Conversion of Paddy Land in Wayanad

Block Total Paddy Area (ha) Conversion (%) In 1970 In 2005

Kalpetta 6,255 2,463.2 60.6 Sulthan Bathery 10,006 6,108.9 38.9 Mananthavady 10,017 5,369.7 46.4 Kalpetta Municipality 479 35.3 92.6

Total 26,758 13,977 47.8 Source: State of Environment Report - Kerala 2007 Vol 1

5.3.2 Land Tenure and Holdings

(1) Kerala Land Reform Act

Even before the formation of the State of Kerala, there had been endeavours at land reforms; the Restriction on Possession and Ownership of Lands Bill, 1954, being the best example for the same. After the formation of the State of Kerala the first major achievement was the Kerala Agrarian Relations Bill, 1957, which was passed on October 15, 1960. This Act was repealed in 1961 and was substituted by The Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963. This act had provisions relating to i) the fixation of ceiling on land holdings, ii) the vesting of lands in excess of the ceiling in government, iii) assignment of surplus lands, iv) abolition of tenancy system, v) assignment of proprietary right on land to the cultivating tenants, vi) the conferment of the right on Kudikidappukars to purchase land, and vii) the constitution of a Kudikidappukars Benefit Fund1

According to the Kerala Land Reforms Act, the basic unit of ceiling is called a ‘standard acre’, which is equivalent to 1.2 to 1.5 ordinary acres. The ceiling on agricultural land holding is to be practised in the following ways:

- An unmarried single person or a household consisting of only one surviving member is allowed to have five standard acres

- A household consisting of two or more members but not more than five members is allowed to hold 10 standard acres.

- A household consisting of more than five members is allowed to hold 10 standard acres and an additional one standard acre per member in excess of 5 members, but limited to a maximum of 20 acres.

- In case of any other person, other than a joint household is allowed to have 10 standard acres. - The following categories of lands have been exempted from the Land Ceiling: - Tea, coffee and rubber plantations - Orchards where they constitute reasonably compact areas - Specialized farms engaged in cattle rearing/breeding, dairying

Kudikidappukars are hutment dwellers consisting mostly of labourers and villagers who have no land of their own. They either build homesteads on others lands, or, are provided dwelling huts by landlords who own the property, with or without the liability of paying a rent. In the Land Tenancy Reforms, kudikidappukars have also been included, as there have been attempts to evict them from their dwelling hutments. To ensure that these kudikidappukars are not denied at least this marginal

1 The official website of Government of Kerala http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_ content&view= article&id=3668&Itemid=2959 (Accessed on June 2014)

Annex 5-15

http://kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/agrn_rln.pdf

http://kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/agrn_rln.pdf

http://kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/land_reforms.pdf

http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_%20content&view=%20article&id=3668&Itemid=2959

http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_%20content&view=%20article&id=3668&Itemid=2959


existence, the Kerala Land Reforms Act, gives them the right to retain their dwelling huts as well as purchase adjoining lands up to a maximum of 3 cents in corporation areas, 5 cents in municipalities and 10 cents in Grama Panchayats. When kudikidappukars purchase land, the landlord is only given 25% of the market value of the land. Of this, the kudikidappukars have to pay 50% while the remaining 50% is paid by the government. The kudikidappukars are allowed to pay their share in 12 annual instalments. Once the Land Tribunal Order is passed the kudikidappukars are given a certificate of purchase.

(2) Distribution of Land Holdings in Wayanad

Distribution of holdings in Wayanad according to social groups and holding sizes is shown in the table in next page. The table shows the fact that 89% of holdings (154,883 out of 174,416) belong to marginal class. The percentage of the marginal class holdings in each social group is relatively higher in SC and ST (96% and 95%, respectively) than that of others (87%). Average holding size of others (0.58 ha) is about 3 times larger than those of SC and ST (0.21 ha and 0.26 ha, respectively). About 17% of the areas held by large holders accounts for only 0.1% of the holdings. The area held by SC and ST is less than 10%.

The number of households and the number of land holdings don’t correspond possibly because of the following two reasons; (1) Several land holdings in a household, for example, mother and son or husband and wife can be land holdings separately. In Kerala, Land tend to be allocated equally to spouse and children as inheritance when the land owner, e.g. the head of the household, passes away. (2) Basically agricultural subsidy or support schemes generally target not at large land holdings who own more than two ha, but at small or marginal holdings. However, those who have more than two ha can register as land holder for one ha with another landholder so that they could receive the supports. This could also promote the segmentation of land.

Status of Land Holding by Social Groups in Wayanad

* Figures in brackets are the percentage to the all sizes of all number or all area

** The total area of 90,456ha is smaller than 114,966 ha of “net area sown” in 2010-11 in Table 6.3.1. The possible reason of this difference may derive from the difference of sampling size and method. Both results are estimated data based on hearing from farmer. “Provisional report on 9th agricultural census (Phase 1) 201-11” pointed out that the respondents might not have given the correct figure as 1) they were conscious of the land ceiling of Land Reform Act of the Government of Kerala or 2) they might not have known the actual information on land holding.

Source: Provisional report on 9th agricultural census (Phase 1) 2010-11

5.3.3 Cropped Area and Crop Production

(1) Distribution of Cropped Area

The table below shows the distribution of cropped area across different crops in 2012-2013 of Wayanad as compared to those of Kerala.

All SC ST Others All SC ST Others All SC ST Others 154,863 4,362 26,073 124,428 33,950 603 4,291 29,056

(88.79) (2.50) (14.95) (71.34) (37.53) (0.67) (4.74) (32.12)

13,341 101 1,033 12,207 21,091 134 1,399 19,559

(7.65) (0.06) (0.59) (7.00) (23.32) (0.15) (1.55) (21.62)

4,832 61 397 4,374 13,678 151 1,041 12,485

(2.77) (0.03) (0.23) (2.51) (15.12) (0.17) (1.15) (13.80)

1,177 10 50 1,117 6,465 69 261 6,135

(0.67) (0.01) (0.03) (0.64) (7.15) (0.08) (0.29) (6.78)

203 0 5 198 15,272 0 154 15,117

(0.12) (0.00) (0.00) (0.11) (16.88) (0.00) (0.17) (16.71)

174,416 4,534 27,558 142,324 90,456 958 7,146 82,352

(100.00) (2.60) (15.80) (81.60) (100.00) (1.06) (7.90) (91.04)

No. of Holding

2.00-3.99

4.00-9.99

10.00&above

Marginal

Small

Semi-medium

Medium

Large

All sizes

Area (ha) Average Area (ha)

0.22 0.14 0.16 0.23

1.60

Below 1.00

1.00-1.99

75.23 0.00 30.90 76.35

1.351.331.58

2.83 2.48 2.62

0.580.260.210.52

Size class (ha)

2.85

5.495.226.935.49

Annex 5-16


Distribution of Cropped Area in 2012-2013

Area (ha) % of the crop area

to total cropped area in

Wayanad

% of the crop area

in Wayanad to that of in Kerala

Wayanad Kerala

Total Cropped Area 170,613 2,591,734 100 6.6 Paddy 10,230 197,277 6.0 5.2 Grains 6 515 0.0 1.2 Pulses 759 2,948 0.4 25.7 Sugar Crops 67 4,661 0.0 1.4 Spices and Condiments 26,946 269,546 15.8 10.0 Fresh Fruits 26,218 309,709 15.4 8.5 Dry Fruit 748 52,086 0.4 1.4 Tapioca 2,134 69,586 1.3 3.1 Tubers 1,745 19,789 1.0 8.8 Vegetables 1,689 40,837 1.0 4.1 Oil Seeds 10,039 800,220 5.9 1.3 Fibre Drugs and Narcotics 29 917 0.0 3.2 Plantation Crops 83,431 668,142 48.9 12.5 Other non Food Crops 6,572 155,501 3.9 4.2

Source: Agricultural Statistics 2012-2013

Share of Plantation Crops area is largest in Wayanad (48.9%), followed by Spices and condiments (15.8%) and Fresh Fruits (15.4%). The pulse cultivation area in Wayanad accounts for 25% of that of in Kerala. The area of Plantation crop and Spice and condiment in Wayanad accounts for more than 10% in that of in Kerala.

(2) Area, Production and Yield

The following table shows cropped area, production and yield of major crops in Wayanad and Kerala in 2012-13.

Area, Production and Yield of Major Crops in Wayanad and Kerala in 2012-13

Crop

Wayanad Kerala

Area (thousand ha)


Yield (kg/ha)

Area (thousand

ha)

Production (thousand

ton)

Yield (kg/ha)

Coffee 67.4 (78.9) 57.4 (84.1) 851 85.4 68.2 799 Tea 5.3 (17.6) 14.0 (22.2) 2,632 30.2 63.0 2,085 Rubber 10.5 (1.9) 9.7 (1.2) 923 539.6 800.1 1,442 Cardamom 4.1 (9.9) 0.6 (6.0) 148 41.6 10.2 246 Pepper 8.9 (10.6) 3.7 (8.0) 414 84.7 46.3 547 Areca nut 11.6 (11.4) 5.8 (4.9) 502 101.8 118.2 1,162 Coconut* 10.0 (1.3) 46.0 (0.8) 4,602 798.2 5799.0 7,265 Cashew 0.7 (1.4) 0.4 (0.9) 476 52.1 37.9 728 Paddy 10.2 (5.2) 28.1 (5.5) 2,742 197.3 508.3 2,577 Banana 12.1 (19.8) 95.0 (18.4) 7,857 61.0 515.6 8,451 Ginger 1.9 (42.0) 11.8 (53.7) 6,258 4.5 22.1 4,898 Tapioca 2.1 (3.1) 96.0 (3.9) 44,963 69.6 2458.5 35,331

* Production in million nut, Yield in million nut/ha The figure in clause is percentage to Kerala. Source: Government of Kerala Agricultural Statistics 2012-13

Annex 5-17


- Coffee

Coffee based farming system is notable feature of Wayanad. Both the area and production of coffee in Wayanad are highest, which account for 79% and 84% in those of in Kerala, respectively. The yield of coffee is 851 kg/ha, which is the highest in the state.

- Tea

Area and production of tea in Wayanad is 2nd largest in the state, which account for 18% and 22% of that of in Kerala. Tea is cultivated in 6 districts in the State but Idduki and Wayanad are the two major districts which account for 90% of total area and 94% of total production.

- Rubber

Although rubber production in Kerala account for 90% of that of in all-India and rubber is cultivated in all the districts in Kerala, area and production of rubber in Wayanad is 2nd smallest in Kerala after Alappuzha. Kottayam district accounts for around 20% of area and production of rubber in the state.

- Cardamom

Cardamom is cultivated in nine districts in Kerala and the area and production of cardamom in Wayanad are 2nd highest in the state, which account for 10% and 6% of that of in Kerala, respectively. Idduki district is the major cardamom production area in which 80% of area and 90% of production made from. The cultivated area of Cardamom in Wayanad is slightly increased since 2005-06, which was 4,106 ha.

- Pepper

Wayanad stands 2nd position of pepper area and production, which account for 11% and 8% of that of in Kerala. Idduki district is the major pepper production area in which 52% of area and 66% of production made from. The area and production of pepper in Wayanad decline in 78% and 68% from 41,464 ha and 11,483 ton in 2005-06 respectively.

- Areca nut

Area of areca nut stands 3rd position with 11% of that of Kerala while production is 6th position with the share of only 5% in Kerala. Productivity of areca nut in Wayanad is 2nd smallest in the state after Alappuzha. Productivity of Kasaragod is highest, which is about four times higher than that of in Wayanad.

- Coconut

Kerala has the largest coconut area in the country while coconut area in Wayanad is smallest, which account only 1% of the coconut area in the State. Productivity of Coconut in Kerala is very low compare to all-India, and the productivity in Wayanad is lowest in the state which resulted in the low production of coconut with the share of only 0.8% in the state.

- Cashew

Cashew is cultivated in all the districts in Kerala but 43% of area and 70% of production are from Kannur district. The area and production of cashew in Wayanad are 4th smallest in the state.

- Paddy

Wayanad once had nearly 40,000 ha of paddy cultivation. The name Wayanad itself came from “Wayal Nadu” which means “the land of paddy fields.” It has been reported that there were 75 varieties of paddy grown in Wayanad, each with unique qualities. The present study shows, however, that less than 20 varieties are left 2 Paddy is used to be the dominant crop in the area but paddy cultivation is diminishing because it has been replaced with other cash crops such a banana and ginger.

2 Source: On-Farm Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources: A case study from Wayanad District of Kerala, India

Annex 5-18


Although paddy cultivation area in Wayanad is 5th largest in the state, paddy cultivation area has shrunk to 10,230 ha in 2012-03 and the production is 28,052 ton.

- Banana

Banana cultivation area and production in Wayanad stands 2nd position with the share of 20% and 18% of those of in Kerala. Palakkad district is the first banana production area in which 25% of area and 27% of production made from.

- Ginger

Wayanad stands 1st position of area and production of ginger in Kerala, which account for 42% and 54% of those of Kerala, respectively. The productivity of Ginger in Wayanad is also the highest in the State, which is 3.4 times higher than that of Malappuram where the productivity is the lowest.

- Tapioca

Area of tapioca is 5th smallest in Wayanad while the production is 7th smallest in the state. Productivity of tapioca in the district is 3rd highest after Idduki and Thrishhur. Kollam and Trivandrum are the major tapioca cultivation areas.

- Others

In Wayanad, there are other crops which account for large share of area in the state. The details are described in the table below.

Area of Other Crops in Wayanad in 2012-13

Crop Wayanad Kerala

Area (ha)

% share to Kerala

Area (ha)

Pulse 759.0 (25.7) 2948.0 Vanilla 36.0 (10.1) 357.0 Orange 79.0 (21.8) 362.0 Elephant Foot Yam 1361.0 (18.0) 7547.0 Pumpkin 179.0 (14.5) 1238.0 Ash Gourd 83.0 (9.8) 850.0 Bitter Gourd 197.0 (8.3) 2367.0

Source: Government of Kerala Agricultural Statistics 2012-13

Pulse (cowpea, black gram, horse gram, green gram, Red gram, etc.) cultivation area in Wayanad accounts for 25.7% of the state’s, and 2nd largest in Kerala, after Palakkad. The share of production of Pulse is 522 ton out of 1,354 ton in the state. The share of production of pulse in Wayanad is about 40%, because the productivity is very high in Wayanad (688 kg/ha) than that of Palakkad (126 kg/ha).

The area of Vanilla is 3rd largest in Wayanad, after Idduki and Kannur Districts. Orange is cultivated in five districts, and Idduki accounts for 77% and Wayanad accounts for 22% of total cultivation area in the state.

Although total vegetable cultivation area in Wayanad is 1,689 ha out of 40,837 ha in the state (4.1%), there are some particular vegetables which Wayanad have large share of cultivated land in the state. Area of Elephant Foot yam is largest in Wayanad with the share of 18% in the State, area of Pumpkin and Ash Gourd is 3rd largest with the share 14.5% and 9.8% respectively, and the area of Bitter gourd is 4th largest with the share of 8.3% in the state.

Annex 5-19


5.3.4 Agricultural Land Conservation

The agricultural (or farm) land conservation is to prevent the soil erosion. The normal (or natural) erosion is caused by the natural forces such as the water and the wind. In the area with the rain and the surface natural vegetation, the wind erosion is not so serious. The damage to the agricultural land is caused mainly due to the water, of which there are two kinds that are (i) the water drop and (ii) the water flow.

There are two kinds of the water drop erosion that are the erosion due to (i) raindrop (natural) and (ii) water drop from the bucket or the watering can for irrigation (artificial).

The raindrop erosion is caused on the land surface that is the called as the sheet erosion. It is easily caused on the slope as shown by the photo of right side. The soil surface of the slope should be covered with the natural vegetation. If not properly covered, it becomes the rill erosion and the gully erosion mentioned hereinafter.

The erosion due to the water drop from the bucket or the water ring can is not very hard. However, anyhow, it is recommended to use the watering can to softly supply the irrigation water for the root zone of the crop. It is noted that, the bucket is now used in the colonies.

On the other hand, as for the water flow erosion, there are two kinds that are (i) rill erosion and (ii) gully erosion. The recovering the land where the gully erosion is once caused needs the large construction cost. The photos below show the outlet of the excess water from the agricultural land.

Outlet of the Drainage Route (Upstream side)

Muttil Panchayat Source: JICA Survey Team (2014)

Outlet of the Drainage Route (Downstream side)

Muttil Panchayat Source: JICA Survey Team (2014)

The water flow erosion in the furrow is unavoidable. Thus, the regular maintenance is essential in the ordinary cultivation practices. However, the weak points against the water flow erosion such as the outlet part and the chute parts of the water way should be protected with stones, etc.

It is noted that such works are not constructed in the said colonies as shown by the photos below.

The drainage route of the excess water from the agricultural land is also well vegetated and so the erosion matter is not very serious as shown by

Drainage Route from the Agriculture Land


Slope of the Agriculture Land

(Vazhavatta Madhhura Colony, Muttil Panchayat.)


Annex 5-20


the right side photo.

In conclusion, it is considered that the present land conservation condition for the very small agricultural land of each of the BPL households is rather well, even though there are several improvement points as mentioned above.

5.3.5 Farm Input Supply

Agriculture Department plays an important role for farm input supply. The department give agricultural chemicals such as Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, Neem cake, Dolomite, Bordeaux mixture and Lime powder as subsidy to registered farmers through Krishi Bhavans to prevent disease pandemic. The department also has a role of selling improved seeds.

In an effort to promote organic agriculture in the state, the Government of Kerala extended support to farmers by providing them Rs.10,000 over a period of three years for organic certification of farms. Wayanad Organic Agriculture Consortium (WOAC) was formed in 2003, with organic farmers and members from the Agriculture Department. The Governing Body of the Consortium consists of nine members and includes five members from the organic farmer’s societies and four members from the Agriculture Department. There are currently 12 members in the consortium including farmers groups following agricultural practices and NGOs supporting organic agriculture.

The total registered farmers with the Consortium are 12,240 covering an area of 11,937 ha; more than 50 % of these farmers are small/marginal farmers. Majority of the registered farmers practising organic agriculture are in Pulpalli, Mullankolly, Poothadi, Sulthan Bathery, Noolpuzha, Nenmeni, Ambalavayal, Meenangadi, Mananthavady, and Panamaram Panchayats.

The principal focus of the Consortium is to provide training on organic agriculture, assist in meeting certification requirements and support with organic marketing. The Consortium does not receive support for any developmental activities and is therefore unable to carry on any promotional activities especially for marketing of organic produce.

The major problems in the organic sector in the district are:

Farmers do not have the ability to wait for deferred payments for produce traded and therefore market their produce in the local market. They therefore do not receive a premium price for their produce.

Storage, grading and processing facilities for organic produce is lacking. Several farmers practicing organic agriculture have no cows and find it difficult to make organic

inputs for soil fertility management and pest and disease control. Cost of organic certification is high.

The Consortium members feel that a revolving fund for purchase of organic produce, separate facilities for storage, grading and value addition would help to retain existing farmers and get more farmers to convert to organic farming.

There are several NGOs in Wayanad working for the development of organic agriculture in the district. The most notable among them are Wayanad Social Service Society (WSSS) and Shreyas Social Service Society.

- Wayanad Social Service Society (WSSS):

This society, which is a member NGO of WOAC, was established in 1974 working for the socio-economic improvement of the underprivileged and women in the districts of Wayanad, Kannur, and Malappuram in Kerala and in the Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu through formation of SHGs. The organic agriculture activities of the WSSS started in 1999 with about 93 farmers covering an area of 157 ha. By 2013 it has grown to 8,038 farmers and 9,075 ha.

There are 1,500 women SHGs and 1,000 tribal farmers who are part of the organic agriculture program. WSSS provides complete handholding during the conversion phase through training programs, awareness campaigns, farmer to farmer interactions and supply of inputs. The organic

Annex 5-21


farmers of WSSS are certified by Lacon International and their produce is marketed by WSSS as certified organic products. A processing plant – Wayanad Spices Processing Centre was set up in Mananthavady in 2002 for processing of pepper, ginger, turmeric and other spices produced by their farmer’s groups. WSSS has contracted processing facilities for coffee.

The WSSS program is different from the other organic programs in the district as it provides end-to-end solution to farmers. They are supported right through the production to marketing cycle and farmers have an assured market and get a premium price for their products. Till last year WSSS staff used to procure coffee and spices directly from their farmers fields, but with an increase in the total number of farmers, there has been a corresponding increase in the volume of produce. To regularize the marketing activity, collection centres are being established in several places where farmers can bring their produce as and when they are harvested, according to the convenience of the farmer.

- Shreyas Social Service Society:

Shreyas is an organization established in 1979 and formally registered as an NGO in 1986. Since then they have been working in various sectors including sustainable agriculture and natural resource management in six districts – five in Kerala – Wayanad, Malappuram, Kannur, Kozhikode, Kasargode Districts and one in Tamil Nadu – Nilgiris District. In Wayanad District the activities of Shreyas is concentrated in two blocks – Sulthan Bathery and Panamaram with focus on six Grama Panchayats – Noolpuzha, Sulthan Bathery, Mullankolly, Pulpalli, Poothadi and Panamaram.

Shreyas encourages and supports the formation of SHGs, each SHG has between 15-20 members. They have supported the formation of 678 SHGs and the monitoring of these SHGs is done through a 4-tier system that is in place to ensure the successful implementation of the activities and programs: Central Office Regional Office Federations SHGs. Wayanad District has four Regional Offices, 36 Federations. The SHGs meet every month and all SHG meetings are monitored by the Federation staff. The Federation staffs meet every month to discuss project implementation status as well as prepare Action Plans. The regional offices monitor the functioning of the Federations.

The farmers affiliated with Shreyas grow a variety of crops – pepper, coffee, paddy, banana, ginger, tuber crops like yams, colacasia, tapioca, and a variety of vegetables including cowpea, beans, brinjal tomato, okra, bitter gourd, pumpkin, cucumber, and chilli. However, there is no guided or specific marketing plan for the organic produce.

5.3.6 Agriculture Marketing

Agricultural production and marketing are two facets that influence the development of agriculture and the lives of people whose main source of livelihood is agriculture. The profitable marketing of crops is a precondition for the growth of this sector. In Wayanad District much of the marketing activity is carried out by individual farmers with private dealers, as a result they are unable to realize remunerative prices for their produce. Regularized market support exists for vegetables through the Rural Agriculture Wholesale Market (RAWM) and the Farmer’s Market of the Vegetable and Fruit Promotion Council of Kerala (VFPCK) and for paddy through Supplyco.

- Rural Agriculture Wholesale Market:

The Rural Agriculture Wholesale Market (RAWM) at Sulthan Bathery has been developed with funds received from the EU for the Kerala Agricultural Markets Project (KAMP) under the Market Development Scheme of the Government of Kerala. The project is nested in the Agriculture Department and a Deputy Director from the Department of Agriculture functions as the Market Secretary who has been delegated with administrative and financial powers to carry out the day to day activities of the market. The RAWM started functioning as a market yard for fresh fruit and vegetables since January 2011.

There is an Executive Committee of the Market Authority consisting of the following members

The District Collector Additional Director of Marketing

Annex 5-22


MLA of the region The Principal Agricultural Officer of the district Market Secretary (Convenor). Assistant Director of Agriculture (Marketing) of the area Local Panchayat President Two representatives from farmers of the region

The Executive Committee is responsible for framing of bye-laws, managing the market yard, decide market users and type of produce to be handled, award, refuse, extend, terminate licenses and enforce conditions for licensing, levy fees and charges, prescribe market days and hours for trading, supervise the conduct of all market functionaries, allot trading premises to commission agents/traders and settlement of disputes arising within the market yard.

To support the vegetable farmers of the region and to encourage them to increase the area under vegetable cultivation, the Department of Agriculture has organized farmers into clusters. There are 24 clusters that have been established with a total membership of 982 farmers from all the four blocks of the district. Each cluster has a President, Secretary and Treasurer. The Secretary is also the Convener, who takes the produce of his group of farmers to the whole sale market.

Through the Agriculture Department, each cluster has been given an assistance of Rs. 50,000. Of this, Rs. 10,000 is for purchase of weighing scales, weights, crates, registers, etc. The remaining Rs.40,000 is deposited as a Revolving Fund at the local Service Cooperative Bank where the cluster has opened a bank account for transacting business.

All the produce in the market is sold through auctions. There are prescribed rules that must be adhered to in the market and during the conduct of auctions. A Central Auction Committee consisting of 10 Conveners from the 24 clusters conducts the auctions. On arrival at the market the farmer/trader is checked and registered at the gate and if the produce meets the quality and grading parameters, is allotted a numbered entry card/ticket with the following details:

Name and address Type of produce Quantity of produce Identification number of the wholesaler/commission agent/auction platform where the produce is

to be taken

Auctions are held every Monday, Wednesday and Friday and only wholesalers licensed by the Market authority are allowed to participate in the auctions. To help in the effective conduct of auctions, each Convener present during the auction is given a ‘Manpower charge’ of Rs. 400 per day to ensure the wage payment for one labour that helps with the weighing and loading and unloading of produce.

The Market Authority prescribes the unit of price quotation for every commodity and the minimum amount by which the buyer has to increase the bid price during the auction. Once the bids are accepted a numbered sales chit is prepared with the following details:

Entry card/ticket number Farmer name and address Name of product Quantity sold Selling price

One copy of this is given to the farmer; two to the buyer and two more are kept in the market records. The buyer transports the produce out of the market by producing the chits at the specified counter and after making the payment for market fees and commission. The farmer receives payment for his produce only about 4-5 days after the auction, and is required to present the chit at the time of payment.

To encourage more farmers to use this facility, the Auction Committee is provided with funds from the Market Development Scheme. Farmers receive one rupee as transportation charge for every

Annex 5-23


kilogram of produce brought to the market. As a measure to encourage more buyers to participate in the auctions, the Market Authority rents out the 20 rooms within the market complex to wholesalers/commission agents to store their produce. This is a main source of income for this market, while the other source of income comes from the 0.5% cess charged to farmers on the total volume of produce sold.

According to the market authorities, local traders who buy the produce sell about 50% of the produce in the district and the rest is sold to the neighbouring states and districts. The market authorities try to arrange for transportation of vegetables not bought by the local traders to be sent to the markets in Kozhikode and Malappuram.

Total Auctioned Volume and Realised Price from 2011-2014

Source: Compiled by the JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the data from Rural Agriculture Wholesale Market

The sale of vegetables in the RAWM was low in 2012-13 and this corresponds with the less than normal rainfall during the 2012 monsoon. Such variation in yield is expected and unavoidable in areas that have no facility for supplemental irrigation.

Suggestions for improvement:

The establishment of the RAWM has provided farmers relief from middlemen and low prices; however, there are other areas that need attention to ensure better and efficient services to farmers. The most common and recurring problems that farmers face include:

high cost of seeds problems with irrigation disease and pest problems lack of facilities for storage, grading and packing severe fluctuation in market prices labor shortage

These issues need to be sorted out if more farmers are to come forward to grow vegetables. The Auction Committee members, who are vegetable farmers themselves, have the following suggestions to improve both vegetable production and marketing of vegetables through the RAWM.

To address issues related to production, they recommend setting up of a one stop shop that provides farmers with seeds, inputs, training, micro-irrigation facilities and labor support for production.

To tackle marketing issues they propose setting up of facilities for grading, packing, value addition and storage at the Grama Panchayat level as it could help in reducing the negative impacts and shocks of a volatile market. Timely availability of reliable market information would help them access other markets.

The 4-5 day delay in payment for produce sold is a significant deterrent for farmers. Setting up of a revolving fund to pay farmers cash on delivery, would be an incentive that would encourage more farmers to use this facility.

1060 835

1770 1568 1189

2713

2011-12 2012- 2013 2013-2014

Quantity Auctioned in MT

Total value ten thousand Rs.

Annex 5-24


- Vegetable and Fruit Promotion Council of Kerala (VFPCK):

The VFPCK was established in 2001 as a registered not-for-profit company under the section 25 of the Indian Companies Act. The support for this program came through funds from the EU. In the first phase, the project covered seven districts of the state and later it was extended to all 14 districts.

The VFPCK promotes the formation of SHGs and this is the basic unit of operation. In 2012-13, there were 679 SHGs with a membership of 9,799 farmers distributed in all the 25 Grama Panchayats in the district; this has grown to 724 SHGs with a total membership of 10,540 farmers in 2013-14.

To become a member of an SHG supported by VFPCK, banana farmers must cultivate at least 300 banana plants a year and vegetable farmers must cultivate a minimum of 100 cents (0.4 ha) per year. Each SHG has between 20-25 farmers and four members from each SHG are chosen as Master trainers – one each for production, credit, marketing and observation. These master trainers from each SHG are trained on all aspects of vegetable and fruit production and management aspects of credit and marketing, they in turn train the rest of the members in their group. The Master trainers are changed once every two years to ensure that all farmers receive training. This system of extension and training is different from the conventional extension services since farmers train other farmers. Participatory Technology Development is another important component in the program.

In addition to training, farmers are also supplied with good quality seeds/seedlings and inputs at subsidized cost, credit and marketing support are also provided. The SHGs meet once every month to discuss progress and prepare a work plan for the month. The Master farmer- Credit in consultation with all the members of the SHG, prepares a credit plan which is submitted to the closest branch of any one of the 11commercial banks associated with the VFPCK; after a spot verification by the bank official, the plan is approved and funds released.

The program supports the establishment of Farmer’s markets in each Grama Panchayat, if there are more than seven SHGs actively participating in the program. The VFPCK has established Farmer’s markets called Swasraya Karshaka Samithi (SKS) in 21 Grama Panchayats in the district. The SKS are run by the Master Farmer – Marketing of all the SHGs.

To effectively run and monitor the activities of the SKS, a President, Vice President, Treasurer and Secretary are selected from all the Master Farmer – Marketing from the Grama Panchayat. They are responsible for the efficient and effective management of the market. There are two modes of trading in the markets - auctions when the volume of produce is less than five tons; fixed price sale when the produce exceeds five tons

The price fixing is done after studying the market rates of the vegetables; and a price about Rs.1-2 more than the prevailing market price is fixed as the sale price for the produce of VFPCK farmers. The President and Treasurer of each SKS have come together to form the Wayanad District Consortium of Farmers. This Consortium decides a minimum price for the farmers produce; when the market price falls below this minimum value, farmers are given this fixed minimum price for their produce. Whenever there is a glut in the market and prices fall excessively, farmers are provided transportation charges to mitigate the loss.

One other support that VFPCK provides to farmers is insurance cover for their crop. The VFPCK has linked up with National Insurance and farmers are encouraged to insure their crops. The insurance covers natural calamities, pest and disease attacks and man-animal conflict. The premium fixed for vegetable crops is Rs. 6/cent (0.004 ha) cultivated of which Rs. 1 is provided by the VFPCK. While for banana it is Rs.5/plant. Of this Rs.1.5 is provided by VFPCK. The farmer gets, on an average, the following rates when there is damage to his crop - Pandal vegetable crop – Rs 400/cent, Non-pandal vegetable crop – Rs 350/cent, Banana with formed bunch – Rs. 85/bunch, Banana with no bunch – Rs. 60/plant

Annex 5-25


Total Production and Price Realised from 2011-2014

Source: Compiled by JICA Survey Team (2014) based on data from Vegetable and Fruit Promotion Council of Kerala

- SupplyCo:

The Kerala State Civil Supplies Corporation also known as Supplyco was established in 1974 and is the procurement agency of the government. Over the years they have established several retail stores – Maveli stores, Super Markets and People’s Bazaar across the state that supply essential food items at subsidized rates to consumers. Supplyco procures paddy and various other agricultural commodities from farmers and traders. Paddy procurement is an important activity of Supplyco.

Farmers interested in selling their paddy to Supplyco must register with the Krishi Bhavan in their respective Panchayat at the time of sowing giving details of extant of cultivated area, time of harvest and expected yields. Only registered farmers can sell to Supplyco, though once registered it is not mandatory that the farmer sells only to Supplyco.

The government announces the procurement price of paddy and Supplyco purchases paddy from farmers at this price. In areas where there are several farmers cultivating paddy and high procurement potential, Supplyco arranges for purchase at farmer’s fields. In other places, they announce the date and place of procurement and registered farmers interested in selling their paddy to Supplyco must bring their produce and the Paddy Registration Slip to the assigned place. There are quality parameters for procurement set by Supplyco and farmers must adhere to these quality standards to be eligible to sell to Supplyco. The details of purchase are recorded and the payment for the procured paddy is deposited into the individual bank accounts of the farmers. This however takes a few month, the farmer therefore has to wait for a few month before he receives the payment for the goods supplied.

A large number of farmers also sell their paddy to local dealers, who buy all the produce of the farmers at the farm gate and payments are done almost immediately. This is therefore the preferred mode of sale by small and marginal farmers who have no other means to meet their financial requirements. Another disadvantage that farmers face with Supplyco is, in times of excess production, Supplyco is unable to purchase the entire quantity produced by the farmer, who then has to depend on private dealers for marketing.

- Organic Products

The current strategies for marketing of Wayanad Agriculture Organic Consortium (WAOC) include participation in Biofach, an international organic festival, and other organic fairs and exhibition conducted in the state. The consortium receives bulk orders both from within the country as well as from international buyers, but are unable to meet the demand due to paucity of funds. Marketing of organic produce is therefore almost a negligible activity through the Consortium. There are a few NGOs such as WSSS who are able to market a part of the organic products produced by their farmers groups because of financial support received for marketing activities.

- Others

There are no specific markets for the rest of the other major crops grown in the area – coffee, tea, pepper, ginger, turmeric, cardamom. Private dealers and wholesale merchants dominate the marketing of agricultural produce in the district, leaving the farmers a disadvantaged lot. Market information

4826 4757 5408 8782

10253 10588

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Quantity in MT Sales ten thousand Rs

Annex 5-26


system is poorly developed and the lack of proper storage facilities only adds to the woes of the farming community in the district.

Small and marginal farmers who are generally left out the agricultural value chain are now being encouraged to set up Producer Companies in order to actively participate and contribute to the development of agriculture. This is seen as a model to make agriculture remunerative to small and marginal farmers by involving them in the entire range of operations from production to marketing and value addition. The basic intent of the Producer Company is to collectivise farmers and help them access credit facilities, extension services, market linkages. Producer Companies allows farmers to use the power of collective bargaining and access markets that were earlier beyond their reach. They are owned and managed by farmers and may be supported by a resource institute. There are a few Producer Companies that have been recently registered/are in process of getting registered in Wayanad – Green Tea Producer Company, Wayanad Agro and Spices Producer Company, Way Farm Producer Company for vegetables, Coffee Producer Company, Paddy Producer Company.

5.3.7 Agriculture Processing

Processing of agricultural produce has many advantages – produce can be stored for a longer period, can be transported conveniently, possibility of accessing far away markets, fetches a better price in the market, it provides opportunities for employment, contributes to food security by making produce available at times beyond production times and provide farmers a stable and profitable source of income. However, there are only a few processing facilities in Wayanad.

- Paddy

In spite of being a major producer of paddy, there are no drying yards, storage, milling or processing facilities in the district. Supplyco, the state level procurement agency, has set quality parameters for procurement. Farmers face severe problems since quality parameters by Supplyco are stringent and the facilities available in farmer’s fields are inadequate to meet the quality standards. So even if Supplyco provides farmers with a better procurement price than local rice traders, they are unable to realize any profits or benefits. A large number of small and marginal farmers therefore sell their paddy, immediately after harvest, to local private dealers, sometimes, at prices lesser than that offered by Supplyco.

- Tea

According to the Agricultural Statistics 2013-2013 by the Government of Kerala, Department for Economics and Statistics published in 2014, about 5,306 ha in Wayanad is cultivated to tea and produces about 13,966 ton of tea. Much of this production comes from the large tea estates owned and operated by private companies like Harrisons Malayalam, Parisons, Peria Peak, Kurchermala Plantations, and Glen Leven Estates. These private estates have processing facilities and undertake the processing of all the tea produced in their estates. Small and marginal farmers who cultivate tea in their holdings sell mostly to private dealers who come from Tamil Nadu to buy the tea for processing in their factories in Tamil Nadu. The Wayanad Agro Movement (WAM) Tea Company Limited was established in Karimani, Kampatty, in the Thavinhal Panchayat in 2006 as a cooperative of about 500 small tea growers. They process and market their tea under the brand Pushpagiri Tea. More recently, the Wayanad Green Tea Producer Company was established in Nenmeni Panchayat to help small and marginal tea growers market their produce directly to tea factories.

- Coffee

Coffee is one of the most important crops cultivated in Wayanad, and much of the coffee production in the district comes from small and marginal farmers. Till about 1995, only the Coffee Board and its approved agencies had the absolute right to purchase all the coffee produced under a pooling system. However from 1995, small farmers were allowed to sell all their produce in the open market while large farmers could sell 70% of their produce in the open market. Much of the coffee in the district is sold as ripe berries to local traders immediately after harvest since storage and processing facilities are not available in the district.

Annex 5-27


- Spices

The major spices grown in the region are pepper, ginger, turmeric and cardamom. The Department of Agriculture has a pepper processing facility in Mullenkolli. WSSS has a Spices Processing facility at Mananthavady and organic spices purchased from their farmers as well as from other certified operations are processed here. There is an increasing demand for organic products both locally and internationally and keeping this in view WSSS has scaled up its processing facility. A new processing unit ‘Biowin’ with larger processing facilities is being set up about 4 km away from the Mananthavady town under the technical guidance of the National Institute of Inter Disciplinary Science & Technology. This unit has the capacity to process 4MT per day and includes yard/storage facilities as well. A number of processing activities will be conducted at Biowin including cleaning, sorting, drying, steam sterilization, cool grinding, cracking, slicing, hulling, powdering and packing.

5.4 Livestock

5.4.1 Overview of Livestock

The livestock kept in the district are cattle, buffalo, pig, sheep, goat, dog, rabbit, horse, mule, elephant, fowl, duck, turkey and quail. The latest numbers of major livestock are shown in the following table.

Number of Major Livestock in Wayanad in 2012

Block Cattle Buffalo Pig Goat Poultry Cross bred Indigenous Kalpetta 13,465 344 13,809 961 805 8,424 Mananthavady 18,021 565 18,586 1,147 1,150 7,957 Sulthan Battery 16,398 918 17,316 1,819 885 9,761 Panamaram 22,684 512 23,196 1,264 675 8,990 Total 70,568 2,339 72,907 5,191 3,515 35,132

Source: Quick Estimate Panchayat wise – Wayanad District – Livestock Census 2012

Among the animal components of the livestock segment, the number of cattle is largest, which means the cattle rearing are the major income provided for the people.

Approximately 97% of the cattle population is exotic and crossbreed types. Cattle are reared not only for milk production but also for multifaceted reasons, such as natural asset, fertilizer production, meat production, etc.

5.4.2 Meat

The following table shows the estimated meat production volume and number of slaughtered animals in 2007-08.

Meat production and number of Slaughtered Animals Cattle Buffalo Goat and sheep Pig Poultry

Meat production (MT) 589 691 112 177 378 Slaughtered number 11,513 12,440 12,614 4,061 -

Source: Animal husbandry statistics

Table below shows the number and type of slaughter house in Wayanad.

Number of Slaughter Houses No. of slaughter houses

Authorised Unauthorised Temporary Total Wayanad 1 39 25 65 Kerala 154 1,997 1,714 3,865

Source: Animal husbandry statistics

The numbers of organized and unorganized slaughter houses are unchanged since 2005 to 2011. The

Annex 5-28


number of slaughter houses is quite small in Wayanad, compare to total number in the State. There were no organized markets and transporting channels in Wayanad and meat production has been done in unauthorized or temporary slaughter houses.

Taking into consideration of the importance of livestock rearing for meat production, The Brahmagiri Development Society (BDS) launched an innovative community-based farmer-oriented project so called 'Malabar Meat'. A meat processing plant with a capacity to produce 45 tons of meat every day has just been inaugurated in April 2014, with the processing units of Buffalo, goat and poultry, and the units for rabbit and pork is under construction. The plant will be the Asia’s largest multispecies abattoir with India’s first ISO-FSSC 22,000 standard based designed meat plant.

5.4.3 Milk and Dairy Production and Collection

(1) Dairy Farmer and Production

Based on the data from Dairy Cooperative Societies (DCS) and Wayanad Dairy, the number of dairy farmers in the district who own/owned minimum one cattle, can be assumed to be a minimum of 66,000. Among them, only 20,572 farmers sell milk constantly to DCS for processing and the average volume sold is estimated to be 162,000 L/day. The reason for this low rate (31% of total farmers) of farmers selling milk to DCS are summarised below;

Some farmers own no cattle Some farmers do not own productive cattle (e.g. The owing cattle is not old enough to reproduce,

etc.) Some farmers do not obtain enough milk production for sale (Produced milk is used only for

home consumption) Some farmers sell their milk locally by their own route and do not sell to DCS

Milk procurement, distribution of active dairy farmers and the number of cattle owned are shown in the following figure. The figure show that more than 90% of dairy farmers own only one or two cattle. Mullankolly, Poothadi and Pulpalli are the three largest milk production Panchayats.

Annex 5-29


Milk Procurement, Number of Dairy Farmers and Number of Cattle Source: Compiled by JICA Survey Team (2014) based on data from Dairy Development Department and MILMA

To increase dairy production, the DDD now encourages farmers to form Joint Liability Groups (JLG) to have better access to credit facilities for purchase of cattle without the need for collateral security. The Department has set up a total of 410 JLGs: 227 in Mananthavady block, 116 in Sulthan Bathery block and 67 in Kalpetta block. The total number of cattle purchased in all the blocks together is 774 and there has been an increase in milk production by 7,665 L/day.

The Department encourages farmers to construct modern cattle sheds to ensure the well being of the animals. It is also involved in research on hydroponic fodder cultivation and open type precision farming to ensure fodder security in the district. A new project called ‘Susthira 2030’ has been developed by the Department as a social initiative where all members of the household can be involved in livestock rearing and earn a substantial income from the activity. To ensure the welfare of the dairy farmers the department has set up the Kerala Dairy Farmers Welfare Fund. This fund covers cattle insurance, medical treatment facilities for farmers, treatment of cattle and pension scheme for farmers. The department works in close cooperation with the Animal husbandry department and the Veterinary College and is therefore able to effectively support the dairy farmers.

Kudumbasree Mission is also promoting animal husbandry as an additional income generation and livelihood activity among its NHG members. A total of 137 units including milch cow, goat rearing, poultry rearing, calf rearing, male and female buffalo rearing, rabbit rearing, quail rearing, pisciculture, and mini dairy units have been set up in 20 Grama Panchayats of Wayanad. An example of a successful initiative by the Kudumbasree Mission is the Bana Agro and Allied Producer Company (BAAPCO) started by the Padinharathara Community Development Society (CDS). There are 15 groups formed in the Padinharathara Panchayat, one group each in 15 wards of the Panchayat. Each group consists of 5 dairy farmers, taking the total number of members involved in this activity to 75 and they all are members of BAAPCO. Each group has received Rs.520,000 assistance from Canara Bank to start this initiative. A sum of Rs. 40,000 has been used by each farmer (total 200,000 as a group) to buy one cow each, most of them have purchased the improved breed (HF or Jersey) of cows. The milk produced will be processed into value added products like paneer, curds, ice cream, ghee etc.

Annex 5-30


BAAPCO is hopeful of starting production in the next couple of months and expects monthly sales turnover of Rs.800,000. The groups have close links with the DDD and the Animal Husbandry and Veterinary College in the district and these institutions provide technical guidance, timely assistance and extension services to ensure the well being of the animals.

(2) Collection System

Dairy Cooperative Societies (DCS) play a major role for milk collection. There are 55 DCS in the district, 53 of them are developed along the same lines as the Anand Milk Union Ltd (AMUL) of Gujarat, the first successful Dairy Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation in the country and are called Anand Pattern Cooperative Societies (APCOS); the other two are traditional milk cooperative societies.

There are 32 DCS in which milk chilling centres have been established. The remaining 23 DCS who do not have their own milk chilling centre can send their milk to the milk chilling centre closest to them, which ensuring that almost 96% of the milk procured in the district is chilled at the primary level itself. This ensures that the milk procured from the dairy farmers is maintained under hygienic and optimum conditions before it can be processed into various dairy products.

Although all the dairy farmers can sell their milk to a DCS, the DDD encourages farmers to register themselves in the DCS. As of 2013, there are about 53,040 farmers who are registered with the DCS. The registered farmers are given membership in the society. Those members who supply a minimum quantity of 500 litre of milk a year is categorized as “active member” and they are given several benefits from DCS including a share in the profits, voting rights, access to credit and insurance facilities, medical benefits, pension schemes, subsidy schemes for infrastructure development and other welfare measures.

Most of DCS collect milk through a well established network of collection routes. Along the routes there are several collection points where the farmer deposits his milk and gets a receipt for the quantity of milk supplied. In the collection points samples of milk are taken. From the collection points the milk is taken to the milk chilling centres. For some small scale DCS, the collection have been done at fixed point where farmers bring their products.

The samples are tested in a laboratory in DCS for parameters like milk fat, Solids Not Fat (SNF) and bacterial load. Based on the milk fat and the SNF values the price of the milk is fixed. For minimum price protection the fat content should be 3% and the SNF should be 8.5%. A minimum of Rs.27.17/L is given to the farmer if it meets this specification. Farmers have the option of choosing the frequency in which they would like to receive their payment – weekly, once in two weeks or monthly.

5.4.4 Milk Processing and Marketing

The district has two well known Dairy processing units with their own brand name, MILMA and Wayanad Milk. In addition, five DCS are supported by DDD to set up processing facilities and market their products under their own brand name.

(1) Wayanad Dairy - Milma

There are three Milk Unions in the state – Ernakulam, Thiruvananthapuram and Malabar and these are affiliated to the state level apex level body for the marketing of milk and milk products - the Kerala Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd. (KMMF). The products of the three milk unions are marketed under the brand ‘Milma’.

Wayanad Dairy is one of the members of the Malabar Regional Cooperative Milk Producers Union Ltd. It was set up at Chuzali in Kalpetta in October 2008 and started functioning in April 2009. There are 53 DCS that supply milk to the Wayanad Dairy and it is the biggest dairy processing unit in the district with a processing capacity of 150,000 L/day.

The following figure shows the daily average milk procurement by Wayanad Dairy, the daily average quantity processed at the dairy, and the daily average local sales over a 3-year period. The procurement volume has been increasing during the said 3-year period.

Annex 5-31


Wayanad Dairy -Average Daily Quantities of Milk Procured, Sold Locally and Processed

Source: Compiled by JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the data from Wayanad Dairy

Of the total quantity of milk procured by the Wayanad dairy about 85% of the milk is processed and the remaining 15% is sold locally.

In addition to toned milk, Wayanad Dairy also processes several value added dairy products, much of the profits come from these value added products that they produce – butter, ice cream, ghee, milk powder. Ghee produced by Wayanad Dairy is also being exported to the Gulf countries under the brand name ‘Milma’. In 2013, ghee sales to the gulf countries touched 33 metric tons.

The marketing network of ‘Milma’ is well established and they have about 9,000 outlets in the Malabar region including retail and bulk sales. Polyurethane Foam (PUF) insulated vehicles are used for distribution and dealers are provided with PUF boxes, fridges and freezers to maintain optimal temperature conditions and increase shelf life of the products. Their marketing strategies include:

Physical marketing of the product Consumer contact/relation Building of consumer awareness Creation of many new product Promotion of existing and new products Improvement of quality of milk and milk products

They try to give back about 80% of the profits to the producers and the remaining 20% is utilized for the following activities;

Capital Costs (Interest and depreciation; for capacity expansions and working capital) Milk Production Expansion measures Market Expansion expenses including Advertisements Petroleum price hike effect on transport, milk packing plastic film, furnace oil for boilers Surplus/Lean Management expenses Purchase of milk from neighboring states during lean season and high demand days Income Tax on Profits Contribution to the State for the Dairy Farmer Welfare/ Pension Fund Farmer Welfare measure.

KMMF has several own schemes to support farmers and to increase milk production. The schemes include following activities; Insurance for the farmer and cattle Accident insurance for the farmer Educational loans Pension scheme for farmers Heifer Development Program Fodder and feed production

0 20000 40000 60000 80000

100000 120000 140000 160000

Average daily procurement

Average daily sent to dairy

Average local sales

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Annex 5-32


Supply of milking machine Supply of mechanical pressure washers, generators, and chaff cutters

(2) Sulthan Bathery Co-operative Milk Supply Society Ltd - Wayanad Milk

The Sulthan Bathery Co-operative Milk Supply Society Ltd is a DCS established in 1963 in Sulthan Bathery, and their registered farmers are around 6,500 from Sulthan Bathery, Noolpuzha and Nenmeni Panchayats. Their processing plant established in Noolpuzha with a capacity of 20,000 L/day started operation in 2010. They market their products under the brand Wayanad Milk. The DDD and the Animal Husbandry Department have been extending technological and financial assistance to this Society.

They procure 22,000 L/ day of milk from 3,200 producers, of which 17,000 litres is processed into Toned Milk, Homogenized Toned milk, Curd, Ghee etc. 50% of their profit is given back to the producers.

Although their plant is well equipped, their procurement volume has reached full capacity and expansion of the unit is needed.

(3) Others

In addition to the Sulthan Bathery Co-operative Milk Supply Society Ltd, DDD is also assisting five other DCS – Deepthigiri, Thariode, Kunnumbetta, Muppainad, and Meenangadi - in the district to set up processing facilities and market their products under their own brand name. The details of facilities available, processing volume and the status of operations are shown in the following table. In each DCS the facilities are not fully equipped yet and need financial assistance for beginning/continuing/expanding operations.

Details of DCS Supported by the DDD for Processing Dairy Products

Nam

e of

DC

S

Bra

nd N

ame

Present facilities Available

Proc

essin

g C

apac

ity

Tot

al M

ilk p

rocu

rem

ent

(litr

e /d

ay)

Qua

ntity

of m

ilk u

sed

for

proc

essi

ng /p

acki

ng (l

itre

/day

)

Prod

ucts

man

ufac

ture

d

Remarks

Deepthigiri

Deepthi milk

BMC 8000 lit Bottle washing machine, Milk filling machine, Crown capping machine, Cooling machine, Generator etc

2000 bottles per day

3,181 140 Farm Fresh Milk in Bottles

Now manual operation. Full Automation is in progress

Thariode Thripthi milk

BMC 3000 lit, Bottle washing machine, Milk filling machine, Crown capping machine, Cooling machine, Generator etc

2000 bottles per day

2,814 108 Farm Fresh Milk in Bottles

Now manual operation. Full Automation is in progress

Kunnam betta

Kunnam betta Milk

BMC 5000 lit, Hot water generator, Three stage plate heat exchanger, Packing machine, refrigeration unit, Deep freezer etc

500 L per hour 3,720 300 Pasteuriz

ed Milk

Now semi automatic method. Full Automation is in progress

Muppainad

Mupainad Milk

BMC 3000 lit, Hot water generator, Three stage plate heat exchanger, Packing machine, refrigeration unit, Deep freezer, Single stage Plate heat exchanger etc

500 L per hour 2,166 0 Pasteuriz

ed Milk Not commissioned

Meenangadi

Menma milk

BMC 5000 litre x 3, Cream separator, Freezer, Packing machine hand operated, Lab equipments etc

15000 L per day 11,200 300

Fresh milk, Ghee curd

Now manual operation.

Annex 5-33


Source: Compiled by JICA Survey Team (2014) Data from DDD, Wayanad

5.5 Farmers in Wayanad

5.5.1 Land holdings

As described in Section 5.3.2, 89% of holdings (154,883 out of 174,416) belong to marginal class, which holding size is less than one ha of land including premises, home garden, and farmland. To know further detail of land holding and agricultural form of marginal holdings, a questionnaire survey was conducted in five (5) Panchayats. The detail of the survey is described in Attachment III.5.1I.

5.5.2 Characteristics of farmers by land holding size

Total 18 households (including 7 ST individuals or colonies) are selected for a questionnaire survey. Land holding size are sub-divided into 6 based on the land size and social category; general small holdings (abbreviated as S with 1-2 ha), general larger marginal holdings (M-1 with 0.8-1 ha), general medium marginal holdings (M-2 with 0.4-0.8 ha), general smaller marginal holdings (M-3 with less than 0.4 ha), ST larger marginal holdings (SM-1 with 0.4-1ha), and ST smaller marginal holdings (SM-2 with less than 0.4ha). The results are shown in Attachment III.5.1.

The results are summarized as below;

- In most of household land includes both premises and farmland. An Adiya colony is identified in Panamaram Panchayat where land is too small to use for farmland so that all the area was occupied with premises. In general house is constructed in slope land and lowland is used only for farmland, except a household in Panamaram who belong to M-3 category in which all the owned land belong to lowland.

- Cultivated plants in farmland are common in all areas regardless land size. In slope land, mix cropping based on tree cash crops such as coffee, pepper, areca, etc. is major way of cultivation. Paddy, banana and vegetable are cultivated for house consumption or for sale in lowland.

- Animal husbandry is very common and all the households own/owned animal except category ST-2, where there is so limited land. Cow is the most major livestock for dual purpose, for milk production and for dung production. Cow dung is mainly used for their farmland but some households sale it to get cash income. There are five households who sold livestock. The reasons of selling livestock are for urgent need of cash (3), fodder shortage (1) and land limitation (1).

- Households in category S, M-1, M-2 and SM-1 own their lands in both slope land and lowland, except households in Meppady Panchayat where there are very few lowland available. On the other hands, households in category M-3 and SM-2 own their land only in slope land.

- Households in category S and M-3 lease land in lowland area. Households in Category S lease land as a group, on the other hand, Category M-3 lease land as individual.

- All households in Category S, M-1 and M-2 use loan. Loan access is lower in M-3, ST-1 and ST-2.

- The farm input and use for labour tend to be higher in lowland compare to slope land. The reason seems to be the difference of crop type. In lowland annual crops are dominated and they need more farm input and more labour intensive than perennial crops, which are cultivated mainly in slope land.

- The households in Category S have advantage of marketing than the other categories. One of them has strong connection with a dealer who can store the products until market late becomes higher. The other has several dealers who can come to pick the products to the house. Most of households other than Category S bring their products to a local market or private dealer(s), without any incentives.

Annex 5-34


- The households in Category S and M-1 rely on their livelihood totally on their agricultural activities. On the other hand, the households in Category M-2, M-3, ST-1 and ST-2 rely on their livelihood partly or totally on NREGA and/or wage labour.

The results are summarized in Table below;

Summary of Characteristics of Agriculture by Land holding Size

Category Small (S) (1.0-2.0ha=2.5-5 acre)

Marginal (M-1) (0.8-1.0ha=2-2.5 acre)

Marginal(M-2) (0.4-0.8ha=1-2 acre)

Description -Own both Slope land and Lowland

-Cultivation in leased land in lowland as group

-Loan access is high -Input is high -Market advantage -Livelihood only from agriculture

-Animal husbandry

-Own both Slope land and Lowland

-No cultivation in leased land -Loan access is high -Input is medium -No marketing incentive -Livelihood only from

agriculture -Animal husbandry

-Own both Slope land and Lowland

-No cultivation in leased land -Loan access is high -Input is low -No marketing incentive -Livelihood from agriculture and labor

-Animal husbandry

Category Marginal(M-3) (>0.4ha= >1 acre)

ST(SM-1) (<0.4ha= <1 acre)

ST(SM-2) (>0.4ha= >1 acre)

Description -Own only in slope land - Cultivation in leased land in lowland as individual

-Loan access is low -Input is limited -No marketing incentive -Livelihood from agriculture and labour

-Animal husbandry

-Own only in slope land -Partially cultivated in leased

land in lowland -Loan access is low -Input is low -No marketing incentive -Livelihood from agriculture

and labour -Animal husbandry

-Own only in slope land -No cultivation in leased land -Loan access is low -Input is limited -No marketing incentive -Livelihood from agriculture and labour

-No livestock


Other findings from the survey are as follows;

- The general marketing method except category S is that they sell their product soon after harvesting, by bringing them to the nearest local market by themselves by using local transportation. In general the quantity of the product is fairly small and there is no negotiation of the price.

- Generally it is women who go to NREGA and men don’t go so often. The low wage of NREGA (300 Rs. /day) compare to other job (400 Rs. /day for forest relating work or 500 Rs. /day for construction work, for example) is the main reason for men for non participation of MGNREGA work. The delay of payment is another reason that men tend to choose a work which payment is immediately. Many men mentioned that they prefer to stay home without earn any money than going to hard work with low wage. On the other hand, women have no choice to go to whatever kind of wage work as the main actor to get daily income for household.

- Larger size holdings (Category S and M-1) tend to receive more external support for agricultural subsidies and loans. Some of smaller holdings think that loan interest is too high for them to use so that loan is something to make rich people richer.

- The biggest challenge for small holdings is how to earn money for daily expenditure. Tree crops are easy to manage but they take long time until they start production and also most of crops have only once of production in a year. They prefer annual crops which take short time for production such as paddy or vegetables, but they don’t have access to lowland to cultivate them.

- Compare to general community, in ST communities especially in Paniya, group formation looks difficult because they think there are several problems and misunderstanding among households in a colony and they have very few intention to collaborate with other families.

Annex 5-35


5.5.3 Land Holding Size and BPL

The results of the household survey show that there are no BPL households in category S and M-1. In M-3, SM-1 and SM-2, all the households belong to BPL except a household of Kuruma tribe in Meppady, where a household member is government official so that the household is categorized as APL. From the results, it can be supposed that less than 0.8 ha (two acre) is the indicative line for the landholding size of BPL. This clarification corresponds with the line that livelihood of household rely not only for agriculture but also labour work to fill the gap of earning and expenses.

One important remark is that there are many differences among BPL by landholding size. In households in category M-2, there is clear separation between land for house and farmland. On the other hand, households in category M-3 tend to have difficulty to differentiate the land between house and farmland. They tend to have kitchen garden or animal shed just besides the building.

In addition, ST households tend to have different characteristics than general social category so that special attention may be needed.

5.5.4 Irrigation Practice of BPL Household

As for the very small irrigation that is now being practiced by the some BPL households who have their own lands, the interviews were conducted to the Minor Irrigation Divisional Office located in Sultan Bathery Panchayat, the Muttil Panchayat Office, and then the field investigations were made with guidance by a member of Ward 11. At the field investigation, the interviews to the BPL families concerned.

According to the explanation by the Minor Irrigation Divisional Office and the information provide by Irrigation Engineering Principles (Module 3, Version 2) issued by Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), the minor irrigation is defined to be the irrigation for the area in net less than or equal to 2,000ha.

By the way, it is to be noted that some other source has published the book as of 2012 that shows a different definition that is “By the enactment of new Act ‘Kerala Irrigation and Water Management Act 2003, the definition of minor irrigation has been changed and works benefiting an area less than 15ha only come under the category of minor irrigation.”

Anyhow, as the scale of the irrigation being practiced by most of BPL households who have their own lands is very small which area varies usually from 0.0025ha (5x5m) to 0.0050ha (5x10m), the above-mentioned definitions do not directly influence to micro irrigation by BPL households.

As for the small irrigation such as it for the area less than 15ha, the Minor Irrigation Divisional Office gives the authority to the Grama Panchayat Offices. Therefore, each of the BPL households is practicing the very small irrigation under the guidance by the Grama Panchayat Office.

After the interviews, the field investigations were conducted in Vazhavatta Madhhura Colony (N 11.37179°, E 76.09222°, EL 811m) in Ward 11, Advvadi Colony (N 11.38439, E 76.07106°, EL 734m) in Ward 15 and Thekkumpadi Colony (N 11.38439°, E 76.07139°, EL 733m) in Ward 7.

In Vazhavatta Madhhura Colony, there are four micro plot of crop cultivation on the slope. The size varies from 0.003ha to 0.011ha such as 6x10m, 7x15m, 4x13m and 4x7m. Each of the plots is owned by each of the 4 households out of the whole 20 in the colony.

Annex 5-36


Micro Irrigation in Agriculture Land of BPL

Families, Muttil Panchayat Plot size: 6m x 10m


Micro Irrigation in Agriculture Land of a BPL

Household, Muttil Panchayat Plot size: 4m x 13m


Upland crops such as the yam, the taro, the ginger, etc. are cultivated in the plots. The irrigation water is being supplied to the root zone only with the bucket. The water is taken from the individual water tank in the house yard. The water in the individual tank is supplied through the PVC pipe from the main water tank in the colony. The water source is the dug (open) well located at a low area. The diesel pump is used for lift up to the main water tank. The cropping with irrigation is practiced both in the rainy season (supplementary irrigation) and the dry season.

In Advvadi Colony and Thekkumpadi Colony, the bucket irrigation was being done of which the water source is a stream (2.5 m in water surface width).

In conclusion, it is considered that the present very small irrigation by the BPL households is being well practiced.

5.5.5 Agricultural Problems for BPL

The limited land is the source of almost all the problems for BPL household to sustain their livelihood by agriculture. Their income from agricultural products is very few because they get only a few agricultural products from their small land. The small amount of products makes them impossible to negotiate for better sales price in a market. In addition, they sale their products right after harvesting because they need money immediately but it is the timing that the price is low because many amount are traded.

The department of agriculture identified several problems on agriculture in Wayanad and there are many schemes prepared and applied for the purpose to solve the problems and to support farmers. Although there are several schemes target on small or marginal holdings, in some cases, the condition to apply to the schemes is too severe for BPL. For example, there is a scheme for vegetable production but the minimum limit of land holding is 0.01 ha (0.25 acre). Vegetable and Fruit Promotion Council of Kerala (VFPCK) encourage to form SHG for vegetable production but cultivation of minimum 0.4 ha (one acre) is the condition to be a member.

As a conclusion, for BPL households who have very limited land, it is very difficult to increase their income from agricultural activities.

Annex 5-37

Attachment III 5.1: Agriculture Field Survey

Introduction:

In order to get a general view and understanding of the agricultural activities in the district, a meeting of all the Agricultural Officers in the district was arranged and a simple questionnaire was distributed. Its purpose was to get the general trend and pattern in the different Grama Panchayats on the following aspects: land holding size, major crops cultivated, livestock component, labour situation, supply of inputs, the livelihood strategies and options of the farmers, marketing infrastructure and support, soil and land management practices, the major problems and constraints in the agriculture sector and the kind of institutional support structures that were currently available.

Based on the data received from 19 of the 25 Grama Panchayats in the district, and the data from Kerala State Land Use Board 2012, the following points became clear: the major crops grown in the different Grama Panchayats, the dominant land holding pattern and the major constraints in the agriculture sector in the Panchayats. To get a feel of the ground level realities of agricultural activities, individual household survey was conducted in three (3) blocks of Wayanad – Kalpetta, Panamaram and Mananthavady. A total of 18 households were surveyed, five (5) in Meppady Panchayat (Kalpetta Block), seven (7) in Panamaram Panchayat (Panamaram Block) and 6 in the Edavaka, Thavinhal and Thondernad Panchayats of Mananthavady Block. Though the sample size surveyed is small and does not lend itself for any statistical analysis, it can be used to understand the general tendencies and patterns in the villages.

Selection Criteria:

Three out of the four Blocks in the district were shortlisted based on the level of agricultural activity. The following criteria were used for the selection of Panchayats – Percentage of BPL families, cropping pattern, and presence of tribal communities. The help of the Agricultural Officer, Panchayat President and the Tribal Extension Officer was enlisted for identifying the households. Land holding size is an important criterion for farmers to access the welfare programs of the agriculture department as most subsidy programs are targeted at the small and marginal farmers. Therefore, the selection of households was done using the following parameters – land holding size and social identity. The number of households surveyed and their land holding size is presented in the following table.

Block wise number of Households Surveyed and their Land Holding Size Category Land holding Kalpetta Panamaram Mananthavady Small farmer (S) 2.5 – 5 acre Meppady (1) Panamaram (1) - Marginal Farmer (M-1) 2 – 2.5 acre Meppady (1) Panamaram (1) Thavinhal (1) Marginal Farmer (M-2) 1 – 2 acre - - Edavaka (1), Thavinhal (2) Marginal Farmer (M-3) 1 acre or less Meppady (1) Panamaram (2) Thavinhal (1) ST Marginal Farmer (SM-1) 1 acre or more Meppady (1) - Thondernad (1) ST Marginal Farmer (SM-2) 1 acre or less Meppady (1) Panamaram (3) - Source: JICA Survey Team (2014)

Based on the social identity, the households included in the survey can be classified in the following way.

Social Identity of Sampled Households

Village APL BPL Tribe (BPL)

Meppady 2 + 1 Tribe 1 1 Panamaram 2 2 3 Edavaka - 1 - Thavinhal 1 1 - Thondernad - 1 2

Total 6 6 6 Source: JICA Survey Team (2014)

A. III.5.1-1

Of the total households surveyed 33.3% belonged to APL (6 families) while the remaining 66.6% belonged to BPL category (12 households). Among the BPL households, 50% belonged to the ST category. One ST household surveyed belonged to APL category.

Survey Methodology:

A questionnaire was prepared by the JICA Survey Team (Agriculture) and a face-to-face structured interview using the questionnaire was conducted with farmers from the identified households with each interview lasting about 1.5- 2 hours on an average. The interview was conducted in Malayalam, the local language and the respondents in most cases included both the farmer and his/her spouse. The survey of the households was completed between May 26 and June 5, 2014. The following data was collected from each individual household.

Profile of the farm household, social identity, livelihood activities Farm details – size of holding, irrigation facilities Farming practices Inputs/Yield/Labour Marketing strategies Animal Husbandry and Livestock activities Household income and expenditure

Survey Results:

The findings of the survey have been analyzed and the results are discussed below. The table at the end of the page summarizes and tabulates the findings of the survey.

The following tribes were included in the survey – Paniya, Adiya, Kurichya, Kuruma. Traditionally the Kuruma and Kurichya tribes are agriculturists while the Paniya and Adiya are agricultural labourers. Food crops cultivated by the BPL/Tribal BPL families were generally for home consumption only, and plantation crops (pepper, areca, coffee, tea, ginger) if cultivated were sold to local traders.

It was interesting to note that coffee is grown in 83.3% of the households including in landholdings of less than 1 acre, supporting the finding that much of the coffee cultivated in the district comes from small and marginal landholdings.

About 55.5% of the surveyed households continue to cultivate pepper, which is now an important cash crop because of high demand for pepper. Banana, vegetables and paddy are cultivated exclusively in lowlands.

APL farmers were able to manage their households with income from agriculture as well as supplementing it with loan from banks or Kudumbasree, while the BPL farmers took to MGNREGA work or worked as agriculture labour to supplement their household income, since the returns from agriculture was insufficient to meet their household needs. In most households, only women took up the NREGA work as they received higher wages from NREGA work than the wages they received for regular agricultural work.

Among the 12 BPL families only 4 families have livestock at present, 4 families were forced to sell their animals to pay for medical expenses or to meet the daily needs of their families. Animals therefore contribute to the financial security in BPL households.

Irrespective of the size of landholding or the social class of the respondents in the survey, all marketing activities were carried on by the farmers as individuals. The only exception to it being, an organic farmer in Edavaka, supported by an NGO.

Labour requirement was seen to be an important limiting factor among the APL families while among the BPL families it was not significant since the size of landholding is small and the entire household was involved in agricultural work.

A. III.5.1-2

Suggestions:

Since coffee is grown by small and marginal farmers, steps to improve productivity of coffee by proper management of the plants and providing facilities for processing and value addition could directly benefit small and marginal farmers including BPL families.

Labour is a major limiting factor in the agriculture sector, providing skills training to small and marginal farmers who go out as wage labour would enhance their employability potential and could ensure better income.

Providing assistance to small and marginal farmers for including livestock into their agricultural systems could ensure livelihood, food and nutritional as well as financial security of BPL households.

Providing basic facilities for post harvest sorting and grading could enhance agricultural incomes.

A. III.5.1-3

Summary of Farm Household Survey

Note: S: Small; M: Marginal; SM: Small-Marginal; U: Upland; L: Lowland; S: Sales; HC: Household Consumption Block Kalpetta Panamaram Mananthavady

Grama Panchayat Meppady Panamaram Thavinhal/ Edavaka/ Thondernad Small (S) (1.0-2.0ha =2.5-5 acre)

-OBC -5 acre (U:5), 60% irrigated U: Coffee(S), Pepper(S), Rubber(S), Cardamom(S), Cocoa(S), Coconut (HC)

-2 acre (L) land lease as group -High labour use -High input -Private dealers come to buy (different dealers by crop) -Bank loan -1 cow and 1calf for milk and dung, Chicken for egg

-General -4.9 acre (U:2.9, L:2.0), 0% irrigated U: Coffee(S), Pepper(S), Areca(S), Rubber (S), Coconut (HC) L:Paddy(S), Ginger(S)

-Land lease (L) as group (Member of a group of agricultural machinery) -High labour use -High input -Go to sale a private dealer. The dealer keep the products until the farmer

ask to sale. The farmer can choose the sales timing based on market price. - Bank loan -2 cow for milk and dung

Marginal (M-1) (0.8-1.0ha =2-2.5 acre)

-General -2.5 acre (U:2.5), 0% irrigated U: Coffee(S), Pepper(S), Rubber(S), Banana(S)

-No land lease -No labour use -Very few input -Go to sale to a private dealer (all crops to the same dealer) -Gold loan -1 cow and 1calf for milk and dung

-General -2.25 acre (U 1, L:1.25), 100% irrigated U: Coffee(S), Pepper(S), Rubber(S), Areca(S), Coconut(HC) L: Paddy(S)

-No land lease -Medium labour use -Few input - Go to sale to a private dealer (all crops to the same dealer) -Bank loan -2 cows for milk and dung, Chicken for egg

-General -2.15 acre (U:1.65, L:0.5), 23% irrigated U: Tea(S),Coffee(S), Pepper(S), Areca(S), L: Banana(S), Vegetable(S), Tapioca(HC)

-No land lease -Few labour use -Few input -Go to sale to private dealers -Bank loan -No livestock (sold)

Marginal (M-2) (0.4-0.8ha =1-2 acre)

-General (APL but ration rate is as same as BPL)

-1 acre (U:0.5, L:0.5), 50% irrigated U: Coffee(S), Areca(S), L: Banana(S), Vegetable(S)

-No land lease -Few labour use -Very few input - Go to sale to a private dealer (all crops to the same

- BPL -1.14 acre (U:0.77, L:0.37), 32% irrigated U: Coffee(S), Pepper(S) L: Paddy(HC), Banana(S), Ginger(S), Tapioca(S), Yam(S), Tuber crops(HC)

-No land lease -Very few labour use -Few input -NGO come to buy organic crops and other crops go to

A.III.5.1-4

dealer) -Bank loan, Gold loan, Kudumbasree loan

-1 cow for milk and dung, 6 goat -NREGA

sale to different private dealers -Kudumbasree loan -3 cows and 1calf for milk and dung -Agricultural labour -Organic farmer supported by a NGO

Marginal (M-3) (0.4ha = <1 acre)

-OBC, BPL -0.15 acre (U:0.15), 0% irrigated U: Areca(S), Pepper(S), Mango(HC), Coconut(HC) Jack(HC)

-0.97 acre (L)land lease, L: Turmeric(HC), Ginger(S), Banana(HC)

-Very few labour use -Very few input -Go to sale to a local market -No loan -No livestock (Sold and eaten by wild animals) -NREGA

-BPL (Female head HH) -0.1 acre (L:0.1), 100% irrigated L:Vegetable(HC), Coconut(HC)

-No labour use -No input -House loan -3 cow for milk and dung -NREGA -Wage as auto driver (sons) -5.5 acre (L) land lease as a group of 5 members -2 laths loan from Kudumbasree -Paddy(S), Banana(S) -Medium input -few labour use -Sale to Supplyco (Paddy)

-OBC, BPL (widow) -0.14 acre (U:0.14), 0% irrigated - U: Coffee(S), Pepper(S), Mango(HC), Jack(HC)

-No land lease -Very few labour use -No input -Go to sale to a private dealer (all

crops to the same dealer) -No loan -No livestock (Sold) -NREGA -Widow pension

- BPL -0.3 acre (U:0.3), 0% irrigated U: Tea(S), Coffee(S), Pepper(S), Areca(S), Coconut(HC)

-0.5 acre (L) land lease L:Banana(S),

Vegetable(HC) -No labour use -Very few input - Go to sale to a private dealer (all crops to the same dealer) -No loan -No livestock (Sold) -NREGA, Agricultural labour -Member of Kudumbasree group

ST (SM-1) (>0.4ha = >1 acre)

-Kuruma Tribe -0.8 acre (U:0.2, L:0.6), 75% irrigated U:Coffee(S), Areca(S), Coconut(HC), L:Paddy(HC), Banana(S), Vegetable(S)

-No land lease -Medium labour use -Low input -Go to sale to private dealers -Loan: SBT -No livestock (Sold) -NREGA

-Kurichya Tribe, BPL -2 acre (U: 0.5, L:1.5), 0% irrigated U:Medicinal Tree(HC) L:Paddy(HC),Vegetable(HC)

-No land lease -No labour use -Few input -1Cow for milk and dung -MGNREGA

-Paniya (individual), BPL -1.5 acre (U:0.5, L:1.0), 33% irrigated U:Tree crops and vegetable (H) etc L: Not in use (dry) L:Coffee (young plants)

-1.5 acre (L) land lease L: Paddy (HC) (Land owner prepare all inputs and the borrower work as labour. All the harvest shared equally).

-2 Buffalo for meat and dung

A.III.5.1-5


-NREGA, Agricultural labour

-Supported to be an organic farmer by a NGO

ST (SM-2) (<0.4ha = <1 acre)

-Paniya Colony, BPL -Illegally occupied forest area - U: Coffee(S) etc. -No labour use -Very few input -Go to sale to a local market -No loan (No group work) -No livestock - NREGA, Agricultural labour

-Adiya Tribe, BPL -0.25 acre (U:0.25), 0% irrigated, No land lease

- U:Coffee(S), Areca(S), Pepper(S), Coconut(HC), Jack(HC), Mango(HC)

-Medium labour use -No input -Go to sale to a local market

-Kudumbasree Loan -Chicken for egg -NREGA

-Adiya Colony, BPL -15 houses in 0.5 acre land

-No plant -No loan (failure of group activities)

-No livestock - NREGA , Agricultural labour

-Paniya Colony, BPL -about 0.6 acre land for 13 families (0.04 acre(U) each) , 0% irrigated

- U: Coffee(S), Areca(S), Coconut (HC), Vegetable (HC) etc.

-No labour use -No input -Go to sale to a local market

-No loan (No group work)

-No livestock - NREGA , Agricultural labour

A.III.5.1-6

Annex-6 Forest and Forest Management in Wayanad District

Final Report: III Annexes Preparatory Survey for Wayanad Comprehensive Environment Conservation and Community Development Project

Table of Contents

Annex-6 Forest and Ecology in Wayanad District ............................................................... 6-1 6.1 Forest Administration in Wayanad District ........................................................................ 6-1

6.1.1 Institutional Setup of Wayanad Forest and Wildlife Division .................................... 6-1 6.1.2 Duties and Functions of Key Staff Members of Wayanad Forest and

Wildlife Divisions ....................................................................................................... 6-1 6.1.3 Human Resource of Wayanad Forest and Wildlife Divisions .................................... 6-3 6.1.4 Financial Procedure of Wayanad Forest and Wildlife Divisions ................................ 6-4 6.1.5 Facilities and Mobility of Wayanad Forest and Wildlife Divisions ........................... 6-5 6.1.6 GIS/MIS Expertise of Wayanad Forest and Wildlife Divisions ................................. 6-5 6.1.7 Monitoring and Evaluation of Wayanad Forest and Wildlife

Divisions ..................................................................................................................... 6-6 6.1.8 Forest Development Agency (FDA) in Wayanad ....................................................... 6-7 6.1.9 VSS and EDC in Wayayad District ............................................................................ 6-8

6.2 Present Condition of the Forest in the Forest Lands ......................................................... 6-8 6.2.1 Forest Land Classification ......................................................................................... 6-8 6.2.2 Forest Cover ............................................................................................................... 6-9 6.2.3 Forest Types ............................................................................................................. 6-10 6.2.4 Open Areas in Wayanad District .............................................................................. 6-11

6.3 Wildlife and Biodiversity ................................................................................................. 6-12 6.3.1 Biodiversity Profile ................................................................................................... 6-12 6.3.2 Wildlife Sanctuary .................................................................................................... 6-13 6.3.3 Past and On-going Projects Related to Wildlife and Biodiversity ............................ 6-13

6.4 Forest Management and Forestry ..................................................................................... 6-15 6.4.1 Brief History of Forest Management in Wayanad District ....................................... 6-15 6.4.2 Forest Management System ...................................................................................... 6-15 6.4.3 Joint Forest Management .......................................................................................... 6-16 6.4.4 Soil and Moisture Conservation ............................................................................... 6-17 6.4.5 NTFPs and their Market ........................................................................................... 6-17 6.4.6 Forest Based Industries ............................................................................................. 6-19

6.5 Livelihood of Forest Dependants ..................................................................................... 6-20 6.6 Traditional Forest Management Practices and Participatory Forest Management (PFM) 6-21

6.6.1 Overview .................................................................................................................. 6-21 6.6.2 JFM in Kerala State and Wayanad ........................................................................... 6-22

6.7 Eco Tourism Development ............................................................................................... 6-22 6.7.1 Overview .................................................................................................................. 6-22


6.7.2 Current Activities by VSS/EDC ............................................................................... 6-23 6.7.3 Challenges in Eco Tourism ....................................................................................... 6-23

6.8 VSS and EDC ................................................................................................................... 6-24 6.8.1 Establishment of VSS and EDC by the Kerala Forestry Project .............................. 6-24 6.8.2 VSS and EDC in Wayanad District .......................................................................... 6-24 6.8.3 Activities Undertaken by VSS and EDC in Wayanad District ................................. 6-25


Annex-6 Forest and Ecology in Wayanad District

6.1 Forest Administration in Wayanad District The forest lands with legal status extend to 86,205.16 ha as of 2014 which account for 40.47% of the total district area (212,900 ha). These forest lands are distributed in the three divisions set up by the Kerala Forests and Wildlife Department (KFWD) of Kerala State Government: namely North Wayanad, South Wayanad and Wildlife Sanctuary divisions. North and South divisions belong to Northern circle which headquarter (HQ) is located in Kannur while Wildlife division belongs to Wildlife circle which HQ is located in Palakkad. The aerial distribution of three divisions is given in the map attached as Map 7 in Volume II, Main Report.

6.1.1 Institutional Setup of Wayanad Forest and Wildlife Division

Three divisions were constituted in the administrative systems of forest management of Wayanad District according to the government orders as the followings.

Constitutions of the Three Divisions in Wayanad District Division Government Order to Constitute the Divisions

Wayanad North Kerala G. O. (MS), No. 5/90/F&WLD, dated 29.01.1990, Trivandrum Wayanad South Wayanad Wildlife Kerala G. O. (MS), No. 152/85/AD, dated 10.05.1985, Trivandrum

Source: Related Government Documents

The forest lands with legal status in those three divisions extend in the district area. As indicated below, the forest lands divided into four forest land categories. The detailed data category wise is given in Section 6.2.1 of Annex 6.

Category Wise State Forest Land in Wayanad District

District Reserve Forest

Vested Forest EFL Proposed

Reserve Total District Total (ha) 54,606.40 27,501.27 2,672.69 1,874.80 86,205.16 % to Total 63.34 31.38 3.10 2.17 100.00

Source: Working plan, North/South/Wildlife Divisions. 2011

The physical distributions of the table above in each division are given in the map attached as Map 8 of Volume II, Main Report.

6.1.2 Duties and Functions of Key Staff Members of Wayanad Forest and Wildlife Divisions

Each divisional office has number of staff members who are assigned to engage in his/her mandates according to their positions. The following figure shows the organizational chart of forest and wildlife divisions of Wayanad District.

Annex 6-1


Organizational Chart of Forest and Wildlife Divisions of Wayanad DistrictSource: JICA Survey Team (2014)

The posts indicated in the figure above are defined by their mandates and responsibilities as elaborated in the following table.

Post and Their Duties and Functions of Divisional Forestry OfficePost Duties and Functions

Divisional Forest Officer, IFS

To be responsible for the general management and protection of the forests situated in his division, the administration of the division under his charge the execution of all forest works in the division and exercise direct control over the forest establishment employed therein.

To directly control over the Forest establishment in the Division and it is his duty to see that the Executive, protective, Ministerial and other forest staff in the Division maintain discipline and attend to their duties properly.

To be subordinate to the Conservator of Forests, of the circle in all matters and will receive orders and instructions from him, besides complying with the instruction from him, besides complying with one instruction of the Head Office under exigencies of service.

To arrange for generation, improvement, exploitation and protection of forests according to sanction working plans, management plans or other orders.

To conduct sales, enter into contracts and supply timber and other forest produce to other Departments and to the public. (Excluding supplies to Industries).

To realize revenue allotted to his Division and control the expenditure in the Division. He will deal with all forest offences cases in the Division.

To conduct inspection of all forest works in the division and check-measure the works as prescribed in this code.

To see that nursery and plantation journals, control books, control Journals are posted up to date. Be responsible to make surprise inspection of Range Officers and verify the maintenance or office records, stores and cash book.

To test check the stock of timber or other forest produces whenever he visits a depot. To perform any special work or duty.

Annex 6-2


Post Duties and Functions Range Forest Officer

To be in executive charge of the Range, responsible for the efficient management of the Range, for the custody and condition of all government Property in his charge and for the discipline, conduct and work of all his subordinate staff.

To be responsible for the execution of all works in the Range, with the help of Forest Section Officers and guards, according to the instructions and orders of Divisional Forest Officer.

To be responsible for the collection and credit of Forest Revenue and for prompt and correct payment of all sums due for the works executed.

To be responsible to carry out his inspections in detail and see that all this subordinates do their work properly.

Deputy Range Officer

To be directly responsible of Forest Range Officer for the proper protection of forests and other government property included in his Section and for the execution of such works as may be ordered to be carried out in fit.

To assist the Range Officer in the Execution of works, detection and investigation of forest offences, checking of forest produce in transit, and assist in other works.

Section Forest Officer

To be directly responsible for the proper protection of forests. To be responsible to maintain the discipline of Forest Guards and Watchers and see

that they know their duties and carry out efficiently. To be responsible to do frequent patrolling and perambulation of the Beats under his

jurisdiction, see that the Beat Guards maintain the boundary lines and boundary marks of forest blocks in proper repairs and order and take steps to prevent illicit felling, encroachments in the Beats.

Beat Forest Officer

To know the boundaries of his Beat thoroughly and prevent encroachment, and protect his Beat against injury from fire or other causes.

To patrol the forests constantly in his Beat to prevent offences, and where the offences are detected he must record the offence and submit it promptly to Range Officer.

To maintain the boundary lines and boundary marks in forest blocks in proper order and repair.

To cut creepers and climbers during his perambulation in the Forests and keep the sign boards and name boards of forests, Plantation in good condition and repair.

To check forest produce in transit and see that the forest produce is not removed except in accordance with the transit rules.

To control and supervise over such of the works as ordered by Section Officer and Range Officer and carry out Silvicultural works such as sowing, Plantings, nursery works, collection of seeds, creeper cutting, pruning, thinning and other cultural operations as ordered by Section Officer and Range Officer.

RF Watcher To be assigned to each territorial beat, to assist the Forest Guard in his duties. To be responsible to proceed along with the guard for patrolling and assist him in

detecting offences and apprehending offenders. To learn the Silvicultural operations being carried out in the beat, and supervise the

works as per instructions of guards, Section Officer and Range Officer. To wear uniform whenever on duly, and carry a bill-book, beat map, report book along

with him. To prevent fires in Forests of his beats and assist the guard in maintenance of fire lines,

boundary marks etc., and attend to all other duties as may be assigned to him by his superior Officers.

Source: JICA Survey Team, June 2014

6.1.3 Human Resource of Wayanad Forest and Wildlife Divisions

(1) North and South Forest Division

According to the echelon under the divisional offices, the staff members in the Forest Division are employed and assigned with the numbers as indicated in the following table.

Annex 6-3


Staff Allocation of North and South Wayanad Division Office Post in North

Wayanad Division Sanctioned

Number Present Number

Post in South Wayanad Division

Sanctioned Number

Present Number

Divisional Forest Officer

1 1 Divisional Forest Officer

1 1

Senior Superintendent 1 1 Senior Superintendent 1 1 Junior Superintendent 1 1 Junior Superintendent 1 1 Range Forest Officer 3 3 Range Forest Officer 4 4 Deputy Range Officer 5 5 Deputy Ranger 1 1 Section Forest Officer 19 18 Forester 25 25 Beat Forest Officer 78 71 Forest Guard 59 50 RF Watcher 3 3 RF Watcher 1 1 UD & LD Clerk 17 17 UD & LD Clerk 19 19 Statistical Assistant 1 1 Surveyor I Grade 1 1 Surveyor 1 1 Total 243 226

Source: Working Plan, North/South Division, JICA Survey Team, 2014.

(2) Wildlife Division

According to the echelon under the divisional offices, the staff member in the Wildlife Division are employed and assigned with the numbers as indicated in the following table.

Staff Allocation of Wayanad Wildlife Division Office

Post in North Wayanad Division Sanctioned Number

Present Number

Wildlife Warden 1 1 Ass. Wildlife Warden 4 4 Ass. Forest Veterinary Officer 1 1 Deputy Director (Wildlife Education) 1 0 Deputy Ranger 6 6 Forester 28 26 Forest Guard 54 51 Reserve Watcher 5 4 Mahouts and Cavadies 7 7 UD & LD Clerk 16 13 Total 123 113

Source: Working Plan, Wildlife Division, JICA Survey Team, 2014.

6.1.4 Financial Procedure of Wayanad Forest and Wildlife Divisions

The following are brief descriptions on the regular financial procedures within the state government of Kerala to request the annual budget.

The preparation, consolidation and submission of the annual budget estimates are governed by the provisions of the Kerala Budget Manual and the instructions issued from time to time by Finance Department, Government of Kerala.

The preparation of the budget estimates involves three stages:

Preparation of the estimates by the Heads of Departments (Chief controlling Officers and Estimating Officers) based on the estimates submitted by the Regional/District Officers.

Scrutiny of the Budget Estimates by –

The Administrative Department The Finance Department Final consolidation of estimates in the Finance Department before presentation to the

Legislature.

Annex 6-4


The Heads of Department and other Estimating Officers should submit the estimates, in duplicate to government, one copy to the Finance Department and the other to the Administrative Department of the Secretariat.

In Forest Department the budgets are prepared by Divisional Forest Officer by consolidating the annual requirements from different Forest Ranges and Division. The budget is prepared for Plan Schemes and Non-Plan Schemes. Plan estimates are based on specific budget heads and provision. Non-Plan budget has flexibility to accommodate changes and revisions.

The Divisional Officer sends the budget estimates to Conservator. The Conservators and officers under Chief Conservator submit the estimates to Chief Conservator. The revenue-expenditure statements and budget estimates are communicated to the Accounts General for sanctions. The claims of the Forest Departments are met not by presenting bills at treasuries but by drawing cheques on them. These Departments compile their own accounts and submit them to the Accountant-General (Source: Kerala Budget Manual, www.img.kerala.gov.in/docs/downloads/kbm.doc Accessed on June 2014).

6.1.5 Facilities and Mobility of Wayanad Forest and Wildlife Divisions

(1) Facilities of Divisional Offices

To conduct the operations scheduled in their annual operation plan, the following facilities are equipped in the divisional offices.

Facilities Equipped in Wayanad Wildlife Division Offices Facilities Quantity

Computers 12 GPS 13 Camera 3 Binocular 4 LCD projector 1 Tranquilising guns 3 Wireless sets: Fixed sets 8 Wireless sets: Mobile sets 5 Wireless sets: Walkie-talkies 44

Source: Forest Department Divisional offices Note: Data of Wayanad North and South are currently under collection. They will be presented in the Draft Final Report

(2) Mobility of Divisional Offices

Each divisional office is equipped with the following facilities to facilitate the mobility of the staff to fulfil their mandates.

Mobility in the Divisional Offices

Mobility North Wayanad

South Wayanad

Wildlife Sanctuary

Jeep (Mahindra) 9 5 8 Vehicle: Sedan type 1 3 1 Motor cycle 13 3 6

Source: Divisional Working Plan, North/South Wayanad, Wildlife Sanctuary

6.1.6 GIS/MIS Expertise of Wayanad Forest and Wildlife Divisions

(1) GIS Data Management used in the Forestry Operation

Vegetation and land use map prepared by the GEO Informatics Centre of the Department in Trivandrum is used in the field as shown in the left photograph of the next page.

There is no management system of GIS data in three divisional offices. The operation maps are drawn by hand on the copied topo-sheet (contour map) and kept in the staff’s file individually. The range

Annex 6-5

http://www.img.kerala.gov.in/docs/downloads/kbm.doc


officer has a set of the hand-drawn maps in his working files which indicate the target areas of operation with coloured marker as shown in the left photo and right photo below.

Vegetation and Land Use Map (portable size), Tholpetty Range in Wayanad

Wildlife Division

Hand-drawn Operation Map (fringe communities Affected by

Human-Animal conflict), Tholpetty Range in Wayanad Wildlife Division

Source: JICA Survey Team, 2014 based on the interview at Tholpetty Range Office

(2) MIS (Management Information System)

Only the upper division clerks (UD Clerk) use the computers when they prepare the official documents, announcement and logistic information for the personnel. All information on the forest and sanctuary management is customarily kept as hard copies in the office files. Thus there is no clear management information system which is supposed to function by using computers and their intra network within/between the key offices and stations in their mandated areas.

6.1.7 Monitoring and Evaluation of Wayanad Forest and Wildlife Divisions

(1) Monitoring of Specific Operations

Monitoring and evaluation are usually conducted to assess the consequences of the operations done in the state forestland. For example, the vayal (grassland) management are monitored every year to record and assess the positive and adverse impacts of weed control. Results of monitoring are continuously recorded in “Journal of Vayal Maintenance” as shown in right photo and left photo. The same are conducted in the plantation and its maintenance as well.

Monitoring Report of Vayal Management

Recording the Results of Weed Clearing in Target Vayal

Source: JICA Survey Team, May 20142) General Monitoring and Evaluation System

Annex 6-6


There are monitoring and evaluation system to assess the results of all works done by the divisional sections. The following is the general monitoring system in the divisional offices.

The works carried out in the field are monitored regularly by a system of field inspection by officers of all levels. The Range Forest Officer is the executing officer and he will entrust the work to section Forest Officer and he will directly supervising the activities through direct and indirect means. As matter of measurement and check measurement process, Range Forest officer have to check 25% of the works in his jurisdiction. Divisional Forest officer have to inspect 25% of works in his Division. Same system will be followed by Conservator of Forests and higher authorities. (Source: Divisional offices in Wayanad District)

There is a separate wing for monitoring the activities called Vigilance. They are responsible for surprise field and office inspection and monitoring all kinds of activities of Forest Department.

6.1.8 Forest Development Agency (FDA) in Wayanad

Forest Development Agency (FDA) is a state-founded organization. The “Rules and Regulations of the State Forest Development Agency, Kerala” stipulates its major aim and objectives as;

“To promote and institutionalize Participatory Forest Management (PFM) for sustainable forest management, conservation of biodiversity and improvement of livelihood of forest dependent communities”.

As provided in Clause 12 “Implementation of Programs” in the Rules and Regulation, the schemes and projects of FDA are to be implemented by three levels of institutional set up such as state, forest division and VSS or EDC in villages.

In Wayanad District FDA is established in each division to facilitate several PFM activities, such as to implement plantation of tree species and its maintenance using NAP (National Afforestation Program) fund, to purchase honey produces collected by the members, etc. General Information of FDAs in Wayanad District is summarized in the following table.

Forest Development Agency in Wayanad District Name of FDA Division Organization/Mandate/Project/Activity

North Wayanad Forest Development Agency

North Wayanad

Federation of Vana Samrakshana Samithies (VSS, Village Forest Committee) of North/South Wayanad Division, for effective forest and natural ecosystem conservation through participatory process.

To arrest and reverse the trend of forest degradation due to the unsuitable removal of forest products by dependent communities, by making community responsible for monitored removals from the forest.

To provide sustainable and assured employment opportunities to the tribal and other weaker sections of the rural populations through NAP projects, Eco tourism and eco shops.

South Wayanad Forest Development Agency

South Wayanad

Wayanad wildlife Sanctuary Forest Development Agency

Wayanad Wildlife

Federation of Eco Development Committees (EDC) of Wayanad wildlife Division, for effective forest and natural ecosystem conservation through participatory process.

To arrest and reverse the trend of forest degradation due to the unsuitable removal of forest products by dependent communities, by making community responsible for monitored removals from the forest.

To provide sustainable and assured employment opportunities to the tribal and other weaker sections of the rural populations through Eco tourism and eco shops.

Source: Divisional Forest Office, June 2014.

Annex 6-7


6.1.9 VSS and EDC in Wayayad District

The Kerala Forestry Project (1998-2002) funded by the World Bank supported the Kerala Forest Department to establish VSS (Vana Samrakshana Samithi, Village Forest Committee) and EDC (Eco-Development Committee) at the Panchayat level covering the whole state. Accordingly total number of the families who were involved in VSS/EDC during the period was 365,000, including 10,000 families of tribal communities and 4,000 families of scheduled castes1. The VSS/EDCs organized by the project were supposed to be a community-based body to implement Participatory Forest Management (PFM) in the Project target area. The current status of VSS/EDC was surveyed in June 2014. The following table summarizes their numbers, area under management and number of family members.

Division Wise VSSs/EDCs in Wayanad District Division Total No. of

VSS/EDC Forest Area managed by

VSS/EDC (ha)

No. of Families SC ST Others

Wayanad North 17 14,100 17 1,556 784 Wayanad South 18 4,580 65 986 2,261 Wayanad Wildlife 14 3,990 21 1,000 172 Total 49 22,670 103 3,542 3,217

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the field survey visiting VSS/EDC

According to the project initial concepts and ideas, a VSS Core Fund (VSS-CF) would be established under the sub-component of the project to ensure continuity and sustainability of the PFM-related program. Besides this, a VSS Operations Fund (VSS-OF) would also be established, which were supposed to be allocated to the activities of PFM at community level. The review on the current status of VSS/EDCs in the Wayanad District is reported in Section 6.8 of this Annex.

6.2 Present Condition of the Forest in the Forest Lands

6.2.1 Forest Land Classification

Wayanad District has four categories of forest lands in legal status in its area namely 1) reserve forests (RF), 2) vested forests, 3) ecologically fragile lands (EFL), and 4) proposed reserve. These forest categories were constituted by the following Government Act.

Category of State Forest Lands in Wayanad District Forest Category Main Features Reserved Forest The forests reserved under the section 19 on Kerala Forest Act, 1961 and those

included as notified under the Section 4 of the act. Vested Forest Any forests vested in the government under Section 3 of the Kerala Private Forest

(Vesting and Assignment) Act, 1971. As on 10.05.1971 has been surveyed demarcated and notified by the custodian of vested forests (government)

Ecologically Fragile Land (EFL)

“Ecologically Fragile Land” means any portion of land held by any person any person and lying contiguous or encircled by a reserve forest or vested forest or any other forest land owned by the government and predominantly supporting natural vegetation; and any land declared to be EFL under the Act, the Kerala Forest (Vesting and Management of Ecologically Fragile Lands) Act 2003 by the government by notification in the official Gazette under Section 4 of Kerala Forest Act. These forests have all the status of reserve forests.

Proposed Reserve Proposed Reserve is a proclaimed area by serving notice as per the provisions of Section 6 of the Forest Act 1961 referred to in Rule 4 to every known or reputed owner or occupier of any land included in or adjoining the land proposed to be

1 Source: “Implementation Completion Report for the Kerala Forestry Project, June 2004

Annex 6-8


Forest Category Main Features constituted a Reserved Forest or on his recognised agent or manager after obtaining lists of such owners or occupiers from the Tahsildars of the Taluks concerned.

Source: Compiled by JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the Relevant Acts and documents

The Wayanad District comprises of three forest Divisions, namely, Wayanad North Division (Territorial), Wayanad South Division (Territorial), and Wayanad Wildlife Division. A Social Forestry Division also functioning to implement forestry programmes outside the forest area. The following table shows the physical area of each forest category at the range level in the district.

Distribution Area of Forest Classes under Forest Ranges Unit: ha

Forest Divisions Forest Ranges Reserve Vested EFL Proposed

RF Total

North Wayanad Division

Begur 7,336.10 1,573.62 184.50 1,506.40 as PoB 1) 10,600.62

Mananthavadi 0.00 2,604.72 182.83 0.00 2,787.55 Peria 6,066.30 2,406.93 528.36 0.00 9,001.59 Sub Total 13,402.40 6,585.27 895.69 1,506.40 22,389.76

South Wayanad Division

Kalpetta 1,351.00 6,205.00 744.00 303.40 8,603.40 Meppady 0.00 11,422.00 1,033.00 65.00 12,520.00 Chedleth 5,409.00 2,839.00 0.00 0.00 8,248.00 Sub Total 6,760.00 20,466.00 1,777.00 368.40 29,371.40

Wayanad Wildlife Division

Tholpetty 7,767.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7,767.00 Kurichyat 10,645.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10,645.00 S. Battery 8,603.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8,603.00 Muthanga 7,429.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7,429.00 Sub Total 34,444.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 34,444.00

Grand Total 54,606.40 27,051.27 2,672.69 1,874.80 86,205.16 % to Total (Wayanaad) 63.34 31.38 3.10 2.17 100.00 Total (Kerala) 917.613.16 183,779.57 29,537.81 1,130,947.54 % to Total (Kerala) 81.14 16.25 2.61 100.00 Sources: North and South Wayanad Forest Division Working Plan (2012-2022) and Wayanad Wildlife Division Management Plan (2011-2021), Kerala Forest Department 1) PoB, Prohibitory Order Book area: In the early days the area of Dindumal and Thirunelli villages Mananthavady taluk

of Wayanad District were earmarked for military purposes and recorded in Prohibitory Order Book (P.O.B.) kept in the Revenue Department. The entire area comes within Begur range of North Wayanad division. The area continues to be under the control of Forest Department.

Looking at categories of forest land at divisional level, 63.34% of the total area falls into Reserve Forest, 31.38% is Vested Forest, 3.10% is EFL and the rest of 2.17% is Proposed Reserve Forest. The forest lands of Wayanad shows that the ratio of the Vested Forest and EFL to the total area reaches 34.48%, which is more than two times higher compared to the ratio at the state level (16.25%). This could be in longer perspective, attributed to the history of disposal of the private forests to the government during 1970’s which took place widely in Wayanad District.

6.2.2 Forest Cover

The topography of the district with hills and flat terrain has resulted in extensive slushy valleys. `Wayanad’, the name itself is supposed to mean land of swamps. These forests were also part of a vast forest belt extending from Coorg and the edge of Mysore plateau all along the Western Ghat eastern slopes, skirting the Nilgiris and continuing along the Moyar Valley to the Eastern Ghats. The forests of Wayanad form an extensive belt combined with the adjoining forests of Gudalur as well as the Coorg forests along Kabini left bank.

The Survey Team analyzed and interpret the satellite images of Wayanad taken in 2013 (IRS-ResourceSat-2, LISS-IV) and identified the forest covers according to its degree of enclosure. The following table shows the results of the analysis. Total forest cover reaches 80,774 ha, which accounts 37.92 %of total district area.

Annex 6-9


6.2.3 Forest Types

Wayanad District converges several different types of vegetation along the windward and leeward side of the Western Ghats and is dominated by Malabar floristic elements. The total area under forests in Wayanad is 807.74 km2.

The natural flora in this area is broadly categorized into the following major types, such as 1) West-coast tropical evergreen/semi evergreen forest, 2) Southern moist/dry deciduous forest, and 3) Southern montane wet-temperate forests (only in North Forest Division). Following table shows the major tree species in these forest types. Trees found in each forest type have quite few species common to more than two forest types. The land use and land cover map prepared by the Survey Team attached as Map 11 in Volume II, Main Report shows their spatial distribution in the district. Following table shows the major tree species found in each forest type. The shaded species are the endemic species in Wayanad area which were identified in the plant taxonomic survey conducted from August 2010 to December 20122.

Forest Types and Their Major Tree Species in Wayanad District No Forest Types Major Tree Species 1 West-coast

tropical evergreen forests

Aglaia barberi, Aphanamixis polystachya, Artocarpus hirsute (Anjili), Atuna indica, Calophyllum elatum (Punna), Bombax ceiba (Silk Cotton,Elavu), Cullenia exarilatta (Vediplavu), Elaeocarpus tuberculatus (Vella thani, Badhraksham), Garcinia morella (Kattu Kudampuli), Mesua ferrea (Churuli,Nank), Palaquium ellipticum (Pali), Vateria indica (Pantha pine)

2 West-coast tropical semi-evergreen forests

Aglaia barberi, Celtis philippensis, Chionanthus mala-elengi, Cinnamomum malabatrum, Litsea wightiana, Machillus macrantha, Mangifera indica, Mitrephora grandifolia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Sterculia guttata,

3 Southern moist deciduous forests

Adina cordifolia, Anogeissus latifolia, Butea monosperma, Dalbergia latifolia, Dillenia pentagyna, Grewia tiliaefolia, Lagerstroemia lanceolata, Lannea coromandelica, Pterocarpus marsupium, Tectona grandis, Terminalia tomentosa, Terminalia paniculata, Trema orientalis

4 Southern dry deciduous forests

Anogeissus latifolia, Bauhinia racemosa, Dalbergia latifolia, Diophyros Montana, Gmelina arborea, Grewia tiliafolia, Kydia calycina. Mitragyna parvifolia, Olea dioca Pterocarpus marsupium, Schrebera sweitenioides, Shorea roxburghii, Tectona grandis, Terminalia alata, Terminalia chubula, Xeromphis uliginosa, )

5 Southern montane wet-temperate forests

Actinodaphne bourdellonii, Atlantia wightii, Eugenia argentia, Elaeocarpus recurvatus, Eurya nitida, Glochidion ellipticum, Ilex denticulata, Ixora notoniana, Lasianthus jackianus, Michaelia nilagirica, Microtropis ramiflora. Miliusa nilgirica, Pithecellobium subcoriaceum, Rhododendron arboreum,Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Schefflera foliosa, Symplocos pendula, Syzygium arnottianum, Ternstroemia japonica

Source: Working Plan, North and South Division

Apart from the types of natural forests, plantations occupy a major part state forest land in the district. Teak and Eucalyptus are the most extensively raised species in Kalpetta and Meppady ranges in south division and in many parts of the Wildlife Sanctuary. For example, total area of plantation in Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is about 7,327 ha which includes Eucalypts (1,355 ha), Teak (3,653 ha) and mixed softwood species (2,109 ha). Eucalyptus plantations do not have any other mixed tree species except a few saplings of Cassia fistula or Terminalia spp.

2 Endemic Trees of Western Ghats-A Check List From Wayayad District, Kerala, India. Volga R.M.S.Swaminathan Research Foundation, Kalpetta, Wayanad. Volume-3, Issue-2, April-June-2013. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, www.ijpaes.com

Annex 6-10


6.2.4 Open Areas in Wayanad District

The Detailed Project Report (DPR) compiled by AHADS (AHADS, March 2014) proposes the rehabilitation of the degraded land in the district. The Report proposes the component of eco-restoration to recover and enrich woody vegetation in the open area and the degraded natural forests. Associating with this, the Woking Plan of South Wayanad Divisions proposes the rehabilitation of open area by planting trees and operating assisted natural regeneration (ANR).

The Survey Team conducted the field verification in May 2014 to find the justification to rehabilitate such open lands as proposed by DRP and the Working Plan. However, as described in the ItR the Team could not confirm the clear evidences and needs towards rehabilitating the area. Meanwhile the Team conducted the remote sensing analysis independently to identify the large scale contiguous areas which do not have woody vegetation. The following sections describe the results of the analysis.

(1) Open Areas more than 100 hectare

The image shows several open areas which are mostly covered with grasses and rocky patches on the hill tops and slopes. The areas less than 100 ha were excluded from the target of verification because such areas are rehabilitated through the supports of National Afforestation Program (NAP) offered by the GoI. Accordingly the areas of more than 100 ha are identified as listed in the following table.

Major Open Areas Identified in the Satellite Image Analysis

Division No. Total area (ha) RF (ha) VF

(ha) EFL (ha)

Others (ha)

Wayanad South Division

1 385.97 0.00 385.97 0.00 0.00 2 196.91 0.00 133.54 63.37 0.00 3 149.12 0.00 149.12 0.00 0.00 4 112.45 10.94 92.45 8.90 0.16 5 128.15 0.00 128.15 0.00 0.00 6 106.49 0.00 106.49 0.00 0.00

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the satellite image analysis.

To verify the feasibility of reforestation, the Survey Team investigated their ground vegetation by using the images of Google Earth. As indicated in the following table, the major part of the ground vegetation is composed with grass cover with rocky patches, which suggests the layer of surface soil is shallow thus hard conditions for the woody vegetation to regenerate or even grow after being planted. A lot of inputs of resources would be necessary to establish forest in such area until the trees attain sufficient initial growth for their survival in the following period.

Based on the findings and consideration above, the Survey Team has concluded that rehabilitation of these open areas by planting trees is not feasible technically and financially thus shall not be proposed as one of the components of the Project.

Ground Vegetation of the Major Open Areas Division No. Ground Vegetation

Wayanad South Division

1 Grassland with scattered rocky patches 2 Grassland with scattered rocky patches 3 Fallow with rocky patches 4 Grassland with scattered rocky patches 5 Bare rock surface 6 Fallow and grassland with rocky patches

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the satellite image analysis.

Annex 6-11


6.3 Wildlife and Biodiversity

6.3.1 Biodiversity Profile

The Wayanad District extends in the integral part of the Western Ghats hills and mountains area which forms eastern ridge of Kerala State and diversified natural environments of the greater Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.

Evergreen forests are generally confined to the rugged slopes of Western Ghats. Evergreen, semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forest types are located in the rain fall zone of 2,000 – 3,000 mm per year. The dry deciduous forest is confined to the rain shadow region where the annual rainfall about 1,000 mm per year and temperature in winter season becomes considerably low. The sub tropical or montane sub temperate evergreen forests commonly known as temperate shoal, occur in valleys of the high ranges. Grasslands are seen isolated patches. Extensive grasslands are confined to the plateau land forms of Western Ghats.

A study was conducted to identify the diversity of plant species in Wayanad District from August 2010 to December 2012. As a major finding of the field survey 136 endemic taxa comprising 83 genera of 38 families of flowering plants were identified. The following table shows the number of endemic species of major families found in the survey.

Family Wise Number of Endemic Species Found in the Study Family Name No. of Species

Lauraceae 17 Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae 11 Myrtaceae, Annonaceae 10 Anacardiaceae 9 Celastraceae 6 Ebenaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Symplocaceae 5 Flacourtiaceae, Sterculiaeae, Meliaceae, Caesalpiniaceae 4

Source: “Endemic Trees of Western Ghats-A Check List from Wayanad District, Kerala, India”, in International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, Vol.-3, Issue-2, April-June 2013.

These forests and grasslands provide the habitats to the wildlife including larger mammals such as elephants, deer and tigers. Although exact estimation of the wild animals population area not available, the results of the survey in the sample area done by the staff members give an provisional estimation of the population density of major mammals in the sanctuary as indicated in the following table. The data of tiger were also recorded in the survey; however they had to be further verified for accuracy.

Estimated Population density of Large Herbivores in Wayayad Wildlife Sanctuary

Species

No. of sightings

Mean group size

Group density (/km2)

Density (/km2)

Spotted deer 108 7.56 ±0.83 8.28±2.06 40.5 Sambar deer 49 1.69 ±0.15 4.42±1.19 7.19 Barking deer 19 1.16 ±0.12 1.64±0.56 1.81 Indian bison 34 4.64 ±0.76 1.67±0.50 6.18 Elephant 34 3.06 ±0.44 1.80±0.58 6.01 Giant squirrel 47 1.19 ±0.50 4.32±1.31 5.16 Grey langur 49 4.41 ±0.49 2.73±0.73 11.22 Wild boar 7 1.57 ±0.30 0.63±0.35 1.42

Source: Management Plan, Wayanad Wildlie Sanctuary. 2011

Annex 6-12


6.3.2 Wildlife Sanctuary

Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is constituted as per the WLP 1972 under Section 18 vide G.O. (MS) 182/73/AD dated 30th May 1973. It is declared Wildlife Division vide G.O. (MS) 125/84/AD dated 10/05/1985. It is also declared as a Wayanad Elephant Reserve by G.O (P) 19/2002 dated 2/4/2002. Its geographical distribution is given on the map attached as Map 7 given in Volume II, Main Report.

Four ranges are extending in the eastern hill and mountain areas along with the boundaries of the adjacent states such as Karnataka and Tamir Nadu. Constituting the western ridges of greater protected area Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, all ranges are rich in flora and fauna which include several endemic species and forms the basis of eco tourism inviting the tourists coming from inside and outside of Kerala State. Because of the recent government policies to protect the wildlife in the Reserve, the populations of wildlife have been constantly increasing in the Sanctuary.

Looking at the history and interactions between the wildlife and the fringe communities the situations vary in each range. Not a small part of two northern ranges such as Tholpetty and Kurinchiyat are plantations of Teak and Eucalyptus which covers around 50% of their areas. These plantations were established in the mid of 20th century and have been maintained by the FD since the Independence. Because of the promulgation of forestry and environment related policies since 1970’s, these plantations are left without forestry operations such as logging and harvest.

Other two ranges such as Sultan Battery and Muthanga have large scale old settlements. Some of them have been entitled as a revenue village excluded as enclosures from the Sanctuary while other settlements are the subject to relocation.

These salient features of the Sanctuary have formed several issues and challenges between animal-vegetation-human society in and around the Sanctuary. The open and drier environments formed by teak/eucalyptus plantations induced the expansion of obnoxious weed and shrubs, which suppress the regeneration and succession of natural forests. Subsequently, it causes the shortage of foods for the wildlife in the forests thus brings frequent invasions of the larger mammals such as elephants and deers to the fringe communities where people and their farming crops are critically damaged including human deaths almost every year.

6.3.3 Past and On-going Projects Related to Wildlife and Biodiversity

(1) Voluntary Relocation of Human Settlement and Habitat Consolidation: Funded by National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)

To accommodate the needs of both wildlife and conflict-prone communities, the Government of India, through the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), has set up a well-funded voluntary resettlement package for households within protected areas that are willing to move out. These benefits include high quality agricultural land, access to good housing, schools and medical care.

In the program, Wildlife Conservation Society-India supports voluntary settlements that are carried out equitably and justly across all its conservation sites. At present these include Nagarahole, Bhadra, Bandipur, Kudremukh, Anshi-Dandeli, Wayanad, Mudumalai and Tadoba.

While ensuring a fair and transparent relocation, in 2001-2002, 457 households voluntarily moved out of Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary. This project stands as a benchmark for fair and just resettlement program across the country, inspiring policy makers to implement many such packages across various protected areas. This has motivated the new NTCA resettlement package for all families willing to move in Indian reserves. Similarly, over 500 households in Nagarhole have been relocated over the past 10 years.

(2) Relocation of Interior Settlements

In Wayanad District, the project proposal for voluntary relocation of human settlements in Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is now under implementation funded by the central government. There are 107 settlements having 2,613 households within the boundaries of Wildlife sanctuary. The target of the

Annex 6-13


programme is to relocate 983 families (593 tribal and 390 non-tribal families. The total population of these households is 10,604) in Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary at a cost of Rs. 800.00 million.

At present there are 14 settlements inside the Sanctuary with large areas of ‘Vayals’ (grassland) under the first phase of the programme of relocation of settlements. Up to the present, four tribal settlements were voluntarily relocated, after then the abandoned ‘Vayals’ have been occupied by the wildlife coming back to the area. Those places are extending in Golor, Ammanvayal, Aravanchi (20 families, 37 acre) and Kottamkara (30 families, 60 acre land) which had been relocated in 2012. The following table shows the summary of the target settlements.

Details of relocation of 14 settlements from Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary

No. Range Settlement Eligible families

Amount Required (million

Rs.) 1 Kurichiyat Kurichiyat, Goloor, Ammavayal 130 130 2 S. Bathery Arakunchi, Kottangara, Vellakkode, Puthur,

Manimuuda, Pambaumkolly 367 367

3 Muthanga Pankalam, Kolot, Chettiyalathur, Narimundakolly, Easwarakolly

303 303

Total 800 800 Source: Wayanad Wildlife Division, 2012.

After relocation, eco-restoration activities have to be taken up in the areas of vacated settlements to improve habitat conditions. As the programme progress, the eco-restoration of abandoned settlements has become a big concern. These areas have a potential to become a feeding ground for the wildlife, however sufficient countermeasures have not been conducted so far to rehabilitate and improve the abandoned areas. According to the briefings of staff members of Wildlife Division, the shortage of food for the wild animals is getting serious in the recent years which causes human-animal conflicts. Thus such areas should be further developed and protected as feed ground by rehabilitating water point, eradicating the obnoxious weeds and shrubs,

(3) WTI Elephant Corridor

An elephant corridor is roughly defined as a stretch of forested land that connects larger habitats and forms a conduit for animal movement between habitats. This movement helps to enhance species survival and birth rate.

In 2001, Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) and its international partner International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), with financial support from US Fish and Wildlife Services (USFWS), began an extensive country-wide study to identify critical elephant corridors as the first phase of its National Elephant Corridor Project. Along with the Asian Elephant Research and Conservation Centre (AERCC, which surveyed the elephant habitats in southern India), State Forest Departments and Project Elephant, WTI identified 88 elephant corridors in the State in India.

Source: JICA Survey Team, 2014

Source:www.elephantfamily.org/What_We_Do /Where_We_Work/Projects (June 2014)

Annex 6-14

http://www.elephantfamily.org/what-we-do/

http://www.elephantfamily.org/what-we-do/where-we-work/

http://www.elephantfamily.org/what-we-do/where-we-work/projects/


In Wayanad District, Tirunelli-Kudrakote corridor connects Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary with Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka. This is a 880 ha strip of land that ultimately links the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary of Kerala with the Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary of Karnataka within the wider Nilgiri Landscape, home to the world’s largest population of Asian elephants, numbering up to 6,500 in total. The corridor-dependent villages include Edayurvayal, Valiya-Emmadi, Pulayankolli, Thirulakunnu and Kottapadi.

Four tribal and two non-tribal families of Valiya-Emmadi have been allocated alternate land at Panavally and nearby areas, as per their consent. Construction of houses and other necessary amenities have been initiated. A pre-relocation socio-economic survey in Pullayankolli was done and dialogue with land owners has begun.

6.4 Forest Management and Forestry

6.4.1 Brief History of Forest Management in Wayanad District

During the early years of scientific forest management, forests were managed primarily for wood production under the Working Plans prescribing specific management systems based on the growth rates, regeneration, increment patterns and extent of variability of crops. Appropriate silvicultural systems were taken into account for harvesting, regeneration and growth regulation.

The post-independence development strategies necessitated expansion of the resource base for industrial development in the country. In the early 1960s, imperatives of industrial development prompted governments to boost investment in large-scale industrial plantations for ensuring supply of forest products to wood-based industry. Approximately 30% of the forest areas have been under commercial plantations, diverting natural forests into fast growing pulp, matchwood, plywood and other economically important hardwood species. However, the diversion of the forests was restricted in 1980 because of rising concerns to the extensive forest exploitation and conversions of land into other purposes during 1970’s.

At present, classical forest management systems have been changed to planting with harvesting followed by replanting. Harvesting in natural forests is largely limited to salvaging of dead/fallen material.

6.4.2 Forest Management System

Working Plan covering 10 years prepared by the Divisional offices is a written document describing the forests, results of the past management practices and proposal for the future forest management interventions for a forest or forest area. Over the years it has evolved from an extensive simplicity to that of an intensive complexity to meet the National and International goals along with sustainable management of forests and adequate safe guards for the local people.

The present North and South Wayanad Divisions were constituted on 1/4/1990 vide GO (MS)No.5/90/F&WLD dated 29.01.1990. The jurisdiction of the reorganized North Wayanad Forest Division comprises the entire area of Mananthavady Taluk of Wayanad District. The present North Wayanad Division was reconstituted by excluding the RF of Kannur and Kasaragode Districts and by adding the Vested Forests of Mananthavady Taluk viz the area that came under the erstwhile Mananthavady Special Range of the erstwhile Thalassery Special Division. It also includes all Ecologically Fragile Land notified under Kerala Forest (Vesting & Management of Ecologically Fragile Lands) Act 2003 in Mananthavady Taluk.

The Reserve Forests of Kuruva, Padiri and Lady Smith of erstwhile Kozhikode Territorial Division and all the Vested Forests of Vythiri and Bathery Taluk of the erstwhile Kozhikode Special Division have contributed to the newly formed South Wayanad Division. It also include all Ecologically Fragile Land notified under Kerala Forest (Vesting & Management of Ecologically Fragile Lands) Act 2003 in Bathery and Vythiri Taluks.

Annex 6-15


The Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary areas were carved out of biologically rich and contiguous areas of the erstwhile Kozhikode territorial division and Wayanad territorial divisions vide government notification (G.O.(MS) 182/1973/AD dated 30.05.1973.) in 1973. The WS-II portion of the sanctuary was part of erstwhile Bathery and Chedleth Range of Kozhikode forest division while the WS-I portion out of Begur Range of Wayanad Forest Division.

The management of the sanctuary’s areas, however, remained with concerned territorial divisions for some time. The perceptible shift in the management of the areas as sanctuary areas came only in the late eighties. As per this order, sanctuary areas were constituted into independent division namely “Wayanad Wildlife Division” with an I.F.S. officer exclusively incharge as division head. Wildlife Warden’s office is located near Sulthan Bathery town at Kuppady, on the edge of WS-II.

Three divisions have their Working Plan covering the period from 2011 to 2021 to be constituted with several operation circles as the followings;

Circles of the Working Plans Prepared by the Forest and Wildlife Divisions Circle Contents

Plantation working circle

Plan of forestry operation for the plantations (Teak, Eucalyptus, Acacia, Silver oak, etc.). Major part of the operation is logging

Protection cum eco-restoration working circle

Reforestation of open areas. Plan of construction and maintenance for the check dam and wild fire prevention for the purpose of erosion control.

Participatory forest management working circle

Plan and operation of Participatory Forest Management (PFM) conducted by VSS/EDC members. Operation includes the forest management and others to improve their livelihoods. Having supported by the World Bank Project (1998-2002), VSS/EDC were organized in the rural communities covering all districts in the State.

NTFP and tribal welfare working circle

Plan to support to the VSS/EDC members (Scheduled Tribe people) to collect and sell the NTFPs to the market. Vesting the Forest Rights to the forest dwellers in accordance with the Forest Rights Act, 2006.

Wildlife protection working circle

Conservation of wildlife and control and mitigation of human-animal conflicts. Support to the people to be entitled the Forest Rights according to the Forest Right Act, 2006.

Source: Working Plan, North/South Forest Division

6.4.3 Joint Forest Management

Consequent to heavy human sustenance pressure on forests coupled with some innovative experiments in society’s involvement in forest management, models for participatory forest management have been evolving in India since the 1980s. This has been followed by acceptance of the principles of community participation in the management of natural resources and biodiversity. Being more social than scientific systems, these regimes are rarely supported by an inventory and an assessment of basic parameters for understanding the dynamics of forests.

Joint Forest Management (JFM) is one of the thrust areas of the forestry programme with many expectations. The central government issued “Circular Concerning Joint Forest Management, 1990. The JFM programme has been envisaged as an effective tool for halting further degradation of forests. In Kerala State, as is called “Participatory Forest Management (PFM), the Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department issued the latest Guideline of PFM in 2006. The Guideline stipulate in detail the definition of the actors, their rights and responsibilities, activities, procedures, etc.

For involvement and benefit of local stakeholders, micro plans are to be prepared within the ambit of working plan prescriptions for JFM areas and eco development plans are to be prepared for eco-sensitive forests adjoining the notified protected area. Micro-plan of jointly managed forests is to be prepared by the members of the JFMC through PRA with the technical assistance of forest staff of territorial division as per MOU for sharing the responsibilities of implementation and equitable sharing of the usufructs among the stakeholders within the broad prescriptions of working plan.

Annex 6-16


The Project which introduced PFM in the State is the Kerala Forestry Project supported by the World Bank (1998 – 2002). It supported FD to establish VSS and EDC all over the state territory to build a focus of sustainable forest management at the community level and set up institutional mechanisms to facilitate the VSS and EDC activity through support by FDAs in each division in the district.

6.4.4 Soil and Moisture Conservation

Soil and moisture conservation including fire control is in principle to be conducted in the area where erosion are prevailing on the slopes with less wooded vegetation or in the forest and grass lands which is prone to wild fire.

The Working Plans of North and South Forest Divisions present the proposal sites for the soil and water conservation in the state forest land. They give several technical options in the field to cover erosion control, rehabilitation of open area through planting trees and enhancing the natural regeneration, wild fire control/prevention and forest protection.

The Survey Team closely reviewed the Working Plan and had interview/discussion with the Forest Department staff members as well as to visit some of the field sites. In the field observation the Survey Team confirmed that there were the open or less woody lands scattered in the hill and mountain areas with a range of variations in scale and degree of “degradation”.

Meanwhile the Survey Team also noted that conservation of these areas have been addressed by securing the special funds from, for example the central government. One of these is the fund of NAP (National Afforestation Program) to conduct planting trees and its maintenance in the forest land. Another example is to construct small scale check dam on the slop of the state forest land.

As a conclusion of this section, the issues of this section can be addressed by the government independently thus there is not a need to cooperate by the proposed Project.

6.4.5 NTFPs and their Market

(1) Overview

Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP) are any commodity obtained from the forest that does not necessitate cutting of trees. It includes game animals, fur-bearers, and products such as nuts and seeds, berries, mushrooms, oils, foliage, medicinal plants, peat, fuel wood, forage, etc. Since pre-history, humans around the world have relied on products derived from forest species for their survival and well-being.

As stated in Section 5.5.1 of Volume II, Wyanad district has rich plant resources. NTFP is one of the pars constituting such resources. Because they are distributed widely in the natural forests in the state forest lands, their collection and utilizations should be legally controlled by the government. In 1970 it entitled the right to collect NTFPs to the scheduled tribal people. After then in 1978, Tribal Service Co-operative Societies (TSCS) which was granted the monopoly right launched their activities to exclusively procure NTFPs collected by the tribal people.

In 1981 the government directed to organize the federation of the TSCSs which had a title of The Kerala State Schedule Caste- Scheduled Tribe Development Cooperative Federation Limited. Same as the former founded TSCS, this federation was also entrusted with the right of monopoly marketing of all kinds of NTFPs collected by the tribal communities.

In 2002, vide GO (Rt) No.40/2001/F&WLD (G) dated 02/02/2001 issued the guidelines for collection and marketing of NTFP. The objectives of the government order were to ensure the participation of tribal communicates living in the forest area for Sustainable Management of Non Timber Forest Products and protection of the rest, to empower the tribal communities so that they confidently take part in the program and to nurture the community in order to help them to solve their basic livelihood problem. The NTFP species collected by the Societies in Wayanad are given in Attachment III 4.3 of Annex 4 in Volume III.

Annex 6-17


(2) Present Scenario of Collection and Marketing of NTFP

Tribal people formed co-operative societies in different localities to organize collection. The Societies procure various NTFP from the tribal gatherers at prices fixed by the Federation. The executive committee of each co-operative society has full freedom to re-fix the NTFP price, fixed by the NTFP Committee. As per the rule, eighty percent (80%) of the sale price is given to the gatherers as Collection Price. Twenty percent of the sale value is shared between Society and Federation to meet the administrative expense.

In Kerala, the NTFPs are marketed through different channels depending upon a variety of factors such as nature of the product, demand, distance to the market etc. In the first channel, the products are marketed through the ‘Federation’. In the second channel, the products are marketed through private trader.

There are number of institutions involved in the management of NTFPs in Kerala. Important among them are (1) Minor Forests Products Committee, (2) Forest Department (3) The Kerala State Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe Development Co-operative Federation Ltd and (4) Tribal Service Co-operative Societies. In Wayanad, the NTFPs are collected by Scheduled Tribal Service Co-operative Societies as per the agreement between Divisional Forest Officers and Presidents of Scheduled Tribal Co-operative Societies. Those societies are:

Sulthan Bathery Scheduled Tribe Co-operative Society Pulpalli Scheduled Tribe Co-operative Society Meppady Scheduled Tribe Co-operative Society: Thirunelly Scheduled Tribe Co-operative Society Thavinjal Scheduled Tribe Co-operative Society

The period of collection and removal of Minor Forest Produces/Non Wood Forest Produces under this agreement for a period from one year or up to the date on which the government decides to cease NTFP collection. But most of the NTFPs are marketed by collectors to the merchants in the local areas

Altogether 135 plant species are included in the list of Forest Department as NTFPs and are permitted to be collected. It is found that only 10 to 15 species are extensively harvested by the tribes and marketed through Tribal Development Societies and another 20-25 species are harvested when the demand arise in the local market. .

In Forest Department mechanism, each VSS can collect NTFP and transport a central place at each Division level and managed and marketed by respective Forest Development Agency (FDA).

Forest Development Agency is involved to: To adopt scientific methods for sustainable extraction of NTFP.

To protect, conserve, propagate and harvest the NTFPs. To provide efficient marketing system for the NTFP collectors. The area should be completely protected from fire. This protection from fire is without any extra

money given to the VSS members. Pre-treatment of NTFPs to enhance the storage life. Maintain quality control checks from collection to selling. Make value addition for better income. For example the collected honey can be bottled, labelled

and marketed. Save the NTFP collectors from exploitation. Improve the growing stock of NTFP by planting.

Besides, unofficially a number of species, especially, the medicinal plants are collected and marketed by the tribes to the private agencies in very small scale as and when required (as is already mentioned as “through private trader”). There is yet another type of extraction is for personal requirements to meet the day to day needs of the forest dependent people. Major items collected for self-consumption are honey, gooseberry and various types of tubers, roots and mushrooms.

Annex 6-18


(3) NTFPs Collected From 2000 to 2011

Following table shows the amount of NTFP species collected from 2000 to 2011. The figures indicates the total amount of 12 years however it suggests that several NTFP species reached considerable amount of production even in their annual basis.

NTFPs Collection from 2000 to 2011

Sl.No.

Items of Collection



(kg) Pulppally

(kg) Meppady

(kg) Thirunelli

(kg) 1 Honey 11,218.15 2682.84 374.25 126,502.00 140,777.24 35,194.31 2 Small Honey 16,237.00 0 0.00 0.00 16,237.00 4,059.25 3 Wax 163.75 12.25 0.00 0.00 176.00 44.00 4 Kalpasam 9,283.20 347.54 192.50 0.00 9,823.24 2,455.81 5 Cheenikka 3,307.00 3,302.00 19,543.67 120,327.00 146,479.67 36,619.92 6 Kurunthotty 137,033.00 36805.57 117,626.00 509,057.00 800,521.57 200,130.39 7 Chunda veru 97,835.63 33,439.60 38,688.82 320,183.00 490,147.05 122,536.76 8 Nellikka 73,464.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 73,464.80 18,366.20 9 Putharichunda 7,378.00 0.00 15,343.50 0.00 22,721.50 5,680.38 10 Moovila 11,311.78 9.445.14 0.00 99,492.00 120,248.92 30,062.23 11 Manjal 11,822.33 0.00 950.00 0.00 12,772.33 3,193.08 12 Kasthuri Manjal 394.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 394.33 98.58 13 Oorila 713.50 4.847.40 0.00 2,247.00 7,807.90 1,951.98 14 Kakkumkayi 16.00 1.906.00 0.00 0.00 1,922.00 480.50 15 Padakkizhangu 574.50 0.00 1,151.25 1,289.00 3,014.75 753.69 16 Sathavari 3,416.00 0.00 4,588.75 0.00 8,004.75 2,001.19 17 Karimkurinji 15,016.00 0.00 69,495.00 46,678.00 131,189.00 32,797.25 18 Cheruthekku 19.00 0.00 1,225.00 0.00 1,244.00 311.00 19 Kunthirikkam 0.00 0.00 265.40 0.00 265.40 66.35 20 Palmuthukku 0.00 0.00 4,613.50 0.00 4,613.50 1,153.38 21 Kattukurumulaku 0.00 0.00 7,358.67 0.00 7,358.67 1,839.67 22 Adalotakam 0.00 0.00 1,912.50 0.00 1,912.50 478.13 23 Avanakku 0.00 0.00 2,500.00 0.00 2,500.00 625.00 24 Paachotty 0.00 0.00 3,639.20 20,450.00 24,089.20 6,022.30 25 Kodampuli 0.00 0.00 200.00 0.00 200.00 50.00 26 Cardomom 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 100.00 25.00

Source: Working plans 2012-2022 of North and South Wayanad Forest Divisions

6.4.6 Forest Based Industries

Wood is an important industrial raw material in Wayanad District. The existing wood based industries in the district are mostly sawmills and small-scale industries producing furniture, splints, veneer, packing cases etc. The bulk of raw material is consumed by these industries. The major outlet of govt. timber is Govt. Timber Sales Depot, Kuppady and the annexure depot at Bavali. This sales depot is under the Timber Sales Division, Kozhikode.

Teak and rosewood are always in great demand. The hardwoods having comparatively high demand are Maruthu, Venteak, Vengai, Edana etc. Teak, Rosewood and miscellaneous species are in demand in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamilnadu. The softwood Cheeni, Cheru, etc and other miscellaneous hardwoods are consumed by the saw milling industries. Bulk of the timber produced by the Division is consumed in the district itself, as there is high demand for timber. Among teak thinning material, only timber is transported to Sales Depot. The teak poles are auctioned through Dumping depot at various ranges.

Sawmills: Sawmills have increased in the last two decades, owing to increased demand for timber for house building and other construction purposes as a result of general rise in standard of living of the people. These industries are concentrated in and around the timber distribution centres and depots. Most of the sawmills in the district are of medium to small scale in turn over.

Annex 6-19


Plywood Industries: The softwood is mostly consumed by plywood and match wood industries. They are Bombax malabaricum, Vateria indica, Mangifera indica etc. Plywood was introduced in India during 1905 as packing material and the first factory was commissioned in Kerala in 1920. The industry expanded rapidly due to demand. The demand for plywood increased sharply as it was found to be very light, strong, tough, easy to work and handle. The demand for Eucalyptus was from the Western India Plywood Pvt. Ltd. Kannur.

Pulp and Paper industry: Bamboo, Eucalyptus and Acacia are used by pulp and paper industries. The demand for Eucalyptus was from the industries like Hindustan Newsprint Ltd., Kottayam and Travancore Reyons, Ernakulam, The Hindustan Newsprint Ltd., Kottayam is the only one government agency to be allotted the eucalyptus billets from Wayanad. Otherwise the wood should be disposed of in public auction. Now the Uravu, a Wayanad based NGO is depending on bamboo for handicrafts.

Following table shows the disposal of timber from the forest plantation during 2004-2013.

Disposed Timber from the Forest Plantations between 2004 and 2013 (unit: m3)

Yea

r

Tea

k

Ros

e w

ood

Ven

ga

Ven

tek

Aca

cia

Cha

dach

i

Kar

i m

arut

hu

Mul

lu v

enga

Silv

er o

ak

Tha

nni

Mis

c w

ood

Man

go

2004 890.53 2005 417.8 104.57 2006 248.67 31.67 1.17 8.91 2007 167 289.11 27.34 9.7 1.9 65.78 23.98 4.84 2008 135.98 51.65 852.1 398.28 1,508.53 222.83 8.95 2009 268.88 9.69 3.24 16.82 2010 118.9 7.65 2011 144.04 15.3 5.05 2012 470.82 2013 152.9 21.96 4.71 Total 3,015.52 509.64 880.61 9.7 1.9 464.06 1540.8 227.67 8.95 16.82 30.87 4.71

Source: Working Plan, North/South Wayanad Division Note: Blank cell means no disposal

Firewood: There is ever increasing demand for firewood in home and neighbouring states. Appreciable quantity of firewood finds its way to Mysore, Bangalore and Coimbatore. The price for firewood in the local market varies from Rs.1000 to 1500 per MT. But now the use of LPG reduced the domestic demand for firewood.

6.5 Livelihood of Forest Dependants The population around the forest and the adjoining villages are mainly agriculturists and agricultural labourers. Inside the forests and along forest fringe areas both tribal and non-tribal communities are occupied. The main occupations of non-tribals like Wayanadan Chetties inside the forest are agriculture related and the tribes depend on daily wages from different sources. The major crops cultivated are paddy, ginger, coffee, pepper, coconut, areca nut, plantain, tapioca, colacacia, turmeric, green yam, vegetables, ragi, etc.

The principal tribes living in the forest plateau are Mullukurumas, Paniyans, Kattu Naikans, Uralis and a few Kurichiars. The Kattunaikans are considered as the least civilized among the jungle tribes and subsist on the forest by collecting NTFP such as honey, tubers, fruits, medicinal plants and others. The Paniyans used to practice shifting cultivation in the virgin forest. At present, they live by extending labour to neighbouring estates as well as to the Forest Department. The livelihood options of forest dependent communities are mainly NTFP collections and forestry work.

Annex 6-20


Overall analysis of the survey by KFRI shows that the main sources of daily cash income are the daily wage labour, which is followed by agriculture related work.

Source of Income for Tribe and Non-Tribe (unit: %)

Sl.No. Source Tribe Non-Tribe Inside forest 1 Cultivation 16.19 58.61 2 Livestock 2.78 6.04 3 Fire watcher –Forest 14.94 1.78 4 Daily wage labour 55.94 29.84 5 Fire wood collection 0.00 0.00 6 NWFP collection 1.82 0.36 7 Government employees 7.18 2.49 8 Merchant 1.15 0.89 Periphery 1 Cultivator 22.51 51.11 2 Cattle owner 5.44 11.94 3 Fire watcher –Forest 6.75 1.67 4 Daily wage labour 64.16 32.50 5 Fire wood collection 0.75 0.00 6 NWFP collection 0.38 0.00 7 Government employees 0.00 2.78 8 Merchant 0.00 0.00

Source: Easa, P. S., Sanker, S, 2001, Study on Man Wildlife Interactions in Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala. Kerala Forest Research Institute. KFRI Research Report 166.

6.6 Traditional Forest Management Practices and Participatory Forest Management (PFM)

6.6.1 Overview

After independence, the Indian Government tried to redefine social-utility and social-welfare functions, but the emphasis of forest management regimes continued to be on commercial timber exploitation and the exclusion of local people.

Forest management regimes did not take the cognizance of existing examples of community-based natural resource management such as village ponds, sacred forests, forest panchayat (Van Panchayat), and informal tree tenure for collection of NTFP, and continued regulatory and authoritarian forest management practice.

By the mid-1980s, both government and environmental circles began to admit the failure of National Forest Policy of 1952, an exclusion-based forest policy regime and its corollary effect of generating conflict between local people and forest managers.

India‘s National Forest Policy (NFP) of 1988 and the subsequent circular on Joint Forest Management (JFM) in 1990 created space for community participation and establishment of village forest institutions (VFI) in the management of forest resources of the country.

The policy has many features different from previous practices and the key aspects of were (1) it called for stopping timber supply to forest industry at a concession-price ; (2) it recognized the rights and concessions of the communities living within and around forest areas, specifically the tribal people, and (3) it suggested that the holders of customary rights and concessions in forest areas should be motivated to identify themselves with the protection and development of forests from which they derive benefits.

Annex 6-21


Later the Forest Rights Act 2006 in India strengthened institutional framework of Village forest institutions by restoring traditional rights of forest dwellers and maintaining the ecological balance with a view to provide sustainable livelihood options.

6.6.2 JFM in Kerala State and Wayanad

In Kerala State, the Participatory Forest Management Programme-Joint Forest Management-is known as Vana Samrakshana Samitnies (VSS) in territorial area and Eco Development Committees in Wildlife protection areas. For each VSS there is an assigned forest area for conservation and a microplan with prescriptions based on Participatory Rural Appraisal outcomes. VSS/EDC is having general body and executive committee for the planning and execution of the activities within the framework of existing Acts and rules applied. Each VSS/EDC is having an Ex-officio member secretary appointed by the Divisional Forest Officer from the forest officials.

Forest Development Agencies (FDA): The FDA constituted in the Divisions level as a confederation of VSS in the division under the chairmanship of the circle Chief Conservator of Forests and concerned Divisional Forest Officer will be the member secretary. 18 VSS are functioning under South Wayanad Forest Development Agency and five out of them are Eco Tourism centers. Karukamthode VSS is the only Adivasi VSS under this FDA. Six projects are implemented through FDA South Wayanad. They are National Afforestation Project (NAP), NBM, NMPB, Eco-Tourism, STDD and RFPF.

In the North Wayanad Forest Division there are 17 VSS and of this eight are Adivasi VSS (Tribal VSS). These VSS are confederated to a FDA. The VSS are engaged in National Afforestation Programme, Protection, Fire tracing, NTFP collection and Tribal Development Activities.

In Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, there are 14 EDCs federated to the FDA in Wildlife division. Of this two EDCs are ecotourism EDCs at Tholpetty Range and Muthanga Range. Details are further elaborated in the following Section 6.7.2.

6.7 Eco Tourism Development

6.7.1 Overview

General survey of VSS/EDC groups in Wayanad district has several spots for eco tourism in the hills and mountain areas. Majority of the tourism attractions of the district are connected with forests. The National Wildlife Action Plan presents the following pillars of their policies in developing the tourism through people’s participation in the adjacent location. National Wildlife Action Plan on Tourism Tourism demands must be subservient to and inconsonance with the conversion interests of Protected Areas

(PA) and wildlife. Develop national guidelines on tourism within Pas. Ways of benefiting local people directly by tourism

should be specified in the guidelines. Eco-tourism must primarily involve and benefit local communities. Develop tourism management plans for each PA. Also, conduct surveys of existing accommodation and

tourist facilities within PAs. The wildlife the Institute of India should develop impact assessment techniques and strategies that can be

used by PA managers to evaluate the negative impacts of tourism on soil, water resources, vegetation, animal life, sanction or sanitation or waste disposal and cultural environments. Develop stringent standards of waste disposal, energy and water consumption and construction plans and

materials used therein. A ceiling on the number of tourists and tourists vehicles permitted to enter the PA should be specified. The

PA managers must be empowered to use their discretion in closing off certain areas of the PA, for example, an area where a tiger has littered. Existing up State and Union Territory eco-tourism advisory boards that will regulate tourism activities.

Representatives of local people living near PAs, local NGOs and PA managers to be a part of these boards to develop and regulate tourism activities.

Source: National Wildlife Action Plan on Tourism, Kerala Forests and Wildlife Department

Annex 6-22


According to the Plan, the community based groups such as VSS and EDC are engaging in the eco tourism. Several practises are ongoing at the spots of ecotourism in accordance with the Plan. The major areas are Muthanga and Tholpetty Ranges of Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary and a few spots in North and South Forest Divisions.

6.7.2 Current Activities by VSS/EDC

General survey of VSS/EDC groups in Wayanad District recorded their current practices to work for the eco tourism. The following table summarizes the findings in the survey.

Tourism Site and Infrastructure Division Range VSS/EDC Activities North Mananthavady Chali VSS Some of the VSS members are working as a guide

of tourism. Perincherymala VSS

Some of the VSS members are working as a guide of tourism.

Begur Papanasini VSS 20 VSS guides are working for the tourism. South Chedlath Pakkam Kuruva

VSS 37 VSS guides area working for the tourism.

Mepaddy Meenmutty VSS Eco tourism centre. 30 VSS guides are working for the tourism.

Soochippara VSS

Eco tourism centre. 33 VSS guides are working for the tourism.

Chembra Peak VSS

Eco-tourism centre. 38 VSS guides are working for the tourism.

Wildlife Muthanga Muthanga EDC EDC members are engaging in the tourism. Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the field survey to visit VSSs/EDCs.

The above table shows more groups of VSS are engaging in eco tourism than the EDCs in the wildlife division despite the major tourism spots in the Wildlife Divisions. This is because the EDCs in/around the Wildlife Sanctuary are in general not active compared to VSSs located in the state forest land because of several restrictions of human activities in the Sanctuary as designated by the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Furthermore the Forest Department seasonally restricts the numbers of the tourists who can enter the tourism sites every year, which limits the opportunities for the members to work as a guide.

6.7.3 Challenges in Eco Tourism

According to the Working Plans prepared by the Divisional offices, the major problems and further challenges widely recognized by the Forest Department are the followings.

Wildlife and forest vegetation in the tourism spots in the Wildlife Sanctuary are continuously exposed and disturbed by the increasing tourists moving by the vehicles and their subsequent problems. Restriction is necessary to protect the natural ecosystem from the adverse impacts brought about by the tourists. This could give a limitation against further developments of eco tourism.

Basic knowledge and expertises for eco tourism is not sufficient to conduct and fulfil their duties. Further trainings should be conducted to the staffs and guide engaging the tourism.

VSSs are currently active to engage in the ecotourism generating the income generation opportunities among the community members. However it is going on without basic arrangements to conduct the tourism in a sustainable manner as stated in the above, thus the rise of tourism-related opportunities for the VSSs members in the recent years is not stable or promising in the future.

Annex 6-23


6.8 VSS and EDC

6.8.1 Establishment of VSS and EDC by the Kerala Forestry Project

The VSS and EDC was established in Kerala State through the support of the Kerala Forestry Project conduced from 1998 up to 2004. According the Project Completion Report, 356 VSSs and 44 EDCs were established in the state. In Wayanad District 49 groups were established in three divisions. Among them currently 35 VSS (17 in North division, 18 in South division) and 14 EDCs exist as a group in the communities.

6.8.2 VSS and EDC in Wayanad District

Having reviewed the backgrounds of establishing VSS and EDCs in the state, the Survey team investigated their current status through the contact of the president and the secretary of the group. Following sections describe the results and findings of the investigation. The location of VSS and EDC are indicated on the map attached as Map 14 in Volume II, Main Report.

(1) VSS in North and South Forest Division

In total 35 VSSs were established in North and South forest division. Following tables summarize key features of current status of VSSs. The figures in the table indicate the number of VSS corresponding to the status.

Review of VSSs in North and South Division

Range Total No. of VSS

Current Performance1)

Location of members’

residence 2)

Management Area (Total area at range

level, ha) 1. North Division Peria 5 Active: 4,

Non-Active: 1 Inside: 2, Fringe: 2, Outside: 1

Reserve forest: 6,198 Vested forest: 657

Mananthavady 4 Active: 4, Non-Active: 0

Inside: 1, Fringe: 4, Outside: 0

Reserve forest: 200 Vested forest: 650

Begur 8 Active: 7, Non-Active: 1


Reserve forest: 5,440 Vested forest: 955

2. South Division Chedleth 8 Active:7,

Non-active:1 Inside: 5, Fringe: 8

Reserved forest: 1,378 Vested forest: 190

Kalpetta 5 Active:4, Non-active:1

Fringe: 5 Reserved forest: 300 Vested forest: 1,740

Meppady 5 Active:4, Non-active:1


Vested forest: 956

Source: JICA Survey Team, Note: 1) Current performance was assessed according to the existences of regulated managements such as record keeping, income/expenditure statement, work report, and monthly meeting, 2) Multiple answers are indicated. ST: State Forest, 3) Multiple answers are indicated.

The field visits and interviews to the VSSs leaders have revealed that the bulk of the VSSs are currently active regardless the status of members’ landholdings and location of their residences in relation to the state forest boundaries. A few VSSs are not active at present due to their local issues, accidents, prevailing conflicts between the members and elephants, etc.

(2) EDC in Wildlife Division

Fifteen EDCs were established in Wayanad Wildlife division. The following tables summarize key features of current status of EDCs. The data in the table indicate the number of EDC corresponding to the status.

Annex 6-24


Current Status of EDC in North and South Division (1)

Range Total No. of EDC

Current Performance1)

Location of Members’

Residence 2)

Status of Land

holdings 3)

Management Area (Total area at range level, ha)

Tolpetty 3 Active: 1, Non-active: 2

Inside: 2, Fringe: 1

Others: 3 Reserved forest: 1,000

Muthnage 5 Active: 1, Non-active: 4


Lease: 4, F.R.: 1, Others: 4

Reserved forest: 1,580

Kurinchiat 4 Active: ,0 Non-active: 4


Lease: 1, F.R.: 3, Others: 4

Reserved forest: 1,030

Sulthan Battery 2 Non-active: 2 Inside: 2 Lease: 1 F. R.: 1

Reserved forest: 380

Source: JICA Survey Team, Note: 1) Current performance was assessed according to the existences of regulated managements such as record keeping, income/expenditure statement, work report, and monthly meeting, 2) Multiple answers are indicated. WS: Wildlife Sanctuary, 3) Multiple answers are indicated.

Compared to VSSs in two forest divisions, performances of EDCs are not so active partly because of the limitation of the human activities inside of the sanctuary, which is supported by the fact that their “management area” vested to EDCs are not clearly perceived among the officers and the members of EDCs. Accordingly the major part of their activities becomes to focus the ecotourism where the members are working as a field guides for the tourists.

6.8.3 Activities Undertaken by VSS and EDC in Wayanad District

(1) Activities Undertaken by VSSs

VSSs are engaging in forestry-related activities and collection/selling of NTFPs to the relevant organizations. The following table gives the overall view about the currently ongoing activities.

Forestry-related Activities on-going by VSSs in North and South Division


Number of Families

Collection of Woody Forest

Produces NAP and Forestry Related Activities

North Peria 5 SC: 0, ST:

343, Others: 208

Timber wood: 4 Fire wood: 5

NAP: 10~15 ha of new plantation (softwood) in 2013 per one VSS, 10~20 maintenance of plantation per one VSS

Mananthavady 4 SC: 6, ST: 326, Others: 317


NAP: 8~10 ha of new plantation (softwood, cane) in 2013 per one VSS, 10~20 maintenance of plantation per one VSS

Begur 8 SC: 11, ST: 887, Others: 259


NAP: 5~20 ha of new plantation (softwood, bamboo, cane) in 2013 per one VSS, 10~20 maintenance of plantation per one VSS

South Chedlath 8 SC: 32, ST:

604, Others: 1,250

Timber wood: 6, Firewood: 8

All groups: new plantation (4~20 ha), maintenance (10~30 ha) One group: 37 guides are engaging in ecotourism

Kalpetta 5 SC: 10, ST: 171, Others: 660


All groups: new plantation (4~12 ha), Maintenance (30 ha) , One group: Cane (8 ha), Medical plantation (10 ha), Nursery (30,000 bamboo seedlings)

Meppady 5 SC: 23, ST: 211, Others: 351


Two groups: fire protection One group: NAP plantation (10 ha)

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) based on the field visit to VSSs.

Annex 6-25


In the member structures of VSSs, the ST (Scheduled Tribes) people who are considered to belong to the class of BPL are placed in the second largest in number of members.

Most of the groups are collecting timber and fire woods in the state forest land, which implies the forest resources adjacent the community are in general important sources of their domestic energy and materials. Meanwhile the groups are engaging in planting seedlings in new plantations and doing their maintenances in the following years. The scales of plantation are generally small, ranging from 4 to 30 ha, which can be implemented by the budget of NAP (National Afforestation Program).

The VSSs members are also engaging in NTFP-related and other activities. The following table summarizes their key features.

NTFP-related and Other Activities by VSSs in North and South Division

Range Total No. of VSS NTFP-Related Activities Other Activity

North Peria 5 Most of the groups collecting honey,

mushroom, medical plants and others (Dammer) to mainly use at home. Two groups: Selling medical plants, Dammer to SCST or FDA.

One group: organic farming,

Mananthavady 4 Most of the groups collecting honey, mushroom, medical plants and other NTFPs mainly to use them at home. One group: Selling medical plants to private middleman

Two group: Ecotourism,

Begur 8 Most of the groups collecting honey, mushroom, medical plants and other NTFPs (Dammer, fodder) and selling them to FDA and SCST except mushrooms consumed at home

One group: Ecotourism, Another group: Drinking water project

South Chedlath 8 All groups collecting honey, mushroom,

medical plants and others (Kalpasam 1)) Four groups: Selling honey and medical plants to SCST cooperative One group: Selling mushroom to SCST cooperative, Two group: Selling Kalpasam to SCST cooperative

One group: Ecotourism One group: Managing tailoring class

Kalpetta 5 All groups collecting honey, mushroom, medical plants and others (Kalpasam, Fodder)except one group not collecting honey One group: Selling honey, medical plants and Kalpasam to SCST cooperative

Two groups: Managing tailoring class One group: Managing computer learning centre and reading room One group: Building group office

Meppady 5 Four groups collecting honey, mushroom, medical plants and others (Kalpasam, Fodder) One group not collecting any NTFPs Two groups: Selling honey, mushroom and medical plants SCST cooperative

Three groups: Ecotourism


Most of the groups are engaging in collecting NTFPs produces for the domestic uses. Among them a few groups are selling them to SCST cooperative located in their community. The NTFPs are collected and sold individual basis including contacting the cooperative, which in principle are not organized as collective actions of VSSs.

(2) Activities Undertaken by EDCs

EDCs do not engage in the forestry-related activities because they are prohibited by The Environmental Protection Act, 1986 to be conducted in the wildlife sanctuary area. However the collection of NTFPs is allowed by the Act, thus the members of EDCs are engaging in their collection

Annex 6-26


and selling to the relevant organizations. The following table gives the overall view about the activities done by EDCs. They do not engage in “other activity” thus will not be indicated in the table.

NTFP-related Activities by EDCs in Wildlife Division


Number of Families

Collection of Woody Forest

Produces NTFP-Related Activities

Tholpetty 3 SC: 5, ST: 336, Others: 21

Timber wood: 3 Firewood: 3

All groups: collecting honey, mushroom, medical plants and fodders and selling honey to FDA and medical plants to SCST. Mushroom and fodders for domestic uses.

Muthanga 5 SC: 11, ST: 117, Others: 117


All groups: collecting honey, mushroom, medical plants and fodders and selling honey to FDA and medical plants to SCST. Mushroom and fodders for domestic uses.

Kurinchiat 4 SC: 5 ST: 304, Others: 25


Most of the groups are collecting honey, mushroom, medical plants and kalpasan and selling honey to FDA, medical plants and kalpasan to SCST. Mushroom is for domestic uses.

Sulthan Battery

2 SC: 0 ST: 243, Others: 9


All groups: Collecting honey, mushroom, medical plants and others and selling honey to FDA and medical plants to SCST. Mushroom and fodders for domestic uses.


Different from the structures of VSSs, the bulk of their members of EDCs are ST people and other two categories are tiny part of the whole members. Collection of the timber and fire wood are done by all groups, which is the same situations at in VSSs. Likewise most of the groups are engaging in the collection and selling of NTFP produces to FDA or SCST Cooperative Society.

The finding which comes first is that VSSs belonging to South forest division are more active in initiating and managing activities than other groups in North and Wildlife division. The results of the VSS/EDC survey indicate that the current functions of VSSs and EDC and their significances to the members are largely different from between these two types of the groups. The variety of the activities in South division implies a political leadership to fully utilize the VSS as a public institution and a solidarity among the members inside of VSS, which was not observed in other two divisions.

Annex 6-27

Annex-7 Community Infrastructure in Wayanad Ditrict


Table of Contents

Annex-7 Community Infrastructure in Wayanad District...................................................... 7-1

7.1 On-going Programmes/ Projects/ Schemes ........................................................................ 7-1 7.2 Projects (2012–13) in 12th Five-Year Plan (2012–17) ...................................................... 7-3 7.3 Projects in Annual Plan 2013-14 ........................................................................................ 7-5

7.3.1 Centrally Sponsored Projects and Budget ...................................................................... 7-5 7.3.2 Non Centrally Sponsored Projects ................................................................................. 7-6

7.4 Request and Needs of Community Infrastructure ............................................................ 7-12

List of Attachments

Attachment III. 7.4.1 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Housing Works ............................................................................................................ A.III.7.4.1-1

Attachment III. 7.4.2 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Access Road Works ....................................................................................................... A.III.7.4.2-1

Attachment III. 7.4.3 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Access Bridge Works .................................................................................................... A.III.7.4.3-1

Attachment III. 7.4.4 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Drinking Water Facilities .............................................................................................. A.III.7.4.4-1

Attachment III. 7.4.5 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Electricity Facilities ....................................................................................................... A.III.7.4.5-1

Attachment III. 7.4.6 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Sanitation Facilities ....................................................................................................... A.III.7.4.6-1

Attachment III. 7.4.7 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Community Centres ....................................................................................................... A.III.7.4.7-1

Attachment III. 7.4.8 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Health Centres ............................................................................................................... A.III.7.4.8-1

Attachment III. 7.4.9 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Schools ........................................................................................................................... A.III.7.4.9-1

Attachment III. 7.4.10 Site Condition on Housing Works (photo) ................................ A.III.7.4.10-1

Attachment III. 7.4.11 Site Condition on Access Road Works (photo)......................... A.III.7.4.11-1

Attachment III. 7.4.12 Site Condition on Access Bridge Works (photo) ...................... A.III.7.4.12-1

Attachment III. 7.4.13 Site Condition on Drinking Water Facilities (photo) ................ A.III.7.4.13-1

Attachment III. 7.4.14 Site Condition on Electricity Facilities (photo) ......................... A.III.7.4.14-1

Attachment III. 7.4.15 Site Condition on Community Centres (photo) ......................... A.III.7.4.15-1

Attachment III. 7.4.16 Site Condition on Health Centres (photo) ................................. A.III.7.4.16-1

Attachment III. 7.4.17 Site Condition on Schools (photo) ............................................ A.III.7.4.17-1

Attachment III. 7.4.18 (1) Water Quality Test 1 for Drinking Water in Vellamunda Grama Panchayat.......................................................................................... A.III.7.4.18-1





Attachment III. 7.4.19 Standards on Facilities & Equipment in CHC, PHC and Sub-centre .................................................................................................................. A.III.7.4.19-1


Annex-7 Community Infrastructure in Wayanad District

7.1 On-going Programmes/ Projects/ Schemes Details of the programs/ schemes/ projects ongoing in each of 25 Grama Panchayats are shown in the following table.

No. Grama Panchayat Completed / Stopped / Ongoing Programmes Status Remarks1 Mananthavady E. Manakkil Shankaran (EMS) Housing

Indira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing (Govt. of India Program)Kerala Local Government Service Delivery Project (KLGSDP), WB

Construction of office buildings

Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Scheme Drinking water (Completed)Jalanidhi, World Bank (WB) Drinking water (Completed)

2 Vellamunda Indira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing (Govt. of India Program)Construction of Govt. office buildingsRoadsBridgesAnganwadis (Commumity facilities), Krishi Bhavan (Agriculture facilities)

Jalanidhi, World Bank Drinking water (Ongoing)3 Thirunelly Indira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing4 Thondernad E. Manakkil Shankaran (EMS) Housing

Indira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing (Govt. of India Program)District Panchyat own fund Housing (through District Panchayat)Grama Panchayat own fund HousingJalanidhi, World Bank Drinking water (Ongoing)

5 Edavaka E. Manakkil Shankaran (EMS) HousingIndira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing (Govt. of India Program)

Construction of Govt. office buildingsRoadsAnganwadis (Commumity facilities)

Jalanidhi, World Bank Drinking water (Ongoing)6 Thavinhal E. Manakkil Shankaran (EMS) Housing

Indira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing (Govt. of India Program)Construction of office buildingsRoads

Jalanidhi, World Bank Drinking water (Ongoing)7 Sulthan Bathery Indira Awaz Yojana (IAY) Houses (Govt. of India Program)

Grama Panchayath's own fund (with use of Wayanad District Coopereative Bank)

Houses

8 Noolpuzha Indira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing (Govt. of India Program)Grama Panchayat own fund HousingJalanidhi, World Bank Drinking water & Sanitation (Ongoing)

9 Nenmeni Indira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing (Govt. of India Program)Kerala Local Government Service Delivery Project (KLGSDP), World Bank

Construction of Govt. office buildings

Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Scheme Drinking water (Ongoing)Jalanidhi, World Bank (Phase 1) Drinking water (Ongoing)Kerala Water Authority (KWA) Scheme Drinking water, Govt. of India

10 Ambalavayal E. Manakkil Shankaran (EMS) HousingIndira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing (Govt. of India Program)Grama Panchayat own fund Houses (Ongoing)Kerala Local Government Service Delivery Project (KLGSDP), World Bank

Construction of Govt. Bus stops, Roads and Renovation of some works of GP office

Kerala Water Authority (KWA) Scheme Drinking water, Govt. of India11 Meenangadi E. Manakkil Shankaran (EMS) Completed

Indira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing (Govt. of India Program)Kerala Local Government Service Delivery Project (KLGSDP), World Bank

Construction of GP office building

12 Vengappally Indira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing (Govt. of India Program)

Grama Panchayat own fund Infrastructure

13 Vythiri Indira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing (Govt. of India Program)Construction of GP office buildingBus stand

14 Puzhuthana Jalanidhi, World Bank Govt. of Kerala proposal is there to cover Drinking water facility to this GP

Ongoing Programmes/Projects/Schemes on Infrastructure in 25 Grama Panchayats (GPs)

As for the drinking water, the GP Office recognizes the needs of projects.

As for the drinking water, the GP Office does not feel the needs of projects.



New budget allocation for EMS was closed as of March 2012. The remaining budget is now being used.

Kerala Local Government Service Delivery Project (KLGSDP), World Bank







Annex 7-1


No. Grama Panchayat Completed / Stopped / Ongoing Programmes Status Remarks15 Thariode E. Manakkil Shankaran (EMS) Housing

Indira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing (Govt. of India Program)Grama Panchayat own fund Houses (Ongoing)Kerala Local Government Service Delivery Project (KLGSDP), World Bank


Kerala Water Authority (KWA) Scheme Drinking water, Govt. of India16 Meppadi Grama Panchayath's own fund (with use of

Wayanad District Coopereative Bank)Houses As for the drinking water,

the GP Office recognizes the needs of projects.

17 Muppainadu E. Manakkil Shankaran (EMS) HousingIndira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing (Govt. of India Program)Jalanidhi, World Bank Drinking Water

Bridges Roads

Sarva Shiksha Abhyas Govt. of India Program, Govt.SchoolsGrama Panchayat own fund Community Sanitation

18 Kottathara E. Manakkil Shankaran (EMS) HousingIndira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing (Govt. of India Program)

Construction of Anganwadi centres (Community centres) (Ongoing)

Ayurvedic HospitalsWestern Ghat Fund under Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan Community Toilets(Govt.of India)Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) (previously called as Total Sanitation Campain (TSC))

Sanitation (Ongoing) (Western Ghat Fund under NBA Program of Central & State Govts.)

Kerala Water Authority (KWA) Scheme Drinking water, Govt. of IndiaJalanidhi, World Bank Approved by the Govt., Work will commence.

19 Muttil Construction of GP office building

Bus bay

20 Padinjarethara E. Manakkil Shankaran (EMS) HousingIndira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing (Govt. of India Program)Kerala Local Government Service Delivery Project (KLGSDP), World Bank


GP Own fund Houses (Ongoing)Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) (previously called as Total Sanitation Campain (TSC))

Sanitation (Ongoing) (Western Ghat Fund under NBA Program of Central & State Govts.)

21 Panamaram Indira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing (Govt. of India Program)Jalanidhi, World Bank Ongoing

Construction of Govt. office buildings and facilities : Computerization of officesRoads

22 Kaniyambetta E. Manakkil Shankaran (EMS) HousingIndira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing (Govt. of India Program)Kerala Local Government Service Delivery Project (KLGSDP), World Bank


Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Scheme Drinking water (Ongoing)Jalanidhi, World Bank Proposed for drinking waterRajiv Gandi Grameena Vidyut Yojana (RGGVY) Electricity

23 Poothady E. Manakkil Shankaran (EMS) HousingIndira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing (Govt. of India Program)Kerala Local Government Service Delivery Project (KLGSDP), World Bank

Construction of Govt. GP office building

Jalanidhi, World Bank Drinking water (Ongoing)24 Pulpally Jalanidhi Drinking Water (Ongoing)25 Mullenkolly E. Manakkil Shankaran (EMS) Housing

Indira Awas Yogana (IAY) Housing (Govt. of India Program)




As for the drinking water, the GP Office does not feel the needs of projects.







Annex 7-2


7.2 Projects (2012–13) in 12th Five-Year Plan (2012–17) Each of the projects (2012-13) in 12th Five-Year Plan (2012-17) is shown in the following tables.

No. Name of the Project Amount (Rs.)Production Sector

1 Kakkathod check dam construction 297,713.00 2 Chekkadi- Machimoola Thalachira 1,800,000.00 3 Kadalmaad check dam side protection 1,110,000.00 4 Vellimala check dam Poothadi Grampanchayath 73,556.00 5 Thonnuran Vayal 12th no check dam Muppanad 1,110,000.00 6 Parakadav lift irrigation Edavaka 1,110,000.00 7 Nellerivayal Vadakkeyorath Project 120,000.00 8 Kandamchira- Odampallam Project 406,616.00

Total 7,776,575.00 Service Sector

9 Manathavady district hospital maintainance 1,232,320.00 10 Marappanmoola women self reliant group building 79,000.00 11 Nutrious food for HIV affected 46,024.00 12 Oldage home Vythiri 1,000,000.00 13 Panamaram GHS drinking water project 750,000.00 14 High school building maintanence 2,863,921.00 15 Manathavady district hospital waiste water pit 750,000.00 16 District government higher secondary school maintainance 3,010,450.00 17 District government school maintainance 2,220,968.00 18 Drinking water project Edavaka Ward No.4 525,644.00 19 Milk, electricity drinking water project Manathavady 880,000.00 20 Thariyod school library building construction 550,000.00 21 Cherukunn drinking water project 516,182.00 22 Oldage home Construction Ambalavayal 1,150,000.00 23 Government high school construction Panamaram 302,844.00 24 Project for disabled senior citizen 566,840.00 25 Women development project 565,645.00 26 District Hospital Manathavady electricity connection 5,000,000.00 27 SSA Chiral GHS building 708,564.00 28 District hospital Manathavady maintainance 600,000.00 29 District hospital Manathavady renuatuion 1,000,000.00 30 District hospital women Ward 1,020,000.00 31 District Ayurvedha hospital maintainance 487,749.00 32 Women training centre Vythiri 1,715,000.00 33 Equipment for handicaped government employees 158,598.00 34 Oldage home construction Ambalavayal 320,718.00 35 Oldage home construction Vythiri 320,718.00

Total 28,426,185.00 Public Sector

36 Kavumannam road tarring Thariod Grampanchayath 430,150.00 37 Pakkam Kurishu Kavala Road Tarring Muttil GP 601,142.00 38 Pothuketti Road retarrng Ambalavayal GP 586,638.00 39 Chelod Ammmara road work Pozhuthana GP 1,000,000.00 40 Estatemuk road tarring Panamaram GP 675,189.00

Projects (2012-13) in 12th Five-Year District Plan (2012-17) (1/2)

Annex 7-3


No. Name of the Project Amount (Rs.)41 Kallor Nallor road tarring Nenmeni GP 675,189.00 42 Thomarimala road 500,000.00 43 Manthamkolli road tarring Bathery GP 504,197.00 44 Valanjerikunn road tarring Bathery GP 666,410.00 45 Alathurkavala Sasimala road tarring 459,079.00 46 Kaipattukunn Shankaranchela road tarring Panamaram GP 601,142.00 47 Alathur Pallithazhe road taring 1,000,000.00 48 Kulivayal Mutthussery road tarring Panamaram GP 596,945.00 49 Kaniyambetta Chithramoola road tarring 644,654.00 50 Achanpadi Chamayamkunn road tarring 504,197.00 51 Tahzhemuttil colony road 500,000.00 52 Kunjom Kunkichira road 502,669.00 53 Mandakavayal Mailanji road 700,000.00 54 Mottakaananchery Aanapaara road 746,181.00 55 Village office Indiyerikunn 750,000.00 56 Wayanad District Panchayat road 7,271,492.00 57 District Panchayat road 25,417,846.00 58 Kolagappara Chooramala Road Tarring Bathery GP 375,189.00 59 Koliyaadi Thavani road 900,000.00 60 District Panchayat office painting and maintainance 1,500,000.00 61 Vakeri HSS Kallor Kunn road tarring 637,402.00 62 Vimalanagar Mappadkunn road tarring 604,197.00 63 Parakkuni Krishimoola road tarring 740,457.00 64 2nd Gate Chelur Mannundi road tarring 637,402.00 65 Kavumannam Madakunn road tarring 705,755.00 66 Kallikkani road retarring 331,676.00 67 Kallodi Orappn road maintainance 586,638.00 68 Kaimkuttikavala Aadikolli road retarring 572,134.00 69 Vaakeri Thazhathangaadi road reparing 900,000.00 70 Kaippanjeri Makkutti road tarring 637,402.00 71 Kuppikolli Ponmudikotta road tarring 500,000.00 72 Mylaadi Jubilee road tarring 261,080.00 73 Nedumbaala Pallikavala road 572,134.00 74 Mangalassery Edalottkolli road tarring 195,317.00 75 Kaipeeti Panniyora road tarring 1,000,000.00 76 Kalladi Thollayiram road tarring 746,180.00 77 Murani Kaarachal road tarring 579,386.00

Total 58,237,225.00 Grand total 94,439,985.00

Projects (2012-13) in 12th Five-Year District Plan (2012-17) (2/2)

Annex 7-4


7.3 Projects in Annual Plan 2013-14

7.3.1 Centrally Sponsored Projects and Budget

No. Grama Panchayat (GP) / Projects Proposed in Annual Plan 2013-14 Budget (Rs.)

1 Ambalvayal: Women and Child Development, Supplementary Nutrition, Waste Management Project for Houses (Bio gas Plant, Individual House Hold Latrine, Construction of Latrine

3,343,500

2 Edavaka: Anganwadi feeding including THRS, Total Sanitation Sanitary Unit, Pipe Compost Unit for houses, Modern Aravusala construction

5,438,666

3 Kaniambetta: Sanitary Unit(Construction Of Latrine and Fittings, House Waste Management-Pipe Composting, Waste Management- Construction of of Bio-Gas Plant

1,994,000

4 Kattahara: Anganwadi Nutrition program (General), Domestic Portable Bio Gas for Women, Rajiv Nagar Community Sanitary Complex ,Panchayat Women sanitary Complex

1,995,000

5 Mananthavady: Amganvady Poshahakaram, Town Cofort Station, Community Toilet At Pariyaramkunnu. Koduvila Tribal Colony

5,808,600

6 Meenangadi: Supplementary Nutrition Program, Nutrition food supply for TSP, Whestern Ghart Project Panchayat Contribution

2,596,353

7 Meppadi: Supplementary Nutrition program 1,000,000

8

Mullankolly: Nutritional for Anganvadi, Construction of foot bridge at poriani thod(near aashari madhavan's house

1,749,777

9 Muppainadu: Ankanwadi Poshakaharam, Toilet Nirmanam 1,358,727

10 Muttil: Malakkad Water Shed, Pipe Compost(Women), WGDP Share Cow Rearing Widow, Poultry Rearing (Women)

13,845,105

11 Nenmeni: Construction of pipe Compost Unit, Treatment of Waste-Portable Biogas plant, EMS Housing Scheme

10,220,500

12 Noolpuzha: Construction of Toilets, THRS, SNPAG, construction of Buildings of Pilakkave Anganwadi

5,101,200

13 Padinharethara: Anganwadi Nutrients Program, Pipe Compost- Solid waste Management, Construction Works to Kurumani Anganwadi

1,246,432

14 Panamaram: Supplementary Nutrition Program, Subsidy for Construction of Biogas Plant, Toilet Construction (Individual)

6,257,750

15 Poothadi: Supplementary Nutrition Program, Supplementary Nutrition Program( TSP), Bharath Nirman Rajiv Gandhi Seva Kendram

2,000,000

16 Pozhuthana: Anganwadi Supplementary Nutrition Program, Pipe Compost-Panchayat Share, Construction of Class room for Valiyapara Govt. LP School

2,252,500

17 Pulpally: Supply of Anganwadi feeding, Construction of EMS Houses 1,300,000

18 Sulthanbathery: , Supplementary Nutrition Program Anganwady, Construction works to Toilet, Construction of Biogas plant at Manikuni Meat and Fish market

7,083,750

19 Thariode: Manhoora Karlad road tarring, Cholavayal drainage construction,10th mile Anganwadi building Construction

5,445,366

20 Thavinhal: Supplementary Nutrition Program(General), Household Biogas plant, pipe compost 823,396

21 Thirunelly: Biogas plant (Waste Decompost), Western Ghat Development Project Fund Transfer, Latrine Construction

2,739,000

Annex 7-5



22 Thondernad: Anganwadi Nutrition, THRS, sanitary Unit, Pipe Compost 1,581,591

23 Vellamunda: Supplementary Nutrition Program, Total sanitation, NGRA Rajeev Sadan, Portable Vermi Compost Unit, Biogas Plant Unit

3,255,600

24 Vengappally: House Hold pipe Compost Unit 1,842,750

25 Vythiri: Anganwadi Nutrition Program(General), Subsidy for Toilet(General), Construction of Baby friendly Toilets

2,364,578

Total 92,644,141

7.3.2 Non Centrally Sponsored Projects

1 Drinking Water

No. Grama Panchayat (GP) / Projects Proposed in Annual Plan 2013-14 Amount (Rs.)

1 Ambalvayal: Construction of Wells at Padayamoola, Ambalamoola, Well Repairs at Kalleri, Karamkolly, Electrification of Drinking Water Scheme at Karamkolly

10,105,429

2 Edavaka: Remittance of KWA watercharge, Purchase of Land for Tank construction by Kerala water authority

1,191,996

3 Kaniambetta: Electrical Line Extension for Kizhakkayilkkunnu Drinking water Scheme, construction of Well at Thriniyambetta 4 Cent Colony

2,135,393

4 Kattahara: Paying water Charge to Kerala Water Authority, SC Well Construction, drinking Waterv Wells (26 Nos)

795,485

5 Mananthavady: Mythrinagar Well Construction, Palakkuli Drinking Water Project, Asupthri Pradesam Borewell

9,030,748

6 Meenangadi: Borewell to Homeo Hospital, Vandichira Borewell, Madoor Colony Water Supply Scheme, Arivayal Water Supply Scheme ( Land Purchasing)

1,726,363

7 Meppadi: Land purchase for Drinking Water Scheme, Pipe Line extension for PHC Ammu Home, Poothakolly Pipe Line Extension

11,620,200

8

Mullankolly: Installation of Motor for Panchayat staff quarters Borewell, Water Connection for SC (Through Kerala Water Authority)

332,796

9 Muppainadu: Kudivella Padhadikalude Pipe line, Drinking Water Scheme Share, Water Supply for Thinapuram Vayal

3,540,289

10 Muttil: Construction of Public well, Infrastructure Development Vazhavatta Drinking water Project, Construction of Colony Pond and Spring

6,972,651

11 Nenmeni: Valiyamoola Drinking Water Scheme, Electrification and Renovation work for Pullimad Drinking water Scheme

3,120,389

12 Noolpuzha: Not Shown in the Original Plan -

13 Padinharethara: Renovation to Public wells, Completion works to Vapppanammala Water Project, Installation of Motor and pipe Line to Therthkunnu WSS

3,213,219

14 Panamaram: Construction of Borewell for GLPS Panamaram, Repairs to Mayilkunnu Anganwadi 2,777,440

Annex 7-6


No. Grama Panchayat (GP) / Projects Proposed in Annual Plan 2013-14 Amount (Rs.)

15 Poothadi: Drinking water project at Thannimala, completion of Cheeyambam Paniya Colony WSS 1,563,088

16 Pozhuthana: Drinking water Scheme for Mutharikkunnu,, Vayalkunnu Colony- drinking water 1,508,997

17 Pulpally: Supply of Drinking Water, Repair for Borewells, Kollyvayal Naika Colony Well construction Anganwadi feeding, Construction of EMS Houses

2,164,000

18 Sulthanbathery: Construction of well near ITC Road, deepening of 3 Wells at Colonies in Ward no 20 11,735,639

19 Thariode: Electrical Line Extension for the Drinking water Scheme at Ilangolyppady, Makkuni colony Drinking Water Scheme- Electrification

2,018,358

20 Thavinhal: Chennilara Colony Pond Repair, Anery Water Supply scheme 1,566,555

21 Thirunelly: Extension of Pipe line at Palapeedika, Edayoorkunnu, Venkida dasn library 4,653,900

22 Thondernad: Electrification for Nedumbilassery, Pandara, Mattilayam Projects, athiyangodu Pump House Maintenanace

180,000

23 Vellamunda: Chathakunnu Water Supply scheme, Electrical motor, Perumkulam WSS Pipe Line Extewnsiont

713,439

24 Vengappally: Installation of Motor and purchase of Tools for Cholakkunnu Drinking Water Scheme, Construction of well and installation of Motor in Thoniyambam Colony

1,275,603

25 Vythiri: Repairing of Drinking water Supply in Lakkidi School Back side, Renovation of Vattappara Drinking Water Supply

3,065,065

Total 87,007,042

2 Education


1 Ambalvayal: School Repair Cheengavallam, Puttad, Ambalavayal, Andoor 6,125,043

2 Edavaka: SSA Contribution, Integrity of education Program, Valley School repair 4,563,055

3 Kaniambetta: SSA Share, Distribution of Furniture to Schools 4,214,796

4 Kattahara: Paying SSA Share, Distribution of Uniform, Bags, Umbrella for ST Students 1,275,336

5 Mananthavady:SSA Share, Upgradation of Education level and Total fitness Training 4,930,101

6 Meenangadi: SSA Contribution- General, Newspaper and Magazines to Schools 3,005,248

7 Meppadi: Furniture for Govt LP and UP Schools, Panchayat Share for SSA 3,007,366

8

Mullankolly: Contribution to SSA, Breakfast for ST Students, Construction of Yard Concreting to Kolavally Anganwady

2,042,136

9 Muppainadu: SSA Vihitham, Chithragiri LP School Building 3,499,902

10 Muttil: SSA Share, Scholarship for Physically Challenged Student 3,434,993

11 Nenmeni: SSA Share, Integrated Education 7,824,499

Annex 7-7



12 Noolpuzha: SSA Panchayat Share, Purchasing of Land for Tribal Hostel 5,025,364

13 Padinharethara: Scholarship for Physically Challenged SC Students, Remittance of Panchayat Contribution of SSA

3,048,943

14 Panamaram: Panchayat fund for SSA, Construction of Sanitation Unit for GLP School 5,041,069

15 Poothadi: SSA Share, Scholarship to Students for 5th Standard to 7th Standard 2,362,510

16 Pozhuthana: SSA Share-General, Telephone Connection, Internet Facility to govt. schools 1,637,667

17 Pulpally: Morning Meal Program to SC Students, Supply of School uniform to Students 6,798,516

18 Sulthanbathery: Improvement of quality in Education, Furniture to LP Students 7,626,081

19 Thariode: Electrical Chennalode UP School Repair, Morning Meal for ST Students 2,275,011

20 Thavinhal: SSA Share, Purchase of Computers to schools 3,465,336

21 Thirunelly: SSA Contribution, Purchase of Computers to schools in Panchayat 4,456,475

22 Thondernad: Supply of Uniform to LP, UP Students, Kunhome GLPS Shed Completion 4,728,375

23 Vellamunda: SSA Contribution, Furniture for LP, UP Schools 9,209,232

24 Vengappally: SSA Grama Panchayat Share, Breakfast to Students 1,160,766

25 Vythiri: Remedial Coaching, Electrification of Lakkidi GLP School 1,651,520

Total 102,409,340

3. Health No. Grama Panchayat (GP) / Projects Proposed in Annual Plan 2013-14 Budget

(Rs.)

1 Ambalvayal: Purchase of Medicine for Government Ayurvedha Dispensary, IPP Center Repair Mattappara, Pain and Paliative Care

2,239,510

2 Edavaka: Purchase of Homeo Medicine, PHC Repair, Pain and Paliative Care 1,975,686

3 Kaniambetta: Purchase of Medicine for Government Ayurvedha Dispensary, Repairs to Paralikunnu Health Center, Pain and Paliative Care

963,007

4 Kattahara: Purchase of Medicine for Government Ayurvedha Dispensary, IPP Center Repair Mattappara, Pain and Paliative Care

1,591,968

5 Mananthavady: Medicine for Ayurvedha Dispensary, Mosquito Control, Pain and Paliative Care 2,670,395

6 Meenangadi: Purchase of Medicine for Ayurvedha Dispensary, Purchase of Medicine for Government Homeo Dispensary, Pain and Paliative Care

1,558,500

7 Meppadi: : Purchase of Medicine for Ayurvedha Dispensary, Purchase of Medicine for Homeo Dispensary, Medical camp for old people in Tribal Colonies

950,000

8

Mullankolly: Purchase of Medicine for Ayurvedha Dispensary, Purchase of Medicine for Homeo Dispensary, Pain and Paliative Care

1,295,000

Annex 7-8



9 Muppainadu: Primary Health Centerilekku Upakaranangalum Furniture Ukalum Vangal, Electrification of Ayurvedha Hospital

1,550,000

10 Muttil: Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases, Purchase of Medicine for Ayurvedha Dispensary, Pain and Paliative Care

5,789,000

11 Nenmeni: Medicine for Homeo Dispensary, Procuring of Medicine for PHC, Pain and Paliative Care 3,139,751

12 Noolpuzha: Medicine for Homeo Dispensary, Ayurvedha Medicine purchase, Pain and Palliative Care

2,534,083

13 Padinharethara: Purchase of Medicine for Ayurvedha Dispensary, Ayurvedic Diabetes Control Program, Pain and Palliative Care

3,359,588

14 Panamaram: Purchase of Medicine for Unani Hospital, Ayurvedic Medicine for ST Senior Citizens, Purchase of Medicines for Pain and Palliative Care

1,340,666

15 Poothadi: Purchase of Medicine for Ayurvedha Dispensary, Cancer Screening Test, Pain and Palliative Home Care

2,153,204

16 Pozhuthana: Purchase of Medicine for Ayurvedha Dispensary, Purchase of Medicine for Homeo Dispensary, Pain and Palliative Home Care

615,165

17 Pulpally: Purchase of Medicine for Homeo Dispensary, Purchase of Medicine for Government Ayurveda Dispensary, Pain and Palliative Care

1,369,235

18 Sulthanbathery: : Purchase of Medicine for Homeo Dispensary, Control of Communicable Diseases, Pain and Palliative Care

536,043

19 Thariode: Purchase of Medicine for Ayurveda Dispensary, Purchase of Medicine for Homeo Dispensary, Pain and Palliative Home Care

1,406,000

20 Thavinhal: Purchase of Medicine to Thavinhal Government Homeo Dispensary, Pain and Palliative Care

1,119,448

21 Thirunelly: Medicine for Homeo Dispensary, Ayurvedha Medicine purchase, Pain and Palliative Care 1,110,000

22 Thondernad: Purchase of Medicine for Homeo Hospital, Pulse Polio (National Health Scheme), Pain and Palliative Care

1,157,000

23 Vellamunda: Purchase of Medicine for Homeo Dispensary, Purchase of Medicine for Ayurveda Dispensary, Grant for Pain and Palliative

2,100,000

24 Vengappally: Purchase of Medicine for Homeo Dispensary, Purchase of Medicine for Ayurveda Dispensary, Pain and Palliative

862,408

25 Vythiri: : Purchase of Ayurveda Medicine, Purchase of Homeo Medicine, Pain and Palliative Care Program

690,000

Total 44,075,657

4 Housing and Electrification


1 Ambalvayal: House Construction, House Repair, House Wiring 2,800,000

2 Edavaka: House Construction for Widows, IAY Housing projects 20,041,475

3 Kaniambetta: EMS Housing Scheme - Loan Repayment, House Repair, ST House Wiring 29,955,358

Annex 7-9



4 Kattahara: Electrification for ST Houses, IAY Housing Projects, SC Housing Scheme 1,870,625

5 Mananthavady: Up-gradation, House Construction, IAY Housing Projects 14,604,993

6 Meenangadi: House Maintenance, IAY Housing Projects, Colony Electrification 6,778,862

7 Meppadi: House Construction for Women, House Construction- General, IAY Housing projects 84,078,000

8

Mullankolly: House Construction for Widows, Construction of houses for SC, IAY Housing projects 9,405 ,000

9 Muppainadu: House Up-gradation, House Up-gradation(SCP), IAY Housing Projects 2,197,125

10 Muttil: House Repairing, Electrification of Home, IAY Housing Projects 9,446,608

11 Nenmeni: House Construction SCP, House Construction- General, IAY Housing projects 32,141,467

12 Noolpuzha: Construction of Houses for ST People, House Repair- General, IAY Housing projects 28,135,649

13 Padinharethara: House Repair- ST, IAY Housing projects 1,013,000

14 Panamaram: Construction of Houses for SC People, Construction of Houses- General 26,538,000

15 Poothadi: House Construction(Widow), House Repair, House Wiring 13,283,788

16 Pozhuthana: Construction of Houses for SC Family, ST House Repair, IAY Housing projects 5,787,500

17 Pulpally: ST Housing Scheme, House Wiring (ST), House Construction Scheme (SC) 44,651,519

18 Sulthanbathery: House Repair, House Up-gradation(General), IAY Housing projects 34,393,340

19 Thariode: Construction of Houses for SC , Construction of Houses (ST), IAY Housing projects 2,949,226

20 Thavinhal: House Up-gradation(General), House Construction(SC Women), IAY Share 2013-14 20,999,988

21 Thirunelly: House Construction(Widow), House Construction(General), EMS Housing Completion 26,752,437

22 Thondernad: House Construction for Women, House Construction(SCP)l, IAY Housing projects 12,684,000

23 Vellamunda: EMS Housing Completion, Disbursement of IAY(SCP), IAY Housing projects 7,294,809

24 Vengappally: SC House Up-gradation, EMS Housing Schem TSP, SC Housing Scheme 4,371,000

25 Vythiri: Contribution of IAY Share(General), House Repair, EMS Housing scheme(General) 5,271,275

Total 447,445,044

5 Sanitation


1 Ambalvayal: Waste Management Project for houses(Biogas Plant), Individual House Hold latrine 4,822,000

2 Edavaka: Sanitary Unit ST, Total Sanitation – Sanitary Unit 2,127,800

Annex 7-10



3 Kaniambetta: Sanitary Unit (Construction of Latrine and Fittings), Waste Management Project for houses(Biogas Plant)

5,290,000

4 Kattahara: Electrification for ST Houses, IAY Housing Projects, SC Housing Scheme 3,994,000

5 Mananthavady: Sanitary Latrine General, Sanitary Latrine SC, , Sanitary Latrine ST 12,616,800

6 Meenangadi: Smashanam Building, Pipe Compost, E-Toilet 3,499,074

7 Meppadi: Land Purchase for Solid Waste Management and Public semitry, Uppupara Colony Public Toilet

1,750,000

8

Mullankolly: Not Shown in the Original Plan -

9 Muppainadu: Toilet Nirmanam,, Land purchase of Waste Management and Smashanam 3,610,000

10 Muttil: Compound wall of Semithery, Pipe Compost(Women), Shopping Complex- Sanitary 2,422,998

11 Nenmeni: Construction of Pipe Compost Unit, Solid Waste Management 5,932,500

12 Noolpuzha: Construction of Toilet, Land for Public Buried 1,436,000

13 Padinharethara: Pipe Compost Unit, Solid Waste Management 1,377,500

14 Panamaram: Construction of Toilet for Nedukunnu Angawadi, Toilet Construction (Individual) 5,406,462

15 Poothadi: Purchasing Land for Crematorium, Purchasing Land for Waste Disposal 1,900,000

16 Pozhuthana: Pipe Compost – Panchayat Share, Renovation of Public Toilet in Panchayat Market 2,030,000

17 Pulpally: Not Shown in the Original Plan -

18 Sulthanbathery: Construction works to Toilet, Construction of Latrine, Plastic Shredding Unit 4,850,000

19 Thariode: Cholavayal Drainage Construction, Construction of Sanitary Unit(Individual- ST) 2,237,900

20 Thavinhal: Thalappuzha E-Toilet, House hold Biogas plant, Pipe Compost 1,576,930

21 Thirunelly: Waste Management, Biogas Plant(Waste decompost), Latrine Construction 3,913,633

22 Thondernad: Sanitary Unit, pipe Compost, Niravilpuzha Toilet Repair 1,805,000

23 Vellamunda: Total Sanitation, E-Toilet, Biogas Plant Unit 4,007,100

24 Vengappally: Construction of Suitable Toilet for disabled, Latrine Construction(ST) 2,585,000

25 Vythiri: Subsidy for Toilet- General, Construction of Baby Friendly Toilets, Subsidy for Biogas plant 4,545,600

Total 83,736,297

Annex 7-11


7.4 Request and Needs of Community Infrastructure The interest from interviews survey at the community infrastructures, and the present conditions of the infrastructures in the sample sites in the 25 Grama Panchayat Offices are shown in Attachment III from 7.4.1 - 7.4.9. The community infrastructure includes houses, access roads and bridges, facilities of drinking water, electricity, and sanitation, community centre, health centre, and school. The photographs of the community infrastructures are attached in Attachment III 7.4.10 - 7.4.17.

As for PMGSY (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana) that is the rural road project being executed by the central government, it was confirmed at the PMGSY office at Kalpetta on 25, 30 June and 3 July 2014 that the target road is reconstructed on the existing road as a part of the core road network consisting of the district roads, etc. In case of the Grama Panchayat road that is the branch road under the district road that is the parent road, the reconstruction work is to be executed for the part of district road side. The road is reconstructed as the asphalt pavement one with 3.75 m in the effective width. In the phases of I, III, IV, which were executed in Wayanad District, and VII and VIII, ongoing in Wayanad, the total number of the roads has been reached 30 routes for which the total length is 87.9 km, and so the average length of the works is 2.9 km/route. In consideration of the concept of PMGSY and the scale or length of the work by PMGSY as mentioned above, it is known that the part of the access road improvement works to the colony, which is planned in this JICA Survey, that is to be started from the colony side does not overlap with the part of PMGSY.

The Standards on Facilities & Equipment in CHC, PHC and Sub-centre is shown in the Attachment III 7.4.19.

The results of the water quality test shared by Vellamunda PHC are shown in the Attachment III 7.4.18.

Annex 7-12

Attachment III 7.4.1 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Housing Works (1/6)

No. Grama Panchayat (GP)

Interview on GP Interest Site Condition

Man

anth

avad

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Pan

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P)

1 Mananthavady (N 11.91131°, E 75.99566°, EL 784m)

High needs Secretary in charge explained that the needs of housing are high.

Convent Kunnu Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.79918°, E 76.00351°, EL 763m) In Ward No.15, in the past, 63 houses were partly constructed by EMS, IAY and TSP (Tribal Sub Plan). Finally, all of these 63 houses have not been completed due to the shortage of the money. This was caused due to (i) less guidance to the beneficiaries and/or less management of the funded money and, in almost cases, (ii) the beneficiaries' less capacity to pay of insufficient part of the whole construction cost actually required. It is noted that the present conditions of the original houses before the projects are very much poor. The original house is made of the soil floor, the plank wall, vinyl sheet roof, temporarily built toilet, etc. A half of the households are using the uncompleted houses with the partly covering vinyl sheet, without door and windows, etc.

2 Vellamunda (N 11.73364°, E 75.95617°, EL 732m)

High needs Secretary explained about the present conditions that the huts in the tribal colonies are poor and so those are to be replaced by the new one or to be renovated.

Kochara Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.70234°, E 75.96445°, EL 716m) In Ward 19, in the past, 8 houses were partly constructed by IAY. Finally, most of these 8 houses have not been completed due to the shortage of the money. This was caused due to (i) less guidance to the beneficiaries and/or less management of the funded money and, in almost cases, (ii) the beneficiaries' less capacity to pay of insufficient part of the whole construction cost actually required. It is noted that the present conditions of the original houses before the projects are very much poor. The original house is made of the soil floor, the plank wall, vinyl sheet roof, temporarily built toilet, etc. A half of the households are using the uncompleted houses with the partly covering vinyl sheet, without door and windows, etc.

3 Thirunelly (N 11.84912°, E 76.06634°, EL 784m)

No information Gundiga Parambu Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.90885°, E 75.99046°, EL 818m) : In the past, 6 houses were partly constructed by IAY. Finally, all of these 6 houses have not been completed due to the shortage of the money. This was caused due to (i) less guidance to the beneficiaries and/or less management of the funded money and, in almost cases, (ii) the beneficiaries' less capacity to pay of insufficient part of the whole construction cost actually required.

A. III.7.4.1-1




Man

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Pan

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at (B

P)

4 Thondernadu (N 11.74370°, E 75.88211°, EL 759m)

High needs Vice President and other officers explained about the major reasons why many houses are left under incomplete condition that are due to the given conditions such as (i) the sites are scattered on various hills and (ii) it is difficult to transport the materials and the workers. Under such severe given conditions, the housing works are ongoing.

Perincherimala Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.72681°, E 75.90144°, EL 941m) In Ward 10, total nos. of families are 44. A wife living a poor house expressed her hope that any of the government programs should be applied to the house construction. Further, she explained about her present situation that the land does not belong to the family and so the house construction cannot be executed unless and until the own land for the family is obtained. The family has requested to the Thondernadu GP Office for the land.

5 Edavaka (N 11.77710°, E 75.97639°, EL 801m)

High needs According to Vice President and Chairman of Standing Committee for Development, the housing is needed in Kram Kode Colony (N 11.77780°, E 75.96492°, EL771m) .

Karam Kode Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.77780°, E 75.96492°, EL 771m) In Ward 1, Vice President of the Edavaka GP Office told that the housing was done by EMS. However, the families do not have the fund (or the capacity to pay) to complete the housing works. Therefore, almost of houses remain uncompleted.

6 Thavinhal (N 11.84189°, E 75.94891°, EL 775m)

Medium needs According to President and Secretary, the housing is needed in next priority after the roads & bridges improvement and the electrification.

Munda Kolli Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.82559°, E 75.90370°, EL 765m) In Ward 4, Vice President of the Thavinhal GP Office told that the existing 16 houses have been completed by IAY with provision of the lands to the landless families with use of the GP's budget. Now, the condition of the houses is all right. By the way, he explained that in the whole GP there are 106 tribal families are waiting for the housing.

Sulta

n B

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ry B

lock

Pan

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P)

7 Sultan Bathery (N 11.66279°, E 76.25509°, EL 882m)

Medium needs According to Secretary and Senior Clerk, the housing is needed. However, specific locations were not informed.

No site investigation because of no information and no guidance

8 Noolpuzha (N 11.66806°, E 76.31354°, EL 889m)

High needs Chairman of Standing Committee for Welfare explained that the needs of housing are high. There are 4 to 5 houses for which the IAY fund is allocated per year.

Chetyalathur Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.61027°, E 76.37032°, EL 886m): A family in the colony told that the present house is now in process of the construction under the scheme of Noolpuzha GP. Remaining fund of Rs.0.75 Lakh (40%) out of the total fund of Rs.1.25Lakh would be paid after the works of the toilet and the windows & doors. It is noted that the land belongs to Noolpuzha GP. There are 60 houses of the tribal scattered in the colony.

A. III.7.4.1-2




Sulta

n B

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Pan

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P)

9 Nenmeni (N 11.63463°, E 76.27752°, EL 915m)

High needs Chairman of Standing Committee for Welfare explained that the needs of housing are high.

Punja Vayal Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.64317°, E 76.27557°, EL 886m) In Ward 4, a family in the colony told that the present condition of the houses in the colony is all right, while the electricity, the water and the sanitation are also well but only the access road to the colony is needed to be improved.

10 Ambalavayal (N 11.62254°, E 76.21133°, EL 938m)

High needs President explained that the needs of housing are high. He expressed that there are the needs of 100 houses in a Ward to be implemented from now on. It amounts 2,000 houses in Ambalavalal GP (20 Wards). In this connection, he expressed also the needs of the individual toilet is to be constructed in the housing works. By the way, it was informed by President that 90% (the families without capacity to pay) of the housing for BPL families are not completed due to insufficient money, while 10% (with capacity to pay) can complete.

South Cheengeri Ambalakkunnu Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.62091°, E 76.19237°, EL 759m) In Ward 20, the present condition of the houses in the colony is all right, while the electricity, the water and the sanitation are also well but only the access road to the colony is needed to be improved.

11 Meenangady (N 11.65920°, E 76.16110°, EL 769m)

No information from Standing Committee Chairman

Managuvayal Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.64732°, E 76.16311°, EL 759m) In Ward 9, present condition of the houses in the colony was all right that is to say the electricity, the water and the sanitation are well, while the access road that is of the gravel pavement to the colony is needed to be improved.

Kal

petta

Blo

ck P

anch

ayat

(BP)

12 Vengapally (N 11.63169°, E 76.03320°, EL 763m)

High needs President and Chairman of Standing Committee for Welfare explained that the needs of housing are high.

Karikkalode Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.65042°, E 76.04597°, EL 767m) in Ward 3 and Thekkumthara Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.65139°, E 76.04999°, EL 736m) In Ward 3, present condition of the houses in the colony was almost all right, that is to say the electricity, the water and the sanitation are well, while the access road that is of the gravel pavement and the wooden bridge to the colony are needed to be improved.

A. III.7.4.1-3




Kal

petta

Blo

ck P

anch

ayat

(BP)

13 Vythiri (N 11.55686°, E 76.03801°, EL 803m)

High needs Secretary and Chairwoman of Standing Committee explained that the needs of housing are high for Wards 1, 3, 8 and 9.

Charity Ambedakar Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.53692°, E 76.04705°, EL 768m) In Ward 9, present condition of the houses in the colony was all right that is to say the electricity, the water and the sanitation are well as well as the access road that is of the asphalt pavement to the colony. It is noted that the footpath in the colony is of the concrete pavement.

14 Pozhuthana (N 11.58321°, E 76.01775°, EL 744m)

High needs President explained that the needs of housing for the BPL families who have their own lands.

Parathode Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.62085°, E 76.00037°, EL 789m) In Ward 1, present condition of some houses in the colony was very poor. Those are the huts made of the soil (floor), the wooden log (columns), the vinyl sheet (roof), etc. without doors & windows.

15 Thariyode (N 11.63807°, E 76.00843°, EL 784m)

High needs President explained that the needs of housing is high. He expressed that there are the needs of (i) 500 houses for the new construction and (ii) 100 houses the remaining construction of the uncompleted houses to be implemented from now on. By the way, it was informed by President that 90% (the families without capacity to pay) of the housing for BPL families are not completed due to insufficient money, while 10% (with capacity to pay) can complete.

Thazheyidam Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.65115°, E 76.01459°, EL 742m) In Ward 8, present condition of some houses in the colony was very poor. Those are the huts made of the soil (floor), the wooden log (columns), the vinyl sheet (roof), etc. without doors & windows. 10 huts cannot make the application for the housing because of the landless. In this connection, it is noted that only 4 houses have the individual toilets. The remaining 26 households need their toilets.

16 Meppady (N 11.55931°, E 76.13125°, EL 866m)

Medium needs According to Secretary, the housing is needed. However, no other programs are required because the housing is ongoing with use of the GP own fund. In this connection, Secretary expressed that the toilets are to be constructed together with the houses.


A. III.7.4.1-4




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17 Muppainadu (N 11.55721°, E 76.22399°, EL 891m)

High needs President and Chairman of Standing Committee for Health & Education explained that the needs of housing are high. Priority is put on 500 households who have the own lands.

Shakharankundu Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.53448°, E 76.22571°, EL 923m) In Ward 7, there are several huts. The drinking water and the electricity are well. The sanitation is also rather well. Thinapuram Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.54181°, E 76.16778°, EL 887m) in Ward 3: There are a few huts. The drinking water and the electricity are well. However, the sanitation is poor.

18 Kottathara (N 11.67929°, E 76.02345°, EL 736m)

High needs Secretary and Village Extension Officer (VEO) explained that the needs of housing are high. Needs are for 332 households of BPL.

Madakunnu Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.65856°, E 76.01641°, EL 786m): There are old houses. There is an ongoing house. The drinking water and the electricity are well. The sanitation is also rather well.

19 Muttil (N 11.64277°, E 76.11026°, EL 776m)

High needs Vice President and Secretary explained that the needs of housing are high. Needs are for 700 households of BPL.


20 Padinjarathara (N 11.67994°, E 75.97486°, EL 783m)

High needs Village Extension Officers (VEOs) explained that the needs of housing are high.

Thirumangalan Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.68005°, E 75.98673°, EL 765m): Most of the houses out of the whole 23 households were constructed by EMS and IAY. Now, 7 houses are all right and the remaining 16 houses need the renovation. Anyhow, the condition is not so poor. The drinking water is in difficult condition. The electricity is well. The sanitation is also rather well.

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21 Panamaram (N 11.73826°, E 76.07260°, EL 704m)

High needs President and Assistant Secretary explained that the needs of housing are high. Needs are for 600 households of the General (incl. some BPL) who have their own lands. In addition, there are the needs for 300 houses of ST and 50 houses of SC, of which 20% of households are of the landless.

At Puthoor Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.72873°, E 76.04324°, EL 758m) In Ward 19, most of the houses were constructed by IAY. Now, 30 houses are left uncompleted. The drinking water and the electricity are well. The sanitation is also rather well. At Ammani Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.77015°, E 76.10217°, EL 721m) in Ward 6: Most of the houses were constructed by IAY. Now, all the existing 32 houses are left under the poor drinking water. The electricity distribution line is running but no incoming line. The sanitation is also rather poor so the water quality of the dug (open) well is badly influenced.

A. III.7.4.1-5


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22 Kaniyambetta (N 11.69599°, E 76.08066°, EL 777m)

High needs President and Chairwoman of Standing Committee for Development explained that the needs of housing are high.

At Puthia Vayal Veedu Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.72260°, E 76.09381°, EL 730m) In Ward 18, most of the houses out of 10 BPL households in total were constructed well. However, the drainage condition in the colony is bad in the rainy season. The sanitation condition is also rather poor. The drinking water and the electricity are well.

23 Poothady (N 11.72377°, E 76.15323°, EL 803m)

High needs Assistant Secretary explained that the needs of housing are high. Needs are for 300 households.

At Lakshyam Veedu Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.70880°, E 76.13699°, EL 808m) In Ward 18, 20 BPL households out of the whole 40 households were constructed well. The remaining 20 households are the poor huts. The drinking water and the electricity are well. The sanitary condition is also rather well.

24 Pulpally (N 11.78984°, E 76.16631°, EL 733m)

High needs Secretary explained that the needs of housing are high. Needs are for 300 households that is 15 houses each for a Ward.

At Kalanadikolly Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.76452°, E 76.18333°, EL 754m) In Ward 12, 13 BPL households are the poor huts and the uncompleted houses. Condition of the drinking water, the electricity and the sanitary are not so well.

25 Mullankolly (N 11.81716°, E 76.16418°, EL 762m)

High needs Secretary explained that the needs of housing are high. Needs are for 1,000 BPL households that is 56 houses each for a Ward. It is noted that out of the 1,000 households, only 600 houses (60%) have their own lands. Therefore, priority is put on the housing works for the 600 households. It is 33 houses each for a Ward.

At Perikkallur Kadam Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.86266°, E 76.14339°, EL 746m) in Ward 1: There are 7 BPL poor huts. The housing works are now ongoing for 3 households. Condition of the drinking water, the electricity and the sanitary are rather well.

A. III.7.4.1-6

Attachment III 7.4.2 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Access Road Works (1/5)



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Medium needs Secretary in Charge explained the medium needs of improvement of access roads to hamlets / colonies

Form the district road to the point near Covent Kunnu Colony in Ward No.15, about 500m high earthfilling road was under construction by a private sector for access to the business building. About 100m in length of the access road (footpath, 0.3-0.5m) to the colony was paved with small size gravels in very much poor condition (irregular in thickness and width).


Medium needs Secretary explained medium needs of improvement of access roads to hamlets / colonies

A Grama Panchayat road with the asphalt pavement (3.0m) reaches to the point near Kochara Colony (N 11.70234°, E 75.96445°, EL 716m) in Ward No.19. About 500m in length of the earth road (3.0 m) in the colony was in poor condition.


No information A Grama Panchayat road with the asphalt pavement (3.0m) was running in Gundiga Parambu Colony. It had been damaged and was in very much poor condition.


High needs Vice President and other officers explained the medium needs of improvement of access roads to hamlets / colonies Those are to be effectively and usefully used also for transportation of the materials and workers for the housing works.

In about 1km form the end point (EP) (N 11.72830°, E 75.90020°, EL 894m) of the asphalt pavement of the district road to the point near Perincherimala Colony in Ward No.10, the access road (gravel pavement, 0.3-0.5m) of the present condition is very much poor. Parts of the surface are no gravels. Thickness and width are irregular. There have been caused the deep gully erosions on the surface of the roads in the slope portions.

5 Edavaka (N 11.77710°, E 75.97639°, EL 801m)

Medium needs Vice President and Chairman of Standing Committee for Development expressed the needs of the access roads.

The access road to Karam Kode Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.77780°, E 75.96492°, EL 771m) in Ward 1 was in good condition. It was not the proposed site. However, for some other access roads, it is considered that the improvement works are to be executed.

6 Thavinhal (N 11.84189°, E 75.94891°, EL 775m)

High needs President and Secretary expressed the high needs of the access roads are with the high priority.

The access road to Munda Kolli Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.82559°, E 75.90370°, EL 765m) in Ward 4 was in good condition. It was not the proposed site. The access road to Godavari Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.83086°, E 75.97554°, EL 762m) in Ward 8 was found to be improved for the distance of 2.5kmthat was the earth road. As for some other access roads in Thavinhal GP, it is considered that the improvement works are to be executed.

A. III.7.4.2-1




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High needs Secretary and Senior Clerk of the Sulthan Bathery GP Office expressed the needs of the access roads are high. However, specific locations were not informed.

No site investigation because of no information of the location and no guidance

8 Noolpuzha (N 11.66806°, E 76.31354°, EL 889m)

No information from Chairman of Standing Committee for Welfare

The access road, of which BP is at (N 11.59471°, E 7635727°, EL 973m), to Chetyalathur Colony Tribal Settlement. The improvement is needed for about 4 to 5km in distance from 200m point (BP) from the branching point from the main road with the asphalt pavement. This portion was paved with gravels before but it has been heavily damaged. The ordinary sedan cannot pass the route. It was not the proposed site.

9 Nenmeni (N 11.63463°, E 76.27752°, EL 915m)

High needs Chairman of Standing Committee for Welfare expressed that the access road improvement works are needed. He informed that 2 to 3km on an average of the access road to each of the colonies are needed. Nos. of the colonies that need the works are about 50. So, in total, 100 to 150km of the existing access roads need the works. An officer of the Nenmeni GP Office guided places in Punja Vayal Colony where the road improvement works are needed.

The access road to Punja Vayal Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.64317°, E 76.27557°, EL 886m) in Ward 4 was in poor condition. It is the earth road passing in the paddy field area. The distance from the main road to the colony is about 1.7km. The crossing structure parts are to be additionally earthfilled at some 1.0m in consideration of the annual flood level. In addition, a lower part with the protection works as a kind of the flood water spillway for flood overflowing during the higher water level hours to avoid the too much earthfilling volume for the road.


High needs President expressed that the access road improvement works are needed. He informed that 1km on an average of the access road to each of the colonies are needed. Nos. of the colonies that need the works are 20. So, in total, 20km of the existing access roads need the works.

An officer of the Nenmeni GP Office guided places to North Cheengeri Ambalakkunnu Colony (N 11.62091°, E 76.19237°, EL 759m) in Ward 20 and at Thathiyad (N 11.58089°, E 76.23343°, EL 841m) for access to Pambra Colony in Ward 9 where the road improvement works are needed.

A. III.7.4.2-2







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High needs President and Chairman of Standing Committee for Walfare expressed that the access road improvement works are needed for Thekkumnthara Colony and Karikkalode Colony.

President and Chairman of Standing Committee for Walfare guided the place to Karikkalode Colony (N 11.65042°, E 7604597°, EL 767m) in Ward 3 and Thekkumthara Colony (N 11.65139°, E 76.04999°, EL 736m) where the earth road is existing and the improvement works are needed.

13 Vythiri (N 11.55686°, E 76.03801°, EL 803m)

High needs Secretary and Chairwoman of Standing Committee expressed that the access road improvement works are needed.

No site investigation because of no guidance


High needs Chairwoman expressed that the access road improvement works are needed.


15 Thariyode (N 11.63807°, E 76.00843°, EL 784m)

High needs President expressed that the access road improvement works are needed.

Ex President of the Thariode GP Office guided the place to Thazheyidam Colony (N 11.62091°, E 76.19237°, EL 759m) in Ward 20 where the road improvement works are needed. The existing access road about 3km was paved with gravel. About 500m portion near side of the colony from the point (N 11.65063°, E 76.01336°, EL 761m) was the earth road. The whole 3.5km is to be improved with the concrete pavement.

16 Meppady (N 11.55931°, E 76.13125°, EL 866m)

High needs Secretary expressed that the access road improvement works are needed for 80km out of the whole 130km in length.


A. III.7.4.2-3




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High needs President and Chairman of Standing Committee for Health & Education expressed that the access road improvement works are needed.

Chairman of Standing Committee for Health & Education of the Thariode GP Office guided places. The beginning point (BP) of the improvement works for the access road (2.5km in length) with the gravel pavement to Shakharankundu Colony Tribal Settlement is (N 11.54131°, E 76.22607°, EL 877m), from the point (N 11.53684°, E 76.22558°, EL 892m) the footpath started. The end point (EP) of the improvement works for the access road (1.7km in length) with the gravel pavement to Thinapuram Colony Tribal Settlement is (N 11.54181°, E 76.16778°, EL 887m).


High needs Secretary and Village Extension Officer (VEO) expressed that the access road improvement works are needed. The improvement works of 1km for each ward on an average are needed and so 13km in total in Kottathara GP.

Village Extension Officer (VEO) guided places. The beginning point (BP) of the improvement works for the access road to Madakkunnu Colony Tribal Settlement is (N 11.66516°, E 76.02148°, EL 738m). The road are partially paved with the gravel. The access road is passing the 5 colonies of Kallumuttamukunnu, Kallatti, Thupparimoola, Priyaclasshiri and Madakkunnu.

19 Muttil (N 11.64277°, E 76.11026°, EL 776m)

High needs Vice President and Secretary expressed that the access road improvement works are needed. Priority is put on Wards 1 and 9.

Member of Ward 14 guided the place. The beginning point (BP) of the improvement works for the access road to a tribal colony (100 households) in Ward 7 is (N 11.63587°, E 76.12605°, EL 73847m). The road of 2.3km in length is partially paved with the gravel.


High needs Village ExtenOfficers (VEOs) expressed that the access road improvement works are needed. 90% of the whole 40 colonies need the works. Each colony needs the works for 2km on an average. So, the total length becomes 80km. The width is to be 2 to 3m.

Village Extension Officer (VEO) guided the place. The beginning point (BP) of the improvement works for the access road to the colony (45 BPL households) is (N 11.67204°, E 75.97911°, EL 774m) and the end point (EP) is (N 11.67225°, E 75.98212°, EL 769m) . The present road is the earth road.

A. III.7.4.2-4


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21 Panamaram (N 11.73826°, E 76.07260°, EL 704m)

High needs President and Assistant Secretary expressed that the access road improvement works are needed. There are 2 routes in priority that are (i) Palukunnu - Neerattadi road and (ii) Cheeinkal - Pallikkunnu road. There are 20 routes in total, of which the total length is 56.6km.



High needs President and Assistant Chairwoman of Standing Committee for Development expressed that the access road improvement works are needed. There are 30 routes required in total.

Member of Ward 18 of the Padinjarathara GP guided the place. The beginning point (BP) of the improvement works for the access road to Puthia Vayal Veedu Colony is (N 11.72151°, E 76.09497°, EL 741m) and the end point (EP) is (N 11.72260°, E 76.10381°, EL 730m) . The present road is the earth road.

23 Poothady (N 11.72377°, E 76.15323°, EL 803m)

High needs Assistant Secretary expressed that the access road improvement works are needed. Priority is put on 2 routes to Laksham Veedu Colony and Palnada Ciolony.

Member of Ward 18 guided the 2 places. The beginning point (BP) of the improvement works for the access road to Lakshyam Veedu Colony is (N 11.71880°, E 76.13699°, EL 808m) and the end point (EP) is (N 11.0880°, E 76.13699°, EL 808m). The beginning point (BP) of the access road to Palnada Colony is (N 11.69592°, E 76.13037°, EL 740m) and the end point (EP) is (N 11.73592°, E 76.13037°, EL 740m). The present condition of the both roads is the earth road.

24 Pulpally (N 11.78984°, E 76.16631°, EL 733m)

No information from Secretary No site investigation because of no information of the location and no guidance


No information from Secretary Village Extension Officer (VEO) guided the place. The beginning point (BP) of the improvement works for the access road to Perikkallur Kadam Colony is (N 11.86271°, E 76.13340°, EL 745m) and the end point (EP) is (N 11.86271°, E 76.14340°, EL 745m). The present condition is the earth road.

A. III.7.4.2-5

Attachment III 7.4.3 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Access

Bridge Works (1/5) No. Grama

Panchayat (GP) Interview on GP Interest Site Condition

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No information On the access route to Convent Kunnu Colony in Ward No.15, one site of crossing with a town drainage was investigated form the viewpoint of the topography, etc. The concrete bridge is suitable.


High needs Secretary explained medium needs of improvement of access bridges to hamlets / colonies



No information A Grama Panchayat road with the asphalt pavement (3.0m) was running in Gundiga Parambu Colony. It had been damaged and was in very much poor condition.


High needs Vice President and other officers explained the medium needs of improvement / new construction of access bridges to hamlets / colonies Those are to be effectively and usefully used also for transportation of the materials and workers for the housing works.


5 Edavaka (N 11.77710°, E 75.97639°, EL 801m)

High needs Vice President and Chairman of Standing Committee for Development explained the medium needs of improvement / new construction of access bridges to hamlets / colonies .


6 Thavinhal (N 11.84189°, E 75.94891°, EL 775m)

High needs President and Secretary expressed the high needs of the access bridges with the high priority. There are 20 sites that need the improvement / new construction works.


A. III.7.4.3-1

Attachment III 7.4.3 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Access Bridge Works (2/5)



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Medium needs Chairman of Standing Committee for Development expressed the medium needs of the access bridges. It is noted that the Chairman expressed that the other components in needs than the road and the drinking water facilities would be informed later. However, it has not been informed.


8 Noolpuzha (N 11.66806°, E 76.31354°, EL 889m)

No information from Chairman of Standing Committee for Welfare


9 Nenmeni (N 11.63463°, E 76.27752°, EL 915m)

High needs Chairman of the Standing Committee for Welfare expressed that the access bridge works are needed. Nos. of the sites where the works are needed are about 20. An officer of the Nenmeni GP Office guided a place in Punja Vayal Colony where the crossing structure works are needed.

The access bridge sites to Punja Vayal Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.64317°, E 76.27557°, EL 886m) in Ward 4 was guided by an officer of the Nenmeni GP Office. There are 3 places where the concrete pipes (2.5m x 2 = 5.0m) with the diameter of 0.9m are installed as the cross drains. One of these, at the north, is to be replaced by the concrete bridge (W 3.0m, L 4.0m). For the other 2 crossings, the protection works, etc. should be additionally executed.


High needs President expressed that the access bridge works are needed. He explained that the existing 1.2m width concrete bridge is to be replaced by the 3.0m width bridge for connecting North Cheenengeri Ambalakkunnu Colony (bigger colony with 100 families of BPL) in Ward 20 to Ward 19. One more 3.0m width bridge is to be newly constructed at Thathiyad (N 11.62254°, E 76.21133°, EL 938m) for Pambla Colony (bigger colony with 700 families of BPL) in Ward 9 and the 2m ones for the smaller colonies.

An officer of the Ambalabayal GP Office guided the access bridge sites. The 3m width concrete bridges are needed for the access to the large colonies with 100 and 70 households.

A. III.7.4.3-2







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High needs President and Chairman of Standing Committee for Walfare guided the place of the access bridges to Karikkalode Colony (N 11.65042°, E 7604597°, EL 767m) in Ward 3 and Thekkumthara Colony (N 11.65139°, E 76.04999°, EL 736m) where the wooden is existing and the improvement works are needed.

President and Chairman of Standing Committee for Welfare guided the access bridge sites. There is the tyny wooden bridge that the width is 1.0m and the length was 23m. It is judged to be weak against the floods that occur each several years. The 1.2m width suspension bridge is needed for the safe access to the colonies.

13 Vythiri (N 11.55686°, E 76.03801°, EL 803m)

No information from Secretary and Chairwoman of Standing Committee



No needs Chairman expressed that no access bridge is required.

After consulting Grama Panchayat, no site investigation was conducted as the priority was not high.

15 Thariyode (N 11.63807°, E 76.00843°, EL 784m)

High needs President expressed that the access bridge works are needed.


16 Meppady (N 11.55931°, E 76.13125°, EL 866m)

No needs Secretary expressed that no access bridge is required.


A. III.7.4.3-3




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High needs President and Chairman of Stranding Committee for Health & Education expressed that the access bridge works are needed.



High needs Secretary and Village Extension Officer (VEO) expressed that the access bridge works are needed.

Village Extension Officer (VEO) guided the place (N 11.66516°, E 76.02148°, EL 738m) in Kallatti Colony. There was the damaged existing wooded suspension bridge of 50m in the length. It was used mainly for the school children because it was a shortcut to the school, however now impossible to pass the point.

19 Muttil (N 11.64277°, E 76.11026°, EL 776m)

High needs Vice President and Secretary expressed that the access bridge works are needed. Priority is put on Wards 2 and 5.

Member of Ward 14 guided the place (N 11.63697°, E 76.11505°, EL 746m) in the colony in Ward 14. There was the existing very poor bamboo bridge of 20m in length. It is to be replace by the permanent suspension bridge. The length would be 30m.


No information from Village Extension Officers (VEOs)


A. III.7.4.3-4


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21 Panamaram (N 11.73826°, E 76.07260°, EL 704m)

High needs President and Vice Secretary expressed that the access bridge works are needed. Priority is put on 4 bridges that are (i) Palukunnu - Neerattadi bridge, (ii) Kelomkadavu bridge, (iii) Vakayad Colony bridge and (iv) Cheeinkal - Pallikkunnu bridge.

Assistant Secretary guided the place (N 11.72937°, E 76.05311°, EL 720m) in Vakayad Colony whre 15 families are living. There is a stream crossing the access footpath. The stream is flowing into the river nearby. The suspension bridge with the length of 40m is to be constructed.


High needs President and Assistant Chairwoman of Standing Committee for Development expressed that the access bridges improvement works are needed. There are 4 or 5 hanging bridges required.


23 Poothady (N 11.72377°, E 76.15323°, EL 803m)

No information from Assistant Secretary


24 Pulpally (N 11.78984°, E 76.16631°, EL 733m)




A. III.7.4.3-5

Attachment III 7.4.4 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Drinking Water Facilities (1/5)


Interview on GP Interest

Site Condition

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Low needs In Convent Kunnu Colony (N 11.79918°, E 76.00351°, EL 763m) In Ward No.15, there existed a dug (open) well with 6.0m in diameter with the submergible pump, the water tank and the distribution system. It was constructed by Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Scheme. In addition, an old dug (open) well by Jalinidhi with 2.0m in diameter was existing in the colony. In general, there are almost always the dug (open) wells in/near hamlet/colony. Problem is not the water quantity but the quality (much bacteria content).


High needs Needs of improvement the present drinking water condition not only for the quality (bacteria content) but also for the water quantity.

It was investigated that there are the rain water harvest water tanks with 3.0m in diameter existing together with the uncompleted / completed houses in Kochara Colony in Ward 19. Problem was not only the quality (much bacteria content) but also the water quantity.


No information There are almost always the dug (open) wells in / near hamlet / colony. Problem is not the water quantity but the quality (much bacteria content).


Low needs No site investigation because of no guidance There are almost always the dug (open) wells in / near hamlet / colony. Problem is not the water quantity but the quality (much bacteria content).

5 Edavaka (N 11.77710°, E 75.97639°, EL 801m)

Low needs At Karam Kode Colony (N 11.77780°, E 75.96492°, EL 771m) In Ward 1, it was investigated that there are the rain water harvest tanks with 3.0m in diameter existing together with the uncompleted / completed houses in the colony. Problem was not only the quality (much bacteria content) but also the water quantity.

6 Thavinhal (N 11.84189°, E 75.94891°, EL 775m)

Low needs At Munda Kolli Colony (N 11.82559°, E 75.90370°, EL 765m) In Ward 4, it was investigated that there are 2 existing dug (open) wells. One of those that was dug at the middle of the slope has not been used. The another that was dug at toe of the slope has the clean water. It was donated by Patengeinschaft Germany. Anyhow, problem is not the water quantity but the quality (much bacteria content).

A. III.7.4.4-1


No. Grama


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Medium needs Secretary, Senior Clerk and Chairman of Standing Committee for Development expressed the needs of the improvement of the present drinking water condition. However, specific locations were not informed.

No site investigation because of no information of the location and no guidance There are almost always the dug (open) wells in / near hamlet / colony. Problem is not the water quantity but the quality (much bacteria content).

8 Noolpuzha (N 11.66806°, E 76.31354°, EL 889m)

High Needs Assistant Secretary explained that the needs of improvement of the drinking water condition are high. There are some colonies in needs.

A family living at the place of (N 11.61027°, E 76.37032°, EL 886m) In Chetyalathur Colony Tribal Settlement told that the drinking water is now carried from a well 300m away. Problem is not the water quantity but the quality (much bacteria content).

9 Nenmeni (N 11.63463°, E 76.27752°, EL 915m)

Low needs

At Punja Vayal Colony (N 11.64317°, E 76.27557°, EL 886m) In Ward 4, it was investigated that there is an existing dug (open) well. A family in the colony explained there is no drinking water problem. Problem is not the water quantity but the quality (much bacteria content).


Low needs

At South Cheengeri Ambalakkunnu Colony (N 11.62091°, E 76.19237°, EL 759m) In Ward 20, it was investigated that there is an existing dug (open) well. Problem is not the water quantity but the quality (much bacteria content).

11 Meenangady (N 11.65920°, E 76.16110°,

EL 769m)

Low needs There are almost always the dug (open) wells in / near hamlet / colony. Problem is not the water quantity but the quality (much bacteria content).

A. III.7.4.4-2


No. Grama


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Low needs

At Thekkumthara Colony (N 11.65139°, E 76.04999°, EL 736m) In Ward 20, it was investigated that there is an existing dug (open) well of 3.0m diameter. Problem is not the water quantity but the quality (much bacteria content).

13 Vythiri (N 11.55686°, E 76.03801°, EL 803m)

High needs Secretary and Chairwoman of Standing Committee expressed that the needs of improvement of the drinking water condition are high.

At Charity Ambedkar Colony (N 11.53692°, E 76.04705°, EL 768m) In Ward 7, it was investigated that there is an overhead water tank to which the stream flow of 2km away is taken through the house (25mm in diameter) for the joint use by a few families (relatives). Other houses were using the dug (open) well. Problem is not the water quantity but the quality (much bacteria content).


Medium needs Chairman expressed that there is the needs of improvement of the drinking water condition.

At Parathode Colony (N 11.62085°, E 76.00037°, EL 789m) In Ward 1, it was investigated that there is an concrete water tank (3.0m in diameter, 3.0m in height) beside the hut. The water is taken from the river 4km away and conveyed with the pump. The family cannot use the water of the tank because of no capacity to pay of the water charge. The family was using the water conveyed with the plastic hose (1cm in diameter) from a stream 2km away. There are almost always the dug (open) wells in / near hamlet / colony. Problem is not the water quantity but the quality (much bacteria content).

15 Thariyode (N 11.63807°, E 76.00843°, EL 784m)

Low needs

There are almost always the dug (open) wells in / near hamlet / colony. Problem is not the water quantity but the quality (much bacteria content).

16 Meppady (N 11.55931°, E 76.13125°, EL 866m)

Medium needs Secretary expressed that there is the needs of improvement of the drinking water condition. He explained that the drinking waters are distributed from the tanks in many colonies.

At a check dam site (N 11.53781°, E 76.10994°, EL 1,047m) In Ward 14, it was investigated that there is an concrete check dam (25m in width, 2.2m in height). It has been almost completed. The water is taken from the river and conveyed by 3 pipes (4 inches in diameter) to the respective concrete water tanks with the gravity.

A. III.7.4.4-3


No. Grama


Kal

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ayat

(BP)


Medium needs President and Chairman of Standing Committee for Health & Education expressed that there is the needs of improvement of the drinking water condition.



Medium needs Secretary and Village Extension Officer (VEO) expressed that there is the needs of improvement of the drinking water condition.

At Madakkunnu Colony (N 11.65856°, E 76.01641°, EL 786m), It was investigated that there is a rain water harvesting tank. However, it was not used at the time because of no rain water. There are almost always the dug (open) wells in / near hamlet / colony. Problem is not the water quantity but the quality (much bacteria content).

19 Muttil (N 11.64277°, E 76.11026°, EL 776m)

Medium needs Vice President and Secretary expressed that there is the needs of improvement of the drinking water condition. Priority is put on Wards 13 and 14.

At a place (N 11.65856°, E 76.01641°, EL 786m) In Ward 14, it was investigated that there are a shallow (3 to 4m in depth) dug (open) well and a reservoir pond (20 x 15m) to be used mainly in the dry season in the paddy field. The water quality is to be bad due to the agrochemicals. The reservoir pond capacity is also not enough for 25 households in the colony. Problem is not the water quantity but the quality (much bacteria content).


Medium needs Village Extension Officers (VEOs) expressed that there is the needs of improvement of the drinking water condition.


A. III.7.4.4-4


Pana

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21 Panamaram (N 11.73826°, E 76.07260°, EL 704m)

Medium needs President and Assistant Secretary expressed that there is the needs of improvement of the drinking water condition. Priority is put on 5 tribal colonies that are (i) Puthoor, (ii) Pumchavayal, (iii) Chekkitta, (iv) Aryannue and (v) Kurumbalakkott.

At Puthoor Colony (N 11.72873°, E 76.04324°, EL 758m) In Ward 19, there are the dug (open) well and the water tank, and at Ammani Colony (N 11.77015°, E 76.10217°, EL 721m) in Ward 6: there was the dug (open) well. Problem is not the water quantity but the quality (much bacteria content).


Medium needs President and Chairwoman of Standing Committee for Development expressed that there is the needs of improvement of the drinking water condition.


23 Poothady (N 11.72377°, E 76.15323°, EL 803m)

Medium needs Assistant Secretary expressed that there is the needs of improvement of the drinking water condition.

At Lakshyam Veedu Colony (N 11.70880°, E 76.13699°, EL 808m) In Ward 18 and Palnada Colony (N 11.73592°, E 76.13037°, EL 740m), the drinking water condition is rather well. Problem is not the water quantity but the quality (much bacteria content).

24 Pulpally (N 11.78984°, E 76.16631°, EL 733m)

Medium needs Assistant Secretary expressed that there is the needs of improvement of the drinking water condition.



Low needs There are almost always the dug (open) wells in / near hamlet / colony. Problem is not the water quantity but the quality (much bacteria content).

A. III.7.4.4-5

Attachment III 7.4.5 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Electricity Facilities (1/4)

No. Grama Panchayat (GP) Interview on GP Interest Site Condition

Man

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Low needs In Convent Kunnu Colony (N 11.79918°, E 76.00351°, EL 763m) In Ward No.15, the distribution lines are running 5 - 20m away form the houses. Some of houses have no incoming lines due to less capacity to pay of the construction fee and the electricity charge. It is noted that the incoming line construction is not sustainable for such house as with no capacity to pay.


Medium needs The Vellamunda GP Office has an annual plan of installation of the electricity lines (mainly incoming lines) with use of not only the GP's own fund but also funds form the Government, the World Bank, the ST program and SC program concerned.

In Kochara Colony in Ward 19, the distribution lines are running 5 - 20m away from the houses. Some of houses have no incoming lines due to less capacity to pay of the construction fee and the electricity charge. It is noted that the incoming line construction is not sustainable for such house as with no capacity to pay.


No information No site investigation because of no information


Low needs No site investigation because of no information

5 Edavaka (N 11.77710°, E 75.97639°, EL 801m)

Medium needs At Karam Kode Colony (N 11.77780°, E 75.96492°, EL 771m) In Ward 1, it was investigated that there are 12 houses without the incoming lines form the distribution lines running very near the houses (5 - 50m) away. It is due to less capacity to pay of the construction fee and the electricity charge. It is noted that the incoming line construction is not sustainable for such house as with no capacity to pay.

6 Thavinhal (N 11.84189°, E 75.94891°, EL 775m)

High needs President and Secretary expressed the needs of improvement of the electricity condition in hamlets / colonies with the high priority.

Aat Munda Kolli Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.82559°, E 75.90370°, EL 765m) In Ward 4, it was investigated that there were 2 houses out of the whole 15 without the incoming lines form the distribution lines running very near the houses (5 - 50m) away. At Godavari Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.83086°, E 75.97554°, EL 762m) in Ward 8, it was investigated that the distribution lines were running very near the houses (5 - 50m) away along the access road. It is noted that the incoming line construction is not sustainable for such house as with no capacity to pay.

A. III.7.4.5-1




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No needs After consulting Grama Panchayat, no site investigation was conducted as the priority was not high.

8 Noolpuzha (N 11.66806°, E 76.31354°, EL 889m)

No needs Assistant Secretary of the Noolpuzha GP Office expressed the electricity condition is all right.

In Chetyalathur Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.61027°, E 76.37032°, EL 886m), the electricity distribution line is not available near the house, while it has reached until the school and local offices area 500m away from this house. It is noted that the school (the government school) installed the very small solar panel on the roof of each of several houses near around including this house, 6 houses in total, so that the pupils of those houses could learn under a small light after the sunset.

9 Nenmeni (N 11.63463°, E 76.27752°, EL 915m)

No needs Chairman of Standing Committee for Welfare expressed the electricity condition is all right.

At Punja Vayal Colony (N 11.64317°, E 76.27557°, EL 886m) In Ward 4, it was investigated that all the houses have the electricity and no problem.


Low needs President expressed the electricity condition is rather all right. He informed that a half of the BPL families have the TV set being watched with use of the electricity. However, There are needs of the electricity in some colonies.

At South Cheengeri Ambalakkunnu Colony (N 11.62091°, E 76.19237°, EL 759m) In Ward 20, it was investigated that most of the 25 houses have the electricity and no problem.





No needs President and Chairman of Standing Committee for Welfare expressed the electricity condition is all right.

Karikkalode Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.65042°, E 76.04597°, EL 767m) In Ward 3, most of the houses have the electricity. Thekkumthara Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.65139°, E 76.04999°, EL 736m) in Ward 3: All the houses do not have the electricity. However, the distribution lines are running 300m away from the colony.

A. III.7.4.5-2


No. Grama


Kal

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(BP)

13 Vythiri (N 11.55686°, E 76.03801°, EL 803m)

No needs Secretary and Chairwoman Standing Committee expressed the electricity condition is all right.

Charity Ambedkar Colony Tribal Settlement (N 1153692°, E 76.04705°, EL 768m) In Ward 7, most of the houses have the electricity and the TV. It is not the proposed site.


No needs President expressed the electricity condition is all right.

Parathade Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.62085°, E 76.00037°, EL 789m) In Ward 1, most of the houses have the electricity. It is not the proposed site.

15 Thariyode (N 11.63807°, E 76.00843°, EL 784m)

High needs President of expressed the needs of improvement of the electricity condition in hamlets / colonies with the high priority.

Thazheyidam Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.65115°, E 76.01495°, EL 742m) in Ward 8: 10 huts do not have the electricity out of the total 30 households.

16 Meppady (N 11.55931°, E 76.13125°, EL 866m)

No needs Secretary did not recognize the needs of the improvement of electricity condition.



No needs President and Chairman of Standing Committee for Health & Education did not recognize the needs of the improvement of electricity condition.

Shakharankundu Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.53448°, E 76.22571°, EL 923m) In Ward 7, the electricity condition is well. And Thinapuram Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.54181°, E 76.16778°, EL 887m) In Ward 3, the electricity condition is well. These places are not the proposed sites.


No needs Secretary and Village Extension Officer (VEO) did not recognize the needs of the improvement of electricity condition.

Madakkunnu Colony (N 11.65856°, E 76.01641°, EL 786m): The electricity condition is well.

19 Muttil (N 11.64277°, E 76.11026°, EL 776m)

Medium needs Vice President and Secretary recognized the needs of the improvement of electricity condition. Priority is put on Ward14.


A. III.7.4.5-3


No. Grama



No needs Village Extension Officers (VEOs) did not recognize the needs of the improvement of electricity condition.


Pana

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Pan

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21 Panamaram (N 11.73826°, E 76.07260°, EL 704m)

Medium needs Presient and Assistant Secretary recognized the needs of the improvement of electricity condition. The priority is put on (i) Kayakkunnu Forest Colony, (ii) Neervaram Colony and (iii) Ammsni Colony.

At Ammani Colony (N 11.77015°, E 76.10217°, EL 721m) In Ward 6, there is the distribution line along the access road. However, all 32 houses do not have the incoming lines. It means that the households do not have the capacity to pay for the electricity.


Medium needs President and Chairwoman of Standing Committee for Development expressed that there is the needs of improvement of the electricity condition.

At Puthia C Vayal Veedu Colony (N 11.72260°, E 76.09381°, EL 730m) In Ward 18, there is the distribution line along the access road. However, most of houses do not have the incoming lines. It means that the households do not have the capacity to pay for the electricity.

23 Poothady (N 11.72377°, E 76.15323°, EL 803m)

No needs Assistant Secretary did not recognize the needs of the improvement of electricity condition.

At Lakshyam Veedu Colony (N 11.70880°, E 76.13699°, EL 808m) In Ward 18 and Palnada Colony (N 11.73592°, E 76.13037°, EL 740m), there is the distribution line along the access road. Half of the houses have the electricity However, another half of houses do not have the incoming lines. It means that the households do not have the capacity to pay for the electricity.

24 Pulpally (N 11.78984°, E 76.16631°, EL 733m)

No needs Assistant Secretary did not recognize the needs of the improvement of electricity condition.

At Kalanadikolly Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.76452°, E 76.18333°, EL 754m) In Ward 12, There is the distribution line 20 to 100m away from the houses. Most of houses have the electricity.


Medium needs Secretary expressed that there is the needs of improvement of the electricity condition in 10 colonies.

At Perikkallur Kadam Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.86266°, E 76.14339°, EL 746m) In Ward 1, There is the distribution line along the access road. The permanent houses after the housing works have the electricity.

A. III.7.4.5-4

Attachment III 7.4.6 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Sanitation Facilities (1/5)


Interview on GP Interest

Site Condition

Man

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P)


No needs In Convent Kunnu Colony (N 11.79918°, E 76.00351°, EL 763m) In Ward No.15, there was no public toilet. However, since almost all the family has the toilet either in the house or outside. Needs of the public toilets are not so high. Constraints may lie with the land availability for construction of the public toilet. Even if to construct a public toilet, land availability could be a constraint, which should be provided by the government or otherwise.


No needs In Kochara Colony in Ward 19, there was no the public toilet. However, almost all the families have toilet either inside the house or outside. Needs of the public toilets are not so high. Even if to construct a public toilet, land availability could be a constraint, which should be provided by the government or otherwise.


No information In Gundiga Parambu Colony, there was no public toilet. Public toilets are necessary for the houses that do not have the toilets However, almost all the families have toilet either inside the house or outside. Needs of the public toilets are not so high. Even if to construct a public toilet, land availability could be a constraint, which should be provided by the government or otherwise.


Medium needs Vice President, Chairman of Standing Committee on Development, and Accountant, explained about the needs of (i) the individual toilet in or outside the house and (ii) the community toilet.

In Perincherimala Colony in Ward 10, there was no public toilet. Public toilets are necessary for the houses that do not have the toilets. However, almost all the families have the toilet either inside the house or outside. Needs of the public toilets are not so high. Even if to construct a public toilet, land availability could be a constraint, which should be provided by the government or otherwise.

5 Edavaka (N 11.77710°, E 75.97639°, EL 801m)

No needs At Karam Kode Colony in Ward 1, there was no public toilet. Public toilets are necessary for the houses that do not have the toilets. However, almost all the families have toilet either inside the house or outside. Needs of the public toilets are not so high. Even if to construct a public toilet, land availability could be a constraint, which should be provided by the government or otherwise.

6 Thavinhal (N 11.84189°, E 75.94891°, EL 775m)

Medium needs President and Secretary explained about the needs of improvement of the present sanitation condition.

In Munda Kolli Colony in Ward 4 and Godavari Colony in Ward 8, there was no public toilet. Public toilets are necessary for the houses that do not have the toilets. However, almost all the families have the toilet either inside the house or outside. Needs of the public toilets are not so high. Even if to construct a public toilet, land availability could be a constraint, which should be provided by the government or otherwise.

A.III.7.4.6-1




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8 Noolpuzha (N 11.66806°, E 76.31354°, EL 889m)

No needs

In Chetyalathur Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.61027°, E 76.37032°, EL 886m), there was no public toilet. Public toilets are necessary for the houses that do not have the toilets. Almost all the families have the toilet either inside the house or outside. Needs of the public toilets are not so high. Even if to construct a public toilet, land availability could be a constraint, which should be provided by the government or otherwise.

9 Nenmeni (N 11.63463°, E 76.27752°, EL 915m)

No needs

At Punja Vayal Colony (N 11.64317°, E 76.27557°, EL 886m) In Ward 4, there was no public toilet. Public toilets are necessary for the houses that do not have the toilets. However, almost all the families have toilet either inside the house or outside. Needs of the public toilets are not so high. Even if to construct a public toilet, land availability could be a constraint, which should be provided by the government or otherwise.


No needs President explained about the needs of the individual toilets but not the public toilets.

At South Cheengeri Ambalakkunnu Colony (N 11.62091°, E 76.19237°, EL 759m) In Ward 20, there was no public toilet. Public toilets are necessary for the houses that do not have the toilets. However, almost all the families have the toilet either inside the house or outside. Needs of the public toilets are not so high. Even if to construct a public toilet, land availability could be a constraint, which should be provided by the government or otherwise.





No needs In Karikkalode Colony and Thekkumthara Colony in Ward 3, there was no public toilet. Public toilets are necessary for the houses that do not have the toilets However, almost all the families have toilet either inside the house or outside. Needs of the public toilets are not so high. Even if to construct a public toilet, land availability could be a constraint, which should be provided by the government or otherwise.

A.III.7.4.6-2




Kal

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(BP)

13 Vythiri (N 11.55686°, E 76.03801°, EL 803m)



No needs identified by site investigation President explained about the needs of the individual toilets but not the public toilets. She informed that, out of 4,000 houses in Pozhutana GP, 2,400 houses (60%) have not the toilets.


15 Thariyode (N 11.63807°, E 76.00843°, EL 784m)

No needs identified by site investigation President explained about the needs of the individual toilets but not the public toilets.


16 Meppady (N 11.55931°, E 76.13125°, EL 866m)

No needs identified by site investigation Secretary explained about the needs of the individual toilets but not the public toilets.

No site investigation was conducted as Grama Panchayat was not supportive.


Medium needs President and Chairman of Standing Committee for Health & Education explained about the needs of improvement of the present sanitation condition. They expressed that one public toilet for 5 households are to be constructed.

At Thinapuram Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.54181°, E 76.16778°, EL 887m) in Ward 3, a public toilet was under construction.


Medium needs Secretary and Village Extension Officer (VEO) explained about the needs of improvement of the present sanitation condition. They expressed that puplic toilets (they called community toilets) are to be constructed.

At Madakkunnu Colony (N 11.65856°, E 76.01641°, EL 786m), there was not the public toilet. Public toilets are necessary for the houses that do not have the toilets. However, almost all the families have the toilet in the house or outside. Needs of the public toilets are not so high. Even if to construct a public toilet, land availability could be a constraint, which should be provided by the government or otherwise.

19 Muttil (N 11.64277°, E 76.11026°, EL 776m)

No needs Vice President and Secretary of Muttil GP explained about the needs of the individual toilets but not the public toilets. Anyhow, Priority is put on Wards 1, 14 and 18.


A.III.7.4.6-3


No. Grama



Medium needs Village Extension Officers (VEOs) explained about the needs of improvement of the present sanitation condition. The needs are for the individual toilets but not for the public toilets.


Pana

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21 Panamaram (N 11.73826°, E 76.07260°, EL 704m)

Medium needs President and Assistant Secretary explained about the needs of improvement of the present sanitation condition. The needs are for 600 individual toilets in various areas but not for the public toilets.

In Puthoor Colony in Ward 19 and Ammani Colony in Ward 6, there was not the public toilet. Public toilets are necessary for the houses that do not have the toilets It is noted that almost all the families have the toilet either inside the house or outside. Needs of the public toilets were not so high. Even if to construct a public toilet, land availability could be a constraint, which should be provided by the government or otherwise.


Medium needs President and Chairwoman of Standing Committee for Development explained about the needs of improvement of the present sanitation condition. Both the individual toilets and the public toilets are needed.

At Puthia C Vayal Veedu Colony (N 11.72260°, E 76.09381°, EL 730m) In Ward 18, there was no public toilet. However, most of the houses have individual toilet. Public toilets are necessary for the houses that do not have the toilets. Needs of the public toilets were observed. However, land availability for the construction of public toilet may be a constraint, which needs to be provided by the government.

23 Poothady (N 11.72377°, E 76.15323°, EL 803m)

No information from Assistant Secretary

At Lakshyam Veedu Colony (N 11.70880°, E 76.13699°, EL 808m) In Ward 18 and Palnada Colony (N 11.73592°, E 76.13037°, EL 740m),, there was no public toilet. However, most of the houses have individual toilet. Public toilets are necessary for the houses that do not have the toilets. Needs of the public toilets were observed. However, land availability for the construction of public toilet may be a constraint, which needs to be provided by the government.

A.III.7.4.6-4


No. Grama


24 Pulpally (N 11.78984°, E 76.16631°, EL 733m)

No information from Secretary

At Kalanadikolly Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.76452°, E 76.18333°, EL 754m) In Ward 12, there was no public toilet. However, most of the houses have individual toilet. Public toilets are necessary for the houses that do not have the toilets. Needs of the public toilets were observed. However, land availability for the construction of public toilet may be a constraint, which needs to be provided by the government.


No information from Secretary

At Perikkallur Kadam Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.86266°, E 76.14339°, EL 746m) In Ward 1, there was no public toilet. Most of the houses have individual toilet. Public toilets are necessary for the houses that do not have the toilets. Needs of the public toilets were observed. However, land availability for the construction of public toilet may be a constraint, which needs to be provided by the government.

A.III.7.4.6-5

Attachment III 7.4.7 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Community Centres (1/5)



Man

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No needs In Convent Kunnu Colony in Ward 15, there was not the community centre. Community centres are necessary for the assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc. It is noted that the land for the building should be provided by the government, etc. It would be the constraint.


Medium needs In Kochara Colony in Ward 19, there was not the community centre. Community centres are necessary for the community assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc. It is noted that the land for the building should be provided by the government, etc.


No information In Gundiga Parambu Colony, there was not the community centre. Community centres are necessary for the community assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc. It is noted that the land for the building should be provided by the government, etc.


Medium needs Vice President, Chairman of Standing Committee on Development, and Accountant, explained that the community centre is to be used as the education centre.

In Perincherimala Colony in Ward 10, there was not the community centre. Community centres are necessary for the community assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc. It is noted that the land for the building should be provided by the government, etc.

5 Edavaka (N 11.77710°, E 75.97639°, EL 801m)

No needs In Karam Kode Colony in Ward 1, there was not the community centre. Community centres are necessary for the community assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc. It is noted that the land for the building should be provided by the government, etc.

6 Thavinhal (N 11.84189°, E 75.94891°, EL 775m)

No needs In Munda Kolli Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.82559°, E 75.90370°, EL 765m) in Ward 4, it was investigated that there was a community centre (with windows and a door) and a small hall (with walls at the lower half portion and without windows and a door) that were donated by Patengeinschaft Germany. In Godavari Colony in Ward 8, there was not the community centre. Community centres are necessary for the community assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc. It is noted that the land for the building should be provided by the government, etc.

A. III.7.4.7-1




Sulta

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Pan

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8 Noolpuzha (N 11.66806°, E 76.31354°, EL 889m)

No needs

In Chetyalathur Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.61027°, E 76.37032°, EL 886m), there was not the community centre. Community centres are necessary for the community assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc. It is noted that the land for the building should be provided by the government, etc.

9 Nenmeni (N 11.63463°, E 76.27752°, EL 915m)

No needs

At Punja Vayal Colony (N 11.64317°, E 76.27557°, EL 886m) in Ward 4, there was not the community centre. Community centres are necessary for the community assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc. It is noted that the land for the building should be provided by the government, etc.


No needs

At South Cheengeri Ambalakkunnu Colony (N 11.62091°, E 76.19237°, EL 759m) in Ward 20, there was not the community centre. Community centres are necessary for the community assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc. It is noted that the land for the building should be provided by the government, etc.




Kal

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Blo

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(BP)


No needs

In Karikkalode Colony and Thekkumthara Colony, there was not the community centre. Community centres are necessary for the community assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc. It is noted that the land for the building should be provided by the government, etc.

13 Vythiri (N 11.55686°, E 76.03801°, EL 803m)

No needs

In Charity Ambedkar Colony, there is the community centre. It is used for the community assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc.


No needs

In Parthade Colony, there was not the community centre. Community centres are necessary for the community assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc. It is noted that the land for the building should be provided by the government, etc.

A. III.7.4.7-2




Kal

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(BP)

15 Thariyode (N 11.63807°, E 76.00843°, EL 784m)

No needs

In Thazheyidam Colony, there was not the community centre. Community centres are necessary for the community assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc. It is noted that the land for the building should be provided by the government, etc.

16 Meppady (N 11.55931°, E 76.13125°, EL 866m)

No needs



No needs

In Shakharankundu Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.53448°, E 76.22571°, EL 923m) in Ward 7 and Thinapuram Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.54181°, E 76.16778°, EL 887m) in Ward 3, there was not the community centre. Community centres are necessary for the community assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc. It is noted that the land for the building should be provided by the government, etc.


Medium needs

In Madakkunnu Colony (N 11.65856°, E 76.01641°, EL 786m), there was a community centre. The community centre is now used for the community assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc. It is noted that the land for the building should be provided by the government, etc.

19 Muttil (N 11.64277°, E 76.11026°, EL 776m)

No needs



No needs


A. III.7.4.7-3




Pana

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Pan

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21 Panamaram (N 11.73826°, E 76.07260°, EL 704m)

No needs

At Puthoor Colony (N 11.72873°, E 76.04324°, EL 758m) in Ward 19 andAt Ammani Colony (N 11.77015°, E 76.10217°, EL 721m) in Ward 6, there was not the community centre. Community centres are necessary for the community assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc. It is noted that the land for the building should be provided by the government, etc.


No needs

At Puthia Vayal Veedu Colony (N 11.72260°, E 76.09381°, EL 730m) in Ward 18, there was not the community centre. Community centres are necessary for the community assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc. It is noted that the land for the building should be provided by the government, etc.

23 Poothady (N 11.72377°, E 76.15323°, EL 803m)

No needs

At Lakshyam Veedu Colony (N 11.70880°, E 76.13699°, EL 808m) in Ward 18 and Palnada Colony (N 11.73592°, E 76.13037°, EL 740m), there was not the community centre. Community centres are necessary for the community assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc. It is noted that the land for the building should be provided by the government, etc.

24 Pulpally (N 11.78984°, E 76.16631°, EL 733m)

No needs

At Kalanadikolly Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.76452°, E 76.18333°, EL 754m) in Ward 12, there was not the community centre. Community centres are necessary for the community assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc. It is noted that the land for the building should be provided by the government, etc.

A. III.7.4.7-4





No needs

At Perikkallur Kadam Colony Tribal Settlement (N 11.86266°, E 76.14339°, EL 746m) in Ward 1, there was not the community centre. Community centres are necessary for the community assembly for various purposes such as the discussion, the recreation, etc. It is noted that the land for the building should be provided by the government, etc.

A. III.7.4.7-5

Attachment III 7.4.8 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Health

Centres (1/9)

No. Grama Panchayat (GP) Interview on GP Interest Site Condition

Man

anth

avad

y B

lock

Pan

chay

at (B

P)


No needs The GP Office did not recognize the needs of the improvement of the health centres. The officer of the GP Office informed of the numbers of existing health centres that were CHC: 0 and PHC: 1.

At 16: 50 on (Thu.) 26June, 2014 at Kuzhinilam Sub-centre (N 11.82006°, E 75.98580°, EL 785m), there were no visitors or patients because of the time. At 10: 00 on (Fri.) 27June, 2014 at Kurukkanmoola PHC (N 11.82618°, E 76.06316°, EL 780m), there were many visitors or patients. It is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the centres could be expected under the favourable condition that the required staff such as the doctor, the nurse, etc.


Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of the improvement of the health centres. According to Secretary, (i) provision (new / replacement) of several medical equipment and (ii) construction (new / additional / renovation) of the health centres are required. The officer of Vellamunda GP Office informed of the numbers of existing health centres that were CHC: 0, PHC: 1, and Sub-centre: 5.

At 13: 00 on (Tue.) 13 May, 2014, Vellamunda PHC (N 11.73468°, E 75.93547°, EL 764m) , the Health Inspector informed that the chlorination is now being conducted in such a way as the chlorine is put into the open (dug) well in the PHC quarters. The Small Scale Infrastructure Expert judged that the effectiveness of the chlorination is not so well expected because the infiltration of the new water from the ground around the well was being continued. By the way, it is noted that a series of the water quality tests made in various places in Vellamunda GP was collected from the Vellamunda PHC. The water test places are (i) colonies, (ii) the schools, (iii) the government offices including the Vellamunda PHC and Sub-centres, and i(v) the other places such as the public wells. The bacteria contents in the water varies in a range from 200 to 2000 MPN/100ml, while the allowable value is 10 MPN/100ml.

A. III.7.13.1-1


Centres (2/9) No. Grama



No information At 11: 00 on (Thu.) 26 June, 2014 at Appappara PHC (N 11.90711°, E 76.03240°, EL 840m), there were many visitors or patients in the PHC. At 13: 15 on (Thu.) 26 June, 2014 at Kattikkulam PHC (N 11.84949°, E 76.06720°, EL 780m), there were some visitors or patients in the PHC. It is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the centres could be expected under the favourable condition that the required staff such as the doctor, the nurse, etc.

Man

anth

avad

y B

lock

Pan

chay

at (B

P)


Medium needs The GP Officers recognized the needs of the improvement of the health centres. According to the officers of Thondernad GP Office, (i) provision (new / replacement) of several medical equipment and (ii) construction (new / additional / renovation) of the health centres are required. Further, the availability of the doctors should be increased while it is now not always. The officers informed of the numbers of exsisting health centres that were CHC: 0, PHC: 1, and Sub-centre: 9.

At 16: 10 on (Fri.) 27June, 2014 at Thondernadu PHC (N 11.74199°, E 75.88411°, EL 766m), there were no visitors or patients because of the time. The medical officer informed that the there are usually 100 to 150 visitors per day.

5 Edavaka (N 11.77710°, E 75.97639°, EL 801m)

No needs The GP Office did not recognize the needs of the improvement of the health centres.

At 15: 50 on (Tue.) 13 May, 2014, at Edavaka PHC (N 11.7710°, E 75.97639°, EL 801m), there were no visitors or no patients because of the time. Staff Nurse and Health Inspector informed that the consultation hours are 8: 00 to 18: 00. 2 qualified doctors and 4 staff nurses are working. The Staff Nurse and the Health Inspector informed of the needs for 24hours consultation in future of the following: (i) Construction of bath/toilet: 5-6 rooms, (ii) construction of duty rooms for female staff, (iii) laboratory room (3x6m), (iv) provision of the x-ray facilities & equipment, (v) provision of the electrocardiogram (ECG) facilities & equipment.

A. III.7.13.1-2




Man

anth

avad

y B

lock

Pan

chay

at (B

P)

6 Thavinhal (N 11.84189°, E 75.94891°, EL 775m)

No needs The GP Office did not recognize the needs of the improvement of the health centres. The officer of the GP Office informed of the numbers of existing health centres that were CHC: 1, PHC: 0, and Sub-centre: 8.

At 12: 25 on (Tue.) 13 May, 2014, at Thavinhal CHC (recently promoted from PHC) (N 11.84097°, E 75.88462°, EL 801747m) , there were many visitors or patients most of who were the tribal people. President and Secretary of the Thavinhal GP Office told that the patients are 100 per day on an average. Doctor and Medical Officer informed that the ordinary consultation hours are 9: 00 to 18: 00. On emergency, the patients are treated during the hours other than the above ordinary. 5 qualified doctors and 4 medical officers are working. There were 4 inpatients on that day, while there were 32 inpatient facilities. The Doctor and the Medical Officer informed of the needs of the following: (i) Construction of bath/toilet: 6 to 7 rooms more (5 at present), (ii) additional construction to the existing building under construction of the kitchen & dining hall for the nutritious foods, duty rooms for female staff, (iii) provision of (a) oxygen inhalator: 1 no., (b) X-ray facilities & equipment for the lungs: 1 unit, (c) X-ray facilities & equipment for the stomach: 1 unit, (d) Electrocardiograph (ECG): 1.



A. III.7.13.1-3




Sulta

n B

athe

ry B

lock

Pan

chay

at (B

P)

8 Noolpuzha (N 11.66806°, E 76.31354°, EL 889m)

Low needs The Noolpuzha GP Office did not recognize the needs of the improvement of the health centres. Assistant Secretary expressed that the PHC is working well with many patients and sufficient equipment. According to him, only extension of the building is required. He informed of the numbers of existing health centres that were CHC: 0, PHC: 1, and Sub-centre: 2.

At 12: 00 on (Sat.) 28June, 2014 at Naiketty PHC (N 11.66724°, E 76.31818°, EL 884m), there were many visitors or patients. The medical officer guided the existing equipment such as the blood pressure apparatus, the hemoglobin metre, the glucose metre (glucometre), the sterilization kit, the oxygen inhalator as well as the inpatients’ ward. It is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the centres could be expected under the favourable condition that the required staff such as the doctor, the nurse, etc.

9 Nenmeni (N 11.63463°, E 76.27752°, EL 915m)

Low needs The Nenmeni GP Office recognized the needs of the improvement of the health centres. Chairman of Standing Committee expressed that the PHC needs the sufficient facilities & equipment. According to him, the extension of the building is required at 8 sub-centres. He informed of the numbers of existing health centres that were CHC: 0, PHC: 2, and Sub-centre: 20 to 25.



Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of the improvement of the health centres. President of the Ambalavayal GP Office expressed that the deeper dug (open) well is needed for the drinking water. Provision of medical equipment and (ii) construction (new / additional / renovation) of the health centres are not required. The Presidentr of Ambalavayal GP Office informed of the numbers of exsisting health centres that were CHC: 1, PHC: 0, and Sub-centre: 7.

At 16: 00 on (Sat.) 28June, 2014 at Ambalavayal CHC (N 11.62030°, E 76.20992°, EL 950m), there were no visitors or patients because of the time. The clerk informed that there are usually 300 visitors per day. The majority of them are BPL and the tribal. He guided the existing equipment such as the blood pressure apparatus, the sterilization kit, the oxygen inhalator. It is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the centres could be expected under the favourable condition that the required staff such as the doctor, the nurse, etc.




A. III.7.13.1-4


Centres (5/9)



Kal

petta

Blo

ck P

anch

ayat

(BP)


No needs The GP Office did not recognize the needs of the improvement of the health centres. JICA survey team has got the information of PHC: 1 and Sub-centre: 4 form the other route.


13 Vythiri (N 11.55686°, E 76.03801°, EL 803m)





At 14: 40 on (Thu.) 4 May, 2014 at Valiya Para Sub-centre (N 11.60883°, E 76.00374°, EL 761m), there were no visitors or patients in the sub-centre. At 11: 10 on (Mon.) 30 June, 2014 at Pozhutana PHC (N 11.58751°, E 76.02176°, EL 813m), there were many visitors or patients in the PHC. The medical officer guided the existing equipment such as the blood pressure apparatus, the glucose metre (glucometre), the sterilization kit, the oxygen inhalator It is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the centres could be expected under the favourable condition that the required staff such as the doctor, the nurse, etc.

A. III.7.13.1-5


Centres (6/9)



15 Thariyode (N 11.63807°, E 76.00843°, EL 784m)

Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of the improvement of the health centres. President expressed the needs of (i) provision of medical equipment and (ii) construction (new / additional / renovation) of the health centre buildings. The President informed of the numbers of existing health centres that were CHC: 1, PHC: 0, and Sub-centre: 4.

At 13: 00 on (Wed.) 21 May, 2014, at Kallamkari Health Sub-centre (N 11.65338°, E 76.00557°, EL 762m) , there were no visitors or no patients. However, Staff Nurse informed that there are 50 visitors per day on an average. 1 qualified doctor comes once in a month. The Staff Nurse informed that the building is all right and there are the needs of the following: (i) Glucometre, (ii) Digital Hemoglobin metre, (iii) Digital baby weighing metre, (iv) Blood pressure measuring equipment By the way, the Staff Nurse informed that the chlorination of the drinking water is made for the well water. However, it is to be made for the water in the tank.

16 Meppady (N 11.55931°, E 76.13125°, EL 866m)

Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of the improvement of the health centres. President expressed the needs of (i) provision of medical equipment and (ii) construction (3 new / 2 renovation / 8 minor repair) of the whole 13 Sub-centre buildings. JICA survey team has got the information of PHC: 0, and Sub-centre: 4 form the other route.

At 16: 55 on (Mon.) 30 June, 2014 at Meppady CHC (N 11.55864°, E 76.13097°, EL 902m), there were no visitors or patients in the CHC. The health inspector guided the existing equipment such as the the oxygen inhalator It is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the centres could be expected under the favourable condition that the required staff such as the doctor, the nurse, etc.

A. III.7.13.1-6


Centres (7/9)



Kal

petta

Blo

ck P

anch

ayat

(BP)


Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of the improvement of the health centres. President and Chairman of Standing Committee expressed the needs of (i) provision of medical equipment and (ii) renovation of the whole 7 Sub-centre buildings. They informed of the numbers of existing health centres that were CHC: 0, PHC: 0, and Sub-centre: 7. It is noted that 1 PHC would be constructed in near future by the PWD project.

At 16: 50 on (Thu.) 26June, 2014 at Kuzhinilam Sub-centre (N 11.82006°, E 75.98580°, EL 785m), there were no visitors or patients because of the time. The medical staff guided the existing equipment such as the blood pressure apparatus, the sterilization kit, the oxygen inhalator. It is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the centres could be expected under the favourable condition that the required staff such as the doctor, the nurse, etc.


Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of the improvement of the health centres. Secretary and Village Extension Officer (VEO) expressed the needs of (i) provision of medical equipment and (ii) renovation of the whole 6 health centres' buildings. They informed of the numbers of existing health centres that were CHC: 0, PHC: 1, and Sub-centre: 5.


19 Muttil (N 11.64277°, E 76.11026°, EL 776m)

Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of the improvement of the health centres. Vice President and Secretary expressed the needs of provision of medical equipment of the PHC. They informed of the numbers of existing health centres that were CHC: 0, PHC: 1, and Sub-centre: 8.


A. III.7.13.1-7


Centres (8/9)



Kal

petta

Blo

ck P

anch

ayat

(BP)


Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of the improvement of the health centres. Village Extension Officers (VEOs) expressed the needs of (i) provision of medical equipment and (ii) renovation of the whole 6 health centres' buildings. They informed of the numbers of existing health centres that were CHC: 0, PHC: 2, and Sub-centre: 6. JICA survey team has got the information of PHC: 2, and Sub-centre: 2 form the other route.

At 12: 40 on (Tue.) 20 May, 2014, at Kapukunnu PHC (N 11.67515°, E 75.97360°, EL 780m) , there were no visitors or no patients. However, Staff Nurse informed that there are 20 to 30 visitors in the morning time per day on an average. 1 qualified doctor comes 3 days (Mon., Wed. Fri.) in a week. The Staff Nurse informed that the buildings such as the staff quarters and the toilets. The drinking water facilities are also needed. Further, there are the needs of the following equipment: (i) X-ray equipment, (ii) Electrocardiogram (ECG), and (iii) Laboratory equipment.

Pana

mar

am B

lock

Pan

chay

at (B

P)

21 Panamaram (N 11.73826°, E 76.07260°, EL 704m)

Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of the improvement of the health centres. President and Assistant Secretary expressed the needs of improvement of 2 Sub-centres that are (i) Anjukunnu and (ii) Palukunnu. JICA survey team has got the information of PHC: 0, and Sub-centre: 1 form the other route.

At 12: 30 on (Fri.) 27June, 2014 at Panamaram CHC (N 11.73826°, E 76.07055°, EL 746m), there were many visitors or patients. The medical officer informed that there are usually 250 to 300 visitors per day and the inpatient facilities are available. It is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the centres could be expected under the favourable condition that the required staff such as the doctor, the nurse, etc.


Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of the improvement of the health centres. President and Chairwoman of Standing Committee expressed the needs of (i) provision of furniture and (ii) renovation / extension of the health centres' buildings. They informed of the numbers of existing health centres that were CHC: 0, PHC: 1, and Sub-centre: 8.

At 14: 50 on (Fri.) 27June, 2014 at Varadoor PHC (N 11.69954°, E 76.10564°, EL 747m), there were no visitors or patients because of the time. The pharmacist informed that there are usually 60 visitors per day. It is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the centres could be expected under the favourable condition that the required staff such as the doctor, the nurse, etc.

A. III.7.13.1-8


Centres (9/9)



Pana

mar

am B

lock

Pan

chay

at (B

P)

23 Poothady (N 11.72377°, E 76.15323°, EL 803m)

Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of the improvement of the health centres. Assistant Secretary expressed the needs of the renovation / extension of the Sub-centres' buildings. They informed of the numbers of existing health centres that were CHC: 0, PHC: 1, and Sub-centre: 10.


24 Pulpally (N 11.78984°, E 76.16631°, EL 733m)

Low needs The GP Office did not recognize the needs of the improvement of the health centres. JICA survey team has got the information of PHC: 1, and Sub-centre: 5 from the other route.



Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of the improvement of the health centres. Secretary expressed the needs of the equipment and furniture of 2 Sub-centres. JICA survey team has got the information of PHC: 3, and Sub-centre: 3 from the other route.


A. III.7.13.1-9

Attachment III 7.4.9 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Schools

(1/7)



Man

anth

avad

y B

lock

Pan

chay

at (B

P)


No needs The GP Office did not recognize the needs of the improvement of the schools. JICA survey team has got the information of UP: 2 and LP: 5 form the other route. It is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the schools could be expected under the favourable condition of the required staff such as the managers, the clerical workers, the teachers, etc.

At Kaniyaram LP school (N 11.85620°, E 76.04582°, EL 699m), the toilet was made with the tile surface. The water supply facilities were not well functioning. At Noveenment LP school, Kurukkanmoola, two toilets were made by SSA. One is old 2003-04 constructed and closed. Another is made of the tile surface 2012-13. The water supply facilities were not functioning.


Medium needs The Secretary of GP Office explained about the needs of improvement of the schools for buildings, computers, resource books, etc. The officer informed of HS: 3, UP+LP: 17 for the government school. It is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the schools could be expected under the favourable condition of the required staff such as the managers, the clerical workers, the the teachers, etc.

No site investigation because of the lower priority among many kinds of category with higher needs such as for the hosing, the drinking water. the health centre, etc.

A. III.7.4.9-1

Attachment III 7.4.9 Interest at Grama Panchayat Office and Site Condition on Schools (2/7)



Man

anth

avad

y B

lock

Pan

chay

at (B

P)


No information At Chekadi LP school (N 11.91061°, E 76.04574°, EL 798m), the toilet was made with the direct concrete surface. SSA made the staff toilet. The water supply facilities were not functioning. SSA made the staff toilet. At Aranappara LP school (N 11.93437°, E 76.04934°, EL 884m), Five toilets were made with the tile surface by SSA. The water supply facilities were not well functioning. At Bhavali UP school (N 11.84823°, E 76.11011°, EL 739m), Two toilets were made with the direct concrete surface and the others two were the tile surface by SSA. The water supply facilities were not well functioningl. At Edayoorkunnu LP school (N 11.85620°, E 76.04581°, EL 806m), Three toilets were made with the the tile surface. The water supply facilities were not well functioning.

Man

anth

avad

y B

lock

Pan

chay

at (B

P)


Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of the improvement of the schools. JICA survey team has got the information of UP: 3 and LP: 6 form the other route. It is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the schools could be expected under the favourable condition of the required staff such as the managers, the clerical workers, the the teachers, etc

It was investigated that the one teacher school at the place (N 11.72830°, E 75.90144°, EL 941m). The building was new. There are the desks & chairs and the furniture. The condition is rather well. At Korom LP school (N 11.55852°, E 76.13097°, EL 807m), Two toilet were made with the direct concrete surface, another was made with the tile surface by SSA. The staff toilet has the western style stool. The water supply facilities were not well functioning.

A. III.7.4.9-2




5 Edavaka (N 11.77710°, E 75.97639°, EL 801m)

No needs The GP Office did not recognize the needs of the improvement of the schools.


6 Thavinhal (N 11.84189°, E 75.94891°, EL 775m)



Sulta

n B

athe

ry B

lock

Pan

chay

at (B

P)




8 Noolpuzha (N 11.66806°, E 76.31354°, EL 889m)

No needs The GP Office did not recognize the needs of the improvement of the schools. Assistant Secretary expressed that the building works and the facilities & equipment provision are not required. The officer informed of UP: 2, LP: 4 of the government school. Anyhow, it is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the schools could be expected under the favourable condition of the required staff such as the managers, the clerical workers, the teachers, etc.

At Kallumukka LP school (N 11.67659°, E 76.33631°, EL 862m), Two toilet were made with the direct concrete surface, another was made with the tile surface by SSA in 2009-10. The water supply facilities were not functioning.

9 Nenmeni (N 11.63463°, E 76.27752°, EL 915m)

Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of the improvement of the schools. Chairman of Standing Committee foe Welfare expressed that the building works and the facilities & equipment provision are required. The officer informed of UP: 1, LP: 5 of the government school. Anyhow, it is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the schools could be expected under the favourable condition of the required staff such as the managers, the clerical workers, the teachers, etc.


A. III.7.4.9-3




Sulta

n B

athe

ry B

lock

Pan

chay

at (B

P)


Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of (i) the improvement of the toilets of the whole 10 government schools and (ii) the new buildings for extension of classrooms for 2 schools. President informed of HS: 2, UP: 1, LP: 7 of the government school. Anyhow, it is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the schools could be expected under the favourable condition of the required staff such as the managers, the clerical workers, the the teachers, etc.

At Ambalavayal LP school (N 11.62218°, E 76.21458°, EL 945m), two toilet were made with the direct concrete surface, other three were made with the tile surface by SSA. Out of the three, the one made in 2011-12 for the staff has the western style stool. Another one was made by the education department in 20013-14. The water supply facilities were not functioning.




Kal

petta

Blo

ck P

anch

ayat

(BP)




13 Vythiri (N 11.55686°, E 76.03801°, EL 803m)





At Pinangad UP school (N 11.61772°, E 76.02703°, EL 765m), one toilet was made with the direct concrete surface, other three were made with the tile surface. One of the three has the western style stool. Another one of the three has both the western style urinal and stool. The last one of the three was made by the education department in 20013-14. The water supply facilities were not functioning.

A. III.7.4.9-4




15 Thariyode (N 11.63807°, E 76.00843°, EL 784m)

Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of (i) the new buildings for 6 schools that are too old and (ii) the provision of equipment. President informed of HS: 1, UP: 2, LP: 2 of the government school. Anyhow, it is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the schools could be expected under the favourable condition of the required staff such as the managers, the clerical workers, the teachers, etc.


Kal

petta

Blo

ck P

anch

ayat

(BP)

16 Meppady (N 11.55931°, E 76.13125°, EL 866m)

Medium needs The Meppady GP Office recognized the needs of (i) the extension of classrooms and (ii) the provision of equipment. JICA survey team has got the information of UP: 3 and LP: 8 form the other route. Anyhow, it is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the schools could be expected under the favourable condition of the required staff such as the managers, the clerical workers, the the teachers, etc.

At Meppady LP school (N 11.56177°, E 76.13023°, EL 852m), three toilets were made with the tile surface. One of the three was made by SSA in 2008-09. Another one of the three was made by the education department in 20013-14. The water supply facilities were not well functioning.


Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of (i) the extension of classrooms and (ii) the provision of equipment as well as the improvement of the toilet. President and Chairman of Standing Committee for Health & Education informed of HS: 0, UP: 2, LP: 3 of the government school. Anyhow, it is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the schools could be expected under the favourable condition of the required staff such as the managers, the clerical workers, the teachers, etc.

The LP at the place (N 11.53965°, E 76.23146°, EL 909m) was investigated. The building was constructed in 1964 and very old. It is to be newly reconstructed. Further, 5 more classrooms are to be constructed.

A. III.7.4.9-5





Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of (i) the renovation of buildings and (ii) the provision of equipment as well as the improvement of the toilet. Secretary and Village Extension Officer (VEO) informed of HS: 2, UP: 2, LP: 2 of the government school. Anyhow, it is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the schools could be expected under the favourable condition of the required staff such as the managers, the clerical workers, the teachers, etc.


Kal

petta

Blo

ck P

anch

ayat

(BP)

19 Muttil (N 11.64277°, E 76.11026°, EL 776m)

Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of the provision of equipment as well as the improvement of the toilet. JICA survey team has got the information of UP: 0 and LP: 6 form the other route. Anyhow, it is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the schools could be expected under the favourable condition of the required staff such as the managers, the clerical workers, the teachers, etc.



No needs The GP Office did not recognize the needs of the improvement of the schools. Village Extension Officers (VEOs) informed of HS: 2, UP: 2, LP: 4 of the government school.


Pana

mar

am B

lock

Pan

chay

at (B

P) 21 Panamaram

(N 11.73826°, E 76.07260°, EL 704m)

Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of the improvement of the building as well as the toilet. There are needs for 5 government LP schools that are (i) Panamaram, (ii) Palukunnu, (iii) Velambukamdam, (iv) Neeravaram and (v) Kappunchal. JICA survey team has got the information of UP: 0 and LP: 5 form the other route. Anyhow, it is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the schools could be expected under the favourable condition of the required staff such as the managers, the clerical workers, the teachers, etc.

At Panamaram LP school (N 11.73759°, E 76.07220°, EL 736m), two toilets were made with the direct concrete surface, other one is made with the tile surface. The water supply facilities were not functioning.

A. III.7.4.9-6


No. Grama



Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of the provision of the renovation and extension of the buildings as well as the toilet. President and Chairwoman of Standing Committee for Development informed of HS: 1, UP: 2, LP: 2 of the government school. Anyhow, it is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the schools could be expected under the favourable condition of the required staff such as the managers, the clerical workers, the teachers, etc.

At Noveenment LP school, Nelliyambam (N 11.73880°, E 76.09871°, EL 767m), two toilets were made with the direct concrete surface, other three were made with the tile surface by SSA in 2002-03, 2009-10 and 2012-13, respectively. The water supply facilities were not functioning.

Pana

mar

am B

lock

Pan

chay

at (B

P)

23 Poothady (N 11.72377°, E 76.15323°, EL 803m)

Medium needs The GP Office recognized the needs of the provision of the renovation and extension of the buildings as well as the toilet. JICA survey team has got the information of UP: 1 and LP: 5 form the other route. Anyhow, it is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the schools could be expected under the favourable condition of the required staff such as the managers, the clerical workers, the teachers, etc.

The Tazhamunda UP school at the place (N 11.70070°, E 76.13375°, EL 745m) was investigated. The condition was well in general.

24 Pulpally (N 11.78984°, E 76.16631°, EL 733m)

No needs The GP Office did not recognize the needs of the improvement of the school condition. JICA survey team has got the information of UP: 3 and LP: 6 form the other route. Anyhow, it is considered that the effective use of the facilities & equipment of the schools could be expected under the favourable condition of the required staff such as the managers, the clerical workers, the teachers, etc.



No needs The GP Office did not recognize the needs of the improvement of the schools. JICA survey team has got the information of UP: 5 and LP: 4 form the other route.


A. III.7.4.9-7

Attachment III 7.4.10 Site Condition on Access Bridge

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 03b-R01_At proposed site (N 11.72937°, E 76.05311°, EL 720m) of access bridge for existing footpath to Vakayad Colony in Panamaram Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 03b-R02_At existing bamboo access bridge site (N 11.63697°, E 76.11505°, EL 746m) of access bridge for existing footpath from Ward 14 to Ward 7 in Muttil Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 03b-R03_ At existing temporary structure bridge (N 11.64981°, E 76.04998°, EL 735m) of access footpath to Thekkumthara Colony (N 11.65139°, E 76.04999°, EL 736m) in Ward 3 in Vengapally Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 03b-R04_ At existing broken suspension bridge (N 11.66516°, E 76.02148°, EL 738m) in Kallatti Colony in Kottathara Grama Panchayat, used by people of 5 colonies such as school boys and girls

Please convert to JPEG file

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 03b-R05_At existing concrete bridge (w: 1.2m) (N 11.62212°, E 76.19253°, EL 792m) for access footpath to North Cheenengeri Ambalakkunnu Colony in Ward 20 in Ambalavayal Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 03b-R06_ At existing suspension bridge on Kabani River at Mathoothpoil (N 11.73488°, E 76.05758°, EL 726m) connecting colonies over there to district road (this side, left bank) in Panamaram Grama Panchayat

A. III.7.4.10-1

Attachment III 7.4.11 Site Condition on Access Road (photo)

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 03a-R01_ Boundary (N 11.54131°, E 76.22607°, EL 877m) of existing concrete pavement of access road to Shakharankundu Colony (N 11.53448°, E 76.22571°, EL 923m) in Muppainadu Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 03a-R02_ Boundary (N 11.65042°, E 76.04764°, EL 745m) of the existing stone pavement of access road to Thekkumthara Colony (N 11.65139°, E 76.04999°, EL 736m) in Vengapally Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 03a-R03_ B.P. (N 11.53684°, E 76.22558°, EL 892m) of existing footpath to Shakharankundu Colony (N 11.53448°, E 76.22571°, EL 923m) in Ward 7in Muppainadu Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 03a-R04_ At middle point (N 11.63983°, E 76.27627°, EL 897m) of existing access road to Punja Vayal Colony (N 11.64317°, E 76.27557°, EL 886m) in Ward 4 in Nenmeni Grama Panchayat


Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 03a-R05_ At middle point (N 11.65081°, E 76.04988°, EL 735m) of access footpath to Thekkumthara Colony (N 11.65139°, E 76.04999°, EL 736m) in Ward 3in Vengapally Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 03a-R06_ Existing access footpath with concrete pavement in Charity Ambedakar Colony (N 11.53692°, E 76.04705°, EL 768m) in Ward 9 in Vythiri Grama Panchayat

A. III.7.4.11-1

Attachment III 7.4.12 Site Condition on Drinking Water Facilities (photo)

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 04-R01_Ordinary water source at colony in Wayanad, Dug (open) well at Thekkumthara Colony (N 11.65139°, E 76.04999°, EL 736m) in Ward 3 in Vengapally Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 04-R02_Old well at middle of slope (deeper water surface level) at Convent Kunnu Colony (N 11.79918°, E 76.00351°, EL 763m) in Ward 15 in Mananthavady Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 04-R03_Old well at middle of slope (deep water surface level: 9m from top pipe edge) at Convent Kunnu Colony (N 11.79918°, E 76.00351°, EL 763m) in Ward 15 in Mananthavady Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 04-R04_ Dug (open) well in flat paddy field (shallower water surface level) (N 11.63459°, E 76.12841°, EL 762m) in Ward 14 in Muttil Grama Panchayat, Affected with pollution from agrochemical, etc.


Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 04-R04_ Dug (open) well in flat paddy field (shallow water surface level) (N 11.63459°, E 76.12841°, EL 762m) in Ward 14 in Muttil Grama Panchayat, Affected with pollution from agrochemical, etc.

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 04-R06_New well at slope toe (shallower water surface level) at Convent Kunnu Colony (N 11.79918°, E 76.00351°, EL 763m) in Mananthavady Grama Panchayat, with submersible pump to water tank

A. III.7.4.12-1

Attachment III 7.4.13 Site Condition on Electricity Facilities (photo)

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 05-R01_ Distribution line along access road to Ammani Colony (N 11.77015°, E 76.10217°, EL 721m) in Ward 6 in Panamaram Grama Panchayat, No incoming lines to houses

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 05-R02_ Distribution line along access footpath to Thekkumthara Colony (N 11.65139°, E 76.04999°, EL 736m) in Ward 3in Vengapally Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 05-R03_ Distribution line along access footpath to Shakharankundu Colony (N 11.53448°, E 76.22571°, EL 923m) in Ward 7in Muppainadu Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 05-R04_ Distribution line in Convent Kunnu Colony (N 11.79918°, E 76.00351°, EL 763m) in Ward 15 in Mananthavady Grama Panchayat


Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 05-R05_ Distribution line in Madakunnu Colony (N 11.65856°, E 76.01641°, EL 786m) in Kottathara Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 05-R06_ Incoming line to house in Thazheyidam Colony (N 11.65115°, E 76.01459°, EL 742m) in Ward 8, Thariyode Grama Panchayat

A. III.7.4.13-1

Attachment III 7.4.14 Site Condition on Housing Works (photo)

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 02-R01_ Existing house in Convent Kunnu Colony (N 11.79918°, E 76.00351°, EL 763m) in Ward 15, Mananthavady Grama Panchayat: Left long time under construction

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 02-R02_ Existing house in Convent Kunnu Colony (N 11.79918°, E 76.00351°, EL 763m) in Ward 15, Mananthavady Grama Panchayat: Living in incomplete house with vinyl sheet roof

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 02-R03_ Existing house in Karam Kode Colony (N 11.77780°, E 75.96492°, EL 771m) in Ward 1, Edavaka Grama Panchayat: Wooden & soil structure with roof of vinyl sheet and nipa

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 02-R04_ Existing house in Munda Kolli Colony (N 11.82559°, E 75.90370°, EL 765m) in Ward 4, Thavinhal Grama Panchayat: Completed with toilet beside house


Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 02-R05_ Existing house in Shakharankundu Colony (N 11.53448°, E 76.22571°, EL 923m) in Ward 7, Muppainadu Grama Panchayat: Wooden structure with nipa roof

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 02-R06_Existing house in Puthoor Colony (N 11.72873°, E 76.04324°, EL 758m) in Ward 19, Panamaram Grama Panchayat: Left long time under construction

A. III.7.4.14-1

Attachment III 7.4.15 Site Condition on Community Centres (photo)

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 07-R01_ Community centre in Munda Kolli Colony (N 11.82559°, E 75.90370°, EL 765m) in Ward 4 in Kottathara Thavinhal Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 07-R02_ Community centre in Munda Kolli Colony (N 11.82559°, E 75.90370°, EL 765m) in Ward 4 in Kottathara Thavinhal Grama Panchayat, Mainly for children’s group activities

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 07-R03_ Community centre in Charity Ambedakar Colony (N 11.53692°, E 76.04705°, EL 768m) in Ward 9 in Vythiri Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 07-R04_ Community centre in Kelatti Colony (N 11.66130°, E 76.02124°, EL 758m) in Kottathara Grama Panchayat


Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 07-R05_ Community centre in Madakunnu Colony (N 11.65856°, E 76.01641°, EL 786m) in Kottathara Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 07-R06_ Community centre in Madakunnu Colony (N 11.65856°, E 76.01641°, EL 786m) in Kottathara Grama Panchayat

A. III.7.4.15-1

Attachment III 7.4.16 Site Condition on Schools (photo)

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 09-R01_One teacher school in Perincherimala Colony (N 11.72681°, E 75.90144°, EL 941m) in Ward 10, Thondernadu Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 09-R02_One teacher school in Perincherimala Colony (N 11.72681°, E 75.90144°, EL 941m) in Ward 10, Thondernadu Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 09-R03_ At Pinangad UP school (N 11.61772°, E 76.02703°, EL 765m), Pozhuthana Grama Panchayat, Interview to Chairman on general information and toilet condition

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 09-R04_ At Pinangad UP school (N 11.61772°, E 76.02703°, EL 765m), Pozhuthana Grama Panchayat, Lunch in classroom


Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 09-R05_ At Pinangad UP school (N 11.61772°, E 76.02703°, EL 765m), Pozhuthana Grama Panchayat, Lunch in classroom, Urinal in boys’ toilet, Water supply facilities do not function well.

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 09-R06_At SSA Kalpetta Office, Interview to Junior Superintendent and Management Information System Coordinator on SSA activities for school improvement and future plan

A. III.7.4.16-1

Attachment III 7.4.17 Site Condition on Health Centres (photo)


Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 08-R01_Vellamunda PHC (N 11.73468°, E 75.93547°, EL 764m) in Vellamunda Grama Panchayat

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 08-R02_At Vellamunda PHC (N 11.73468°, E 75.93547°, EL 764m) in Vellamunda Grama Panchayat, Interview to Health Inspector and staff on treatment of water used in health centre

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 08-R03_Appappara PHC (N 11.90711°, E 76.03240°, EL 840m) in Thirunelly Grama Panchayat, There are many visitors or patients.

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 08-R04_Appappara PHC (N 11.90711°, E 76.03240°, EL 840m) in Thirunelly Grama Panchayat, There are many visitors or patients.


Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 08-R05_At Thavinhal CHC (recently promoted from PHC) (N 11.84097°, E 75.88462°, EL 801747m) in Thavinhal Grama Panchayat, Interview to Doctor and Medical Officer on medical facilities & equipment

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) 08-R06_At Thavinhal CHC (recently promoted from PHC) (N 11.84097°, E 75.88462°, EL 801747m) in Thavinhal Grama Panchayat, Doctor guides condition of facilities & equipment for treatment of inpatients.

A. III.7.4.17-1

A.III.7.4.18 - 1

Serial Number

Sample Code Name of Users Colour

(Heson)Mixing (N.T.U) pH Liquid Form

(mg/L)Cloride(mg/L)

Strongness(mg/L)

Sulphate(mg/L)

Nitrate (mg/L) Iron(mg/L) Calcium(mg

/L)Magnecium

(mg/L)

Caulifom Bacteria

(MPN/100ml)

E.Caulifom Bacteria

5 5 6.5-8.5 500 250 300 200 45 0.3 75 30 10 not detected (-)

1 VMDA-8 Purinji Colony …… …… 5.54 28 7.82 20 0.6 0 6.4 0.97 200 -

2 VMDA-11 Koduverikunnu Colony 0 0 6.06 142 15.64 104 3.72 0 0 32 5.83 200 -

3 VMDA-13 Maniyil, 4cent Colony 0 0 6.08 67 19.55 48 3.64 1 0.03 17.6 0.97 1000 -

4 VMDA-28 Ambalakunnu Paniya Colony 0 0 5.95 41 27.37 32 1.76 0 0.04 6.4 3.89 170 detected

5 VMDA-29 Thennampatta Colony 0 0 5.9 28 15.64 20 0.64 0 0.04 6.4 0.97 800 -

6 VMDA-30 Karingari Kappkunnu Colony

0 0 7.1 83 15.64 58 1.12 1.82 0.06 32 1.94 400 -

7 VMDA-46 Mudappilavil Colony 0 0 6.11 67 31.35 44 2.52 0 0 11.2 3.89 1400 detected

8 VMDA-47 Kallamvetti Colony 0 0 6.82 69 19 52 1.88 2.2 0 17.6 1.94 400 -

9 VMDA-48 Puravamcheri Colony 0 0 6.13 77 43.11 60 1.88 0 0.26 11.2 7.78 1100 -

Allowable Value

Attachment III 7.4.18 Water Quality Test for Drinking Water in Vellamunda Grama Panchayat (1/4)

1. Colonies

A.III.7.4.18 - 2

Serial Number

Sample Code Name of User Color Mixing

(N.T.U) pH Liquid Form (mg/ L)

Cloride (mg/L)

Strongness(mg/L)

Sulphate (mg/L)

Nitrate (mg/L) Iron (mg/L) Calcium

(mg/L)Magnecium

(mg/L)

Caulifom Bacteria

(MPN/100ml)

E.Caulifom Bacteria

5 5 6.5-8.5 500 250 300 200 45 0.3 75 30 10 not detected (-)

1 VMDA-18 G.H.S.Varampatta 0 0 6.83 76 23.46 64 10.28 0 0.1 24 0.97 700 detected

2 VMDA-20 G.L.P.S Mothakkara 0 0 5.72 21 15.64 16 0.64 1.15 0.03 3.2 1.94 200 -

3 VMDA-25 G.H.S.S Vellamunda 0 0 6.35 52 19.64 48 3.4 0 0.03 16 1.94 800 detected

4 VMDA-28 G.U.P.S Tharuvana 0 0 5.67 67 19.55 48 3.8 8.93 0 8 6.8 5400 detected

5 VMDA-27 L.L.P.S Kokkadav 0 0 6.1 34 15.64 28 0.6 0 0 9.6 0.97 2000 -

6 VMDA-30 G.U.P.S Karingari 0 0 5.63 38 15.64 16 20 0 0 3.2 1.94 1000 -

7 VMDA-39 Pulikkad School Pumb House 0 0 6.04 54 31.35 8 0.4 0 0.03 1.6 0.97 900 -

8 VMDA-43Vivekananda School,Cherukara 0 0 6.83 87 11.76 60 4.36 0 0.03 22.4 0.97 100 -

Attachment III 7.4.18 Water Quality Test for Drinking Water in Vellamunda Grama Panchayat (2/4)

2. Schools

Allowable Value

A.III.7.4.18 - 3

Serial Number

Sample Code

Name of Users Colour (Heson)

Mixing (N.T.U)

pH Liquid Form (mg/L)

Cloride(mg/L)

Strongness(mg/L)

Sulphate (mg/L)

Nitrate (mg/L)

Iron (mg/L)

Calcium (mg/L)

Magnecium(mg/L)

Caulifom Bacteria

(MPN/100ml)

E.Caulifom Bacteria

5 5 6.5-8.5 500 250 300 200 45 0.3 75 30 10 not detected

1 VMDA-1 P.H.C. Vellamunda 0 0 6.84 79 23.46 56 2.6 0 0.08 9.6 7.78 400 detected

2 VMDA-15 Subcentre,Varampatta 0 0 5.85 25 11.73 16 1.44 0 0.03 6.5 0 200 -

3 VMDA-45 Subcentre,Cherukara 0 0 5.68 32 19.6 20 1.72 0 0 6.4 0.97 2800 -

4 VMDA-10 Police station,Vellamunda 0 0 6.14 22 11.73 16 0.24 0 0 6.4 0 300 -

5 VMDA-22 Kerala Water Authority, Pulinjal 0 0 6.8 8 3.91 4 0.52 0 0 1.6 0 1600 detected

6 VMDA-3 Kochuvayal,Anganvadi 0 0 5.3 25 15.64 20 6 0 0 6.4 0.97 400 -

7 VMDA-6 Kinantingal Anganvadi 0 0 5.93 28 11.73 24 1.32 0 0.22 9.6 0 1600 detected

8 VMDA-7 Kundarakkolli,Anganvadi 0 0 6.51 21 11.73 16 0.28 0 0.03 6.4 0 900 -

9 VMDA-37 Pariyaram Mukk,Anganvadi 0 0 6.35 86 31.35 60 0.2 0 0 17.6 3.88 0 -

Allowable value

Attachment III 7.4.18 Water Quality Test for Drinking Water in Vellamunda GP (3/4)

3. Government Offices

A.III.7.4.18 - 4

Serial Number

Sample Code Name of Users Colour

(Heson)Mixing (N.T.U) pH Liquid Form

(mg/L)Cloride (mg/L)

Strongness (mg/L)

Sulphate (mg/L)

Nitrate (mg/L)

Iron (mg/L)

Calcium (mg/L)

Magnecium (mg/L)

Caulifom Bacteria

(MPN/100ml)

E.Caulifom Bacteria

5 5 6.5-8.5 500 250 300 200 45 0.3 75 30 10 not detected

1 VMDA-2 Pulinjal Junction, Public Well 0 0 5.6 25 11.73 16 5.6 0 0 3.2 1.94 400 -

2 VMDA-4 Theramala Road, Public Well 0 0 6.81 173 31.28 152 12.12 0 0 49.6 6.8 500 detected

3 VMDA-5 Nasar Padayan 0 0 5.19 20 11.73 16 3.2 0 0.06 4.8 0.97 300 -

4 VMDA-9 Vijith-Vellamunda 0 0 7.28 130 15.64 100 17.24 0 0 36.8 1.49 900 -

5 VMDA-14 Mothakkara, Drinking Water Scheme 0 0 5.46 84 50.83 40 2.16 0 0 9.6 3.84 900 -

6 VMDA-16 Mallisherikunnu, Drinking Water Scheme 0 0 6.22 43 15.64 36 1.76 0 0.04 11.2 1.94 800 -

7 VMDA-17 T.K Mammootty 0 0 5.57 25 15.64 12 0.16 0 0 3.2 0.97 400 -

8 VMDA-19 P.A.Aalihaji 0 0 5.75 35 15.64 28 3.72 0 0 9.6 0.97 2000 detected

9 VMDA-21 Perumkulam Drinking Water Scheme 0 0 5.96 8 3.91 4 0.72 0 0 1.6 0 500 -

10 VMDA-23 Mangalasseri Aalakkunnu Scheme 0 0 7.06 29 11.23 20 4.16 0 0.1 6.4 0.97 4800 detected

11 VMDA-31 Public Well,Tharuvana 0 0 6.27 39 15.64 32 1.28 0 0.16 8 2.91 3800 detected

12 VMDA-33 Manikkam Koroth 0 0 5.56 136 19.59 120 19.6 2.93 0.04 38.4 5.83 200 -

13 VMDA-34 Kunnummal Angadi Public Well 0 0 7.35 49 11.76 48 0.72 0 0.03 11.2 4.86 1400 -

14 VMDA-14 Pulikkadu kunnu- Valiyakodakkad 0 0 6.51 45 23.51 44 1.28 0 0.17 0.8 5.83 2600 -

15 VMDA-41 K.M.Janakiyamma 0 0 6.2 59 23.51 44 0.16 0 0.08 8 5.83 600 -

16 VMDA-42 Kodakkadkunnu, Pumb House 0 0 6.43 88 19.6 60 2.4 0 0.09 11.2 7.78 1100 -

17 VMDA-44 Ozhukkanmoola, Public Well 0 0 7.13 56 11.76 32 0.6 0 0.05 8 2.92 700 -

18 VMDA-38 Atholikkunnu 0 0 5.67 61 35.27 44 0.88 0 0 8 7.78 2000 -

Allowable value

Attachment III 7.4.18 Water Quality Test for Drinking Water in Vellamunda Grama Panchayat (4/4)4.Other Places

A.III.7.4.19 - 1

No.1

2

3

456789

1011121314151617

18

1920

21

22

232425262728293031323334353637383940

41

42

43

44

45

46

474849505152535455565758

Attachment III 7.4.19 Standards on Facilities & Equipment in CHC, PHC and Sub-centre (1/2)

32. Suture needle curved - 12Aneroid 300 mm withCuff IS: 7652 1Battery Dry cell 1.5, D type for 10C 4Rack-Blood sedimentation Westergren 6-unit 1Talquist Hb scale 1Forceps hemostat straight Kelly 140mm ss 1Forceps uterine vulsellum curved 25.5 cm 1

Disposable Sterile Swabs Disposable Sterile Swabs Scale bath room metric/Avoirdupois 125kg/280 lb Sheeting plastic clear PVC CM x 180 cm 2

Forceps sterilizer (Utility) 200 vaughm ss 1

Uristix (urine test for the presence of protein) 1 full containerDisposable Sterile Swabs

Brush Surgeon’s white Nylon Bristles 2

Reagent strips for urine test 1SIMS Uterine Depressor/Retractor 1

Scale bath room metric/Avoirdupois 125kg/280 lb 1

Sheeting plastic clear PVC CM x 180 cm


Uristix (urine test for the presence of protein) 1 full containerReagent strips for urine test 1

32. Suture needle curved - 12Aneroid 300 mm withCuff IS: 7652 1Battery Dry cell 1.5, D type for 10C 4Rack-Blood sedimentation Westergren 6-unit 1

Forceps hemostat straight Kelly 140mm ss 1Talquist Hb scale 1

Forceps uterine vulsellum curved 25.5 cm 1

Scale bath room metric/Avoirdupois 125kg/280 lb Sheeting plastic clear PVC CM x 180 cm 2


Uristix (urine test for the presence of protein) 1 full containerDisposable Sterile Swabs Scale bath room metric/Avoirdupois 125kg/280 lb 1



Measure 1 litre Jug –ss 1Can enema with tubing and clip 1

Uristix (urine test for the presence of protein) 1 full container

SIMS Uterine Depressor/Retractor 1Measure 1 litre Jug –ss 1Can enema with tubing and clip 1Brush Surgeon’s white Nylon Bristles 2

Foetoscope Foetoscope Foetoscope Binocular Microscope Binocular Microscope _

Forceps sterilizer Forceps sterilizer Forceps sterilizer

Surgical setSurgical setSurgical setSphygnometre Sphygnometre Sphygnometre (blood pressure metre)

Baby weighing scaleBaby weighing scale

Adult weighing scale,height measuring scale

Bins for waste material

Stethoscope

SterilizerSterilizer Sterilizer

BP ApparatusBP ApparatusBP ApparatusHemoglobin metre

Glucometre

Normal delivery kit

Glucometre

Normal delivery kit _

CHC PHC Sub-centre

CottonCotton Cotton

Glass slidesGlass slides and Glass rodsGlass slides and Glass rods

RefrigeratorRefrigerator _

y y p y g SyringeKidney Tray Kidney Tray

X-Ray facilities and equipment for diagnosing lungs diseases

_

_

Electrcardiagram (ECG) facilities & equipmentElectrcardiagram (ECG) facilities & equipment

_Oxygen inhalator/NebulizerOxygen inhalator/Nebulizer

Scale weighing (baby) hanging type,colour coded 5kg

StethoscopeStethoscopeIce pack boxIce pack boxIce pack box

Bins for waste materialBins for waste materialTorchTorchTorch

BasinsBasinsBasins

Adult weighing scale,height measuring scalecomputer with accessories including internet _computer with accessories including internet

OT

Disposable gloves

_IUCD Insertion kit_Feeding tubes for babyFeeding tubes for baby

IUCD Insertion kit

ThermometreThermometre Clinical thermometre

Disposable gloves

Needle Cutter Needle destroyer Disposable lancet (pricking needles)

SyringeSyringe

Disposable gloves

Adult weighing scale,height measuring scale

Scissors surgical straightScissors surgical straightScissors surgical straight

ThermometreThermometreSyringe

Thermometre

OT table -Macintosh for labour and OT tabble as per need

OT

Forceps artery,straight,pean 160mm,stainless steal Forceps artery,straight,pean 160mm,stainless steal Forceps artery,straight,pean 160mm,stainless steal

Disposable Sterile Swabs Scale bath room metric/Avoirdupois 125kg/280 lb Sheeting plastic clear PVC CM x 180 cm 2


Uristix (urine test for the presence of protein) 1 full containerDisposable Sterile Swabs Scale bath room metric/Avoirdupois 125kg/280 lb 1



Uristix (urine test for the presence of protein) 1 full containerReagent strips for urine test 1SIMS Uterine Depressor/Retractor 1Measure 1 litre Jug –ss 1Can enema with tubing and clip 1Brush Surgeon’s white Nylon Bristles 232. Suture needle curved - 12Aneroid 300 mm withCuff IS: 7652 1Battery Dry cell 1.5, D type for 10C 4Rack-Blood sedimentation Westergren 6-unit 1Talquist Hb scale 1Forceps hemostat straight Kelly 140mm ss 1Forceps uterine vulsellum curved 25.5 cm 1

X-Ray facilities and equipment for diagnosing stomach diseases

X-Ray facilities and equipment for diagnosing stomach diseases

X-Ray facilities and equipment for diagnosing lungs diseases

_

Hemoglobin metreHemoglobin metreGlucometre

A.III.7.4.19 - 2

No.59

60

61

62

63

64656667

68

69707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899

100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128

Speculum vaginal bi-valve cusco’s/Graves medium

Speculum vaginal double ended Sims ISS Medium 1

CHC PHC Sub-centreSpeculum vaginal bi-valve cusco’s/Graves medium


Attachment III 7.4.19 Standards on Facilities & Equipment in CHC, PHC and Sub-centre (2/2)

Freeze Tag: 2 per ILR bimonthly.Bowl for antiseptic solution for soaking cotton Hub cutter 23 sets of NSV instruments.Tray containing chlorine solution for keepingBattery dry cells 1.5 volt (large size)

Sponge holding forceps – 2.ILR (Small) and DF (Small) with Voltage Tongue Depressor 10PipettesVaccine Carriers with 4 Icepacks: Two per SCLaryngoscope and Endotracheal intubation tubes

Ear specula.

ColorimetreLabour table 1 (02 for Type B PHC)Equipment for Manual Vacuum Aspiration.Equipment for New Born Care and Neonatal Resuscitation.Mucus extractor with suction tube and a footTenaculum uterine forceps – 2.Vulsellum uterine forceps – 2.

bleach: As per need.Waste disposal twin bucket, hypochlorite solution

Kits for testing residual chlorine in drinking water.Radiant warmer for new born baby.

Phototherapy unit (Desirable).Differential blood cell counter (Desirable)Cold Boxes (Small & Large)Shadowless lamp light (for OT and Labour room) Self inflating bag and mask-neonatal size.Minilap kits –5.Table lamp with 200 watt bulb for New born baby.MVA syringe and cannulae of sizes 4-8Equipment for assisted forceps delivery.

Diastix (urine test for the presence of sugar)

Lancet ss(Magedorn needle) 75 mm pkt of 6 1

Forceps, spring type, dressing 160mm,Stainless steel 1

Vaccine Carrier - 2 Vaccine Carrier - 2Suture needle straight - 12Sponge holder - 10

Forceps artery, straight, pean 160mm,Stainless steel 2Urethral catheter, 12fr, rubber 1

Forceps artery, straight, pean 160mm,Stainless steel 2Urethral catheter, 12fr, rubber 1



Forceps, spring type, dressing 160mm,Stainless steel 1

Suture needle straight - 12Sponge holder - 10Forceps - 20

Equipment for assisted forceps delivery.ColorimetreLabour table 1 (02 for Type B PHC)

Forceps - 20

Mucus extractor - 4Arm board for adult and child 4Equipment for assisted vacuum delivery.Phototherapy unit (Desirable).Differential blood cell counter (Desirable)

Tray instrument/Dressing with coverFlashlight Box-type pre-focussed 4 cell1Jar dressing with cover 0.945 litre stainless steel 1

Tray instrument/Dressing with coverFlashlight Box-type pre-focussed 4 cell1Jar dressing with cover 0.945 litre stainless steel 1

Battery dry cells 1.5 volt (large size)

PipettesVaccine Carriers with 4 Icepacks: Two per SCLaryngoscope and Endotracheal intubation tubes

Ear specula.Kits for testing residual chlorine in drinking water.

Equipment for assisted vacuum delivery.

Freeze Tag: 2 per ILR bimonthly.Bowl for antiseptic solution for soaking cotton Hub cutter 23 sets of NSV instruments.Tray containing chlorine solution for keeping

Radiant warmer for new born baby.Waste disposal twin bucket, hypochlorite solution bleach: As per need.

Equipment for Manual Vacuum Aspiration.Equipment for New Born Care and Neonatal Resuscitation.Mucus extractor with suction tube and a footTenaculum uterine forceps – 2.Vulsellum uterine forceps – 2.Sponge holding forceps – 2.ILR (Small) and DF (Small) with Voltage Tongue Depressor 10

Cold Boxes (Small & Large)Shadowless lamp light (for OT and Labour room) Self inflating bag and mask-neonatal size.Minilap kits –5.Table lamp with 200 watt bulb for New born baby.MVA syringe and cannulae of sizes 4-8

Electric FittingsTable top centrifugeRapid test kit for faecal contaminationSyringe destroyer

Speculum vaginal bi-valve cusco’s/Graves medium




Forceps, spring type, dressing 160mm,Stainless steel 1Vaccine Carrier - 2Suture needle straight - 12Sponge holder - 10Forceps - 20

Forceps artery, straight, pean 160mm,Stainless steel 2Urethral catheter, 12fr, rubber 1Tray instrument/Dressing with coverFlashlight Box-type pre-focussed 4 cell1Jar dressing with cover 0.945 litre stainless steel 1Mucus extractor - 4Arm board for adult and child 4

Plastic vials

Transport medium (Cary Blair)LancetSmear transporting boxSpirit lampZeil Neelsen Acid fast stainRapid Diagnostic Kit TyphoidExtra plastic vials for transportation of serum Sealing materialAluminium Foil

Revolving Stools 2Almirah (Steel/Wooden) 1Wooden/Steel Racks 1Blood culture bottles, Blood Storage FacilityExamination and dressing table

Annex-8 Implementing Agency (AHADS-CCPRM)


Table of Contents

Annex-8 Implementing Agency (AHADS-CCPRM) ............................................................ 8-1 8.1 Operational Status .............................................................................................................. 8-1

8.1.1 History of Organizational Status after AWCECOP .................................................... 8-1 8.1.2 Organizational Structure of AHADS-CCPRM ........................................................... 8-1 8.1.3 Staff ............................................................................................................................ 8-2 8.1.4 Recent Activities ......................................................................................................... 8-3

8.2 Recent Changes in its Organisational Structure ................................................................. 8-5 8.3 Organisational Strengths .................................................................................................... 8-7


Annex-8 Implementing Agency (AHADS-CCPRM)

8.1 Operational Status

8.1.1 History of Organizational Status after AWCECOP

The assistance from the international consultants to the Attappady Wasteland Comprehensive Conservation Project (AWCECOP) ended on the 26th March 2010. Since some of the project activities were in progress, the terms of Attappady Hills Area Development Society (AHADS) was extended up to the 31st March 2012 to allow AHADS to complete the work. During the extended period, AHADS was supposed to continue the project management of construction of tribal house, water supply system, and education facilities, and other work for ensuring the sustainability of People’s Institution and the generated assets as proposed in Consulting Service Completion Report1. Although a high level task force (HLTF) was officially formed in July 2008 to discuss about the future function of AHADS and the sustainability of AHADS of the post project, AHADS has been closed according to GO2 issued on the 31st March 2012, and has not been allowed to make any expenditure until it receives further orders from LSGD. AHADS has sent a letter to request the approval for reorganization of AHADS, which was approved on the first June 2013 by GO3, and AHADS has transformed into Attappady Hills Area Development Society - Centre for Comprehensive Participatory Resource Management (AHADS -CCPRM). Its organizational structure and other current status are given in the following sections.

8.1.2 Organizational Structure of AHADS-CCPRM

According to the GO4, AHADS-CCPRM consists of four authorities: Governing Body, Executive Committee, Project Advisory Committee, and Executive Director. The roles and members of the authorities are as follows.

Authorities of AHADS-CCPRM Authorities of

AHADS-CCPRM Role and Members

Governing Body Role: Decision making authority for the budget plan approval and the organizational direction Members: Composed of 28 members. The composition of the members are from the following designation and affiliation are as in the table below Chief Minister (Chairman) Minister of Rural Development Dep. (Vice Chairman) Principle secretary to government, Local Self Government Dep. Representatives of the departments of Finance, SC/ST Development, Planning Not below the rank of Joint Secretary to government

Representative of the District / Block / Grama Panchayat Presidents Directors of Research institute, university etc. Experts on Tribal affairs, Rural Development, and Human resource management

Executive Committee Role: To be responsible for administration preparing work plan, annual report, and audited statement etc to submit to the Governing Body, and for bank account

1 Completion Report on Consultancy Services for AWCECOP, ID-P111, December 2009, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. 2 Government Order, No.21150/LB1/12/LSGD, LSGD-Continuation / transformation into AHADS-CCPRM and

deployment of staff after 31.03.2012, issued from LSGD to the PD AHADS on the 31st March 2012 3 Government Order, No.201/2013/LSGD, Transformation of AHADS into AHADS-CCPRM, issued from LSGD to the PD

of AHADS on the 1st June 2013 4 Government Order, No.47/2014/LSGD, Memorandum of Association, Rules and Regulations of AHADS-CCPRM, issued

from LSGD to the PD of AHADS on the 1st June 2013

Annex 8-1


Authorities of AHADS-CCPRM Role and Members

operation, and for staff employment etc. Members: Composed of 8 members as follows;

1 Principle secretary to government, Local Self Government Department (Chairman)

2 Commissioner for Rural Development (Member) 3 Representative of Finance Department, not below the rank of Joint

Secretary to government (Member) 4 Representative of SC/ST Development Department, not below the rank

of Joint Secretary to government (Member) 5 Representative of Planning Department, not below the rank of Joint

Secretary to government (Member) 6 Representative of Forest Department, not below the rank of Conservator

of Forests (Member) 7 Executive Director, Kudumbasree (Member) 8 Executive Director, AHADS-CCPRM (Member Secretary)

Project Advisory Committee

Role: To assist Executive Committee to prepare annual plans. To monitor the progress of the project through fields visits and provide useful advice for the proper execution of the work. Members: To be formed with appropriate number / level of the members for each project in conformity with projects.

Executive Director Role: Decision making for day to day effective operations as the head of the society. Source: Compiled by JICA Survey Team based on Attappady Hills Area Development Society-Centre for Comprehensive

Participatory Resource Management Society Rules, 2013.

In spite of the reorganization of the authorities of AHADS-CCPRM, there is no organizational structure under AHADS-CCPRM, since it has only two permanent staff currently.

8.1.3 Staff

According to the completion report of AWCECOP, AHADS had 122 of the permanent staff for the sanctioned posts and more than 500 of contract employees on November in 2009. During the period from 2010 to 2012, the number of the staff has been substantially decreased. According to the Deputy Director of AHADS-CCPRM, all of the staff worked as deputation of AHADS reverted to their department, and 81 of the tribal employees worked for AWCECOP as forest watchers were appointed to new posts in the Mannarkad Forest Division Office, Kerala Forest Department and 10 tribal employee were also planned to be appointed to posts in the government. Though AHADS-CCPRM was allowed to employ 12 core staff members based on the GO5 issued on the 30th June 2012 after AHADS came to an end on March 2012, AHADS-CCPRM has currently only two permanent staff; one is Executive Director, Dr. N.C. Induchoodan, who was appointed to his post on the 13th March 2013 by LSGD, and the other is Deputy Director, Ms. Prajhita P.T., who has worked for AHADS since 2005 as Deputy Project Director. The summarized staff list of AHADS-CCPRM on May 2014 is in the table below.

Staff List of AHADS-CCPRM (May 2014) No. Name Designation Date of Joining Remark

1 Dr. N.C. Induchoodan Executive Director 13th March 2014 Appointed after retiring Divisional Forest

Officer

2 Ms. Prajhita P.T. Deputy Director 24th June 2005

Appointed as Deputy Project Director (Human Resource Development and Administration) in AWCECOP

Source: Compiled by JICA Survey Team based on the shared staff list by AHADS-CCPRM

5 Government Order, No.181/2012/LSGD, Post Project Arrangement, issued from LSGD to the PD of AHADS on the 30th June 2012

Annex 8-2


It was learned that the Executive Director plans to apply the Governing Body for an employment plan of the permanent staff of AHADS-CCPRM for the preparation of the Project implementation. However, the schedule of the Governing Body meeting has not been set yet and its staffing schedule is still unclear. According to the Executive Director, AHADS-CCPRM intends to employ its permanent members from the staff who belonged to AHADS.

8.1.4 Recent Activities

Before AHADS come to an end, it has been implemented several projects voluntary or based on the requests from the government. The recent projects implemented by AHADS are summarized in the table below.

Activities Recently Implemented by AHADS / AHADS-CCPRM

No. Project name /

Implementation period / Status

Fund Source / Total Project Budget

Objectives / Main Activities and Outputs

Reason for the project Implemented by

AHADS / Remark 1* Survey for

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups in 2011-12

Tribal Development Department (Ministry of Tribal Development, National level programme) Rs.65,000/-

Activity: PRA for planning micro plan for the development activities in the primitive tribal areas in Palakkad Outputs: A proposal of the project of special package for the groups was approved by the Government of Kerala

GoK requested AHADS to conduct the survey. The proposed project is now being implemented by Scheduled Tribe Development Department.

26 Tribal welfare with construction of houses in the selected hamlet From 2013

Departments of SC, ST Development Total budget is Rs.1,389,000/-

Objective: To promote tribal welfare Outputs: Construction of five houses in Nellipathy hamlet in Attapady

The proposal from AHADS on this project was approved by a State level working group .

3* House Construction in Tribal Hamlet in Attappady Block / From 2012 to 2014

71 houses from Zilla Panchayats 21 houses from Tribal Development Department Total budget is Rs. 20 billion /-

Objective: House construction and poverty reduction Activities and Outputs: AHADS employed daily basis experts, who were supporting consultancy staffs for AHADS, to monitor the progress of the houses construction, and released fund based on the construction progress.

Tribal people requested the government to build similar houses built by AWCECOP. This request was approved and AHADS was chosen as project management agency. Zilla Panchayats selected two hamlets; Kunanchala and Nillikuzhy.

47 Training Programmes on Participatory Watershed management for officials and elected members of 3 tier Panchayats in Kerala State From 2013 to 2014

Funded by each Panchayat Total budget is Rs.61,000/-

Objective: To utilize the experienced human resources Activities: Two days training programme to total 1,750 participants, selected officers from 3 tier Panchayats

AHADS was requested to submit the proposal for this project from.

6 Proceedings of District Collector, Palakkad, No. LRG6-2012/74152/9, Tribal welfare- construction of houses in Nellipathy hamlet-fund released-orders issued-reg., issued on the 18th March 2013

7 GO, No.2456/2013/LSGD, Conducting training programmes on Participatory Watershed Management for officials and elected members of 3 tier Panchayas through AHADS-Sanction accorded, from LSGD to PD of AHADS and other

Annex 8-3


No. Project name /





AHADS / Remark 68 Training on

participatory watershed management and tribal development From 2012

The budget for Special Capacity Programme of State Institute of Rural Development (SIRD) under Mahatma Ganghi NREGS, which is sanctioned by MoRD and Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA) Total budget is Rs. 2,241,400/-

Objective: To promote participatory natural resource management with utilizing the experience of AHADS Activities: To hold 3 days training seminars at AHADS for around 1200 of the trainees of elected Mahatma Ganghi NREGS officers (block development officers, tribal extension officers, Vikasana Samithy (VS)* etc.) about participatory watershed management as a supporting organization for SIRD Note*: People’s Institution

Suggested by Minister for Rural Development to utilize infrastructure and experiences of AHADS for the training on natural resources conservation in a joint meeting of Mahatma Gandhi NREGA State Mission

79 Save Bhavani, Save Attappady From April 2014 Under the project of “Awareness creation and Training Programmes on Disaster Management for the Attappady Block (150 programmes in different hamlets)”

District Collector Fund Total budget is Rs.300,000/-

Objective: To raise tribal’s awareness of disaster management such as droughts, famine thorough training on counter measures Activities: (1) Campaign activities for public awareness using several types of medias (2) To list up local traditional measures to mitigate the disasters (3) Discussion about the various corrective measures to formulate action plans with the participants Planned participants are more than 1500 consisting of the selected members of varieties of the societies in Attappady block such as farmers, students, teachers, health workers, ST Promoters and Anganwady workers, Kudumbasree, Youth Club,

Kerala State Disaster Management Authority has sanctioned that Palakkad districts to conduct three project s; (1) Awareness Generation on Disaster Management (2) Strengthening of District Emergency Response Capabilities (Capacity Assessment and Establish a link among officials, agencies, NGOs, and Kudumbasree) (3) Natural Hazard Mitigation and Management (Training of Kudumbasree CDS to conduct water quality with support from

stakeholders on the 3rd October 2013,mLetter No. A/E-5/2013, Proposal for conducting training on participatory watershed management environmental conservation and eco-friendly developments etc., sent from PD of AHADS to Minister for LSG, Social Justice Empowerment, GoK sent on the 8th September 2013

8 GO, No.919/2014/LSGD, Conducting training programmes on Participatory Watershed Management for officials and elected members of 3 tier Panchayas through AHADS-Sanction accorded, issued from LSGD to the PD of AHADS and other stakeholders on the 3rd October 2013 Minutes of the joint meeting of Mahatma Gandhi NREGA State Mission, AHADS and SIRD to chalk out the modus operandi for imparting training to the Stakeholders of MGNREGA by utilizing the faculties and services of AHADS, convened at the State Mission Office, Thiruvanathapuram on 10.12.2013 Letter No.11/B/2014/SIRD, sent from the Director of SIRD

9 Proposal for the Training programmes on Disaster Management for the Public of Attapady Block of Palakkad District sent from the Project Officer, AHADS in 2013 sent with the letter No. A/E 83/2011 dated 24.04.2013 from PD AHADS Proceedings of District Collector, Palakkad, No. J5-2013/27571/9 Disaster Management-Drought Risk Reduction and Awareness Programmes Instruction from KSD MA-Implementation of programmes in Attappady-Entrusting of AHADS-Fund sanctioned-Ordered issued, issued on the 25th April 2013

Annex 8-4


No. Project name /





AHADS / Remark NGO and OVS representatives, and selected Department officials

Jalanidhi) Palakkad District entrusted AHADS to conduct (1) Awareness Gneration programme in Attappady Block under the projects.

Source: Compiled by JICA Survey Team based on GOs, letters and Proceedings Note*: Compiled by JICA Survey Team based on a hearing survey to staff of AHADS-CCPRM

In short, most of the projects implemented by AHADS after AWCECOP were based on the request from the government of the state or district, and the scopes of the works of the projects focus on house construction for the tribes and training on the natural resources conservation and management with making the best use of the knowledge, infrastructures and experience from AWCECOP.

8.2 Recent Changes in its Organisational Structure AHADS was originally designed as the organization which implements projects to promote the sustainable development by eco-restoration of the degraded area and economic development in Attappady, Palakkad district, and registered as an autonomous body based on the Societies Registration Act 1860 (Central Act XXI of 1860) . Since its organizational rule10 has no mention about activities outside of Palakkad, AHADS had a limitation of its activity field. In order to expand its operation area, AHADS revised the rules and regulations, and the GO11 on the reorganization of AHADS was issued on the 1st June in 2013. According to this, AHADS has been transformed to AHADS- Centre for Comprehensive Participatory Resource Management (AHADS-CCPRM). Based on the GO issued on the 22nd February 2014 and the Memorandum of Association of AHADS-CCPRM12, its operational field was enlarged to the entire Kerala State, and “training and consultancy services in the field of rural development and participatory resource management based on the learning from AWCECOP” was added to its organizational objectives. AHADS-CCPRM has re-registered itself as society under the Societies Registration Act 1860, and all the assets and liabilities of AHADS has been transferred to AHADS-CCPRM.

According to the society rules of AHADS and AHADS-CCPRM, the changes in the authorities of each society are summarized below.

Recent Change in the Organizational Structure AHADS AHADS-CCPRM Major Changes between the two Societies

High Power Committee Governing Body Removal of the restriction on the district members

from Palakkad.

Governing Body Executive Committee

Number of the members was decreased from 17 to eight. Chairman has been changed from Secretary to Gov. of

Kerala, Rural Development Dep. to Principle Secretary to Gov. of Kerala. No members from the officers of District level, and

directors of related research institutes. Removal of the restriction on the district members

10 Attappady Hills Area Development Society Rules 1995, Annex to GO, (MS) No. 42/95/RDD DT.30-10-1995 11 GO, No.201/2013/LSGD, Transformation of AHADS into AHADS-CCPRM, issued from LSGD to PD of AHADS on the

1st June 2013 12 GO, No.47/2014/LSGD, Memorandum of Association Rules and regulations of AHADS-CCPRM-Approved, issued from

LSGD to the Project Director of AHADS on the 2nd February 2014

Annex 8-5


from Palakkad. The frequency of the meeting increased from once in

two months to monthly.



Removal of the restriction of the members. Flexible member formation based on the projects can be realized.

Project Director Executive Director Some of the rights of Project Director of AHADS,

especially rights of fund operation, report preparation,have been transferred to the Executive Committee.

Source: Compiled by JICA Survey Team based on the Society rule of AHADS 13and AHADS-CCPRM14

This organizational transformation summarized above enables AHADS-CCPRM to implement projects in any districts in the state of Kerala and to have close coordination with the concerned district through the Advisory Committee, which can be composed of the stakeholders in the district.Since the number of the members of Executive Committee decreased from 17 to 8, it is expected that the Committee accelerates its decision making.

According to Final Report on Attappady Model of Participatory Development by Wilbur Smith Associates Inc.15, AHADS organogram during the Implementation of the AWCECOP is shown as the organizational chart below. Under AHADS, there are five teams, which function as multi-disciplinary teams.

Organisational Structure of AHADSSource: Final Report on Attappady Model of Participatory Development (Wilbur Smith Associates Inc.)

However, the organizational structure described above no longer exists under AHADS-CCPRM as there are only two staff members at present.

13 Attappady Hills Area Development Society Rules 1995, Annex to GO, (MS) No. 42/95/RDD DT.30-10-199514 AHADS-CCPRM Society Rules, 2013, approved by the Government Order, (MS)No.47/2014/LSGD issued fromLSGD to

PD of AHADS on the 22nd February 201415 Final Report on Attappady Model of Participatory Development and Assessing the Potential of Replicating the Attappady

Model, June 2010, Wilbur Smith Associates Inc.

Project Director

Joint Project Director

Deputy Project Director-Forestry

Deputy ProjectDirector-Human

Resources Development

Deputy Project Director-

Agronomy and Soil Conservation

Deputy ProjectDirector – Water

ResourcesDevelopment &

Civil Works

Deputy Project Director-Finance, Administration

and MIS

5 Teams headed each by an Assistant Director, and supported by a team

comprise of a Forestry Officer, Agriculture Office, Soil Conservation

Officer, Civil Engineer, Extension Officer

Consultants (117 nos.)

Technical Assistants (157 nos.)

Annex 8-6


8.3 Organisational Strengths Organisational Strengths of AHADS-CCPRM as project implementation society are summarized as follows.

(1) Experience of the Implementation of AWCECOP and its Reputation for Watershed-based Soil and Water Conservation

AHADS has implemented AWCECOP from 1999 to 2010 with financial support from JICA (former JBIC) based on the L/A no.ID-P111. Through the project, AHADS has largely contributed to ecological restoration of around 50,000 ha of degraded wasteland in Attappady Block with participatory method, and promote sustainability of local people’s livelihood in harmony with the natural resources.

One of the strengths as implementation organization is this experience of managing activities in various sectors with mobilizing more than 500 staff members using the fund of Rs. 219 crores or Rs. 2.19 billion. The skilled staff of the organization and the developed organizational system during AWCECOP could be utilized for different projects, if AHADS was not closed and those staff members were retained.

After AWCEOP, it is said that the ecological restoration implemented by AHADS resulted in regeneration of forest and water resource in the site. Final Report on Attappady Model of Participatory Development by Wilbur Smith Associates Inc reported the results of the workshop, which was held for sharing the experience and highlighting the accomplishments of AHADS through the field visit. In the discussion of the workshop, the leadership and achievement of AHADS were highly appraised from the participants such as the representatives of selected Panchayats, government department, universities, research institutions. Besides, it was recommended to replicate the project model in other sites. After AWCECOP, as shown in Section 8.1.4 of Annex 8, AHADS / AHADS-CCPRM managed projects of house construction for the selected tribal hamlets and provided training programmes on natural resources conservation utilizing their experience and assets gained from AWCECOP based on the requests from some related government departments for knowledge and experience transfer. The discussion in the workshop and the project activities in response to the requests imply that AHADS-CCPRM has a reputation in the fields of house construction and eco- restoration.

Accordingly, the experience of AWCECOP, and the gained reputation from the representatives from the related departments and district Panchayats were to be strengths of AHADS, if the experienced staff had not been fired from the institution.

(2) Authorities Structure and their Memberships of AHADS-CCPRM

AHADS-CCPRM has the authorities as shown in Section 8.1.2 of Annex 8. The chairman of the Governing Body of AHADS-CCPRM is Chief Minister and the other members are the representatives of the related departments and the district, which is the same as that of AHADS in AWCECOP. This implies that AHADS-CCPPM has the effective authority structure and memberships for the project implementation under the fund assistance from external funding agencies.

(3) Immovable Assets

AHADS-CCPRM owns immovable assets obtained for AWCECOP operation, such as computers, vehicles, MIS system, library, training halls, auditorium, hydrology lab, etc. in 11 acre of AHADS campus, and other valuable assets according to its assets list in 2014 shared by AHADS-CCPRM.

(4) Understanding of the Basic Situation on the Environment and Socio-economy of Wayanad through Preparation of DPR

AHAHDS has prepared DPR for the Project and shown its understanding toward the overview of the basic situation of Wayanad. The staff of AHADS, who had conducted the survey for drafting DPR, would also be one of the strengths for the AHADS.

Annex 8-7

Annex-9 Social and Environmental Safeguard


Table of Contents

Annex- 9 Social and Environment Consideration ................................................................. 9-1

9.1 Environmental and Social Management Framework ........................................................ 9-1

9.1.1 Salient Features of the Environmental and Social Management Framework ............. 9-1

9.1.2 Summary of the Project .............................................................................................. 9-2

9.1.3 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies of JICA .............................................. 9-3

9.1.4 Clarifying Definitions and Selection of Safeguards Frameworks .............................. 9-5

9.1.5 Target Group of ESMF ............................................................................................... 9-7

9.1.6 Existing Environmental and Social Management Systems ........................................ 9-8

9.1.8 ESMF Framework and Procedures ........................................................................... 9-15

9.1.9 Social Assessment .................................................................................................... 9-20

9.1.10 Capacity Development Requirements for ESMF Implementation ........................... 9-22

9.2 Forest Dwellers Development Framework .................................................................... 9-24

9.2.1 Salient Features of the Forest Dwellers Development Framework .......................... 9-24

9.2.2 Safeguard Policies of JICA on ST, SC, OBC Minorities and Forest Dwellers ........ 9-24

9.2.3 Definition of “Forest Dwellers” as a Target of FDDF .............................................. 9-25

9.2.4 Legal and Policy Framework for Forest Dwellers .................................................... 9-25

9.2.5 Environmental and Social Risks and Mitigation Measures ...................................... 9-25

9.2.6 Free, Prior and Informed Consultation ..................................................................... 9-26

9.2.7 Social Assessment and Micro Planning .................................................................... 9-27

9.2.8 Selection and Screening of Sub-projects .................................................................. 9-27

9.2.9 Monitoring and Reporting ........................................................................................ 9-27

9.2.10 Grievance Procedures ............................................................................................... 9-27

9.2.11 Institutional Arrangement and Capacity Development ............................................ 9-27

9.3 Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS) Checklist ............................... 9-28

9.4 Performance Monitoring Form for ESMS ....................................................................... 9-35

9.5 Circumstances behind the Declaration of Ecologically Sensitive Area in Western Ghats ................................................................................................................................ 9-36

9.5.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 9-36

9.5.2 Report of the Western Ghats Ecology Panel, 2011 .................................................. 9-36

9.5.3 Report of the High Level Working Group on Western Ghats, 2013 ........................ 9-37

9.5.4 Oommen V. Oommen Committee Report ................................................................ 9-38

9.5.5 Prospective Influence on the Survey and the Project ............................................... 9-39


Annex 9-1

Annex- 9 Social and Environment Consideration

9.1 Environmental and Social Management Framework

9.1.1 Salient Features of the Environmental and Social Management Framework

(1) Objective of Environmental and Social Management Framework

ESMF helps to establish a process for environmental and social scrutiny which will permit the EA of the Project to identify, assess and mitigate the environmental and social impacts of the proposed interventions. In the process, the framework also determines the institutional measures to be taken during the program implementation.

The objectives of the ESMF are summarized as:

1) to provide a broad framework for the identification, management and monitoring of potential environmental and social risks arising under the Project;

2) to enhance the Project’s positive environmental and social impacts and avoid or otherwise mitigate associated negative impacts;

3) to ensure that the rights and needs of forest dependent communities (in particular the most socially vulnerable groups) affected by or involved in the Project, are respected and met in the design and implementation of project interventions; and

4) to ensure the protection of local ecosystems and environmental resources in the design and implementation of project interventions.

The ESMF is considered as the primary document for the management of environmental and social issues in the Project but works in concert with and refers to the other safeguards tools, which are intended to concentrate on or elaborate specific aspects (i.e. FDDF, micro plan, Social Assessment Plan etc.).

(2) Structure of ESMF

The ESMF of the Project is structured as follows:

1) Summary of the Project: It briefly describes the project framework and sub-projects which may have potential adverse environmental and social impacts.

2) Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies of JICA: It briefly describes JICA’s environmental and social safeguard policies, and clarifies how the Project shall be categorized and what types of measures will be required.

3) Clarifying Definition and Selection of Safeguard Frameworks: It analyses and defines the key technical terms, and select appropriate safeguard frameworks to be applicable for the Project.

4) Target Groups of ESMF: It defines beneficiaries in each activity/component.

5) Existing Environmental and Social Management Systems: Outline of the legal and policy context for environmental and social safeguard in India as well as in the State of Kerala. Also analyse the Environmental and Social Management Systems of existing institutions.

6) Environmental and Social Risks and Mitigation Measures: An assessment of potential positive and negative environmental and social aspects associated with the Project, as well as measures for the mitigation of adverse risks in project design and implementation.

7) ESMF Framework and Procedures: It indicates the institutional framework and identifies procedures for management and mitigation of environmental and social risks at each stage of the project cycle.


Annex 9-2

8) Social Assessment: It provides objectives, approach, task and reporting contents of social assessment. The assessment is to determine community needs and priorities, to obtain their views on the design and proposed implementation mechanisms of the Project.

9) Capacity Development Requirements for ESMF implementation: The capacity development and training requirements for effective implementation of the ESMF are identified.

9.1.2 Summary of the Project

The project components and their sub-components will be finalized once the project activities will be clearly defined at the preparation stage of the Project. However, those components and sub-components which are described in the table below are proposed in the DFR by the JICA Survey Team (2014).

Proposed Component to be Examined for Environmental and Social Considerations

Component Activity/ Sub-Component Q’ty Unit

Likely Category*

I. Institutional Arrangement and Setting Up Executing Agency

The component does not include infrastructure development, and all activities are related to the establishment of organizational structure of PMU by recruiting/deploying staff, setting up office space, etc. Therefore, they are likely to have minimal or little adverse impact on the environment and society.

N/A N/A C

II. Preparatory Work

The component does not include infrastructure development, and all activities are related to the planning of sub-projects; such as selection of target/beneficiary, target intervention areas etc. Therefore, they are likely to have minimal or little adverse impact on the environment and society.

N/A N/A C

III. Institutional Strengthening

Construction of VSSs/EDCs Office Building 20 L.S. B or C Construction of CFCs for each Cluster 75 CF

C

IV. Capacity Development

The component does not include infrastructure development, and all activities are related to the capacity development to acquire skills and knowledge required to implement the project activities, as well as to create awareness. Therefore, they are likely to have minimal or little adverse impact on the environment and society.

N/A N/A C

V. Livelihood Improvement Work

The component does not include infrastructure development, and all activities are related to providing alternative sources of income to villagers. Therefore, they are likely to have minimal or little adverse impact on the environment and society.

N/A N/A C

VI. Natural Environment Improvement Work

Construction of embankment and waterway by VSSs and EDCs members 160 No.

B or C

Construction of elephant proof stone wall by the VSSs/EDCs members 7 km Construction of elephant proof rail fence by the contractor 1.5 km Construction of elephant proof solar power fence by the contractor 200 km Establishment of Processing Unit 10 L.S. Improvement/development of roads inside forestland 100 km Development of interpretation centre 10 No.

VII. Community Infrastructure Development Work

House Construction 1,000 L.S.

B or C

Access Road and Bridge Construction

i. Access Road 150 km ii. Footpath 30 km

iii. Concrete Bridge 25 km iv. Pedestrian Bridge 10 km v. Steel Truss Bridge 10 km

vi. Suspension Bridge 5 km VIII. Research & Development and Dissemination

The component does not include infrastructure development, and all activities are related to R&D; to generate useful technologies and knowledge for the project implementation. Therefore, they are likely to have minimal or little adverse impact on the environment and society.

N/A N/A C


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Component Activity/ Sub-Component Q’ty Unit

Likely Category*

IX. Communication and Publication

The component does not include infrastructure development, and all activities are related to enhance awareness of the public. Therefore, they are likely to have minimal or little adverse impact on the environment and society.

N/A N/A C

X. Monitoring and Evaluation

The component does not include infrastructure development, and all activities are related to monitoring and evaluation of the project activities. Therefore, they are likely to have minimal or little adverse impact on the environment and society.

N/A N/A C

* As per the JICA Guidelines for environmental and social considerations (2010) Source: JICA Survey Team (2014)

9.1.3 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies of JICA

(1) JICA Principles for Environmental and Social Considerations

JICA is committed to ensuring that human rights are respected and that environmental issues are seriously considered in its investments, projects and programmes. JICA’s environmental and social safeguards policies are contained within the JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (2010), with the principles indicated below:

JICA projects/programmes shall assess a wide range of environmental and social impacts.

Environmental and social issues must be considered at an early stage in design and throughout the project cycle.

JICA is responsible for accountability and transparency.

Stakeholder consultation and participation is required in consideration of environmental and social issues.

Information disclosure is required.

Implementation of the guidelines is should enhance organisational capacity to ensure appropriate consideration, management and monitoring of environmental and social issues.

JICA is committed to addressing environmental and social issues in a Prompt/Timely manner.

(2) JICA Key Process Elements

JICA’s key process elements for environmental and social considerations is summarised below:

1) Impacts to be Assessed:

A wide range of environmental and social considerations are taken into account with view towards both enhancing positive benefits and avoiding/mitigating negative impacts.

Type of Impact Description

Environmental Impact On the natural environment transmitted through air, water, soils, waste, accidents, water usage, climate change, ecosystems, fauna and flora and trans-boundary/global scale impacts.

Social Impact On community/people’s lands, resettlement, economies, livelihoods, employment, social institutions, vulnerable groups, gender, indigenous peoples, children, health, cultural heritage etc.


2) Project Categorization:

Projects are categorized according to the scope/severity of the environmental and social impacts or risks, as follows:


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Category Description Category A Significant adverse impacts e.g. Large infrastructure

Category B Generally site-specific impacts, few impacts are irreversible, normal mitigation measures can be designed

Category C Minimal/little adverse impact Category FI (Financial intermediary)

Substantial selection and appraisal of sub-projects after JICA approval of funding

3) Information Disclosure and Consultation:

JICA requests that proponents disclose information on the environmental and social impact of the Project both to JICA as well as local stakeholders well in advance of implementation. Frameworks for consultation and information disclosure need to be developed and agreed.

(3) Compatibility with International Standards

JICA refers as a benchmark to the standards of international development agencies; to internationally recognized standards, or international standards, treaties, and declarations, etc.; and to the good practices etc. of developed nations as appropriate.

JICA is currently in the process of assessing and further clarifying its operational policies and procedures relating to environmental and social safeguards, and for the time being refers to international policies, procedures and standards such as those of the World Bank in part so as to avoid further proliferation of safeguards approaches and standards. Of relevance to the Project, although JICA has special concerns related to Indigenous Peoples, it does not have a detailed policy with explicit procedures for situations where such peoples are affected by projects and refers to the World Bank Operational Policy 4.10 (OP4.10) on Indigenous Peoples. Thus the contents and format of the safeguards framework elaborated for the Project follows that indicated in the World Bank OP 4.10, as requested by JICA for the preparation of the Project.

(4) Project Categorization by the JICA Guidelines

The Project is currently categorized as ‘FI’ in accordance with the JICA Guidelines (2010). The JICA Survey Team (2014) adheres that ‘FI’ classification remains valid for the following reasons:

1) JICA’s funding of projects will be provided to a financial intermediary or EA.

2) The selection and appraisal of the sub-projects will be substantially undertaken by the EA only after JICA’s approval of the funding, so that the sub-projects cannot be specified prior to JICA’s approval of funding.

3) Sub-projects will be selected in participatory mode by communities and as such cannot be specifically defined at this stage.

4) Sub-projects with significant adverse environmental or social impacts requiring EC will be eliminated through screening procedures. However, certain potential environmental and social impacts are perceived, and furthermore there is the potential that the Project may involve Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESAs) and Forest Dwellers (or SC, ST and other backward classes).

The Project is overall expected to have a mainly positive impact on the environment given that its primary objective is community development and livelihood improvement benefits in particular to socially vulnerable people and ecological rehabilitation of forest land including the conservation of Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESAs). Although it is not possible to precisely state exactly what sub-projects will be implemented in which specific location and scale, as defined in ESMF, the Project will exclude Category ‘A’ sub-projects with a significant environmental impacts or risks.

(5) Requirements by the JICA Guidelines

As per the JICA guidelines, JICA will examine the following conditions in relations to the project implementation. The financial intermediary or EA (AHADS-CCPRM) will be required to comply with the requirements of JICA as stated below.


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1) Whether the related financial intermediary or executing agency will ensure appropriate environmental and social considerations as stated in the guidelines.

2) Whether institutional capacity in order to confirm environmental and social considerations of the financial intermediary or executing agency is sufficient, or if requires adequate measures be taken to strengthen the capacity.

3) Whether the financial intermediary or executing agency will examine the potential positive and negative environmental impacts of sub-projects and takes the necessary measures to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for potential negative impacts, as well as measures to promote positive impacts if any such measures are available.

4) JICA will disclose the results of environmental reviews on its website after concluding agreement documents.

5) Over a certain period of time, JICA will confirm with the project proponents etc. the results of monitoring the items that have significant environmental impacts. This will be done in order to confirm that the project proponents etc. are undertaking environmental and social considerations for projects that fall under Categories A, B, and FI.

9.1.4 Clarifying Definitions and Selection of Safeguards Frameworks

(1) Defining Environmental and Social Vulnerabilities

1) Social vulnerability: Social vulnerability is the status of a group of people who are typically socially excluded, frequently disadvantaged by discriminatory practices and are limited in their capacity to access benefit of development or opportunities offered in development programs. This often happens because of their social characteristics such as culture, identity, economic systems and social institutions. They are often victims of environmental vulnerability too since their land-based subsistence and livelihood may be at risk due to change in land use practices, degradation of the environment etc.

2) Environmental vulnerability: Environmental vulnerability is a condition when ecosystem integrity is threatened by anthropogenic and/or natural hazards. This could happen over spatial or temporal scales of ecosystems. Factors that impact the environment negatively and thereby reduce the resilience of the environment to sustain varies spatially. Vulnerability may increase with the intensity and frequency of human interventions and/or natural hazards.

(2) Defining Terms

1) Scheduled Tribes (ST): The Constitution of India, Article 366 (25) refers to scheduled tribes (ST) as those communities who are scheduled in accordance with Article 342 of the Constitution. According to this Article, ST are the tribes or tribal communities or part of or groups within these tribes and tribal communities which have been declared as such by the President through a public notification. As per 2011 Census, tribes constitute around 1.5% of the total population of the state. Of the 35 notified tribal communities in Kerala, Paniya - a dominant tribe mainly in Wayanad district - constitutes 22.40% of the total tribal population of the state. Majority of these tribal groups live in Wayanad, Idukki, Palakkad and Kasargod districts and highest concentration is found in Wayanad district. More than 31% of state total of tribal population lives in Wayanad. ‘Paniar or Panian’ community of Wayanad is the largest. Apart from majority of Paniars, there are Kurichiar, Mulluva Kurumar, Oorali Kurumar, Kaattunaikkar, Kadar, Adiyan and Kalanadikal lives in Wayanad.

2) Scheduled Castes (SC): The varna or Jati system segregate some sections of the population as lower than others and due to the social backwardness similar to ST, they are scheduled as SC. In Kerala there are 53 communities belonging to Scheduled Caste as per the Amendment Act of 2006 to the Constitution of India. Unlike ST who live in isolation, major portion of the Schedule Caste population lives in scattered households with other people and only a small portion live in concentrated colonies, in which very limited number are isolated. The highest distribution of


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Scheduled Castes is in Palakkad District (13.85%) followed by Thiruvananthapuram (11.87%), Thrissur (11.34%) and Kollam (10.34%). Nearly half of SC population of the State is distributed in the above four districts1. Compared to other districts of Kerala, population of SC in Wayanad is very small.

3) Other Backward Classes (OBC): All tribal communities and castes deemed under article 341 and 342 of the constitution of India are considered backward classes and there are 'other backward classes' (OBC) which are not scheduled. According to Kerala State Backward Classes Development Corporation (KSBCDC), there are 74 communities with certain exceptions in Malabar (prior to reorganizing, 1956) and Kasargod Taluk who belong to 'Other Backward Classes'. Identifying the social and educational backwardness of certain sections of the population, Government of India brought out this list who needs special attention. As for Wayanad, there has been no systematic data compiled on demographics of 'Other Backward Classes'.

4) “Forest Dwellers” in Recognition of Forest Right Act: The term “forest dweller” is in reference to ‘The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act’ (2006). The Act is intended for those who "primarily reside in forests" and who depend on forests and forest land for a livelihood.

5) “Forest Dwellers” in the Context of “Forest Dwellers Development Framework (FDDF)” for the Project: FDDF is to be prepared referring to the format provided in the World Bank’s OP 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples. It is therefore necessary to understand the concept behind the use of term ‘Forest Dwellers’ and ‘Indigenous People. “Indigenous People” or “Forest Dwellers” in the context of the project framework are defined to be both tribal and non-tribal communities who reside within and on the fringes of the Reserved Forests (for further information, please refer to FDDF).

(3) Selection of an Appropriate Frameworks for Environmental and Social Considerations

The Project will not involve any sub-projects with significant adverse environmental impacts and nor will it involve any loss of land, resettlement or livelihoods, it is proposed that to ensure maximum positive and no negative environmental impact, and to guarantee social safeguard measures. Considering these points, for the purposes of developing a safeguards framework suitable to the Project and the local context, ESMF and FDDF are found to be appropriate. These frameworks are applicable to a broad range of socially marginalized, vulnerable and forest-dependent community groups. The ESMF explains for a broad environmental and social framework, while the FDDF is specifically applicable to the ST, SC, OBC minorities and Forest Dwellers found within the project area.

Required Framework for the Project Name of Framework Brief Explanation

1. Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)

To meet the requirements of the JICA Guidelines, a broad ESMF is prepared to ensure that environmental issues are considered and that various socially disadvantaged and forest dependent groups are recognized and consulted; their needs met and their rights recognized.

2. Forest Dwellers Development Framework (FDDF)

To meet the requirements of the JICA Guidelines and in reference to OP 4.10 of the World Bank on Indigenous Peoples, FDDF needs to be additionally prepared to be applied where the Project affects or interacts with such groups identified as “Forest Dwellers” for the Project.


A ‘framework’ instead of ‘plan’ is considered the appropriate safeguards tool since the specific plans for the activities with the involvement of indigenous peoples will be developed in detail by EA during actual implementation. Therefore the framework aims at providing a tool for the elaboration of appropriate plans during implementation.

1 Human Development Report, Economic Review 2011, Kerala Planning Board.


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9.1.5 Target Group of ESMF

ESMF will be applicable to all the project components identified within the project area. The table below indicates the target groups of the ESMF to address environmental and social considerations.

ESMF Target Groups Activity/

Component Proposed Beneficiary Selection Criteria Implementing Body PRI

1. Livelihood Activity

(At least one of the selection criteria needs to be matched) - An adult man or woman who cannot take part in manual

labour like NREGA but can do light work - De-facto/De-jure woman head of household - Widow - Unwed Mother - An adult man and woman whose unemployed period

more than 3 months in the preceding 12 months

SHG/ SHG Cluster Grama Sabha

(Both criteria need to be satisfied) - Have a keen interest in a business activity - Have a willingness to work as a group

more than 3 months in the preceding 12 monthsmore than 3 months in the preceding 12 monthsmore than 3 months in the preceding 12 monthsmore than 3 months in the preceding 12 months

(for the participants in dairy activities) - Those who own minimum 4 cent of land, - Those who can dedicate 5 hours per day for cattle

rearing, or those who that other family members can support to achieve total 5 hours as a household,

- Those who live in a area where natural fodder is easily available, or those who can get paddy straw or crop residue,

- Those who have easy access to water

work as a groupwork as a group

2. Natural Environmental Improvement Activities

(At least one of the selection criteria needs to be matched) - To be located adjacent the area/spot where issues and

problems are taking place or there are the potentials to develop and improve the utilization of forest resources. The distance between the community and the spots should be in principle within the distance reachable by walking less than one hour.

- To be affected by the issues and problems thus suffering from substantial damages on the properties/resources in the community.

Vana Samrakshana Sena (VSS) Eco-Development Committee (EDC)

Grama Sabha

(Both criteria need to be satisfied) - To have a keen interest in addressing the issues/problems

or developing the potentials to utilize the forest resources. - To have a willingness to work as a group and participate

fully in the Project activities 3. Community Infrastructure Development

(Details of the peoples’ participation are given in the Section 16.5.) Working Group Grama Sabha

4. Housing

(Both criteria need to be met) - A household lives in a thatched hut - Can take part in construction of own house

Working Group Grama Sabha

(A household that any one of the priority criteria is applicable will be considered with priority) - De-facto/ De-jure woman head of household - Unwed Mother - Widow

Can take part in construction of own house Can take part in construction of own house Can take part in construction of own house

(Exclusion Criteria: Even above criteria are met, a household that any one of the exclusion criteria is applicable shall be considered none-eligible for the housing component of this project) - A household having been a beneficiary of housing

scheme previously - Not any one of the family member is financially

supporting away from home Source: JICA Survey Team (2014)


Annex 9-8

9.1.6 Existing Environmental and Social Management Systems

(1) Legal and Policy Framework for Environmental and Social Considerations in India

Overall, environmental and social safeguards policies and related implementing legislation in India do not deviate from the requirements of JICA Guidelines. The following tables outline key legislation and policy in India and Kerala for key areas of relevance to the Project.

National Level Legal and Regulatory Framework for Environmental and Social Safeguards

Legislation Main Provisions Institutions Concerned Relevance to the Project

A) Environmental Protection and EIA

1 Environmental Protection Act 1986 and amendment 1991

The Act is designed to provide a framework for coordination among various central and state government authorities for the protection and improvement of the human environment and the prevention of hazards to human beings, other living creatures, plants and property.

Central/State Pollution Control Boards

The Act is “umbrella” legislation, thus generally concerns all aspects of environmental safeguard.

2 Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 and amendments

The Rules were defined under the Environmental Act 1986. It provides for standards for emissions or discharge of environmental pollutants.

Central/State Pollution Control Boards

Infrastructure development concerns the emission standards of the Act.

3 EIA Notification 2006, and amendments 2009, 2011, 2012

It provides for requirement conditions of EC, EIA authorities, categorization schedule of projects and activities for EC, EC stages etc.

Relevant authorities concerned with EC and EIA in central and state levels

Major infrastructures have an obligation to obtain EC in advance.

4 National Green Tribunal Act 2010

An Act to provide for the establishment of a National Green Tribunal for the effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forest and other natural resources including enforcement of any legal right. The application of this Act to the actual cases should be paid due attention to understand the national trend of perceptions on protecting human rights in conducting environment and forest conservation.

National Green Tribunal(NGT)

Wayanad forest divisions are dealing with several cases of encroachments and cases of paying compensations for the damages/losses caused by relocations or animal attacks. Although such cases are usually settled at the district level thus not directly handled at the National Tribunal, the leading cases dealt at national level could affect the judgement of the cases at the district and the state level. Designation of ESA by MoEF concerns decision and guidance of NGT.

B) Forest

1 National Forest Policy 1988

It is a basic forestry policy of India, which led to a programme named Joint Forest Management (JFM). Also, it states that 33% of the area of India should be under forest/tree cover through involvement of local communities in JFM.

MoEF, Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department, PRI

The Project has a component involving various activities for improvement of forest by supporting EDC and VSS outside the PA.

2 Indian Forest Act 1927

The Act was based on previous forest related regulations of India such as Indian Forest Act of 1878. It aimed at preserving areas of forest cover or significant wildlife. It defines the procedure for declaring a Reserved Forest, a Protected Forest or a Village Forest.


The Project has a component which operates in the state forests to be operated as per the provisions of the Act.

3 Forest Conservation Act 1980 and amendment 1988

The Act defines for restriction on the de-reservation of forests or sues of forest land for non-forest purpose. In the Act, “non-forest purpose” was defined as the cultivation of tea, coffee, spices, rubber, palms, oil-bearing plants, horticultural crops or medicinal


Project activities involving forest land need to comply with the provisions of the Act.

Final Report: Volume-III Annexes Preparatory Survey for W

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plants.

4 Wildlife Protection Act 1972 and amendment 1993

The Act provides for hunting for wild animals, protection of specified plants, Sanctuaries, National Parks and Closed Areas. It also defines powers of prevention and detection of offences for wild animals and plants.

MoEF, Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department

Human-animal conflicts at the fringe area of Wayanad WL sanctuary is a major issue for the Project. The Project needs to ensure that endangered animal and plant species will not be threatened.

5 Biological Diversity Act 2002

The Act provides for conservation, use of biological resources. It provides for a framework regarding access to biological resources and benefits sharing.

National Biodiversity Authority, State Biodiversity Board

WG region is a major refugee area of biodiversity. ESA designation on WG is now under the discussion of the GoI.

C) Water and Air

1 Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974 and amendment 1988

The Act provides for the prevention and control of water pollution and the maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water. The act also provides for the establishment of central and state boards for the prevention and control of water pollution, and their powers and functions.

MoEF, Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Kerala Water Authority, State Pollution Control Board

Infrastructure development needs to comply with the provisions to prevent and control water pollution. The Project will support forestry activities would prevent undue siltation and recharge the groundwater

2 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981

The Act provides for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution. The act also provides central and state boards for the prevention and control of air pollution.

MoEF, Central Pollution Control Board, State Pollution Control Board

Infrastructure development needs to comply with the provisions to prevent and control air pollution.

3 National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP) 1985-86 updated 2009

Conservation of Wetlands is ensured through various legal instruments under different ministries: Indian Forest Act, 1927; Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; Water Cess Act, 1977; Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; Biological Diversity Act, 2002; Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991; and their respective amendments. This program is in line with Ramsar convention, 1975 – the International Treaty to conserve wetlands for sustainable utilization. Conservation of wetlands is an important step to prevent further degradation and ensuring their wise use for the benefit of local communities and overall conservation of biodiversity.

MoEF, Central Pollution Control Board, State Pollution Control Board

Wayanad is said as a major paddy producing area of Kerala, but under severe pressure of Paddy field conversion. Livelihood activities of the Project need to consider this issue. Wayanad had an unique wetland ecosystem, such as “Myristica Swamps”.

D) Land, Resettlement and Tribes

1 Land Acquisition Act 1894 and amendment 1985

The Act provides for government to acquire private lands for public purposes after paying compensation.

Ministry of Rural Development, Kerala Land Revenue Department

The Project shall avoid sub-projects involving land acquisition.

2 National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy (NRRP) 2007

The Policy recognizes the rights of vulnerable groups such as SCs/STs and calls for minimizing involuntary resettlement and provision of adequate compensation.

Ministry of Tribal Affaires, Ministry of Rural Development, Kerala ST-SC

The Project plans to avoid land acquisition and resettlement. Socially vulnerable people such as SC and ST need special considerations in


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Development Department, Kerala Local Self Government Department, Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department, PRI

FDDF.

E) Tribe and Forest Dweller

3 Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Forest Rights) Act 2006

The Act provides for rights of land and other forest resources to forest-dwelling communities. The Act recognises and vests the forest rights and occupation in forest land in forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers who have been residing in such forests for generations but whose rights could not be recorded.

Ministry of Tribal Affaires, Ministry of Rural Development, Kerala ST-SC Development Department, Kerala Local Self Government Department, Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department, PRI

The Project shall fully respect the rights of forest dwellers in design and implementation of interventions. The Project will equip FDDF for issue to be addressed to ST and Forest Dwellers.


State Level Legal and Regulatory Framework for Environmental and Social Safeguards


1 Kerala State Environment Policy 2009

The policy is to ensure clean air, water, soil and food to the people of Kerala and its sustainability for a healthy living condition.

MoEF, GoI State Forest and Wildlife Department

The Act generally concerns all aspects of environmental safeguard in the state level.

2

Kerala Forest (Vesting and Management of Ecologically Fragile Lands) Act 2003 and amendment 2009

An Act to provide for the vesting in the Government of ecologically fragile lands in the State of Kerala and for the management of such lands with a view to maintaining ecological balance and conserving the bio-diversity.

MoEF, State Forest and Wildlife Department

In Wayanad, 2673.03 Ha of EFL, which is 3% of the State total is identified by Forest Department. The natural environment improvement component will have activities in the state forest land.

3 Kerala Private Forests (Vesting and Assignment) Act, 1971

The Act is to provide for the vesting in the Govt of private forests in the State and for the assignment thereof to agriculturists and agricultural labourers for cultivation.

MoEF, State Forest and Wildlife Department

The area of vested forests in Wayanad is 31,380.34 Ha (2012). The natural environment improvement component will have activities in the state forest land.

4 Kerala State Biological Diversity Rules 2008

The rule was made in exercise of the powers by the Biological Diversity Act 2002. It provides for the state biodiversity board, the state biodiversity fund, the Biodiversity management Committees.

MoEF, GoI State Forest and Wildlife Department

Specific issues on biodiversity will be treated under the supervision of state level authorities.

5

The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act,

To ensure, in consultation with institutions of local self-government and Gram Sabhas established under the Constitution, a humane, participative, informed and transparent process for land acquisition for industrialisation, development of essential infrastructural

Ministry of Rural Development, Kerala ST-SC Development Department, Kerala Local Self Government

The Project will ensure that all precautions are taken to respect this Act if and when any land acquisition for industrial and other developmental activities take place in the District.


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2013 facilities and urbanization with the least disturbance to the owners of the land and other affected families

Department, PRI

6 A People Centred Service Delivery Policy, 2004

To deliver public services in a people centred, effective, equitable, affordable, sustainable and accessible manner. It has several features of social accountability such as citizen consultation, stakeholder participation in deciding improvements, social audit, continuous assessments, transparency, performance standards etc

Ministry of Rural Development, Kerala ST-SC Development Department, Kerala Local Self Government Department, PRI

The Project will micro plan by participatory approach. All the process of the project activities need to have appropriate measures as per the Policy.

7 Social Audit Policy, 2010

With the 73rd Amendment of the Constitution relating to Panchayat Raj Institutions, Social Audit became a necessity to assess the performance in terms of social, environmental and community goals of the organisations and departments. A powerful tool for the citizens to question the financial and administrative details of planning and development.

Ministry of Rural Development, Kerala ST-SC Development Department, Kerala Local Self Government Department, PRI

The Project will be implemented with close cooperation and assistance of PRI. Social Audit will involve assessment of the performance in terms of social, environmental safeguard by PRI.

8 The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.

It is the responsibility of the Municipal Authority to manage waste generated within its territories and is responsible for the implementation of the provisions of these rules.

Municipal Corporations Solid waste management is a major municipal problem in Wayanad.



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(2) Environmental Clearance Procedures in India

Under EIA related laws and regulations of India, projects and activities are broadly divided into two categories - Category ‘A’ and Category ‘B’, based on the foreseen potential impacts on the environment and human health. Before any construction work, or preparation of land, except for securing the land, all scheduled projects and activities2 shall require prior Environmental Clearance (EC) from the concerned government authorities. For matters falling under Category ‘A’ will be dealt by the central government; MoEF. While for the matters falling under Category ‘B’ will be dealt by the Kerala state government; State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) Kerala. EIA Notification of MoEF (2006) defines EC process which comprises of four major stages: (1) Screening, (2) Scoping, (3) Public Consultation, (4) Appraisal. All of which may not apply to particular cases as set forth below in the notification. The following figure summarises prior Environmental Clearance process for category B projects.

Prior Environmental Clearance Process for Category B Project Source: EIA Guidance Manual for Building, Construction. Townships and Area Development Projects 2010, MoEF

(3) Environmental and Social Management System of the Executing Agency

This section examines the capacity of the target institutions of the ESMF to address environmental and social considerations. AHADS-CCPRM, as an Executing Agency (EA), is responsible for entire project implementation, while Grama Sabhas (or Oorukuttam among tribal areas) are PRIs to control and support project activities in their lands from community perspective.

2 EIA Notification (No. S.O.1533 dated 14/09/2006) of MoEF

Project Concept and Site selection*

Form 1, 1 A and /or

proposed TOR to SEAC

Screening by SEAC

Category B2

- EIA not required

TOR approved by SEAC

Draft EIA report to

SPCB/UTPCC by project

proponent

Clarifications/

Modifications by SEAC

from Project proponent

Display on the SEIAA

website

Approval by SEIAA

Rejected Approved

Post EC

monitoring

Display on the

SPCB/UTPCC website

& project proponent website

Category B1

-EIA required

<Abbreviations> ToR: Terms of Reference SEIAA: State Level Environmental Impact Assessment Authority SEAC: State Expert Appraisal Committee EC: Environmental Clearance SPCB: State Pollution Control Boards


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1) AHADS-CCPRM:

AHADS-CCPRM does not have a comprehensive ESMS in place for the screening, management and monitoring of environmental and social risks of its standard operations and programmes. While certain elements or procedures of safeguard are included in ongoing government programs as per Indian legislations. There is participation of communities in implementation of various activities (as labour in many cases), and there is some evaluation of programmes including covering the involvement of communities (such as social audit). However, information disclosure and consultation with public are considered to be limited.

2) Grama Sabha (or Oorukuttam among tribal areas):

Grama Sabhas are primarily responsible for the control and support of various project activities in their lands. All of the sub-projects aim at positive social and environmental impacts such as livelihood development or forest restoration; as such it does not necessarily have a comprehensive ESMS in place. Rather, in this level, awareness to avoid adverse social and environmental impacts and motivation to provide timely and appropriate support to project activities are imperative. However, such capacity seems to be limited.

Key gaps and shortfalls identified in each institution in comparison to international standards as indicated in the JICA Guidelines are summarised below.

Key Gaps and Shortfalls in Comparison to the Standards in the JICA Guidelines

Executing Agency/ Body Key Gaps and Shortfalls

1 EA: AHADS-CCPRM

- Limited free, prior and informed consultation with project-affected communities - No establishment of broad community support - No social assessment is carried out prior to implementation (no baseline for

impact evaluation) - No strategy for ensuring the inclusion of women and vulnerable groups - No specific strategy for addressing the concerns of Scheduled Tribes - No procedures for environmental screening and subsequent management of

environmental risks associated with small-scale construction and other activities with potential adverse impacts

- Design and implementation is centrally controlled/top-down - Weak project monitoring as a whole and no monitoring of safeguard processes

and procedures

3 PRI: Grama Sabha/ Oorukuttam

- Lack of taking ownership of project activities within their areas. - Lack of regular participation of the communities to Grama Sabha meetings,

therefore there is no free, prior and informed consultation with project-affected communities.

- Lack of awareness building on the inclusion of women and vulnerable groups. - Lack of addressing the concerns of Scheduled Tribes and Schedule castes and

Other Backward Classes. - Lack of awareness of potential adverse environmental impacts. - Lack of understanding of safeguard processes and procedures.


(4) Environmental and Social Risks and Mitigation Measures

The Project will have mainly positive environmental and social impacts. However the Project potentially could also bring about or reinforce a number of adverse environmental impacts. The following table presents environmental and social risks and mitigation measures by component.


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Summary Adverse Environmental and Social Risks and Mitigation Measures by Component

Component Sub-Components Potential Environmental and Social Impact Possible Mitigation Measures

1. Institutional Strengthening

1.1 Construction of VSSs/EDCs Office Building

1.2 Construction of CFCs for each Cluster

Environmental Impact: - Impacts from construction

activities including air (dust), water (siltation of water bodies), soil (soil contamination, erosion, and loss), local fauna and flora, noise pollution, waste disposal etc.

- Litter/waste, soil/water pollution from building facilities

- Participatory procedures for screening of sub-projects and avoidance of major impacts

- Proper design and planning of infrastructure activities to minimize environmental risks

- Specific measures for dealing with litter and other waste produced

- Community-based/participatory land/resource use planning

Social Impact: - Land acquisition and

resettlement - Social exclusion - Potential loss of

customary/traditional knowledge as communities are trained in formal management approaches

- Loss of customary land/resource access and use

- Resource use conflicts e.g. over wells and other water supply/sanitation facilities

- Increased developmental dependency

- Participatory procedures for Social Assessment (SA), screening of sub-projects and avoidance of major impacts

- No use of private land or resettlement for community infrastructures

- Community involvement and employment in all aspects of construction, operation and maintenance

- Prioritization of vulnerable groups as beneficiaries

2. Community Infrastructure Development

2.1 Housing Work 2.2 Access Road,

Footpath 2.3 Concrete Bridge,

Pedestrian Bridge, Steel Truss Bridge, Suspension Bridge


3.1 Construction of embankment and waterway by VSSs and EDCs members

3.2 Construction of elephant proof stone wall by the VSSs/EDCs members

3.3 Construction of elephant proof rail fence by the contractor

3.4 Construction of elephant proof solar power fence by the contractor

3.5 Establishment of Processing Unit

3.6 Improvement/development of roads inside forestland

3.7 Development of interpretation centre

Environmental Impact: - Impacts from construction

activities including air (dust), water (siltation of water bodies), soil (soil contamination, erosion, and loss), local fauna and flora, noise pollution, waste disposal etc.

- Litter/waste, soil/water pollution from building facilities

- Participatory procedures for micro planning, screening of sub-projects and avoidance of major impacts

- Proper design and planning of infrastructure activities to minimize environmental risks

- Specific measures for dealing with litter and other waste produced

- Community-based/participatory land/resource use planning

Social Impact: - Social exclusion - Potential loss of

customary/traditional knowledge as communities are trained in formal management approaches

- Loss of customary land/resource access and use

- Increased developmental dependency

- Participatory procedures for Social Assessment (SA) in the micro planning, screening of sub-projects and avoidance of major impacts

- No use of private land or resettlement for community infrastructures

- Community involvement and employment in all aspects of construction, operation and maintenance

- Prioritization of vulnerable groups as beneficiaries


9.1.8 ESMF Framework and Procedures

(1) Overview of the ESMF Procedures

The proposed framework for environmental and social considerations in the Project is summarised in the table below.


Annex 9-16

Overview of ESMF Procedures Component Safeguard Activity Suggested Guidance to be

Developed

1

- Livelihood Activity - Natural

Environmental Improvement Activities

- Community Infrastructure Development

- Housing Component

- Beneficiary Selection

- Selection criteria reflecting the social-environmental safeguard perspective

- Selection to be done in a public meeting of People's Institution placed by the Project (e.g., Grama Sabha)

- Consultation and Participation Plan

3

Community Infrastructure Development including Housing Works

- Ensuring no deserving communities are left out

- Screening and selection of the activities with reference to the safeguard checklist

- Participatory Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) for confirmation of the screening results and finalization of the activities to be undertaken by each Working Group to be formed at Grama Sabha

- Work-sharing between EA and participating families

- Site visits by safeguards experts/ technical staff of line government agencies

- Guidance Note to ensure social and environmental safeguard.

- Participatory Environmental and Social Assessment Plan with ESA format

- Ensure that participating family provide the labour to complete the house construction

4 Monitoring and Reporting

- Through participatory M&E mechanism the impact of the project activities will be monitored by the EA

- Participatory M&E Guidance Note - Monitoring Sheet

5 Grievance Procedures - Through the project’s institutional structure

- Institutional responsibilities for addressing grievances

- Grievance Sheet Source: JICA Survey Team (2014)

(2) Institutional Arrangement for ESMF

ESMF will be implemented through existing institutional structure of the Project, therefore institutional arrangement for effective implementation of ESMF depends on how enhances the function of each institutions for ESMF by designating specific role and/or responsibility. The table below highlights institutional structure for ESMF with key environmental and social management roles and responsibilities.

Institutional Structure for ESMF Institution Role in the Project (additional) Role and/or Responsibility in ESMF

EA

PMU/ AHADS-CCPRM

- Project implementation, supervision and monitoring of all activities.

- Documentation and reporting.

- Information disclosure including elaboration of project information brochures and project homepage.

- Consultation and guidance to Field Level Officers on information disclosure and consultation.

- Ensure free, prior and informed consultation. - Development of Management Information System (MIS). - Development of approach and guidance for micro planning. - Training on micro planning to Field Level Officers. - Technical guidelines for beneficiary selection, design of

component technical approaches, safeguard checks/guidelines for particular activities (if required)

- Development of monitoring forms, review of monitoring data, reporting, assistance with evaluations

- Review of participatory Environmental and Social Assessments

- Performance of due diligence follow-up Field Level - Assist Grama Sabha - Support Grama Sabha (Ward Member) with project monitoring


Annex 9-17

Institution Role in the Project (additional) Role and/or Responsibility in ESMF Officers and implementing

bodies for implementation of project activities.

- Assist Grama Sabha with organization of project activities, ensuring appropriate beneficiary selection, promotion of convergence, etc.

and reporting, logistical support for independent evaluations. - Assist Grama Sabha (Ward Member) to select sub-projects

with screening procedures. - Support Grama Sabha (Ward Member) to conduct participatory

Environmental and Social Assessments (ESA). - Support EDC/VSS for micro planning at village levels,

finalization of micro plans. - Support EA for free, prior and informed consultation, and due

diligence checks.

PRI (Local Self-Government)

Grama Sabha

- Assist PMU in selecting target beneficiaries

- Clarify local needs and expectations on the Project

- Conceive and raise local awareness on environmental and social considerations.

- Provision of support in micro planning activities at village level.

- Participating in Environmental and Social Assessments (ESA). - Supporting EA for free, prior and informed consultation, and

due diligence checks. Source: JICA Survey Team (2014)

Overall coordination and support for ESMF will be provided through the PMU at EA. Within EA, the Joint Executive Director (JED) at PMU will hold central responsibility for ensuring ESMF in the Project, and information related ESMF will be centrally managed by the JED. Under the supervision of JED, the Deputy Executive Directors will hold position as Environmental and Social Safeguard Managers for their activities in each designated work field. Further, Selected Field Level Officers (or/and Field Level Assistant Officers) will be designated as Environmental and Social Safeguard Engineers to provide hands-on assistance to Ward Members of Grama Sabhas who are the Environmental and Social Safeguard Focal Person from the perspective of PRI. EA will employ one Environmental and Social Safeguard Specialist, as one of project management consultants, whose mandate is to provide necessary technical assistance to ensure effective implementation of ESMF in the Project.

Individual Role and Responsibility for ESMF Institution/ Title Role and Responsibility

PMU/AHADS-CCPRM - Overall coordination and promotion of ESMF/FDDF compliance Environmental and Social Safeguard Specialist

- Providing necessary technical assistance to ensure effective implementation of ESMF/FDDF.

Joint Executive Director (JED) - Overall responsible for ensuring ESMF in the Project. - Responsible to centrally manage information related to ESMF.

In PMU For ESMF - Responsible for implementation of ESMF for their activities in each designated work field.

- Responsible for monitoring all the field level activities relating ESMF. - Responsible for examination of safeguards compliance.

Deputy Executive Directors

Environmental and Social Safeguard Managers

Field Level Officers (or/and Field Level Assistant Officer)

Environmental and Social Safeguard Engineers

- Responsible for regularly collect ESMF information as a part of MIS format.

- Providing hands-on assistance to SHGs, VSSs/EDCs and Working Groups regarding ESMF.

- Closely communicating with the Environmental and Social Safeguard Focal Person (Ward Member) for timely action if necessary.

Ward Members of Grama Sabhas

Environmental and Social Safeguard Focal Person

- Support the Project for compliance of ESMF from the perspective of PRI.

- Encourage beneficiaries to participate activities relating ESMF.

The project’s Management Information System (MIS) will include collection of safeguards-related data and the Project will also be subject to periodical evaluation and review, which will include examination of safeguards compliance. Information will be regularly collected as a part of MIS format


Annex 9-18

by the Environmental and Social Safeguard Managers at EA who will be responsible for monitoring all the field level activities relating ESMF. The Environmental and Social Safeguard Engineers will closely communicate with the Environmental and Social Safeguard Focal Person for timely action if necessary.

(3) Free, Prior and Informed Consultation

Beneficiary groups will be preliminarily selected based on the defined criteria, thereafter their participation in the Project must be confirmed through a process of free, prior and informed consultation with the Grama Sabha. If broad community support does not exist and/or the village actively does not wish to participate in the Project, then another village may be selected.

Consultation for Broad Community Support Purpose/Objective: Establishing broad community support for the project implementation

Consultation Topic: - Basic information about the Project including area, location, purpose/objectives,

key activities, stakeholders involved, target beneficiaries. - Expected role and involvement of communities. - An overview of possible environmental and social risks.

Participants: - Members of SHGs, VSSs/EDCs and Working Groups - Grama Sabha members (Ward Member) - Other important individuals (i.e.,Gram Panchayat President)

Process:

- At an early stage in sub-project/batch implementation, immediately following beneficiary group formation, community meeting will be held using simple language.

- Opportunities for open discussion of the Project should be provided. - Adequate time should be provided following the meeting for the participants to

digest the information. - Field Level Officers (or Field Level Assistant Officers) will visit individuals

who have expressed their criticism on any aspect of project implementation. - Decide if they do not wish to participate. - Presentation and discussion with Grama Sabha (and Gram Panchayat if

necessary) - Field Level Officers (or Field Level Assistant Officers) will participate in

general community meeting to discuss concerns. Material Required: - Provision of simple/easy to read project brochures in Malayalam language.

- Consultation and Participation Monitoring Sheets Individual Responsibility:

- To call a meeting.

Joint Executive Director (JED) Environmental and Social Safeguard Managers

- To propose and organize meetings. - To present the Project

(JED)

Environmental and Social Safeguard Engineers - To record participants and meeting minutes.

o present the Projecto present the Project

Environmental and Social Safeguard Focal Person - To encourage participation of local communities.


(4) Selection and Screening

Specific sub-projects will be selected on the basis of community preferences and therefore guidelines should not be too prescriptive in terms of defining what a given community can and cannot do. However, certain exclusion criteria are required to ensure that the Project does not include sub-projects with potentially significant adverse environmental impacts such that EA and EIA would be required (i.e., No Category ‘A’ or ‘B’ projects as per Indian EPA (1986) and the EIA Notification (2006)). In accordance with the JICA guidelines various other exclusion criteria have also been developed and are shown in the table below.

Sub-project Exclusion Criteria Component Exclusion Criteria

1. Overall - Sub-projects that cannot demonstrate the broad community support - Sub-projects that involve child labour - Sub-projects or activities which could lead to the exploitation of women


Annex 9-19

Component Exclusion Criteria 2. Livelihood Activity

- Sub-projects involving the collection, processing and sale of NTFP species listed under CITES, India’s Red List of threatened species of fauna and flora or scheduled under the Wildlife Act (1972)

- Sub-projects involving the use of fertilizers and pesticides banned by WHO (Classes IA, IB and II)


- Sub-projects which involve diversion of forest land - Sub-projects which involve felling of trees on Reserved Forest or PA unless ancillary to

conservation and management of forests and wildlife defined in the working plan (e.g. fire breaks, thinning etc)

- Sub-projects likely to cause damage to wildlife and their habitats - Planting of non-native or invasive species of forest trees, shrubs or plants


- Sub-projects which involve resettlement or private land acquisition - Sub-projects likely to have major adverse impacts on the environment - Activities that could cause damage to places of religious importance, historical

monuments or cultural properties 5. Housing Source: JICA Survey Team (2014)

(5) Monitoring and Reporting

The safeguards frameworks require certain outputs relevant to ensuring that environmental and social safeguards have been observed are produced. Therefore indicators are required to measure the utilization and quality of the safeguard processes. The table below presents monitoring items, their indicators, means of verification, frequency and responsible parties for demonstrating and measuring that safeguards measures have been implemented.

Monitoring Items, Indicators, Means of Verification, Frequency and Responsible Parties

Item Indicator Means of Verification Frequency Responsible

Party

1.

Information disclosure and establishment of broad community support

- No. of men, women, BPL, SCs/STs attended at the community meeting

- % of interviewees satisfied with information disclosure process

- Community resolution

- Voting records

At least once a year. Additional measurement should be carried out whenever need arises during the Project implementation.

PMU/ AHADS-CCPRM

2. Social Assessment (SA)

- No. of men, women, BPL, SCs/STs consulted in PRA

- Social Assessment Reports

- Gender Assessment Report

For every assessment

Field Level Officers with the support from Grama Sabha

3. Micro planning

- No. of men, women, BPL, SCs/STs consulted in micro planning

- % of interviewees satisfied with micro plans

- Micro plans - STTPPs

For every micro planning


4. Sub-project selection and screening

- No. of excluded sub-projects

- Lists of sub-projects

- Reports on the selection and screening

At the time of sub-project selection

PMU/ AHADS-CCPRM

5. Sub-project implementation

- No. of women, BPL, SC/ST beneficiaries

- % of interviewees satisfied with beneficiaries selected

- VSS/EDC, SHGs, Working Groups established

- Sub-project Plans

At the time of beneficiary selection At the time of sub-project planning


6. Monitoring and Evaluation

- No. of men, women, BPL, SC and ST attended community

- Monthly, quarterly, annual

At least once a year. Additional measurement

Field Level Officers with the support from


Annex 9-20

Item Indicator Means of Verification Frequency Responsible

Party meeting monitoring

forms - Social audit

reports

should be carried out whenever need arises during the project implementation.

Grama Sabha

7. Grievance procedures

- No of grievances submitted

- No of grievances resolved

- % of interviewees aware of and satisfied with grievance mechanism

- Grievance forms

At least once a year. Additional measurement should be carried out whenever need arises during the Project implementation.

PMU/ AHADS-CCPRM Field Level Officers with the support from Grama Sabha


(6) Information Disclosure and Grievance Procedures

EA will disclose all information relating environmental and social safeguard of the Project. This will include all the ESMS related documents including social assessment documents, monitoring report and their plans. All information will be made available in a timely manner, in an accessible place, and in a form and language(s) understandable to affected people and to other stakeholders, including the general public, so they can provide meaningful inputs for further development of the ESMS

Formal grievance mechanism will be in line with existing policies, strategies, and regulations on grievances as defined by GoI (i.e., Guidelines for Redress of Public Grievances (2010)). However, it is expected that project related grievances can be dealt with through the proposed institutional structure of the Project. Thus the grievance mechanism will be institutionalized in each level of project implementation, from the community to the EA.

Project-related grievances can be raised at any time and the first point of interaction should be the Grama Sabha (Ward Member). Simple formats will be made by EA to report grievances to the Grama Sabha office from local people and a simple table for documentation in the monthly reporting format should be made by Grama Sabha to be reported to EA. If the Grama Sabha is not able or fails to respond to a stated grievance, the complainant may raise their issue with the EA, and may seek assistance from the concerned appropriate line department. If there are more serious grievances which may go beyond being project issues alone such as some loss of land, livelihood or perhaps resource access rights, then the complainant also has the option to raise their grievance through the official channels of GoI.

9.1.9 Social Assessment

(1) Purpose of Social Assessment

Social Assessment (SA) is a tool to help understanding key social issues and risks, and to determine social impacts on the target population of the proposed sub-project. There are many social variables that potentially affect the impacts and success of projects and policies—such as gender, age, language, displacement, and socioeconomic status. Through data collection and analysis, SA enables the Project in consultation with other stakeholders to prioritize critical issues and determine how to address them.

The assessment involves the participation of the members of the community to determine their needs and priorities, to obtain their views on the design and proposed implementation mechanisms of a particular project, and also to build capacity and involvement. It assists the EA in reaching the vulnerable and the poor and ensures that the project objectives are acceptable to the intended beneficiaries.


Annex 9-21

(2) Social Assessment Approach and Task

The SA will be conducted in accordance with the necessity identified in the socio-economic context of particular target areas. For natural environment improvement works, SA can be embedded into the micro planning process with the results from the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), livelihoods assessments and community consultations.

SA plan will be prepared by EA to provide a reasonably detailed outline of the objectives, contents, methods and implementation schedule. ST, SC, OBC and Forest Dwellers shall be identified as target group and consulted independently in SA and micro planning process. Resultant product of this consultation is the exclusive section of final SA report that explains their basic socio-economic statistics, livelihood needs and natural resource management practices, in addition to their expressed needs and priorities. The table below specify key tasks for SA.

Tasks for Social Assessment (SA) Tasks Descriptions

1 Description of the socio-cultural, institutional, historical, and political context

It explains the extent of socio-cultural fragmentation or homogeneity. It will also address the macro-policy context of the Project. Broader questions such as the traditional and cultural norms regarding the use of the resources and how these relate to relations between and among stakeholder groups can be determined.

2 Consideration of the legal and regulatory environment

It look at the legal and regulatory environment of the Project, especially in relation to standing ownership and access arrangements and what their implications are for different stakeholder groups, especially the poor and vulnerable.

3 Relevance of core aspects of social development to the Project

It describes the potential outcomes of the proposed project in terms of social opportunities, constraints, impacts, and risks, such as socio-cultural diversity, gender, institutions, rules, stakeholder’s interests, social risk and vulnerability.

4 Development of a strategy to achieve social development outcomes

It analyzes the opportunities for community involvement in project preparation and implementation, the existing and proposed framework for property rights/access to resources, and sustainable management alternatives to achieve the desired social development outcomes.

5 Recommendations for project design and implementation arrangements

It reviews proposals for project design and provide guidance to the implementing agency on participatory alternatives and institutional strengthening measures appropriate to the socio-cultural characteristics of the project area(s). This will provide a basis for integrating the social analysis of the core elements into a proposal for implementation arrangements.

6 Development of a monitoring plan

The monitoring system needs to have local participation in the generation and refinement of indicators over the project cycle in order for the affected communities to be involved in balancing their own interests in the management of resources for conservation and productive purposes.

Source: Social Analysis Guidelines in Natural Resource Management (2005), World Bank

(3) Reporting of Social Assessment Results

A SA report will include at least following contents:

1) Introduction: to define the basic purpose of the SA, its scope and a brief outline of how the report is organised.

2) Sub-Project Description: to provide brief details of the sub-project – rationale, objectives, area, key activities, the proposed implementation schedule etc.

3) Approach and Methodology: to describe the methods used in conducting the assessment, both quantitative and qualitative.

4) Socio-economic Baselines: to provide brief profiles of the target area.

5) Description of Sub-Project Impacts: based on consideration of the sub-project’s objectives and activities as well as the socio-economic/livelihoods assessment, to describe potential positive and negative impacts of the sub-project.


Annex 9-22

6) Vulnerable Groups: to identify and describe particularly vulnerable groups within the community and how they may be affected by the Project.

7) Public Consultation and Information Disclosure: to document and present results of public consultation events with the communities.

8) Conclusion and Recommendations: to provide overall conclusions and recommendations.

9) Mitigation Measures: to identify specific measures to avoid, minimize and/or compensate for sub-project activities with adverse impacts on communities and particularly vulnerable groups.

9.1.10 Capacity Development Requirements for ESMF Implementation

Management and monitoring of environmental and social risks require a certain level of awareness and technical capacity. Particularly for ESMS, different knowledge and skills are required at different management levels. These will be drawn out in the environmental and social safeguards capacity development and training programs.

The table below identifies key capacity development requirements for implementing the ESMF measures, steps and procedures. All capacity development programs will be conducted by EA. Detailed capacity development plan for environmental and social safeguard will be developed in line with the capacity development component of the Project at the preparation stage by the Environmental and Social Safeguard Specialist who is also responsible in developing modules and materials in local languages. The specialist will supervise the programs from technical points of views, and also be expected to serve as a lecturer as needed.

Knowledge and Skills Requirements for Environmental and Social Safeguards (proposal) Module Name Theme/Topic Key Participant Schedule

Module 1-1: Management/ Administrative Level General Orientation on ESMF and FDDF for the Project

- JICA’s safeguard policy - Basic introductory concept of

safeguard - Overview of regulations (general) - Safeguard issues (vulnerable

groups, SCs, STs, gender rec.) - ESMF steps and procedures to be

applied in the Project - Free and prior informed consent

(FPIC)

- EA (administrative/ management staff)

- Field Level Officers (or/and Field Level Assistant Officers)

- Elected LSG members - DMU staff, FD

- Annually*(2nd to 6th year) for one day

- At the initial stage of each year

Module 1-2: Field/ Operational Level General Orientation on ESMF and FDDF for the Project

- Basic introductory concept of safeguard

- Overview of regulations (specific) - Safeguard issues (vulnerable

groups, SCs, STs, gender rec.) - Community consultation

processes - Free and prior informed consent

(FPIC)


- Representatives from SHGs, VSSs/EDCs and Working Groups

- Ward Member - Other representaive from

Grama Sabha (if nessesary) - RMU staff and Beat

officers, FD

- Annually*(2nd to 6th year) for one day


Module 2: Community Facilitation and Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) for Environmental and Social Safeguard

- Sub-project planning (and micro planning)

- Role of LSG, Grama Sabha and FD

- Participatory ESA - Working with vulnerable groups - Gender issues - Conflict resolution - Grievance procedures




Grama Sabha (if nessesary) - RMU staff and Beat

officers, FD

- Annually*(1st to 3rd year) for one day


Module 3-1: Management/

- M&E concept and procedures - Monitoring and reporting of

- EA (administrative/ management staff)

- Annually*(3rd to 7th year)


Annex 9-23

Module Name Theme/Topic Key Participant Schedule Administrative Level Monitoring and Evaluation for Environmental and Social Safeguard

safeguards - Use of M&E results and feedback


- Elected LSG members - DMU staff, FD

for half day - At the initial

stage of each year

Module 3-2: Field/ Operational Level Monitoring and Evaluation for Environmental and Social Safeguard

- Monitoring principles and procedures

- Monitoring and reporting procedures

- Use of reporting formats




Grama Sabha

- Annually*(3rd to 7th year) for half day


Module 4: Specific training for specific techniques/tasks to be required

For example: - Chemical use - Safety standard for construction - Mitigation planning and

implementation

To be defined when it becomes necessary

To be defined when necessary

Source: JICA Survey Team (2014) Note: 1st year: comprehensive training, 2nd to 9th year: comprehensive training for new project participants, and refresher training for those who are required.


Annex 9-24

9.2 Forest Dwellers Development Framework

9.2.1 Salient Features of the Forest Dwellers Development Framework

(1) Objective of Forest Dwellers Development Framework

Forest Dwellers Development Framework (FDDF) is to be applied as an additional framework that works in concert with the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), the primary project safeguards document. The FDDF is applied only in situations where Scheduled Tribes (ST), Scheduled Castes (SC), Other Backward Classes (OBC) minorities and Forest Dwellers are affected by project activities and provides guidance for specific measures which may be required in addition to the general provisions of the ESMF.

(2) Structure of FDDF

FDDF is structured in an almost identical way to the ESMF for ease of use and in many cases simply refers to the ESMF:

1) Safeguard Policies of JICA on ST, SC, OBC Minorities and Forest Dwellers

2) Definition of “Forest Dwellers” as a Target of FDDF

3) Legal and Policy Framework for Forest Dwellers

4) Environmental and Social Risks and Mitigation Measures

5) Free, Prior and Informed Consultation

6) Social Assessment (SA) and Micro planning

7) Selection and Screening of Sub-projects

8) Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E)

9) Grievance Procedures

10) Institutional Arrangement and Capacity Development

9.2.2 Safeguard Policies of JICA on ST, SC, OBC Minorities and Forest Dwellers

The FDDF aims to ensure that JICA’s safeguards policies relating to the protection of indigenous peoples with respect to their lands, territories and livelihood to be an essential part in the project framework, and sub-projects are designed and implemented in a way that fosters full respect for indigenous peoples. The JICA guidelines (2010) states that appropriate environmental and social considerations for indigenous people should be undertaken, according to the nature of the Project, based on the following:

1) Any adverse impacts that a project may have on indigenous peoples are to be avoided when feasible by exploring all viable alternatives. When, after such an examination, avoidance is proved unfeasible, effective measures must be taken to minimize impacts and to compensate indigenous peoples for their losses.

2) When projects may have adverse impacts on indigenous peoples, all of their rights in relation to land and resources must be respected in accordance with the spirit of relevant international declarations and treaties, including the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). Efforts must be made to obtain the consent of indigenous peoples in a process of free, prior, and informed consultation.

3) Measures for the affected indigenous peoples must be prepared as an indigenous peoples plan (which may constitute a part of other documents for environmental and social consideration) and must be made public in compliance with the relevant laws and ordinances of the host country. In preparing the indigenous peoples plan, consultations must be made with the affected indigenous


Annex 9-25

peoples based on sufficient information made available to them in advance. When consultations are held, it is desirable that explanations be given in a form, manner, and language that are understandable to the people concerned.

The JICA guidelines states that it is desirable that the indigenous peoples plan include the elements laid out in the World Bank Safeguard Policy, OP4.10, Annex B. Therefore the FDDF follows the format and requirements outlined in World Bank OP 4.10 Annex B.

9.2.3 Definition of “Forest Dwellers” as a Target of FDDF

The term ‘Forest Dweller’ has a particular meaning in the context of Indian forest legislation in reference to ‘the Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act’ (2006). However, the FDDF states the project specific definition of ‘Forest Dwellers’ as the target of FDDF. ‘Forest Dwellers’ in the context of the Project are defined to be both tribal and non-tribal communities who reside within and on the fringes of the Reserved Forests. The fringe includes specifically for those hamlets whose customary land overwraps or adjacent to the boundary of the Reserved Forests.

9.2.4 Legal and Policy Framework for Forest Dwellers

The main legislation and policies pertaining to the rights and social welfare of marginalized social groups including ST, SC, Forest Dwellers and other BPL minorities are provided in the ESMF.

It should be noted that there are issues related to how tribes, castes and other minorities are defined, which may be academic in nature but have very real implications in terms of who or which groups are actually safeguarded by the national legal and policy framework as well as their eligibility for various social welfare benefits and programmes. Recognizing the historical discrimination and deprivation, list of caste and tribe were identified in government schedule as a target group for reservation policies. Anyone who does not find mention in the list of ST (in terms of Article 342 of the Indian Constitution) is considered a non-tribe and vice-versa. This is important in the case of the Project and this particular safeguards document because it means that by simply following the Government of India’s classification system, some of the disadvantaged and marginalized groups.

9.2.5 Environmental and Social Risks and Mitigation Measures

(1) Potential Positive and Adverse Impacts

Details of potential positive and negative impact will be examined at the initial stage of the project implementation by EA by consultation with relevant agencies and local governments. Potential positive and adverse impacts on forest dwellers by the Project are summarised in the table below:

Potential Positive and Negative Impacts on Forest Dwellers Components Positive Negative

1. Livelihood Activity

- Increased income - Better vocational skills - Enhance self-sustaining - Value additions for their produce - Better marketing for local produce

- Possibility of increased developmental dependency

- Possibility of dis-empowerment of customary institutions

- Possibility of loss of traditional knowledge among Indigenous communities


- Better awareness among VSS/EDC - Restoration of degraded forests - Reduce human-animal conflicts - Protection of watersheds

- Possibility of loss of access to customary lands and resources


- Basic community necessities are ensured, particularly roads, water and sanitation

- Cooperation among members of the community for establishing committees

- Additional burden on natural resources when procuring building materials

- Possibility of increased access to


Annex 9-26

Components Positive Negative for maintenance etc vested forest areas

4. Housing - Work-sharing between EA and

participating community members - Households with women heads, widows

and unwed mothers get the priority

- Possibility of increased internal community conflict caused by unfairness

- Possibility of inequitable benefit-sharing


(2) Vulnerability and Proposed Mitigation Measures

To avoid or mitigate negative impacts concerned vulnerability need to be addressed for elucidated. The table below summarises vulnerability and potential mitigations measure along with stress factors.

Vulnerability and Potential Mitigation Measures Stress Factor Vulnerability Potential Mitigation Measure

1. National and State Policies

- Loss of traditional livelihood - Loss of traditional

knowledge/skill

- Corrective mechanisms - Appropriate implementation of FRA. - Appropriate program design to encourage and

retain traditional skills

2. Development Program

- Increased dependency - Disempowerment of customary

institutions - Loss of Traditional Knowledge

- ESMF - FDDF - Social Assessment

3. Conservation Measure

- Social exclusion - Loss of access to resources

- Empowerment of community and local governance

- Strict legal measures

4. Land Degradation

- Encroachment - Loss of common property

resources - Landslides - Loss of property, houses and

other physical assets

- Strict delineation and survey of forest boundaries

- Stringent action against encroachment - Increased awareness programs - Revive and protect 'vayals” and swamps - Prohibit rock blasting and sand mining from

land & rivers - Encourage mixed farming/cropping system

5. Increased Garbage in Urban Location

- Downstream pollution - Groundwater pollution - Surface water pollution

- Promote segregation of garbage at source - Punitive action against illegal dumping - Increased awareness for reuse and recycle

7. Forest Degradation

- Increased erosion - Increased sedimentation of

streams - Decreased water retention of the

soil

- Minimize areas with exposed soil - Measures to retain sediment - Increase green cover and protect forests from

fire

7. Water Deterioration - Reduction and non-availability - Pollution (use of weedicides,

insecticides and fungicides)

- Eco-restoration of water catchments - Rain-water recharging and harvesting - Encourage organic manure, pesticide etc - Protect and conserve natural vegetation along

river banks

9. Corruption - Denial of basic rights - Rising price of daily necessities

- Ensure members of the community participation in Grama Sabha

- Active bottom-up approach - Market intervention of essential commodities


9.2.6 Free, Prior and Informed Consultation

It is important that the target population, namely, ST, SC, OBC and Forest Dwellers, of the Project are consulted in the process of establishing broad community support for the Project at local levels. At the


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preliminary survey itself the locations where each of these communities live and derive a livelihood will be mapped. It should be ensured that these communities are adequately represented in consultation meetings and during the preliminary information disclosure. In consultation meetings and disclosing information including written materials, language of communication should be Malayalam. Content of written materials should be simple enough for everyone to follow. It should be the responsibility of the animator to make sure that visualization and visual presentations are used as much as possible. A well designed program would benefit from well documented consultations with indigenous communities.

9.2.7 Social Assessment and Micro Planning

SA and micro planning process shall involve specific procedures ensuring that the needs and priorities of vulnerable groups are reflected in sub-projects under the Project. Many Grama Sabhas may already have existing micro plans or similar documents in place. In this case micro plans or similar documents will be subject to a participatory review. Where Grama Sabhas do not have existing micro plans or similar documents, participatory SA or development of micro plans will take place. SA or Micro plan shall concentrate on proposals concerning Grama Sabhas who reside within and on the fringes of the Reserved Forests. The micro plans shall also stipulate community development and livelihood needs/priorities expressed by villagers.

9.2.8 Selection and Screening of Sub-projects

Selection of sub-projects will be prioritized keeping in mind the target beneficiaries – ST, SC, OBC and Forest Dwellers will have no/minimum negative impacts by the project activities. All sub-projects to be supported by the Project need to be finalized only through participatory consultation processes and vulnerable communities will be part of this process. Target beneficiaries will have preferential treatment even during the project implementation stage.

9.2.9 Monitoring and Reporting

The Project will include participatory monitoring where identified ST, SC, OBC and Forest Dweller groups should be consulted separately. In this process, they are a part of the beneficiary community, ensuring that they have a fair opportunity to provide feedback on project implementation.

9.2.10 Grievance Procedures

Grievance procedures for ST, SC, OBC and Forest Dwellers are the same as that of other vulnerable groups provided in the ESMF. However, it should be mentioned here that it is important to establish a grievance redress committee to respond effectively in a timely and responsible manner.

9.2.11 Institutional Arrangement and Capacity Development

Capacity development for addressing ST, SC, OBC and Forest Dwellers need to be included in the proposed training plan for Grama Sabha or any other group identified by the EA and expressed in ESMF. The capacity development modules should cover the SA and Micro Planning, ESMF procedures and participatory CBRM.

9.3 Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS) Checklist Questions Answer Improvement Plan

1. Policy (environmental and social policy) 1 Does the financial intermediary /

executing agency have any formal environmental policy or procedures? If yes, please describe them and provide appropriate documentation. If no, does the financial intermediary /executing agency have any plan to set such policy or procedures?

No: The Executing Agency (EA), AHADS does not itself have formal environmental policies or procedures to avoid negative impact on the environment and the society. However, all activities undertaken by AHADS must be implemented in accordance with the relevant environmental laws, policies and procedures of Indian Government (defined by MoEF and others) and the state government of Kerala.

The existing legal/policy framework of Indian government is sufficient for the elimination of sub-projects with serious adverse environmental impacts. EA may however involve certain sub-projects with minor environmental impacts (e.g. small-scale community infrastructure). Although all such activities shall not require environmental clearance as per Indian legislations, however, the Project will introduce additional procedures to ensure that even minor adverse impacts will be avoided or mitigated to the extent possible. The Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and the Forest Dwellers Development Framework (FDDF), to be prepared, are the principal documents which define measures to avoid environmental and social adverse impact.

As stated in ESMF/FDDF, EA, Grama Sabha and other key stakeholders (to be defined) will be trained in how to implement additional safeguard procedures. The EA will hire an Environmental and Social Safeguard Specialist who will take care of the environmental integrity and safety of the sub-projects eventually selected and implemented.

2 Are there any types of projects in which the financial intermediary / executing agency will not take part due to the environmental risks? (e.g., projects involving handling of hazardous wastes or endangered plants or animals).

No: No types of sub-projects with such environmental risks (e.g., handling of hazardous wastes or endangered plants or animals) are foreseen. The primary objective of the Project is community development and livelihood improvement benefits in particular to socially vulnerable people and ecological rehabilitation of forest land including the conservation of Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESAs). The objective implies that the Project shall have mainly positive environmental and social impact.

ESMF/FDDF is the principal document which defines measures to avoid environmental and social adverse impact. Projects with serious environmental risks beyond the mitigation capacity of the natural environment will be avoided under ESMF/FDDF.

2. Procedures (screening, category classification and review procedures) 3 Does the financial intermediary /

executing agency have any environmental procedures such as

No: However; clear guidelines and procedures for environmental safeguard exist in Indian legal system. The EA itself is not responsible for implementation of

In addition to the guidelines and procedures for environmental safeguard of Indian Government, EA will introduce procedures for screening and participatory environmental and social assessment of


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Questions Answer Improvement Plan

screening, categorization and environmental review? If yes, please describe.

environmental procedures such as screening, categorization and environmental review as per indicant laws and regulations.

micro plans and proposed sub-projects to be financed by the Project. Such procedures will be clarified in ESMF/FDDF and additional supplemental documents are to be prepared in the first phase of the project implementation.

4 Please describe how you ensure that your subproject companies and their subprojects are operated in compliance with the national laws and regulations and applicable JICA's requirements.

Community infrastructure installation will be implemented by EA itself with support and assistance from communities as required. EA shall hire companies to implement specific infrastructure construction of some sub-projects as needed. Sub-projects with significant adverse environmental and social impacts and thus requiring environmental clearance (Category A) will be eliminated.

ESMF will be prepared for addressing issues arising under the Project and sub-projects. FDDF will be additionally prepared to cover instances where the Project will directly impact or involve indigenous peoples. Mitigation measures will be built into project component design and implementation.

Overall coordination and support for ESMF will be provided through the PMU at EA. Within EA, the Joint Executive Director (JED) at PMU will hold central responsibility for ensuring ESMF in the Project, and information related ESMF will be centrally managed by the JED. Under the supervision of JED, the Deputy Executive Directors will hold position as Environmental and Social Safeguard Managers for their activities in each designated work field. Further, Selected Field Level Officers (or/and Field Level Assistant Officers) will be designated as Environmental and Social Safeguard Engineers to provide hands-on assistance to Ward Members of Grama Sabhas who are the Environmental and Social Safeguard Focal Person from the perspective of PRI. EA will employ one Environmental and Social Safeguard Specialist, as one of project management consultants, whose mandate is to provide necessary technical assistance to ensure effective implementation of ESMF in the Project.

The project’s Management Information System (MIS) will include collection of safeguards-related data and the Project will also be subject to periodical evaluation and review, which will include examination of safeguards compliance. Information will be regularly collected as a part of MIS format by the Environmental and Social Safeguard Managers at EA who will be responsible for monitoring all the field level activities relating ESMF. The Environmental and Social Safeguard Engineers will closely communicate with the Environmental and Social Safeguard Focal Person for timely action if necessary.

Training and capacity development will be provided under the


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Project at field and management levels to improve understanding of environmental/social assessment, screening and risk management procedures. The Environmental and Social Safeguard Specialist of EA will be responsible in planning and supervising, and also be expected to serve as a lecturer as needed.

5 How are environmental considerations taken into account in the credit review and approval process for project loans or equity investments? How are environmental considerations taken into account in the credit review and approval process for project loans or equity investments?

There will have no loans or equity investments disbursed by EA under the Project.

N/A

6 How are environmental issues taken into account in deciding whether to offer or extend commercial credit, working capital finance, trade finance, payment services and other financial services to a company?

None of these issues will arise in project implementation. The EA will not offer or extend commercial credit, working capital finance, trade finance, payment services and other financial services to any company under the project.

N/A

3. Organization and Staff (institutional framework and staff allocation) 7 Please provide us with the

organization chart of the financial intermediary / executing agency's Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS).

EA does not have ESMS as not required for their present role and responsibility; therefore the organizational chart is not available at the moment.

Organization structure of EA for ESMF/FDDF implementation will be clarified at the initial stage of the Project. The organizational chart will be prepared accordingly.

8 Who is responsible for environmental and social management within the financial intermediary / executing agency? (name/role and title)

N/A Dr. N.C. Induchoodan

Executive Director of AHADS

9 Are there any staffs with training for environmental and social considerations in the financial intermediary / executing agency? If so, describe.

At the moment, EA has only two staffs that have however not trained in environmental and social safeguard procedures and risk management.

Within EA, the Joint Executive Director (JED) at PMU will hold central responsibility for ensuring ESMF in the Project. Under the supervision of JED, the Deputy Executive Directors will hold position as Environmental and Social Safeguard Managers for their activities in each designated work field. Further, Selected Field


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Level Officers (or/and Field Level Assistant Officers) will be designated as Environmental and Social Safeguard Engineers to provide hands-on assistance to Ward Members of Grama Sabhas. All these staff are to be hired for the project implementation. In addition, EA will employ one Environmental and Social Safeguard Specialist, as one of project management consultants, whose mandate is to provide necessary technical assistance to ensure effective implementation of ESMF in the Project.

Training will be provided to all of these staff to improve understanding of environmental/social assessment, screening and risk management procedures.

10 Are there any technical staffs with an engineering/industry background responsible for technical analysis of credit proposals?

At the moment, EA has only two staffs who however don’t possess engineering/industry background.

For small scale community infrastructures development including access road, soil and conservation measures, small buildings etc, technical training will be provided to EA staff and other key stakeholders accordingly.

11 What experience, if any, do the financial intermediary / executing agency have of hiring or dealing with environmental consultants?

Activities which EA has been involved had minimal environmental impact, therefore; environmental consultant(s) have not been hired.

N/A

12 What was the budget allocated to the ESMS and its implementation during a year? Please provide budget details including staff costs and training as well as any actual costs. What was the budget allocated to the ESMS and its implementation during a year?

N/A. EA does not have ESMS as such and therefore no budget has been specifically allocated to it.

During the Project, almost all the cost associated with environmental and social safeguard will be covered by addressing relevant issues in the Project’s approach or technical methodologies. As such they normally do not incur as separate budget lines. However there will be some allocation of budget towards environmental and social considerations under the Project, mainly in the form of capacity building/training costs and hiring one Environmental and Social Safeguard Specialist.

Environmental and social issues arising in the field will be identified, reported and addressed through the existing chain of command on a case by case basis where necessary. Such staffs are on the payroll of the Project and there may be certain costs in attending meetings and monitoring but these are not separately budgeted.

4. Monitoring and Reporting(Reporting procedures and monitoring) 13 Do you receive environmental and

social monitoring reports from N/A N/A


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subproject companies that you finance?

14 Please describe how you monitor the subproject company and their subprojects' social and environmental performance.

N/A N/A

15 Is there an internal process to report on social and environmental issues to senior management?

Yes: Although there is no systematic monitoring and reporting process for environmental and social issues, EA has particular issues may be highlighted when necessary and dealt with accordingly.

The Project will develop a MIS for monitoring and reporting on project progress, processes and impacts. Safeguards monitoring and reporting will be built into this system.

16 Do you prepare any social and environmental reports:

- For other multilateral agencies or other stakeholders

- E&S reporting in the Annual Report

No: Environmental and social reports have not been prepared systematically by EA.

EA will in produce and submit monitoring reports to JICA (monthly, semi-annual, annual, mid-term and final). These reports shall contain designated sections on environmental and social aspects.

The Project will include independent mid-term and terminal evaluations which will also assess the Project’s implementation of the ESMF/FDDF and environmental and social issues related to the Project.

5. Experience(results of the environmental and social management) 17 Has the financial intermediary /

executing agency signed any national or international agreements or declarations concerning environmental issues?

No: The EA itself has not signed any international agreements or declarations on environmental issues but a number have been signed by the GoI and are thus applicable to the Project.

N/A

18 Has the financial intermediary / executing agency ever received any criticism of its environmental record? If so, what was the criticism?

No: The EA itself has not received any criticism so far. ESMF/FDDF is the principal document which defines measures to avoid environmental and social adverse impact, therefore to avoid any criticism.

Areas of criticism levelled against EA include the following. These areas will require further efforts to avoid any criticism in future.

- Eviction/resettlement of peoples, particularly ST, from Reserved Forest and other protected areas.

- Persecution of forest dependent peoples living inside or fringe of Reserved Forests.

- Gender equality of support in sub-project implementation. - Inability to control wildlife which inflicts damages on forest


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inside/fringe communities. 19 Does the financial intermediary /

executing agency carry out environmental audits of its properties to analyze health and safety issues, waste disposal, etc.?

No: The EA itself is not responsible for environmental audit.

N/A

20 Please state any difficulties and/or constraints related to the implementation of the ESMS.

The EA’s lack of experience in managing and monitoring environmental and social risks in a systematic way will be the principal challenge.

Through implementing the Project, establishing the proposed safeguards frameworks and measures, and through specific trainings EA will build their capacity and experience for managing and monitoring environmental and social risks.

6. Need of Capacity Development and Improvement Plan(Improvement and the need for capacity building measures) ESMS requires different knowledge and skills sets at different management levels (i.e. field skills versus administrative/management skills) – these will be drawn out in the environmental and social safeguards capacity development and training programs. The table below identifies key capacity development requirements for implementing ESMF/FDDF measures, steps and procedures. Detailed capacity development plan for environmental and social safeguard will be developed as a part of capacity development plan of the Project at the planning stage.

Module Name Theme Key Participant Schedule

Module 1-1: Management/ Administrative Level

General Orientation on ESMF and FDDF for the Project

- JICA’s safeguard policy - Basic introductory concept of safeguard - Overview of regulations (general) - Safeguard issues (vulnerable groups, SCs, STs,

gender rec.) - ESMF steps and procedures to be applied in the

Project - Free and prior informed consent (FPIC)

- EA (administrative/ management staff) - Field Level Officers (or/and Field Level

Assistant Officers) - GP/municipality staff - Elected LSG members - DMU staff, FD

- Annually for one day


Module 1-2: Field/ Operational Level

General Orientation on ESMF and FDDF for the Project

- Basic introductory concept of safeguard - Overview of regulations (specific) - Safeguard issues (vulnerable groups, SCs, STs,

gender rec.) - Community consultation processes - Free and prior informed consent (FPIC)



- Ward Member - Other representaive from Grama Sabha - RMU staff and Beat officers, FD



Module 2: Community Facilitation and

Social Assessment for Environmental and Social Safeguard

- Sub-project planning (and micro planning) - Role of LSG, Grama Sabha and FD - Participatory ESA - Working with vulnerable groups - Gender issues - Conflict resolution - Grievance procedures



- Ward Member - Other representaive from Grama Sabha - RMU staff and Beat officers, FD



Module 3-1: Management/ Administrative Level - M&E concept and procedures

- Monitoring and reporting of safeguards - EA (administrative/ management staff) - Field Level Officers (or/and Field Level

- Annually for half day


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Monitoring and Evaluation for Environmental and Social Safeguard

- Use of M&E results and feedback Assistant Officers) - GP/municipality staff - Elected LSG members - DMU staff, FD


Module 3-2: Field/ Operational Level

Monitoring and Evaluation for Environmental and Social Safeguard

- Monitoring principles and procedures - Monitoring and reporting procedures - Use of reporting formats



- Ward Member - Other representaive from Grama Sabha

- Annually for half day


Module 4: Specific training for specific

techniques/tasks to be required

For example: - Chemical use - Safety standard for construction - Mitigation planning and implementation

To be defined when it becomes necessary To be defined when necessary



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9.4 Performance Monitoring Form for ESMS

1. Basic Information

Name of Organization: From:

Completed by (name):

Position in Organization: To:

Reporting Period:

Completed in (MM/YY):

2. Sub-projects using JICA Funds during the Reporting Period

Name of Sub-Projects

Approved During The Reporting

Period

Industry

/Sector Project Scope

Project Cost (JPY)

Approval Date Environmental

Category* Reason of

Categorization

Documents Made

(e.g.,EIA, RAP, IPP)

Any Outstanding

Environmental IR Or IRR**

Issues

* Please refer Environmental and Social Categorization: Definition or II.2.2. of JICA Guidelines for Environmental and

Social Considerations (April 2010)

**IR=Involuntary Resettlement, IP= Indigenous People

3. Sub-projects using JICA funds to be Approved in the Next FY

Name of Sub-Projects

Approved During The Reporting

Period

Industry

/Sector Project Scope

Project Cost (JPY)

Approval Date Environmental

Category* Reason of

Categorization

Documents Made

(e.g.,EIA, RAP, IPP)

Any Outstanding

Environmental IR Or IRR**

Issues

4. Environmental and Social management System (ESMS)

Please describe if ESMS of your organization has changed in any way (e.g. establishment of a new division for environmental and social management) since JICA’s appraisal.


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9.5 Circumstances behind the Declaration of Ecologically Sensitive Area in Western Ghats

9.5.1 Background

As discussed in the Section 12.1.1, Western Ghats (WG) is India's one of the richest wilderness and biodiversity rich areas conserved through 13 National Parks and several wildlife sanctuaries. It is a UNESCO’s world heritage site and is one of the eight "hottest hotspots" of biological diversity in the world.3 Besides WG is a vast watershed regulating and supplying water to six major and innumerable minor rivers forming the catchment area for complex river drainage systems.

Recently there were reports of continuous threats of forest fires, forest conversion and thereby forest degradation that led to decreased flow of water in rivers, rising drought conditions; sand burrowing from rivers (illegal) and increased pollution in rivers. Realizing the need to protect and rejuvenate the ecology of and for sustainable development in WG, MoEF has been struggled to demarcate Ecologically Sensitive Zones (ESZ) and suggest measures to conserve, protect and rejuvenate the ecology of WG region. For that, MoEF has constituted two experts panels as discussed below.4

9.5.2 Report of the Western Ghats Ecology Panel, 2011

(1) Assignment of Wayanad as Ecologically Sensitive Zones (ESZ) 1

In March 2010, MoEF set up an expert panel to find a strategy for conserving WG. Prof. Madhav Gadgil was appointed as the chairperson of Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP). The WGEEP submitted the report (hereafter called “Gadgil Report”) to the Government of India on 31 August 2011. The main highlights of the report was in classifying entire WG as Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESA) and according to its sensitivity, high Ecologically Sensitive Zone (ESZ1), moderate ESZ2 and low ESZ 3. Apart from zoning the Western Ghats as per its ecological sensitivity, specific proposals from civil society for new Ecologically Sensitive Localities (ESL) were designated. WGEEP suggested consideration of micro-watersheds and village boundaries as specific limits of ESZ1, ESZ2 and ESZ3 and to arrive at a locality specific management plan and only as a first step to notify the limits suggested in the report.

1) WGEEP designated the entire hill range of WG as an Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA), 134 Taluks in six states (Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala, Karnataka, Gujarat, Goa) was within the boundary.

2) In Kerala, 25 Taluks (in 12 districts) were assigned ESZ. Among them, all three Taluks of Wayanad (or entire Wayanad) were assigned as ESZ-1.

3) Entire Wayanad fall in ESZ-1, being of the high ecological sensitivity , there are many restrictions such as no large dams are allowed and cumulative impact assessment for all new projects particularly dams, mines, tourism and housing that impact upon water resources; strict regulations for waste management, traffic and water use; to avoid new highways and expressways; no new railways and if unavoidable, strict regulations and EIA; no diversion of streams and rivers; no thermal power plants or other polluting industries; no new licenses for mining and quarrying; no new monoculture plantations and no chemical pesticides and other toxic

3 Norman Myers et al, Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities, Nature 403, 853-858(24 February 2000)

4 Report of the High Level Working Group on Western Ghats, 2013 - “Kasturirangan Report”, MoEF


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chemicals to be used and no genetically modified crops to be allowed. However, there are many recommendations for “good practices”.

(2) Criticisms against the Report

After the submission of the report, there were numerous criticism and opposition generated against the report, mostly among state officials, political parties and local developers. Some of the criticism are:

1) Recommendations were cited as impractical to implement. It was more environmentally friendly, but not with the ground realities. For example, mining cannot be simply banned in the area where a large number of local people depend on it as a major source of income.

2) Every state falling within the WG had different energy and development strategies and the report hampered their programs.

3) States didn't want a separate authority to manage and regulate their development agenda.

4) States alleged that the report has not taken into consideration the revenue losses due to implementation of its recommendations.

5) The fear psychosis of the public fuelled by vested interests such as illegal miners and quarry owners forced the state governments to request central government to withdraw the report.

9.5.3 Report of the High Level Working Group on Western Ghats, 2013

(1) Assignment of Wayanad as Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESA)

In the light of above, MoEF appointed another committee, chaired by Dr. Kasturirangan, to study on the Gadgil Report, review and suggest measures for implementation. The High Level Working Group (HLWG) submitted the report (hereafter called “Kasturirangan Report”) to MoEF on 15 April 2013. The highlights of this report are:

1) Instead of the total geographical area of WG, 37% (i.e. 60,000 sq. km) of the area should be brought under Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA).

2) In Kerala, 123 villages (in 13 districts) fall under the ESA purview, among them, 13 out of 49 villages were within ESA in Wayanad.

3) Complete ban on mining, quarrying and sand mining in ESA.

4) Distinguished between cultural (58% occupied in WG by it like human settlements, agricultural fields and plantations) and natural landscape (90% of it should come under ESA according to the committee).

5) Current mining areas in the ESA should be phased out within the next five years, or at the time of expiry of mining lease, whichever is earlier.

6) No thermal power should be allowed and hydropower projects should be allowed only after detailed study.

7) “Red” industries, which are highly polluting should be strictly banned in these areas.


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8) Kasturirangan report on WG has made several pro-farmer recommendations, including the exclusion of inhabited regions and plantations from the purview of ecologically sensitive areas (ESAs).

(2) Criticisms Against the Report

After the submission, there were again a lot of criticism and opposition, mostly generated among state officials, political parties, local developers and conservationists. Some of the criticism are:

1) The Kasturirangan panel used remote sensing and aerial survey methods for zonal demarcation of land in WG. The usage of such techniques, without examining the ground reality, has caused many errors in the report.

2) The report included ecologically non-sensitive areas under ESA, and left out many ecologically sensitive areas. The use of “erroneous method” had caused inclusion of many villages under ESA though there were only rubber plantations and no forest land.

3) The power is vested with the bureaucrats and forest officials and not with Gram Sabhas.

4) Many fear that the farmers would get evicted if the Kasturirangan report will be implemented.

5) None of the listed prohibitions in the report has anything to do with farming but major allegation was that the report is somehow “anti-farmer”.

6) Although the report prohibits mining in ESA, most of the ESA demarcated are already in the protected area and therefore, somehow “irrelevant”.

9.5.4 Oommen V. Oommen Committee Report

(1) Review on the Kasturirangan Report

Despite such dilution of the original report by Prof. Gadgil, the lobby against any control over the WG lead the people forced Kerala government to yet another committee to review Kasturirangan report – Dr. Oommen V. Oommen Committee (who is currently (Aug 2014) serving as the Director of Kerala Biodiversity Board). The request of Kerala state government (State Government Order G.O.(P)No.188/2013/ Environment Trivandram 21.12.2013) was made on 21 Dec 2013, and the report was submitted in the 1st week of March 2014. The recommendations in short are:

1) The committee conducted physical verification of the 123 villages that Kasturirangan mapped as ESA and 120 panchayat which Gadgil designated as ESZ 1 and 2.

2) Serious lapses happened in determining the EFL areas. The Kasturirangan report adopted satellite survey to determine EFL and even plantations and estates were included in it.

3) Need to stop land acquisition proceedings according to the Kasturirangan committee report.

4) Recommended exclusion of inhabited regions and plantations from the purview of ESAs.

5) Field survey should be held in places that the Gadgil and Kasturirangan reports have identified as ESAs to demarcate forest land and human settlements. After examining the population density of these areas, human settlements should be exempted from the category of ESAs, 9,994 sq.km.


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6) Farmers should not be stopped from rearing hybrid varieties of milking animals and suggested that the grace period given to shift to organic farming be extended from five years to 10 years.

9.5.5 Prospective Influence on the Survey and the Project

As discussed previously, entire Wayanad district fall in ESZ-1 by Gadgil report, being of the highest priority, where almost all middle-large scale developmental activities (mining, thermal power plants etc.) are restricted. While, in Kasturirangan report, 13 out of 49 villages of Wayanad fall in ESA, most of where are state forest land, at the northern and the southern parts of Wayanad (44.52% of entire Wayanad).

ESA of Kasturirangan report are located mostly within the state forests which have already been protected, and middle-large scale developmental activities (e.g. quarries) are located at outside of ESA. Therefore, Gadgil report, in which entire Waynard is classified in ESZ-1, potentially would create bigger impact on large-scale developmental activities in Wayanad.

Although extent of impact on the project is unknown at this stage of the survey (impact may become clear when all sub-projects will be defined in the implementation stage of the Project), as proposed infrastructure activities in this report are mainly small scale and no activity is prospective to be restricted by ESA or ESZ-1, potential negative impact can be foreseen to be quite limited.

Key Positive and Negative Impact by ESA/ESZ

Environmental Impact

Positive environmental impact is foreseen by ESZ. Since almost all middle-large scale developmental activities will be restricted, and existing large scale industry such as quarry will be phased out by ESZ. No negative environmental impact is foreseen by ESA/ESZ. Activities relating eco-restoration and augmentation of natural resource base and protection of river basin would enhance effectiveness of ESA/ESZ.

Social Impact

Existing large scale industry such as quarry will be phased out by ESZ, shall generate remarkable number of unemployment in several villages of Wayanad in several years. For example in Ambalavayal village, where 18 quarries are under operation, approximately 1,000 unemployment shall occur. Agriculture allied activities, income generation activities for livelihood improvement and so on, shall provide alternative source of income to dismissed people by banned industries.

Source: The JICA Survey Team (2014)

A Quick Comparison Among Three Reports Gadgil Report (WGEEP) Kasturirangan Report

(HLWG) Oommen Report Date of Submission 31 August 2011 15 April 2013 1st week of March

2014 Area for Conservation

Ecologically Sensitive Zone (ESZ)-1, 2, 3

Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA)

Same as ESA of Kasturirangan Report

Area Marked as WG 129,037 sq km 164,280 sq km - Area Marked for Conservation in WG

60 % of WG as ESZ-1 59,945 sq km /36.49% of WG as ESA -

Area Marked for Conservation in Kerala

25 Taluks (in 12 districts)/37% of Kerala

13,108 sq km./33.73% of Kerala

9,994 sq km/25.72% of Kerala (-23% of Kasturirangan Report)

Area Marked for Conservation in Wayanad

100% of the total within ESZ-1 952 sq km./ 44.52% of Wayanad

Not specified in the report

Proposed Major Restriction

ESZ-1 60%

Almost all developmental activities (thermal power plants etc) were restricted. No new dams based on

ESA

Complete ban on mining, quarrying and sand mining. All current mining areas should be phased out within

Same as ESA of Kasturirangan Report


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Gadgil Report (WGEEP) Kasturirangan Report (HLWG) Oommen Report

large-scale storage be permitted.

No new licenses to be given for mining. Where mining exists, it should be phased out in 5 years, by 2016.

the next 5 years. No thermal power

projects. Hydropower projects may be allowed only with specified conditions.

Building and construction projects of 20,000 m2 and above should not be allowed.

ESZ-2 25%

Existing mining to adopt good practice mining and be under strict regulation.

ESZ-3 15%

Allow all developmental activities with precautions.

Remarks

For example, while no mining would be allowed within ESZ-1, existing mines could continue in ESZ-2 with a moratorium on new licenses. In ESZ-3, new mines could come up.

The restriction level of Kasturirangan’s ESA corresponds to that of Gadgil’s ESZ-1.

Source: Report of the Western Ghats Ecology Panel, 2011 - “Gadgil Report”, Report of the High Level Working Group on Western Ghats, 2013 - “Kasturirangan Report” and Oommen V. Oommen Committee Report

Annex-10 Coordination Meeting with Stakeholders


Table of Contents

Annex-10 Coordination Meeting with Stakeholders ............................................................ 10-1 10.1 General ............................................................................................................... 10-1

10.2 Highlight of Discussion .................................................................................................... 10-1

List of Attachments

Attachment III 10.1.1 Proceedings of Coordination Meeting .......................................... A.III.10.1.1-1

Attachment III 10.1.2 List of Attendances Coordination Meeting ................................... A.III.10.1.2-1


Annex-10 Coordination Meeting with Stakeholders

10.1 General The Coordination Meeting on the Preparatory Survey has been held at the Wayanad District Collectorate on the 28th April 2014 presided by the Wayanad District Collector. The objectives of the meeting are the following three:

- To introduce the outline of the Survey - To gain insights from stakeholders toward the Project - To request supports and permission for the Survey from the stakeholders

The proceedings of the meeting and the attendance list are given in the Attachment 10.1.1 and 10.1.2. Seventy-seven of the stakeholders attended at the meeting from all the Grama Panchayats except Pupally Panchayat in Wayanad. The summary of the attendees is show in the table below.

Summary of the Attendants of the Coordination Meeting (28th April 2014) Affiliation / Designation No.of Attendees

District Administration officer 3 Secretary of Grama Panchayats 7 District Planning Officer 2 District Mission Co-ordinator 1 Grama Panchayat intendants 3 Gram Pancyahat head clerk 1 Tribal Development Officer 2 Divisional Forest Officer 2 Assistant of Wildlife Warden Office 1 District Animal Husbandry Officer 1 District Medical Officer 1 Tribal Extension Officer 16 Committed Social Worker 23 Technical Assistant 2 District Project Officer 3 Other District Officers 9 AHADS-CCPRM 2 JICA Survey Team 13 Total 92 Source: JICA Survey Team (2014)

The meeting had the following two sections.

- Presentation about the proposed DPR by Executive Director of AHADS-CCPRM Presentation about the overview of the preparatory survey for the Project by Team Leader and Additional Team Leader.

- Discussion about the Project

10.2 Highlight of Discussion In the Coordination Meeting with Stakeholders, JICA Survey Team emphasized that it depended on the quality and volume of data if the Survey succeeds or not. JICA Survey Team requested the following cooperation for the survey:

- Share of Ward Wise demographic data (Census 2011) - Share of Ward boundary data - Share of Location data on the small infrastructures for GIS - Support from the Panchayat Secretaries for the socio economic survey to be made by an

entrusted society by the Survey Team

Annex 10-1


- Support from the Divisional Forest Officers to permit the Survey Team staff enters the forest in the District.

Based on the requests from the Survey Team as summarized above, the District Collector instructed Secretaries of Grama Panchayats to provide the requested data, the concerned district officers to cooperate the Survey, and the Divisional Forest Officers to grant the permission to the Survey staff to enter the forestland for their Survey.

Key discussion on the Project was about the sustainability of the activities proposed in DPR. Some of the participants expressed his concern to the sustainability after the completion of the Project and emphasized the importance to have a clear and effective vision of post prospect so as to sustain the effect of the Project outputs.

Annex 10-2

Annex 10.1.1

A.III.10.1.1-1

■

A.III.10.1.1-2

■

Annex 10.1.2

List of Attendants

SL.No Name Designation, Affiliation

District Collector, Wayanad 1 Keshavendra Kumar , IAS

2 Veena N Madhavan, IAS Sub Collector Mananthavady

3 Dr. V. Jithesh Assistant Director of Health Services, District Medical Office, Wayanad

4 Dr. K.R. Geetha District Animal Husbandry Wayanad

5 E. K. Sudhakaran District Mission Co-Ordinator

6 Santhosh C.P. District Planning Office, Research Officer

7 K.G. Sajeevu District Planning Officer, Wayanad

8 Dr. Bijoy E. District Project Manager, National Health Mission

9 K.P Venugopalan Project Director

Divisional Forest Officer, North Wayanad 10 A. Shanavas

11 P. Dhanesh Kumar Divisional Forest Officer, South Wayanad

12 Ramakrishanan Senior Superintendant, District Level Integrated Child Development Service

13 K.C. Cheriyan Assistant Project Officer, Integrated Tribal Development Programme Kalpetta

14 V. Rajan Assistant Wildlife Warden, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary

15 K. Ramachandran Head Clerk, Vengapally Gram Panchayat

16 Manoj G. Junior Superintendant, Muttil Gram Panchayat

17 Baby AM, Junior Superintendant, Pozhuthana Gram Panchayat

18 M.C. Sajeevan Nenmeni Gram Panchayat

19 A.R. Sreejith New Club, Thondarnad Gram Panchayat

20 A.R. Sreejith New Club, Thondarnad Gram Panchayat

21 Jayarajan Secretary, Mullankolly Gram Panchayat

22 M.R. Jayakrishnan Secretary, Thariyode

23 Rajeevan Secretary, Kottathara Gram Panchayat

24 K.M. Saraswathi Secretary, Noolpuzha, Gram Panchayat

25 K.V. Mani Secretary, Padinjarathara Gram Panchayat

26 E.K Asokan, Secretary, Panamaram Gram Panchayat

27 Scaria Paulose Secretary, Poothadi Gram Panchayat

28 M.R. Prabhakaran Vellamunda Gram Panchayat

29 Suresh Kumar Ambalavayal Gram Panchayat

30 Roshni Narayan Tahsildar, Vythiri, Taluk Office

31 Jayamohan P. Vythiry, Panchayat

32 P. Santhosh kumar Thazhingal Gram Panchayat

33 M. Saseendran Technical Assistant 1

34 Balan C.C Technical Assistant Human Resource 11

35 P. Vijayakumar Tribal Development Officer, Mananthavady

A.III.10.1.2-1

36 A.K. Narayanan Tribal Development Officer, Sulthan Batheri

37 Nizarudeen. M. Tribal Extension Officer, Padinjarathara

38 Jamshad Tribal Extension Officer, Sulthan Bathery

39 Shameer Tribal Extension Officer, Cheengeri, Ambalabayal

40 Balakrishnan Tribal Extension Officer, Kaniyambatta

41 C.C. Balakrishnan Tribal Extension Officer, Kaniyambatta

42 Dileepkumar Tribal Extension Officer, Kattikulam, Mananthavady

43 Muhammed Tribal Extension Officer, Mananthavady

44 Jammid Tribal Extension Officer, Noolpuzha

45 K. Jayapalan Tribal Extension Officer, Noolpuzha

46 K. Jayapalan Tribal Extension Officer, Noolpuzha

47 Sreekala. T.P. Tribal Extension Officer, Panamaram

48 Nizarodeen. M Tribal Extension Officer

49 A.B. Sooraj Tribal Extension Officer, Peringoda, Pozhuthana

50 A. B. Sreeja Kumari Tribal Extension Officer, Pinangode, Vengapalli

51 Nandan KP Tribal Extension Officer, Poothadi

52 PK Ganesh Kumar Tribal Extension Officer, Thavinhal

53 Aswin Krishna Committed Social Worker, Ambalavayal

54 Mahesh M.V Committed Social Worker, Edavaka

55 Litha Babu Committed Social Worker, Kalpetta

56 Ajeesh Kumar. N Committed Social Worker, Kaniyambetta

57 Manikandan G. Committed Social Worker, Mananthavady

58 Sreejith O.M Committed Social Worker, Meenangadi

59 Nijishna P.P. Committed Social Worker, Meppadi

60 Akbar Ali VP Committed Social Worker, Mooppinad

61 Soniya Chacko Committed Social Worker, Mullankolly

62 Bhagyalakshmi Committed Social Worker, Muttil

63 Aneesh E.B. Committed Social Worker, Nenmeni

64 Prajod C.V. Committed Social Worker, Noolpuzha

65 Jaisal U. Committed Social Worker, Padinjarathara

66 Bibin C.T. Committed Social Worker, Poothadi Gram Panchayat

67 Kunhikkannan R. Committed Social Worker, Pozhuthana

68 Prasad A.M Committed Social Worker, Sulthan Bathery

69 Gadha M. Das Committed Social Worker, Thariyode

70 Nishanth Krishnan Committed Social Worker, Thavinjal

71 Annrejith V. Committed Social Worker, Thirunelly

72 Santhosh .P.P Committed Social Worker, Thondernad Gram Panchayat

73 Shagil. T.T.K Committed Social Worker, Vellamunda

74 Vidya O.V. Committed Social Worker, Vengapally

75 Chinju A.J Committed Social Worker, Vythiri

76 Sankaran N.

77 Surendran. N.

A.III.10.1.2-2

78 Induchoodan Executive Director, AHADS- CCPRM1

79 Prajitha P.T Deputy Director, AHADS- CCPRM

80 Seiji KOYANAGI Team Leader, JICA Survey Team

81 Michiko EBATO Additional Team Leader, JICA Survey Team

82 Kuninobu NODA JICA Survey Team

83 Hiromi YASU JICA Survey Team

84 Yukiko JOHO JICA Survey Team

85 Aya MIZUNO JICA Survey Team

86 Viswanathan Ganesan JICA Survey Team

87 Shylaja Raghavendra Rao JICA Survey Team

88 Pattathattil Radhakrishnan JICA Survey Team

89 Meena Nair Sreekumari JICA Survey Team

90 Kanagavel Palanikumar JICA Survey Team

91 Kumara Swamy JICA Survey Team

92 Rakesh Raghavan Nair Suganthakumari JICA Survey Team

1 AHADS - CCPRM: Attappady Hills Area Development Society - Centre for Comprehensive Participatory Resource Management

A.III.10.1.2-3

Annex-11 Socio Economic Survey Conducted by the Survey Team


Table of Contents

10TAnnex-1110T 10TSocio Economic Survey Conducted by the Survey Team 10T .................................. 11-1

10T 11.110T 10TQuestionnaire used in the Socio Economic Survey 10T .......................................................... 11-2

10T 11.2 Sample Households10T ...................................................................................................... 11-13

10T 11.3 Report Submitted by Institute for Societal Advancement 10T ............................................ 11-18


Annex 11-1

Annex-11 Socio Economic Survey Conducted by the Survey Team

This annex contains the outputs of the sub-contracting agency which undertook the socio-economic survey. The contract to undertake the survey was given to Institute of Societal Advancement (ISA), Thirvananthapuram, Kerala after competitive bidding by invitation. The survey design and questionnaire were prepared by the JICA Survey Team and reviewed jointly with ISA for fine tuning and contextualising the questions to be asked. The questionnaire used is attached in Section 11.2. Each question was reviewed with the enumerators and the meaning confirmed in Malayalam. Field supervisors also supported the enumerators in conducting the field survey. The survey report submitted by ISA is given in Section 11.3.

1,001 households were selected randomly by 25 Panchayats in Wayanad. The social characteristics of the sample households are given in Section 11.2.

The survey results given in Section 11.3 are extrapolated in order to provide statistical overview of Wayanad district while the data given in Chapter 7 in Volume II is based on the actual responses within the sample households. The data given in Section 11.3 is organised by Panchayats, social groups, religious groups and by the gender of the head of the household as relevant.


Annex 11-2

11.1 Questionnaire used in the Socio Economic Survey The questionnaire used in the socio economic survey is shown below.

Socioeconomic survey for

PREPARATORY SURVEY FOR WAYANAD COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

May 2014

1. Date of Interview (DD/ MM/ YY): Time starting: Time ending:

2. Survey Team Details

Name of the Enumerator Name of the Sub-Leader Date Checked by the Sub Leader 3. Locality

Block Gram Panchayat Ward House No. (2009) House No. (Current)

4. Type of Habitation

Please describe the place you live.

4.1 Is it a tribal hamlet? 1= Yes (Please tick the appropriate box below.) 2= No (Please go to 4.2)

All the residents in the Hamlet belong to one tribal community. (Code 4.1.1)

More than one tribal group is living together in one area.

Code: 4.1 1=Paniya; 2= Adiya; 3=Kurichiya; 4=Kurma; 5=Kattunayaka; 6=Vettakuruma;

7=Others (Specify )

4.2 Do you find mixture of people from different communities like SC, ST, OBC and others all co-habiting in your area? 1= Yes 2=No

4.3 How many years has your family lived in this place? Years

5. Social background

Please tick where applicable. In case, the respondent identify him/ herself with a particular tribal community, please select a code from 5.1.1 and write in the cell.

SC ST (Code 5.1.1) OBC General

Code: 5.1 1=Paniya; 2= Adiya; 3=Kurichiya; 4=Kurma; 5=Kattunayaka; 6=Vettakuruma;

7=Others (Specify )

6. Religion

Please tick where applicable.

Christian Muslim Hindu Other ( Specify )

7. Entitlement

Which type of cards does your family have?

If your family has APL cards, please tell us on which year you have given the card.

BPL Card* BPL Ration Card* APL Card APL Ration Card 1= Yes 1= Yes Year Given Year Given


Annex 11-3

2= No 2= No ( ) ( ) No of Card given to the family

Note: If a family relocates and is not entitled to the BPL benefits at the new residing area, please indicate 2=No. Please do take note the reason of relocation.

8. Family

This is the section we’d like to ask about your family. If you do not know or do not like to tell us, please do not hesitate to do so. * Family is a group of individuals who are dependent on one financial source. The following cases should also be considered as a family.

1. Not living together but receiving financial support (like a child studying in a boarding school)

2. Not living together but sending substantial amount of money for the daily requirement of the family and the family depends on it

* Head of the Household: As per the legal status. You can identify by the name listed on the BPL/ APL or Ration Card.

*More than one BPL/ Ration card is given, please identify who has such card in the family.

8 Socio economic details of the family members

Sl. No

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Name

Relation to the Head of the household (Code 8.1.1)

Gender (M/ F)

Marital Status (Code 8.1.2)

Age Education (Code8`.1.3)

Communication in Malayalam

(1=Yes/ 2=No)

Who has the BPL/

Ration card? (Tick, if has)

Main livelihood activity

engaged on the date of

survey (Code 8.1.4)

Daily Wage

Rate (Rs.)

Does he/ she live

continuously with you in the past 12

months?1=Yes 2=No

How many months is s/he away in the past 12 months? (Indicate the approximate months away from home)

Purpose of Out migration. (Code 8.1.5)

Total cash earned from migration. Read Write Speak

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 Code 8.1.1: 1=Head of the Household; 2=Spouse of the Head of the Household; 3=Child of the Head of Household; 4=Parent of the Head of the Household; 5= Brothers and Sisters of the Head of the Household; 6=Grand Child of the Head of the Household; 7=Father/ Mother-in-Law of the Head of the Household; 8=Brother/ Sister-In-Law of the Head of the Household; 10= Others (Sepcify: ) Code 8.1.2: 1= Not Married; 2= Married; 3= Divorced/ Separated; 4= Widow/ Widower Code 8.1.3: 1= Kindergarten/ Aanganwadi; 2= Lower Primary; 3=Upper Primary;4= Secondary; 5= Higher Secondary; 6=College and above; 7= Non literate; 8= Literate through non-formal education; 9=Others (Specify: ) Code 8.1.4: 1=Agriculture labourer; 2=Non Agriculture Labourer; 3= Employed in Private Companies; 4= Government Employee including undertakings and aided Institutions; 5=Self Employed in non-agriculture sector; 6= Self Employed in Agriculture and allied activities (not employed by others); 7=Not Employed; 8=Student; 9=House wife; 10=Seeking work/ available to work; 11=Others (Specify ) * In case, the person’s main livelihood activity is 1=agriculture labourer or 2= non agriculture labourer and have not worked in the past 7 days other than health reasons, it will be categorized as a10= Seeking work/ available to work. Code 8.1.5: 1=To earn food grain as wages; 2=To earn higher wages; 3=To reduce burden on family; 4=Non-availability of work in village; 5=To work on relative’s farm; 6=To meet contractual obligation; 7=Education; 8=Holiday; 9=Others(Specify: )

Draft Final Report: Volum

e-III Annexes Preparatory Survey for Wayanad C

omprehensive

Environment C

onservation and Comm

unity Developm

ent Project

Annex 11-4


Annex 11-5

9. Land Use and Land Holding

9.1 Please tell us about the land you hold or use. Please indicate the size of the land for each category by each type of ownership.

Area owned Lease in

Ownership Code: 9.1

Own use (Cents)

Lease out (Cents) Area (Cents) Rental Charges

(Rs/ Cents) Rented Free of Charge

House and Household Premises

Agriculture Land – Cultivated

Agriculture Land – Fallow

Other (Specify: )

Code 9.1: 1: Husband; 2: Wife; 3: Joint ownershipｐ; 4. Others (Specify: )

9.2 Above mentioned lands fall under which land category?

1= Revenue Land 2= Forest Land 3=Both revenue and forest land

4= Others (Specify: )

9.3 Does your family have a kitchen garden at the household premises? 1= Yes 2= No

*Kitchen Garden: A small area where vegetables and fruits are grown in the home premises.

10. Access to Basic Amenities

10.1 Housing

10.1.1 What is the type of the housing? (Code: 10.1.1)

Code 10.1.1: 1=Pacca* House; 2= Semi-Pacca** House; 3= Kacca*** House; 4=Others (Specify: )

*Pucca – Permanent structure with solid foundation, permanent walls and concrete or tiled roof. **Semi Pacca house – Permanent flooring with temporary wall or roof.

***Kacha house – House with temporary floor, wall and roof. Mud floor, mud, bamboo or mixed walls, roof thatched with grass, palm leaves, plastic sheets, etc

10.1.2: Is it your own house or rented house?

1=Own 2=Rented

10.2 Sources of Household Energy

10.2.1 Energies used for lighting

Tick if Yes Consumption Volume/ Quantity Unit

Household connection from the grid Rs. per month Inverter Hours per day Solar Hours per day Kerosene Litre per week Others ( )

10.2.2 Energies used for cooking

Tick if Yes Consumption Volume/ Quantity Unit

Fuel wood Bundle per week


Annex 11-6

Biogas Hours per day Gas Cylinder Cylinder per year Kerosene Litre per week Others ( )

10.3 Sources of Water

10.3.1 Source of Drinking water

Open Well

Rain Water Harvesting (Traditional)

Shallow well (Keni)

Tube well Spring Pipe connection

Others ( )

From which sources do you collect drinking water most often? (Tick where appropriate.)

How many minutes do you take to reach the water source? (minutes)

How many times a day fetch water? (No of times)

How much water do you fetch at a time? (Litre)

Who in your family will go to fetch drinking water? (Multiple Response)

Is it used only by your family or shared with other neighbors?(Code 10.3.1.2)

Code 10.3.1.1: 1=Adult Male; 2=Adult Female; 3=Male Child; 4=Female Child; 5=Others (Specify ) Code 10.3.1.2: 1= Used only by the family; 2= Shared with other neighbours

10.3.2: Do you have sufficient drinking water for your household throughout the year?

1. Yes 2. No

10.3.3: How many months in the past one year did your household experience shortage of drinking water?

Months

10.3.4 Water sources for washing clothes

Time to reach

there (minutes)

How do you reach there?

(Code 10.3.4.1)

How many times a week need to go

there? (No of times)

Who will go most frequently?

(Code 10.3.4.2)

Water sources Only used by the

Family (Tick if

applicable) Open well Shallow well

Tube well Spring River Tap connection

Others ( )

Code 10.3.4.1: 1=On foot; 2=By motorcycle; 3=Others (Specify ) Code 10.3.4.2: 1=Adult Male; 2=Adult Female; 3=Male Child; 4=Female Child; 5=Others (Specify )

11: Sanitation:

11.1 Bathing

11.1.1 Do you have a bathing space at the home premises? 1= Yes 2= No

11.1.2 All members of your family use the bathing space at the home premises?

1= Yes (Please go to 11.2) 2= No (Please answer 11.1.3, 11.1.4 and 11.1.5)

11.1.3 Who in the family do not use the bathing space? (Tick where applicable.)


Annex 11-7

Male Adult Female Adult Male Child Female Child

11.1.4 Please tell us the reason for not using the bathing space at the home premises.

1= space is not enough 2=difficult to get water to the bathing space at home premises

3=not clean 4=not used to using the facility

5=Others (Specify: )

11.1.5 Which place do your household members use for bathing?

1=River 2=Common Well 3=Spring


11.2: Toilet

11.2.1 Do you have a toilet in the homestead? 1= Yes 2= No

11.2.2 All members of your family use the toilet?

1= Yes (Please go to 11.3) 2= No (Please answer 11.2.3, 11.2.4, 11.2.5)

11.2.3 Who in the family do not use the toilet? (Tick where applicable.)

Male Adult Female Adult Male Child Female Child

11.2.4 Please tell us the reason for not using the toilet at the home premises.

1= Do not like to spoil the place; 2=Nott used to using the facility;


11.2.5 Which place do your household members use as toilet?

1=Riverside 2=Open space 3=Others (Specify: )

11.3 Health

11.3.1 What are the diseases frequently contracted by your family members in the past 12 months?

1= Headache 2=Diarrhea 3= Fever 4=Influenza

5=Asthma 6=Others (Specify: )

12. Road and Transportation

12.1 All weather road* connection available to where you live? 1=Yes 2=No

*All weather road- Road which can be used for transportation year round, in all weathers.

13. Market

13.1 What is the distance to the nearest market? km

13.2 What is the common means of transportation to reach the nearest market?

On Foot By bicycle By motorcycle By shared taxi By bus

14. Education Facilities

What are the types of educational facilities available in your area?

Type of Facilities Distance (km) How to reach there(Code 14.1)

Kindergarten/ Nursery/ Aanganwadi Lower Primary Upper Primary Secondary Higher Secondary College


Annex 11-8

Code 14.1: 1=On foot; 2=By motorcycle; 3=Auto; 4= Bus; 5=Others (Specify )

15: Primary Health Care Facilities and hospital

15.1 Please tell us about the nearby Health related Facilities.

Type of Facilities Distance (km)

How to reach there (Code 15.1.1)

How many times a year have you visited the

facility in the past one year?

Could women go there alone or need male

adults to accompany? Code 15.1.2)

Aanganwadi centre Primary Health Centre Sub-Centre Government hospital Private Clinic Ayurvedic Clinic/ Hospital

Tribal Hospital Mid Wife Traditional medical practitioner

Other ( Specify )

Other (Specify )

Code 15.1.1: 1=on Foot; 2=by Bus; 3= by Auto Rickshaw; 4=by Motorcycle; 5=Jeep; 6= by Bicycle; 7=Others (Specify: ) Code 15.1.2: 1= Yes; 2= No

15.2 If you have not visited the facilities, what was the reason? Please choose most relevant response.

1= Did not know about the service 2= Did not have money 3= Too far away;


16. Bank and Saving

16.1. Access to banking facilities

16.1.1 Does any member of your household have a bank account?

1= Yes (Please go to 16.1.3) 2= No (Please go to 16.1.2)

16.1.2 If not, what is the reason for not having a bank account?

1= Do not need it 2= Bank is too far away


16.1.3 Who in the household has a bank account?

1= Husband 2= Wife 3=Both Husband and Wife

4= Other (Specify: )

16.1.4 Does any member of the household have personal savings in the bank?

1=Male head only 2=Female head only 3=Male and female heads

4=No one 5=Others (specify )

16.1.5 Does your family member save money on a regular basis? 1= Yes (Go to 16.1.6) 2= No

16.1.6 Who in the family make regular savings? Please identify the person using the serial no used in Q 8.1.

(Multiple Response)

16.2 Credit/ Debt

16.2.1 Do you have any current loan liability?

1= Yes (Please go to 16.2.2.) 2=No (please go to 17.)


Annex 11-9

16.2.2 What is the total loan liability? Rs.

16.2.3 Which is the person/ institution you hold liability?

1=Bank 2=Co-operative Soc. 3= Self-help group

4= Money lender 5=Family member 6=Friend

7=Input supplier 8=Others (specify: )

16.2.4 For what purpose you used the loan?

1=Meeting crop production cost 2=Purchase livestock 3=Fund own business

4=Produce Processing activity 5= Education of children 6=Medical expenses

7=Meeting family requirement/ Consumption purposes (purchasing daily necessities)


17. Community Organizations

17.1 Who in the family belongs to Community Organizations?

Type of Group Who in the family? (Code 17.1.1)

What is the advantage of being a group member?

(Code 17.1.2) Farmers Cooperative Farmers Group SHG *(Kudumbasree) SHG* (Promoted other than Kudumbasree: Specify:

Oorukoottam Gram Sabha Joint Liability Group** VSS/ EDC*** Others ( ) Code 17.1.1: 1=Husband; 2= Wife; 3= Not applicable; 4=Other (Specify ) Code 17.1.2: 1= Learn new skills and gain knowledge; 2=save money; 4=meet friends and neighbours; 5=better marketing; 6=better access to loan; 7= Others (Specify: ) *SHG (Self Help Group): SHGs are organised for internal savings and credit. Some would undertake small scale income

generation activities. **Joint Liability Group (JLG): Promoted by NABARD for obtaining loan. ***VSS(Vana Samrakshana samitis) is formed for forest management. EDC is formed for Eco Development. These two

institutions are affiliated to Forest and Wildlife Department. Enumerators should take note if the respondent is a member of any other forest related community institutions like Forest Rights Committee.

17.2 Community Meetings (Please tick where appropriate)

Oorukoottam Gram Sabha Frequency of the meeting 1. Regularly

2. Occasional 3. Does not exist

1. Regular 2. Occasional 3. Does not exist

How frequently does your family member participate? 1. Regularly 2. Occasional 3. Do not participate

1. Regularly 2. Occasional 3. Do not participate

Who in the family goes to the meetings? (Multiple Response/ Code 17.2.1)

Code 17.2.1: 1=Husband; 2= Wife; 3=Other (Specify ) 18. Household Expenses

18.1 What is the cash requirement per week on an average? Rs.

Items Expenditure (in a week) (Rs.) 1. Food including sugar, salt and oil 2. Medical Expenses 3. House repair 4. Utility Bills 5. Schooling including uniforms/ stationary 6. Liquor/ Paan/ Tobacco 7. Others (Specify: )


Annex 11-10

Items Expenditure (in a week) (Rs.) 8. Others (Specify: ) 18.2 Who in the family mostly meets the household cash expenses?

1= Husband 2= Wife 3= Other members of the family ( )

18.3Have you come across the need for immediate cash in the past 12 months?

1= Yes (Please answer 18.4.) 2= No (Proceed to 19.)

18.4 From whom did you borrow?

1= SHG 2= Bank 3= Relative 4=Neighbor

5=Money lender 6=Credit from shops/suppliers


19. Food

19.1 What is the main source of food?

1= Cultivated on own land 2= Ration 3= Purchased food

4= Others ( )

19.2 Have you experienced any food shortage in the past 12 months?

1= Yes (Please answer 19.3, 19.4) 2= No (Please go to Q19.5)

19.3 How many months did you experience food shortage? Months

19.4 Which type of food did you experience shortage? Please tick where applicable.

Type of Food Which food item was insufficient? 1.cereals 2.pulses 3.oils 4.vegetables 5.milk 6.fish/meat 7.fruits 8.Others (Specify: )

19.5 In the case of food shortage, how do you meet the requirement?

1=Purchase 2=. Borrow from neighbor/ relative

3= Eat less amount of food 4= Others ( )

20. NTFPs

Please tell us about up to 3 NTFPs that your household members mostly harvested in the past one year and what you did with them.

*NTFPs – Non Timber Forest Products – Products other than timber, collected by the tribal population from the forest. Dammer, honey, medicinal herbs, wild turmeric, wild gooseberry, tree bark, fungus, etc.

Code 1. Item ( )

2.Item ( )

3. Item ( )

Part of plant harvested 20.1 Volume Harvested (Kg) Sold in which form? 20.2 Volume Sold (kg) Average sales price per Kg (Rs.) Who in the family goes for harvesting? 20.3 (Multiple

Response)

Who in the family processes the NTFP? Who in the family goes to sell the NTFP? To whom have you sold the NTFPs? Code20.4 Code 20.1:1= Leaf; 2=Branch; 3=Stem; 4=Bark; 5=Gum; 6=Others (Specify: )


Annex 11-11

Code 20.2: 1=Unprocessed; 2=Semi Processed (sorted by size and quality); 3=Processed; 4=Others (Specify: ) Code 20.3: 1= Husband; 2= Wife; 3= Male Child; 4= Female Child; 5=Others (Specify: ) Code 20.4: 1=co-operative/ service society; 2=individual trader; 3=Others (Specify: )

21. Man- Wild animal conflict

21.1 Do your house hold members face conflict from wild animals?

1= Yes (Please go to 21.2.) 2= No (Please go to 22.)

21.2 Which wild animals?

1= elephant 2= wild bore 3= tiger

4= leopard 5= monkey

6= others (Specify: )

21.3 What were the damages caused?

1= personal injury/ death 2= damage of property

3= damage of crop 4: Others (Specify: )

21.4 Did you get compensation from the Forest Department? 1=Yes 2= No

21.5 Any precaution initiated from the Forest Department? 1=Yes 2= No

21.6 What were the types of precautions initiated by the Forest Department?

1= Electric fencing 2= Solar fencing 3=Trenches

4=Concrete Fencing 5= restricted movement of people placed

6= Other (Specify: )

22. Household Assets The enumerators may fill based on their observation and may ask the respondents when they are not visible. 22.1 Household Items:

Name of Asset 1=Have/ 2=Do not have

1. Cooking Utensils (Sauce pans, knives, cutting board etc) 2 Pressure Cooker 3. Plates 5. Cooker/ Gas Stove 6. Refrigerator 4. Washing Basin 5. Washing Machine 7. Bed 8. Solar Lantern 9. Table 10. Chairs 11. Others (Specify: ) 22.2 Communication and Entertainment Items

Name of Asset 1=Have/ 2= Do not have

1. Mobile Phone 2 Radio 3. CD Player 4. DVD Player 5. Dish 6. Computer 7. Others (Specify: )


Annex 11-12

22.3 Productive Assets including livestock assets

Name of Asset Total Number owned 1. Bicycle 2 Motor Cycle 3 Poultry 4 Buffalo (M/F) M ( )/ F( ) 5 Milching Cow 6 Cattle 7 Goat 8 Agriculture Equipments (Specify: ) 9 Agriculture Implements (Specify: ) 10 Others (Specify: )

End of questionnaire


Annex 11-13

11.2 Sample Households

1. Sample BPL Households by Social Group

Source: Socio Economic Survey, JICA Survey Team (2014)

Number ofHouseholds

% toPanchayat

Total

Number ofHouseholds

% toPanchayat

Total

Number ofHouseholds

% toPanchayat

Total

Number ofHouseholds

% toPanchayat

Total

Mananthavady 7 14.58% 18 37.50% 13 27.08% 10 20.83% 48 14Vellamunda 1 2.13% 11 23.40% 29 61.70% 6 12.77% 47 11Thirunelly 3 5.77% 18 34.62% 23 44.23% 8 15.38% 52 12Thondernad 2 6.45% 5 16.13% 3 9.68% 21 67.74% 31 8Edavaka 1 2.86% 16 45.71% 3 8.57% 15 42.86% 35 12Thavinhal 11 20.37% 15 27.78% 7 12.96% 21 38.89% 54 14Meenangadi 0 0.00% 16 35.56% 14 31.11% 15 33.33% 45 7Nenmeni 9 16.98% 9 16.98% 19 35.85% 16 30.19% 53 28Ambalavayal 7 14.58% 4 8.33% 25 52.08% 12 25.00% 48 13Sulthan Bathery 0 0.00% 12 24.49% 17 34.69% 20 40.82% 49 14Noolpuzha 1 2.17% 39 84.78% 5 10.87% 1 2.17% 46 18Kottathara 2 8.33% 12 50.00% 4 16.67% 6 25.00% 24 6Vengappally 0 0.00% 9 56.25% 3 18.75% 4 25.00% 16 3Vythiri 6 30.00% 0 0.00% 5 25.00% 9 45.00% 20 8Muttil 3 6.98% 13 30.23% 17 39.53% 10 23.26% 43 6Pozhuthana 1 4.76% 7 33.33% 8 38.10% 5 23.81% 21 9Thariod 2 11.76% 3 17.65% 6 35.29% 6 35.29% 17 3Padinharathara 11 36.67% 3 10.00% 12 40.00% 4 13.33% 30 7Meppady 6 15.38% 2 5.13% 21 53.85% 10 25.64% 39 9Muppainad 2 6.45% 1 3.23% 23 74.19% 5 16.13% 31 10Panamaram 0 0.00% 19 31.67% 34 56.67% 7 11.67% 60 13Poothadi 4 6.78% 9 15.25% 29 49.15% 17 28.81% 59 21Mullankolly 2 5.00% 16 40.00% 10 25.00% 12 30.00% 40 17Pulpalli 10 19.61% 16 31.37% 14 27.45% 11 21.57% 51 16Kaniambetta 3 7.14% 11 26.19% 22 52.38% 6 14.29% 42 16Total 94 9.39% 284 28.37% 366 36.56% 257 25.67% 1,001 295

Panchayat

TotalNumber of

Householdsin

Panchayat

TotalNumberof FHHs

SC ST OBC General


Annex 11-14

2. Sample BPL Households by Religion


Number ofHouseholds

% toPanchayat

TotalNumber of

Households

% toPanchayat

TotalNumeber ofHouseholds

% toPanchayat

TotalMananthavady 10 20.83% 0 0.00% 38 79.17% 48Vellamunda 4 8.51% 27 57.45% 16 34.04% 47Thirunelly 9 17.31% 0 0.00% 43 82.69% 52Thondernad 7 22.58% 9 29.03% 15 48.39% 31Edavaka 4 11.43% 2 5.71% 29 82.86% 35Thavinhal 6 11.11% 11 20.37% 37 68.52% 54Meenangadi 5 11.11% 6 13.33% 34 75.56% 45Nenmeni 7 13.21% 11 20.75% 35 66.04% 53Ambalavayal 10 20.83% 11 22.92% 27 56.25% 48Sulthan Bathery 10 20.41% 5 10.20% 34 69.39% 49Noolpuzha 1 2.17% 1 2.17% 44 95.65% 46Kottathara 1 4.17% 2 8.33% 21 87.50% 24Vengappally 2 12.50% 2 12.50% 12 75.00% 16Vythiri 8 40.00% 2 10.00% 10 50.00% 20Muttil 7 16.28% 7 16.28% 29 67.44% 43Pozhuthana 1 4.76% 5 23.81% 15 71.43% 21Thariod 2 11.76% 4 23.53% 11 64.71% 17Padinharathara 1 3.33% 12 40.00% 17 56.67% 30Meppady 3 7.69% 15 38.46% 21 53.85% 39Muppainad 3 9.68% 18 58.06% 10 32.26% 31Panamaram 5 8.33% 30 50.00% 25 41.67% 60Poothadi 16 27.12% 0 0.00% 43 72.88% 59Mullankolly 11 27.50% 0 0.00% 29 72.50% 40Pulpalli 7 13.73% 0 0.00% 44 86.27% 51Kaniambetta 2 4.76% 15 35.71% 25 59.52% 42Total 142 14.19% 195 19.48% 664 66.33% 1,001

TotalNumber of

Households

HinduMuslimChristian

Panchayat


Annex 11-15

3. Number of Male and Female Headed Households


Number of Households % to Panchayat Total Number of Households % to Panchayat TotalMananthavady 34 70.83% 14 29.17% 48Vellamunda 36 76.60% 11 23.40% 47Thirunelly 40 76.92% 12 23.08% 52Thondernad 23 74.19% 8 25.81% 31Edavaka 23 65.71% 12 34.29% 35Thavinhal 40 74.07% 14 25.93% 54Meenangadi 38 84.44% 7 15.56% 45Nenmeni 25 47.17% 28 52.83% 53Ambalavayal 35 72.92% 13 27.08% 48Sulthan Bathery 35 71.43% 14 28.57% 49Noolpuzha 28 60.87% 18 39.13% 46Kottathara 18 75.00% 6 25.00% 24Vengappally 13 81.25% 3 18.75% 16Vythiri 12 60.00% 8 40.00% 20Muttil 37 86.05% 6 13.95% 43Pozhuthana 12 57.14% 9 42.86% 21Thariod 14 82.35% 3 17.65% 17Padinharathara 23 76.67% 7 23.33% 30Meppady 30 76.92% 9 23.08% 39Muppainad 21 67.74% 10 32.26% 31Panamaram 47 78.33% 13 21.67% 60Poothadi 38 64.41% 21 35.59% 59Mullankolly 23 57.50% 17 42.50% 40Pulpalli 35 68.63% 16 31.37% 51Kaniambetta 26 61.90% 16 38.10% 42Total 706 70.53% 295 29.47% 1,001

Male Headed Households Female Headed HouseholdsPanchayat

Total Number ofHouseholds


Annex 11-16

4. Number of FHHs by Social Group


FHH

% of FHHs toPanchayat

Total Numberof FHHs

FHH


Total Numberof FHHs

FHH


Total Numberof FHHs

FHH


Total Numberof FHHs

Mananthavady 1 7.14% 6 42.86% 4 28.57% 3 21.43% 14Vellamunda 1 9.09% 2 18.18% 6 54.55% 2 18.18% 11Thirunelly 0 0.00% 5 41.67% 4 33.33% 3 25.00% 12Thondernad 1 12.50% 0 0.00% 1 12.50% 6 75.00% 8Edavaka 1 8.33% 7 58.33% 1 8.33% 3 25.00% 12Thavinhal 2 14.29% 1 7.14% 4 28.57% 7 50.00% 14Meenangadi 0 0.00% 1 14.29% 2 28.57% 4 57.14% 7Nenmeni 6 21.43% 5 17.86% 10 35.71% 7 25.00% 28Ambalavayal 4 30.77% 0 0.00% 7 53.85% 2 15.38% 13Sulthan Bathery 0 0.00% 3 21.43% 5 35.71% 6 42.86% 14Noolpuzha 0 0.00% 16 88.89% 1 5.56% 1 5.56% 18Kottathara 0 0.00% 5 83.33% 0 0.00% 1 16.67% 6Vengappally 0 0.00% 2 66.67% 1 33.33% 0 0.00% 3Vythiri 2 25.00% 0 0.00% 2 25.00% 4 50.00% 8Muttil 0 0.00% 2 33.33% 2 33.33% 2 33.33% 6Pozhuthana 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 7 77.78% 2 22.22% 9Thariod 0 0.00% 1 33.33% 2 66.67% 0 0.00% 3Padinharathara 4 57.14% 2 28.57% 1 14.29% 0 0.00% 7Meppady 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 5 55.56% 4 44.44% 9Muppainad 1 10.00% 0 0.00% 7 70.00% 2 20.00% 10Panamaram 0 0.00% 2 15.38% 9 69.23% 2 15.38% 13Poothadi 2 9.52% 2 9.52% 13 61.90% 4 19.05% 21Mullankolly 0 0.00% 5 29.41% 4 23.53% 8 47.06% 17Pulpalli 3 18.75% 6 37.50% 3 18.75% 4 25.00% 16Kaniambetta 1 6.25% 5 31.25% 8 50.00% 2 12.50% 16Total 29 9.83% 78 26.44% 109 36.95% 79 26.78% 295

Panchayat TotalNumber of

FHHs

GeneralOBCSTSC


Annex 11-17

5. Number of Non Literate Persons in the Sample Households

Unit: persons


Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male FemaleMananthavady 1 3 2 8 2 1 4 13 90 99 4.44% 13.13%Vellamunda 1 3 4 3 9 6 14 121 103 4.96% 13.59%Thirunelly 1 6 9 2 6 8 16 95 106 8.42% 15.09%Thondernad 3 1 0 4 57 53 0.00% 7.55%Edavaka 3 8 1 1 4 9 67 67 5.97% 13.43%Thavinhal 2 2 1 7 1 3 7 4 19 108 109 3.70% 17.43%Meenangadi 7 8 2 1 3 8 13 87 82 9.20% 15.85%Nenmeni 2 3 6 3 2 1 3 7 13 91 101 7.69% 12.87%Ambalavayal 2 3 2 2 4 1 1 6 9 87 96 6.90% 9.38%Sulthan Bathery 4 3 2 2 4 6 9 101 112 5.94% 8.04%Noolpuzha 11 23 1 12 23 85 79 14.12% 29.11%Kottathara 1 1 1 5 1 3 6 41 51 7.32% 11.76%Vengappally 2 4 2 4 29 35 6.90% 11.43%Vythiri 1 1 1 0 3 27 40 0.00% 7.50%Muttil 4 3 1 1 5 4 80 81 6.25% 4.94%Pozhuthana 1 2 3 1 1 1 3 6 31 50 9.68% 12.00%Thariod 1 1 1 2 2 3 40 31 5.00% 9.68%Padinharathara 2 1 2 1 5 2 9 68 73 2.94% 12.33%Meppady 1 6 1 1 1 8 76 82 1.32% 9.76%Muppainad 1 1 1 1 55 63 1.82% 1.59%Panamaram 13 14 3 11 16 25 155 140 10.32% 17.86%Poothadi 7 8 2 5 9 13 109 107 8.26% 12.15%Mullankolly 1 9 13 1 1 11 14 65 76 16.92% 18.42%Pulpalli 3 6 9 17 4 1 12 28 101 94 11.88% 29.79%Kaniambetta 1 1 2 12 2 5 2 1 7 19 73 86 9.59% 22.09%Total 12 30 94 162 21 68 12 25 139 285 1,939 2,016 7.17% 14.14%

Total Number ofPopulation

above 6 YearsOld

Non LiteracyRatesPanchayat

SC ST OBC General Total


11.3 Report Submitted by Institute for Societal Advancement

Socio economic survey of BPL families in Wayanad during May, June, July 2014 for:

Preparatory Survey for Wayanad

Environmental Conservation and

Community Development Project

(For Nippon Koei. Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan)

24P

thP May 2014

By

INSTITUTE FOR SOCIETAL ADVANCEMENT

(Reg. No.T-1401/2004) T. C. 7/768(25), Kesavapuram Lane, Maruthankuzhy, Kanjirampara P.O.

Thiruvananthapuram-695 030. Ph. 0471 2362390 E-mail - [email protected] Website: 10Twww.isaindia.in10T

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.isaindia.in/


Table of Contents

Chapter Topic Page No

Acknowledgement

Executive Summary

1 Introduction

1.1 The Background 1

1.2 Technical Aspects of the Survey 1

1.3 Experiences 4

1.4 Report Lay-Out 4

2 Wayanad: General Features

2.1. Location 5

2.2 . Geographical features, natural vegetation and land use 5

2. 3. Demography 5

2. 4. The people of Wayanad 6

2. 5. Status of development 6

2. 6. Local Economy 7

3 Demographic profile of BPL families

3.1 Identification of BPL families 8

3.2 Distribution of BPL Ration Cards 8

3.3 Distribution of BPL Families by Types of Habitations 8

3.4 BPL families by Social Groups 8

3.5 BPL families by Specific Tribes 8

3.6 BPL families by Duration of Stay 9

3.7 BPL Population by Religion 9

3.8 BPL Population by Social Group 9

3.9 BPL Population by Tribes 9

3.10 BPL Population by Age Group 9

3.11 BPL Population by Education 9

3.12 BPL Population by Marital Status 9

3.13 BPL Population by Activity Status 9

3.14. Summary 10

4 Dwelling space, Basic Amenities and Morbidity

4.1. Dwelling space 18

4.2. Housing 18

4.3. Energy for lighting 18

4.4. Energy for cooking 19

4. 5. Drinking water and sanitation 19

4.6. Water for Washing of Clothes 20

4.7. Bathing space 21

4.8. Toilet Facility 21

4.9. Morbidity 21

4.10. Summary 22

5 Accessibility to Social Infrastructure

5.1. Roads 35

5.2. Market 35

5.3. Educational facilities 35

5.4. Health Care facilities 35

5.5. Community organizations 36

5.6. Summary 37

6 Banking, Savings and Loans

6.1. Availability of Bank Accounts 48

6.2. Family Members Having Bank Accounts 48

6.3. Personal Saving Habits 48

6.4. Loan Liability 48

6.5. Summary 48

7 Cash Needs and Food Shortages


Chapter Topic Page No

7.1. Household Consumption Expenses 53

7.2. Members Meeting Household Expenses 53

7.3. Need for Immediate Cash Requirement 53

7.4. Sources of Borrowing 53

7.5. Sources of Food 54

7.6. Food Shortage 54

7.7. Summary 54

8 Economic Activities and Migration

8.1. Introduction 61

8.2. Worker Participation Rates (WPR) 61

8.3 Unemployment 61

8.4 Type Employment 61

8.5. Wage Rates 62

8.6. Migration of Workers 62

8.7. Forest Based Economic Activities 62

8.8. Summary 63

9 Harmony with Animals

9.1. Introduction 69

9.2. Conflict with Wild Animals 69

9.3. Type of Damages Caused by Animals 69

9.4. Receipt of Compensation 69

9.5. Precautionary Measures 69

9.6 Summary 69

10 Ownership of Assets

10.1. Ownership of Land 72

10.2. Productive Assets 72

10.3. Household Consumer Durables 73

10.4. Communication and Entertainment Items 73

10.5 Summary 73


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The task of capturing the developmental issues of families Below Poverty Line in Wayanad through a short survey and presenting the report based on the data collected was challenging and exciting too. The Institute for Societal Advancement (ISA) is grateful to all those who helped in completing this task. ISA is especially thankful to Mr. Seiji Koyanagi, Team Leader and Dr. Michiko Ebato, Additional Team Leader of the Survey Team of Nippon Koei Co. Ltd Tokyo for Preparatory Survey for Wayanad Comprehensive Environmental Conservation and Community Development Project appointed by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). They gave total support, close supervision and prompt clarifications. They also gave training to Enumerators and Sub Leaders. Dr. Meera S Nair worked as a close link between JICA team and ISA team and was very helpful. ISA’s mentor and guide and the founder Chairman Shri. T. Madhava Menon, IAS (Retd.) helped with his note on situation analysis in Wayanad and advice at every stage and also helped the Vice Chairman Dr. P. K. Sivanandan, IAS (Retd.) in guiding all the activities related to the survey. Shri R. V. Pillai, IAS (Retd.) Chairman ISA was always supportive in achieving highest standard in quality and encouraged the Vice Chairman and the Director at every stage of the work. Shri S. Faizi, Governing Body Member ISA who in spite of his engagements as an Environmentalist of International repute helped ISA from the very beginning of the project. Shri. M. P. Jaisingh and Dr. P. Sivanandan, GB members collaborated with the team during various stages of the project. Shri T. R. Gopalakrishnan, IAS (Retd.) was a constant source of advice and help. Shri P. K. Gopi, IAS (Retd.), former District Collector of Wayanad gave valuable comments on the report. Shri Keshavendra Kumar, IAS, District Collector Wayanad and Kum. Veena Madhavan, IAS, Sub- Collector of Mananthavady and other officers of the district extended full support and assistance for the successful conduct and completion of the survey.We are grateful to the Presidents of all the 25 Panchayaths for their whole hearted support. The Ward Members of the 50 Wards from where samples were taken and survey was conducted gave full support in establishing contacts with the families surveyed and in ensuring their full co-operation.

Survey was conducted under the leadership of Dr G. Raveendran, ISS (retd.) former Additional Director General of Central Statistical Organisation (CSO). His vast experience in similar surveys was a great boon in organizing the survey systematically and completing the field work, scrutiny, data entry, tabulation, report writing and finally in answering all queries and clarifications promptly to produce the final report. Apart from the team members who work very hard to complete the field survey he was supported by Dr. P. M. Alex Consultant, Shri Sreelal G.S. and Shri Dilip R.S of ISA at all stages of work. Office support was effectively provided by Shri. G. Gopalakrishnan, Shri. K. G. Gopakumar and Smt. Minimol.

‘Akshaya’, Meenangadi, Wayanad was entrusted with the task of data entry of 387 schedules. Data entry for 57 schedules was done with the help of Shri. Kochu Narayana Pillai, Additional Director (Retd.), Department of Economics and Statistics. The rest was done in house. Shri. Prabhakaran, Assistant Director (Retd.), Department of Economics and Statistics assisted in data verification and checking.The survey has brought out clearly the details of the continued suffering of the poorest, specifically the ex- bonded labourers, constituting nearly 50% of the tribal population in Wayanad, who will need a big hand to rise from the abysmal debt of poverty and social ostracism to give them a feel that they are also equal partners in development.

(V.K.Sulochana)

Director

v


List of Panchayat Presidents and Ward Members who helped us during the course of Survey

Sl. No. Panchayat Name of Panchayat

Presidents Wards Name of Ward Members

1 Mananthavady Silvi Thomas Ambukuthi Rejish. M Koyileri Ashok Kumar N. P.

2 Vellamunda Ali Haji P. A. Pzhanjana Sulekha Kenikkal Keezhutt Paalayaana Pankajavalli E

3 Thirunelli O. R. Kelu Panavalli O. R. Kelu Areekkara P. J. Alex

4 Thondarnadu Bindu Babu Vanjode E. K. Kunjaman Thettamala Mini Sasi

5 Edavaka H.B. Pradeep Master Orappu Padakkoottil George Kurisingal C. R. Ramesan

6 Thavinjal Lissy Jose Kaithakolli T. K. Gopi Kunjaman Perya Rabia Abbas

7 Meenangadi C. Azinar Purakkadi Madhavan C.C Latha Sasi

8 Nenmeni Jaya Murali Chulliyode Santhosh Kottayil Mundakolli K. R. Sajan

9 Ambalavayal M. U. George Cheenapullu K. R. Anil Ambalavayal West Reena Gopalakrishnan

10 Sultan Bathery O. M. George Beenaachi T. K. Ramesh Cheenad Thankamani K. B.

11 Noolpuzha Suma Bhaskaran Karippoor Rugmini K Muthanga Gopinathan A. K.

12 Kottathara Usha Chandran Vaippady Balan V. R. Karinkutty Johny E. F.

13 Vengappally C. T. Pushpalatha Oruvummal A. P. Kurian Kodumkayam K. Muraleedharan

14 Vythiri P. Gagarin Thalimala Praseena Sunil Kumar Mullanpara Usha Jyothidas

15 Muttil Anitha Kallupadi Binesh P. J. Kolvayal Kunjahammad Kutty K. A.

16 Pozhuthana Linda John Pinangode C Mammy Kurichiyamala Leela

17 Thariyode M. A. Joseph Kalikuni Rajila Ratheesh Kotta Kunnu Chacko C. T.

18 Padinjarethara Naseema Kuttikkadan Kurumani Shyny George Veettikkamoola Santhakumari A. M.

19 Meppady Ramla Kunjappa Puthumala Sheeba Bharathan Odathodu Ramla

20 Muppainadu Ajitha Aramangalamchal Rajendran G Arappatta F.D Sunitha

21 Panamaram P. K. Asmath Panamaram East M. K. Vellan Kundala Mariam Haris

22 Poothadi Mrinalini I. B. Kalamangalam A. D. Parthan Kenichira Mercy Devassia

23 Mullankolli Jose Kandamthuruthi Paarakadavu Biju Mohan Iruppood Jose Kandamthuruthi

24 Pulpalli M. T. Karunakaran Areappalli Sojish Soman Anappara Bharathi

25 Kaniyampatta Rosely Thomas Kozhinjangad Hamsa Kadavan Varadoor Ajitha Gangadharan


Executive summary

Wayanad has the highest proportion of BPL families (57.5%) in the State. The survey revealed that 28.1 % of the BPL families are from the tribal communities. Out of 36,135 estimated tribal families, 28212 (78%) were BPL. The ratio of BPL families between the social groups is 9.3 (SC): 28.1 (ST): 36.8 (OBC): 25.8 (General). 97.6% of the tribal families were staying in the tribal hamlets of which 94.5% were in exclusively single tribe hamlets.

Poor level of education is more among the tribal communities. 81.6% of them are below the level of higher secondary and are mostly unemployed. Only 0.8% of the families have government employees and 2.8% of the workforce is in private sector. 33.5% of them are casual laborers in agricultural sector with low wages.

Although about 92.4% of the families own dwelling spaces of one form or other, the tribal families living in congested colonies or barricaded habitats are living without much of a homestead. They have virtually no private space or space for any creative activity.

Field visits showed that most of the houses built by the government for the tribal communities do not have sufficient space to offer adequate privacy and seclusion for studies and other activities. Nearly all the stereotyped houses measure 250 sq. feet or less and all family activities take place in a single room, including procreation recreation and studies. These houses are bereft of latrines and bath rooms too. The katcha–pucca classification does not bring out these constraints.

The shacks of the poor tribal communities, who are yet to get government houses, are very pathetic. Most of them have fragile polythene roofing and a single room measuring 10 feet x 8 feet, that serves as kitchen, bedroom and living space. This provides a stunting and depressing living environment.

Only 85.6% of the BPL households are getting electricity from the state power grid. About 98.2% of the BPL population depends on firewood for cooking; 96.4% of the population is rural.

Open well is the major source of drinking water and only 29.5% of the people have access to piped drinking water, but for tribal families it is 20%.About 40% of BPLfamilies reported seasonal water scarcity while 12.1% of the people did not have toilets at home and for tribal BPL families it was 28.7 %.

There was high incidence of morbidity in the target population. The lowest was 125.1 cases of incidence per hundred families in Vythiri Panchayat and the highest was 188.6% in Thirunelli.

As high as 38.81% of BPL familiesreported non-availability of all weather roads to their place of stay and for STs, it is 45.7%. The ST communities also have to travel more to the nearest educational center than other communities. Most of the students go by walk to lower educational institutions and by bus to higher institutions like colleges.

The average distance to the nearest Govt. Hospital is 7.7 km. For STs the average distance is 8.8 km.It was found that on an average people visit the Government Hospitals 10 times a year but in Ambalavayal they visit 16.3 times.

Though 91.1% of the families have bank accounts, only 77% of STs has accounts while 97.7% of general communities have accounts.As per the estimates obtained from the survey, only 1,322 people are having savings in the target group in the region and among them 72.8% are females.

The estimated total loan liability of 65,180 (64.7%) indebted BPL families of Wayanad sums up to Rs. 653.3 million which means that the average loan liability per family is Rs.100,224.About 10.2% of them are SCs, 16.6% STs, 42.4%OBCs and 30.8% general categories. Half of the families without liabilities are from ST communities.

The average weekly expense of BPL families is estimated to be Rs. 1330.7. But for STs it is as low as Rs. 1,014.70 (Per capita expenditure is Rs 30 per day), whereas for the general category at the other end of the spectrum, it is Rs. 1,546.5 (Per capita Rs. 44.2 per day). In 63% of the BPL families, the expenses are met by the husbands, in 17.4% houses wives meet the expenses and in 19.7% others meet the expenses. 43% of the money is spent on food which is followed by medical expenses (11%).


Considerable portion of the income is spent on liquor by tribal communities especially Paniya and Adiya families. Clearly the lives of these people are below any level of subsistence. Most of the immediate cash requirements are met by neighbours, banks and relatives – in that order.

The requirement of food was met in the households by purchasing from the public distribution system, by own cultivation, by going to the grocers and by other methods in varying proportions. But PDS is an important factor in most of the families (77.4%). The estimated number of families who reported cereal shortage was 7,372 and 9.5% of them were SCs, 65.4% STs and 19.6% were OBCs.

Only in Edavaka Panchayat, no conflict with animals was reported. In Noolpuzha 97.8%of families reported damages from animals. Though in 80.8% cases it was damage to food crops, in 15.7% cases it was damage to property. Only 9.6% of the families reported to have received any kind of compensation from the Forest Department. 40% of the families reported that some kinds of precautions were taken by the department. The most common measure reported is electric fencing.

The survey showed that 8.1% of the BPL families did not own any land and 23.7% owned only homestead land up to 5 cents 72.8% of the SC families were either landless or had land less than 10 cents. 88.6% of the land owned was revenue land and 5.1% forest land. Christian community had the least number of landless families.

In terms of productive assets, household assets, communication items and consumables, the ST families were found to have much less of these compared to the OBC and general families.

Clearly the picture emerging from this BPL survey is of a below subsistence of living for BPL families; at the bottom level are the ST and SC families; bottom most are the Paniya, Adiya and Kattunaika families.

The survey revealed that the region needs considerable improvements in basic infrastructure including road connectivity to tribal villages, water supply and sanitation. The educational and health care facilities also need improvements. In particular, skill training institutions and well equipped hospital facilities are essential requirements of the region. Above all, there is an urgent need for improving livelihood opportunities of all sections of the society, particularly tribals. It is however imperative that all development initiatives take into account the special needs of the tribal community and growing aspirations of educated youth in Wayanad.


1

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 The Background

In recognition of the need for a realistic assessment of socio-economic status of BPL families in Wayanad for preparing a ‘Comprehensive Environment Conservation and Community Development Project’ for the district, the Institute for Societal Advancement (ISA) was one of the organizations short listed by the JICA Survey Team of Nippon Koei Company Ltd., Japan (the Company) to submit proposals to undertake such a scientific survey of socio economic conditions of BPL families in Wayanad.

Wayanad is a district in a valley of the Western Ghats, of which about 40% are covered by forests. It is the home of nearly half of the population of Scheduled Tribes in the State. It also has other settlers who are attracted from other districts of the State in the past. Most of the Scheduled Tribe families and several of the settlers are identified as those belonging to the group of those below the poverty line.

The Institute for Societal Advancement, Thiruvananthapuram, is a registered Society, whose major objective is the welfare of the under privileged, especially people belonging to the Scheduled Communities. Its members have distinguished themselves in various fields of knowledge and are committed to place their skills and abilities for holistic societal advancement. The members of the society are thus drawn by commitment to a common cause and work for the same with full dedication.

In view of the above and availability of in-house survey expertise, the ISA submitted a detailed technical proposal and after its detailed examination by Nippon Koei Co. Ltd, an agreement was reached on 29th April, 2014 to undertake the survey by the ISA under the guidance of the Company. On the basis of the agreement, the survey team consisting of a Team Leader, 4Sub-Leaders, 21 Enumerators and 2 Data Entry Operators started working on the project immediately.

1.2 Technical Aspects of the Survey

1.2.1 Subject Coverage

The survey covered the social and demographic profiles of the BPL families, housing and land ownership/possession, availability of basic facilities like drinking water, washing facilities, bathing space, toilet, etc. distances to be travelled for securing various common facilities and social infrastructure including educational and medical facilities, temporary out migration, participation in community organisations, availability of bank accounts and savings, loan liabilities, harvesting of non-timber forest products, conflict with wild animals and possession of household assets.

1.2.2 Geographical Coverage

The survey covered al the 25 Panchayats of Wayanad district.

1.2.3 Period of Survey

The survy was carried out from 7th May, 2014 to 22nd May, 2014.

1.2.4 Questionnaires for the survey

The questionnaire for the survey was developed by the Nippon Koei Co.Ltd. A pilot test of the same was carried out jointly on April 26, 2014. The questionnaire was revised based on the findings of the pilot and suggestions made by the experts of the ISA.

1.2.5 Sample Size and allocation

It was decided to survey 1000 BPL families distributed across all the 25 Panchayats of the district. The sample size of 1000 families was allocated among Panchayats in proportion to BPL families in them.


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However, the effective sample size became 1001 on aggregation of allocations of different Panchayats due to rounding of errors.

1.2.6 Sample Design

A two stage sampling design was used for the selection of families for the survey. In the first stage, two wards were selected from each of the Panchayats by using Simple Random Sampling without Replacement (SRSWOR). The number of families to be surveyed in each of the Panchayats was allocated between the two selected wards in proportion to the BPL families in them. The list of families as per BPL Census, 2009 is used for the selection of families by using SRSWOR.

1.2.7 Estimation Procedure

Notations

i= subscript for ith Panchayat

j= subscript for jth ward

k= subscript for kth family

Nij= total number of BPL families in th jth ward of ith Panchayat

Ni= ∑Nij = total BPL families in ith Panchayat

nij= number of families surveyed in jth ward of ith Panchayat

Mi= total number of wards in the ith Panchayat

mi= number of wards selected in ith Panchayat

y = observed value of characteristic y

Ý = estimate of the population total of characteristic y

yijk = Observed value of the characteristic y for the kth family in the jth ward of ith Panchayat.

Estimation Formula

Ý = ∑i [(Ni)/(Ni1+ Ni2)] ∑j ∑k (Nij/nij) yijk

1.2.8 Recruitment and Training of Enumerators

The ISA Survey team identified 25 qualified enumerators with past experience in different surveys. These enumerators were given comprehensive training on April 28, 2014 by Dr. Michiko Ebato, Additional Team Leader and Sociologist of Nippon Koei Co. Ltd. The enumerators were given further briefing and field training on May 7, 2014. The four sub-leaders for the survey work, the Team leader and a group of other experts participated in the field training of enumerators. Prior to the field training of enumerators, the sub-leaders were given thorough briefing on all aspects of the survey by the Team Leader on May 6, 2014. The sub-leaders were also given all the survey instruments, including copies of questionnaires, sample lists, scrutiny points and code lists.

1.2.9 Deployment of Sub-Leaders/ Enumerators

The enumerators were deployed under the sub-leaders in proportion to the sample families to be surveyed in each Block. However, four enumerators did not report after the field training on May 7, 2014. ISA did not consider it appropriate to recruit new enumerators as the process of multi-stage


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training could not be repeated within the limited time available. The survey was thus carried out with the assistance of 21 enumerators who were deployed as per the details given in Table–1.1.

Table 1.1: Assignment of Sub-Leaders and Enumerators Sl. No Block/ Sub- Leader Enumerator

1 Manathavadi Mr.Joseph E.G.

Anitha K.G Sijin Jose Joice John Maya P.G. Sindhu P.A.

2 SulthanBathery Mr.Sreenivasan M.

Sheeja Saju Remya K.S EliammaEmmanual JinithaKuriakose Krishnan K.K. Neeta K.S

3 Kalpetta Mr. Raimon T.O

Smitha M Salmath ShermySabu Sanila P.D GladisK.Paul Leena Jose

4 Panamaram Mr. John O.J.

VasanthaKumari Chitra Devi Sajeevan A.K. Rahul M.R

1.2.10 Field Operations

The survey was carried out in each of the selected wards under the direct supervision of the sub-leaders. They contacted the Panchayat authorities for getting local assistance for the identification of selected sample households and for the smooth conduct of the survey before deploying the enumerators in any Panchayat ward. The enumerators were taken to the survey wards in jeeps and assigned a group of families to each of them for the survey. In the case of remote and not easily assessable areas, the survey was facilitated by taking the enumerators in the jeep up to the household. The sub-leaders supervised the work of each of the enumerators through concurrent inspection.

The Team Leader also inspected the work of the enumerators in each of the blocks and guided the sub-leaders and enumerators. The mistakes noted were communicated to the sub-leaders so as to ensure consistency in data sets.

1.2.11 Scrutiny and Coding

The survey team prepared a comprehensive list of scrutiny instructions and code lists for scrutiny and coding of data and the Sub-leaders were given training for the scrutiny of data. The questionnaires completed by the enumerators were scrutinised by the sub-leaders and inserted codes in all the filled-in questionnaires as soon as the schedules were collected by them. The coded questionnaires were submitted by them to the survey office of ISA at Kalpetta at periodical intervals. The completed questionnaires were also subjected to super scrutiny by the Team Leader on a sample basis in order to ensure that the canvassing of the schedule was done properly


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1.2.12 Data Entry

Data entry format for the survey was finalized and data entry was initially taken up by the regular staff of the ISA. In order to expedite the data entry, the services of a professional agency was also taken for some time.

1.2.13 Data Validation and Tabulation

The data sets were scrutinised by using a computer based scrutiny programme. The error lists generated were checked with the related questionnaires and corrections were carried out wherever necessary. The data sets thus validated were tabulated as per a pre-designed tabulation plan by using STATA package. The tables generated were checked for inter-table consistency and where ever inconsistencies were noticed the data sets were again checked and necessary corrections were incorporated. The final tables thus generated as well as the field knowledge of the survey team were used for the preparation of this report.

1.3 Experiences

It has been a challenging but pleasant experience to undertake this project of social and economic importance. The challenge on account of limited time available for the completion of the study and the consequent reduction of preparation time. It was, however, a pleasant experience as we received excellent co-operation and support from all agencies, particularly Panchayat authorities, local leaders and the informants.

1.4 Report Lay-Out

The report is presented in ten chapters. Chapter two discusses the demographic, historic, cultural, geomorpholigic and economic aspects of the district. From chaopter three to ten the data are analysed grouping various parameters under suitalve heads and the analyses are supported by relavant tables appended at the end of each chapter.


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Chapter 2 Wayanad: General Features

2.1 Location

It is a table land, an extension of Deccan plateau lying between 11o 26’ 28’’N an 11o 58’ 22’’N latitudes and 75o 46’ 38’’ and 76o 26’11’’ E longitudes. Please see the location map below.

Figure 1: Location of the survey area

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayanad_district

2.2 Geographical Features, Natural Vegetation and Land Use

Wayanad marks the south western fringe of the Deccan Plateau. The altitude varies from 700meters to 1000 meters. Natural vegetation of the region is of three types:(i)Plateau deciduous,(ii) Tropicalevergreenand (iii) Tropical semi evergreen. The land use, geology and geomorphology of this eastward slopping table land are given in Table-1.

Source: http://iigeo.org/contents-vol-1-2013/

This region gets an average rainfall of 2500mm but along the high elevation western border the precipitation is as high as 4000mm. Lakkidi on top of Wayanad Pass receives the highest rain fall in Kerala. Average diurnal temperature varies from 35oC in summer to 15oC in winter.

One of the important tributaries of the Cauvery, the Kabini and its sub tributaries make a network of drainage basins slopping eastwards.

2. 3 Demography

The stone implements unearthed from Wayanad speak of Neolithic endemic cultures that flourished in this highland. Being at the gateway to Karnataka and Tamilnadu, Wayanad happened to be the melting pot of numerous tribes, ethnic groups and languages. This region had for long been ruled by Vedar kings. At least from the 14th century AD, Wayanad came under Kottayam Rajas, the dynasty in power

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayanad_district

http://iigeo.org/contents-vol-1-2013/


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up to 1805, along with them came Nair communities from Kannur. In 13th century Jains from Karnataka settled in key areas and built their temples. Under Madras presidency, Wayanad underwent drastic changes in land use pattern and infrastructure development. Central government has declared this district as one of the 150 backward districts in the country owing to the poor quality of life of the indigenous people and the environmental degradation the land had been subjected to.

In the middle of the 20th century tribal communities were the vast majority. There were three groups of Chetties, a sprinkling of Jains from Mysore, some Muslim tradesmen and few Nairs. From the advent of European coffee plantations followed by other plantations in early 19th century the land use pattern and demography began to change. (Enslavement of Paniyans and Adiyans began long before with the beginning of settled agriculture by the Gounden families, the irked British administration had rendered many Kurichians landless and they became impoverished farm laborers) Still the original inhabitants had a demographic upper hand until the middle of 20th century. For hundreds of years Wayanad had been the asylum of political and economic refugees both from Malabar and Mysore. History shows that all but the Paniyas came and settled in Wayanad during the past few centuries, from Karnataka, Tamilnad or the plains of Kerala. In March 1911 the total population of Wayanad was 82,645 (C. Gopalan Nair), whereas today the population of Paniyas alone is nearly that, the total population of today is ten times more of which the tribal communities are only 17.43%. Up to 1971 the decadal population growth of Wayanad had been sharply fluctuating with sharp falls and sharp rises probably owning to epidemics. However from 1971 to 2011 the population grew from 230,000 to 816,000.

2. 4 The People of Wayanad

According to the1T 1T21T011 census 1TWayanad district has a 1T 1Tpopulation of 816,558, of which 17% are tribal communities (11 communities), 26% Muslims and 26% Christians. Other groups include Nairs, Ezhavas, Jains, etc.

2. 4.1 Most Backward Tribal Communities

Paniyans, Adiyans and Kattunaikans are the most backward communities in Wayanad. Paniyars are the original inhabitants of Wayanad. Some of them are ‘living fossil cultural types, the closest approximations in socioeconomic characteristics to the earliest stone age strata of Kerala population’ (A. Aiyyappan, 1981). Paniyars were trapped and forced into slavery by the farming communities settling in Wayanad. These autochthonous food gatherers of Wayanad were enslaved sometime in the second millennium B.C. (A. Aiyyappan, 1981). The aborigines, who are the proto-Dravidians, remained frozen in time till recently, completely insulated from the technological, cultural and economic progression of the rest of the society. They had to remain in Mesolithic period as they were pushed into the woods by the invaders who wanted to enslave them. The flat and hospitable parts of the region were appropriated by ambitious invaders and settlers over the past thousands of years. The Paniyas are the largest among the tribal communities of Kerala in numbers with 79000 people. They comprise of 45 % of the total tribal population of Wayanad.

2. 5 Status of Development

The Tribal community census of 2008 done by KILA for ST Department yielded the following results:

There were 2167 tribal hamlets in which 36135 families lived. Total tribal population was 153181. 95.58% of the families (34540) lived in hamlets. 970 hamlets did not have road connectivity and 200 of them did not even have a foot path.

Anganvadi service was available in 443 hamlets only (20%) and the workers in 378 of them were from other communities outside. In the case of 378 of them, in the remaining 1724 hamlets anganvadis are away from the hamlets. 253 hamlets have no access to anganvadi. Altogether, of the 1914 anganvadis accessible to the tribal communities, 786 of them did not have water or latrine facility. In 348 of them mother and child committees have not been formed. In 126 anganvadis there was no facility for providing nutrients to the mothers and adolescent girls.


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71.36 % of the tribal people are literate. Female literacy is 60.5% whereas male illiteracy is 76.85. Among the illiterates 39.70% are males and 60.30% are females 39.19%) of the illiterates are within 22-59 age range. There are 774 graduates and 78 post graduates in the communities.

In educational attainment there are stark inter-tribal differences with Paniyas, Adiyas and Kattunaikckers at the poor end. There is not a single post graduate among Paniyas. Even the graduates are few and they are not well employed.

79 % of the professionals belong to Kurichiars or Kurumars. There are 44 engineering students (28 boys, 31 of them Kurichias or Kurumars) and 8 medical students (all girls- all Kurichias or Kurumars) Malayarayam community is 100% literate and very advanced.

As per the estimates, 1620 students are from landless families. 6,564 students are from families having less than 5 cents of land. 74% of the students are from families that are either landless of having land less than 50 cents. 14913 students have dropped out; they are 43.78% of the existing student community. 51.59%) of them are from Paniya community. The reasons for dropping out are indigent domestic conditions, academic failures resulting in losing heart, tortuous journey to school, adverse domestic conditions and alienation at school (a feeling of not being an inclusive student community). Studies by ISA showed that 97% of engineering students from ST communities do not pass in the first chance. Rehabilitation of the failed students and handholding of the current students will be a significant field of prospective social engineering which needs immediate attention.

2. 6 Local Economy

Agriculture is the main stay of the economy. 1T 1T Coffee is grown in 66,973 Ha and Pepper in 40,839 Ha, coconut in 10,947 ha and arecanut in 7,201 ha. Average value of output per acres is Rs. 5381 while it is Rs. 8034 for Kerala (Wayanad Initiative 2006). Though it is an agricultur4al region, 90% of the land is not irrigated. In 2003-2004 fiscal years Rs. 7,202,170 worth of NTFP was auctioned from Wayanad.

Tourist resorts are sprouting up across the district. Salubrious climate, proximity to game sanctuaries, ruins, lakes and historic places make Wayanad a popular tourist destination. The collapse of agrarian economy has seriously affected the livelihood of the farming communities and the poor farm laborers dependent on them.


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Chapter 3 Demographic Profile of BPL Families

This Chapter is intended to provide a general profile of BPL families and members of their families in the district

3.1 Identification of BPL families

BPL families have been identified by the Government on the basis of BPL Census 2009 and the list is available in the Government website. In the absence of any list for the later years, the survey was confined to those included in the published official list. The total number of families from which samples were drawn was 100,760.

3.2 Distribution of BPL Ration Cards

It wasexpected that all the families included in the BPL list possessed proper BPL cards. However, the survey revealed that a few of them were still carrying APL cards or BPL stamped APL cards. A few of them also didn’t have any card (Table-3.1).It was also informed from local enquiries that many poor families, belonging even to Scheduled Tribes were given APL cards. The reasons for not possessing the cards include (i) splitting of families, (ii) technical snags like non-numbering of house and (iii) not able to collect the card. In a particular case card has been taken away by the wife who eloped with another man. In another case the card is in the name of the parent who no more lives in the address. In another case the card has not been issued as the Panchayat has not given a house number to the family. Combining of families of parents and children seemed to be reason for a few families having multiple cards. Many families were initially given APL Cards by mistake and on the basis of complaints, a stamp of BPL Card was inserted in the same card. Some families were not able to get even the BPL stamp.

3.3 Distribution of BPL Families by Types of Habitations

Of the total BPL families,27.6% were staying in small groups in tribal habitations exclusively of tribal communities and the remaining 72.4%were living scattered in individual holdings (Table-3.2). The Panchayats with a high concentration of tribal habitations are Noolpuzha, Vengappally, Mullankolli, Meenangadi, Kottathara, Edavaka, Meenangadi, Tirunelli and Pozhuthura.

Of the 27.6% of tribal families, 94.5% are seen living in hamlets of single community and 2% in mixed habitations of two or more other tribal communities. The 3.5% of tribal families not living in tribal habitations were living mixed with other communities in non-tribal habitats.While 0.3% of general category BPL familieswere seen living in mixed tribal habitations 2.1% of SC families and 0.6% of OBC were also living in mixed tribal habitats (Table-3.3).The tribal families which stayed mostly along with other communitieswere Kuruma and other tribes (Table-3.4). Religion wise, tribal communities are solely Hindus (Table-3.5). Among the women headed households only 25.8% of the BPL families were staying in tribal habitations while among men headed families 28.4 % were staying in tribalhabitats (Table-3.6).

3.4 BPL Families by Social Groups

As high as 27.6% ofthe BPL families in the district consisted of Scheduled Tribe as against their share of 17.4 % among total families. Another 9.3% of BPL families were Scheduled Castes as againsttheir share of 4.3% in the total population (Table-3.7). While 84.9% of the estimated BPL families in Noolpuzha were tribal, their share was zero in Vythiri. Similarly, 36.8% of the BPL families in Padinjarethara were ScheduledCastes while their share was zero present in Meenangadi, Sultan Bathery, Vengappally and Panamaram (Table- 3.8).

3.5 BPL families by Specific Tribes

Paniya community constituted the highest % (42.2%) of the BPL tribal families in the district. All the tribal BPL families in Padinjarethara and Muppainadu belonged to Paniya community while their share


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exceeded two-third in the Panchayats of Edavaka, Sultan Bathery, Vengappally and Panamaram (Table-3.9).

3.6 BPL Families by Duration of Stay

Over 70% of the BPL families in the district were staying in their present place of stay for 20 years or more (Table-3.10). Those who migrated to the present place of stay during the last three years constituted just 2.6%.

3.7 BPL Population by Religion

The total number of persons in the BPL families of the district is estimated to be 4.33 lakhs. The share of Hindus constituted 64.6%, Muslims 22.6% and Christians 12.8% (Table-3.11). While 42.9% of Christians were females, the share of women among Muslims and Hindus were 54.4% and 55.8% respectively (Table-3.12).

3.8 BPL Population by Social Group

The BPL population of the district comprised of 37% OBCs, 29.3% STs, 9.7% SCs and 23.6% others. The highest percentage of SC population was in Padinjarethara Panchayat while the highest % of Scheduled Tribes was in Noolpuzha Panchayat (Table-3.13).ST, SC & OBC together form 76.4% of BPL population. 46.9% belonged to either ST or SC community.

3.9 BPL Population by Tribes

About 47% of the BPL tribal population belonged to the Paniya community. The next highest percentage of 17.6% belonged to Kurichya community. The other major communities were Kattunayaka, Kuruma and Adiya (Table-3.14).

3.10 BPL Population by Age Group

About 21.6% of the BPL population in Wayanad consisted of children below the age of 15. The next highest percentage of population was in the age group of 15-24 followed by those in the age group of 25–34. In other words, more than 55% of the BPL population in the district was either children or youth (Table-3.15). It implies that the aspirations of a large number of young BPL population in the district need to be taken into account while planning any interventions.

3.11 BPL Population by Education

81.6 % are below the level of Higher Secondary level. If we take out population below the age of 15, the percentage is still 60. This is a reflection of unemployability. All these could not be employed in the agriculture related sectors, the main occupation of people in this backward district. The distribution of the BPL population by education indicates that about 39% of them were having secondary or above levels of education. Only about 11.8% were illiterates (Table-3.16). The job aspirations of the educated youth therefore have significant consequence in the development process of the district.

3.12 BPL Population by Marital Status

As noted by age distribution, 42.1% of the population in the district is unmarried as most of them are in the younger age group. Those who are currently married constituted 49.7% while divorced and widowed constituted 1.4% and 6.8% respectively (Table-3.17).

3.13 BPL Population by Activity Status

Although about 40.7% of the population in the BPL families was employed, 33.7% was employed as casual labourers in agriculture or non agriculture with low wages. There were also about 0.8% of the family members employed in Government and another 2.5% employed in private sector. Self employed in agriculture and non-agriculture constituted 1.4% and 2.3% respectively (Table-3.18). Those who were seeking work constituted 3.9% and others were not in the labour force


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3.14. Summary

Wayanad has the highest proportion of BPL families (57.5%) in the State. During the survey, it was revealed that 28.1% of the BPL families were from the tribal communities. Out of 36,135 estimated tribal families, 28212 (78%) were BPL. The ratio of BPL families between the social groups is 9.3 (SC): 28.1 (ST): 36.8 (OBC): 25.8 (General). 97.6% of the tribal families were staying in the tribal hamlets of which 94.5% were in exclusively single tribe hamlets.

Poor quality of education (indicated by large scale failures and drop outs) is more among the tribal communities. 81.6% of them are below the level of higher secondary and are mostly unemployed. Only 0.8% of the families have government employees and 2.8% of the workforce is in private sector. 33.5% of them are casual laborers in agricultural sector with low wages.

Table 3.1:% Distribution of Families by Type of Ration Cards Panchayat BPL Stamp BPL APL BPL&APL No Card Total Mananthavady 0.0 85.6 12.6 1.8 0.0 100 Vellamunda 19.6 78.2 0.0 0.0 2.2 100 Thirunelli 3.9 94.2 0.0 0.0 1.9 100 Thondarnadu 6.3 84.3 6.3 0.0 3.2 100 Edavaka 0.0 97.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 100 Thavinjal 3.7 82.3 12.3 0.0 1.8 100 Meenangadi 26.5 71.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 Nenmeni 20.6 70.0 1.9 1.9 5.6 100 Ambalavayal 6.3 83.3 8.3 0.0 2.1 100 Sultan Bathery 38.7 51.0 2.0 0.0 8.2 100 Noolpuzha 0.0 97.8 0.0 2.2 0.0 100 Kottathara 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 Vengappally 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 Vythiri 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 Muttil 4.6 95.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 Pozhutthana 0.0 94.4 0.0 0.0 5.6 100 Thariyode 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 Padinjarethara 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 Meppady 5.2 89.7 0.0 0.0 5.1 100 Muppainadu 6.5 90.2 0.0 0.0 3.3 100 Panamaram 0.0 98.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 100 Poothadi 1.7 84.7 10.2 0.0 3.4 100 Mullankolli 0.0 92.5 7.5 0.0 0.0 100 Pulpalli 3.9 90.2 0.0 0.0 5.9 100 Kaniyampatta 0.0 95.6 4.4 0.0 0.0 100 Total 7.1 87.0 3.2 0.4 2.3 100


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Table 3.2: % Distribution of BPL Families by Type of Habitat Panchayat Tribal Habitat Non-Tribal Habitat Total Single Mixed Single Mixed Mananthavady 31.8 3.6 11.8 52.8 100.0 Vellamunda 18.9 2.1 8.4 70.6 100.0 Thirunelli 32.8 1.9 19.2 46.1 100.0 Thondarnadu 15.9 0.0 57.7 26.4 100.0 Edavaka 45.3 0.0 32.4 22.2 100.0 Thavinjal 28.0 1.9 26.5 43.6 100.0 Meenangadi 33.4 0.0 0.0 66.6 100.0 Nenmeni 17.0 1.9 5.6 75.5 100.0 Ambalavayal 8.3 0.0 2.1 89.7 100.0 Sultan Bathery 24.7 0.0 10.2 65.1 100.0 Noolpuzha 78.3 6.5 0.0 15.1 100.0 Kottathara 50.7 0.0 8.1 41.2 100.0 Vengappally 55.2 0.0 6.0 38.7 100.0 Vythiri 0.0 0.0 5.0 95.0 100.0 Muttil 30.2 0.0 4.7 65.1 100.0 Pozhutthana 32.7 0.0 0.0 67.3 100.0 Thariyode 11.6 0.0 6.3 82.1 100.0 Padinjarethara 9.8 0.0 3.4 86.8 100.0 Meppady 2.5 0.0 5.2 92.3 100.0 Muppainadu 3.2 0.0 3.2 93.6 100.0 Panamaram 30.0 0.0 18.3 51.7 100.0 Poothadi 13.6 3.4 23.8 59.2 100.0 Mullankolli 37.5 0.0 20.0 42.5 100.0 Pulpalli 25.6 0.0 29.4 45.0 100.0 Kaniyampatta 27.6 0.0 16.4 56.0 100.0 Total 26.5 1.1 13.7 58.7 100.0

Table 3.3: Distribution of BPL Families by Type of Habitat and Social Group Panchayat Tribal Habitat Non-Tribal Habitat Total Single Mixed Single Mixed SC 0.0 2.1 19.4 78.5 100.0 ST 94.5 2.0 0.3 3.2 100.0 OBC 0.0 0.6 15.3 84.1 100.0 General 0.0 0.3 23.8 75.9 100.0 Total 26.5 1.1 13.7 58.7 100.0

Table 3.4: % Distribution of Tribal Families by Type of Habitation and Tribe Type of habitation Paniya Adiya Kurichiya Kuruma Kattunay

aka Vettekur

uma Others Total

Paniya tribe 98.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 41.5 Adiya tribe 0.0 89.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.3 Kurichiya tribe 0.0 0.0 96.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.8 Kuruma tribe 0.0 0.0 0.0 80.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.4 Kattunayaka tribe 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 95.3 0.0 0.0 13.9 Vettakuruma tribe 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 1.0 Other tribe 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 90.6 3.6 Mixed tribe 0.8 7.1 0.0 6.5 2.3 0.0 0.0 2.0 Non-tribe 0.8 3.9 3.9 13.0 2.4 0.0 9.4 3.5 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


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Table 3.5: % Distribution of BPL Families by Type of Habitat and Religion Panchayat Tribal Habitat Non-Tribal Habitat Total Single Mixed Single Mixed Christian 0.0 0.0 22.8 77.2 100.0 Muslim 0.0 0.0 15.8 84.2 100.0 Hindu 40.1 1.6 11.1 47.2 100.0 Total 26.5 1.1 13.7 58.7 100.0

Table 3.6: % Distribution of BPL Families by Type of Habitat and Head of Family

Panchayat Tribal Habitat Non-Tribal Habitat Total

Single Mixed Single Mixed Women headed 23.8 2.0 13.6 60.7 100.0 Men headed 27.7 0.7 13.7 57.9 100.0 Total 26.5 1.1 13.7 58.7 100.0

Table 3.7: Distribution of Women and Men headed BPL Families by Social Group and Head of Family

Social Group

Women headed

Men headed All

SC 9.9 9.1 9.3 ST 26.1 28.9 28.1 OBC 37.2 36.6 36.8 General 26.8 25.4 25.8 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 3.8: % Distribution of BPL Families by Social Group Panchayat SC ST OBC Others Total Mananthavady 14.4 33.6 30.4 21.6 100.0 Vellamunda 2.1 23.2 61.9 12.8 100.0 Thirunelli 5.8 34.7 44.1 15.4 100.0 Thondarnadu 6.5 15.9 9.6 68.0 100.0 Edavaka 3.0 45.3 8.7 43.0 100.0 Thavinjal 19.7 28.0 13.2 39.1 100.0 Meenangadi 0.0 35.6 31.1 33.3 100.0 Nenmeni 17.2 17.0 35.7 30.1 100.0 Ambalavayal 14.6 8.3 52.1 25.0 100.0 Sultan Bathery 0.0 24.7 34.6 40.7 100.0 Noolpuzha 2.2 84.9 10.8 2.2 100.0 Kottathara 8.1 50.7 16.7 24.4 100.0 Vengappally 0.0 55.2 19.7 25.1 100.0 Vythiri 29.9 0.0 25.0 45.1 100.0 Muttil 7.0 30.2 39.5 23.3 100.0 Pozhutthana 5.6 32.7 37.4 24.3 100.0 Thariyode 11.6 17.9 36.7 33.8 100.0 Padinjarethara 36.8 9.8 40.2 13.2 100.0 Meppady 15.4 5.1 53.8 25.6 100.0 Muppainadu 6.5 3.2 74.1 16.2 100.0 Panamaram 0.0 31.7 56.6 11.7 100.0 Poothadi 6.8 15.3 49.1 28.8 100.0 Mullankolli 5.0 40.0 25.0 30.0 100.0 Pulpalli 19.6 31.4 27.4 21.6 100.0 Kaniyampatta 6.6 27.6 51.5 14.2 100.0 Total 9.3 28.1 36.8 25.8 100.0

Table 3.9: % Distribution of Tribal Families by Community Panchayat Paniya Adiya Kurichiya Kuruma Kattu-

nayaka Vetta- kuruma

Other Tribe Total

Mananthavady 7.9 75.9 16.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0


13

Vellamunda 44.9 9.0 46.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thirunelli 11.3 49.9 27.7 5.6 0.0 0.0 5.6 100.0 Thondarnadu 19.8 0.0 80.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Edavaka 67.7 0.0 32.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thavinjal 27.8 0.0 53.5 0.0 18.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 Meenangadi 31.8 0.0 0.0 49.7 12.4 6.2 0.0 100.0 Nenmeni 56.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.1 0.0 10.9 100.0 Ambalavayal 49.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.9 0.0 25.4 100.0 Sultan Bathery 66.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 Noolpuzha 19.9 0.0 2.9 28.6 42.9 5.7 0.0 100.0 Kottathara 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Vengappally 67.3 0.0 32.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Vythiri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Muttil 61.6 0.0 0.0 38.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Pozhutthana 57.2 14.3 28.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thariyode 0.0 29.8 35.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.1 100.0 Padinjarethara 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Meppady 49.5 50.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Muppainadu 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Panamaram 84.2 0.0 15.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Poothadi 44.3 0.0 0.0 11.1 22.3 0.0 22.3 100.0 Mullankolli 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.5 56.3 0.0 31.2 100.0 Pulpalli 50.1 6.3 6.3 18.5 18.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 Kaniyampatta 54.0 0.0 46.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Total 42.2 9.3 18.5 10.4 14.6 1.0 3.9 100.0

Table 3.10: % Distribution of BPL Families by Duration of Stay Panchayat <= 3 years 3< Y <= 9 9< Y <=1 9 19 < Y

<=4 9 Y > 49 Total Mananthavady 0.0 18.8 26.1 33.5 21.7 100.0 Vellamunda 0.0 10.8 31.5 32.0 25.7 100.0 Thirunelli 0.0 7.7 21.0 48.0 23.2 100.0 Thondarnadu 6.5 0.0 32.0 51.9 9.6 100.0 Edavaka 2.7 3.0 11.9 62.3 20.1 100.0 Thavinjal 5.4 7.8 7.2 64.4 15.2 100.0 Meenangadi 6.8 6.7 22.1 46.5 17.9 100.0 Nenmeni 0.0 13.2 20.7 41.5 24.5 100.0 Ambalavayal 4.2 8.4 16.7 58.3 12.4 100.0 Sultan Bathery 8.2 8.2 16.2 49.1 18.4 100.0 Noolpuzha 0.0 4.3 8.7 30.4 56.6 100.0 Kottathara 4.1 8.4 20.6 46.2 20.8 100.0 Vengappally 6.6 0.0 25.1 25.1 43.1 100.0 Vythiri 0.0 5.0 15.0 75.1 5.0 100.0 Muttil 0.0 18.6 13.9 48.8 18.6 100.0 Pozhutthana 0.0 9.3 14.0 56.1 20.5 100.0 Thariyode 11.6 16.9 30.4 16.9 24.1 100.0 Padinjarethara 0.0 10.2 13.2 46.5 30.2 100.0 Meppady 0.0 12.8 15.4 53.7 18.0 100.0 Muppainadu 3.3 13.0 25.9 54.7 3.2 100.0 Panamaram 3.3 5.0 15.0 45.0 31.7 100.0 Poothadi 3.4 6.8 20.3 32.1 37.5 100.0 Mullankolli 0.0 2.5 10.0 60.0 27.5 100.0 Pulpalli 2.0 5.9 13.8 50.9 27.4 100.0 Kaniyampatta 2.2 9.2 19.3 50.0 19.3 100.0 Total 2.6 8.7 18.2 47.2 23.4 100.0


14

Table 3.11: % Distribution of BPL Population by Religion Panchayat Christian Muslim Hindu Total Mananthavady 24.7 0.0 75.3 100.0 Vellamunda 8.1 66.3 25.6 100.0 Thirunelli 14.8 0.0 85.2 100.0 Thondarnadu 20.1 31.7 48.1 100.0 Edavaka 12.2 4.8 82.9 100.0 Thavinjal 10.5 21.0 68.5 100.0 Meenangadi 10.2 16.7 73.1 100.0 Nenmeni 11.2 21.6 67.2 100.0 Ambalavayal 18.6 29.7 51.7 100.0 Sultan Bathery 20.4 12.3 67.3 100.0 Noolpuzha 2.2 2.2 95.6 100.0 Kottathara 3.8 8.9 87.3 100.0 Vengappally 11.6 15.4 73.0 100.0 Vythiri 45.0 7.2 47.8 100.0 Muttil 19.1 20.2 60.7 100.0 Pozhutthana 5.6 28.0 66.4 100.0 Thariyode 13.9 31.7 54.4 100.0 Padinjarethara 3.3 43.0 53.7 100.0 Meppady 4.6 38.5 56.9 100.0 Muppainadu 7.1 61.7 31.3 100.0 Panamaram 5.6 45.5 48.9 100.0 Poothadi 23.5 0.0 76.5 100.0 Mullankolli 23.0 0.0 77.0 100.0 Pulpalli 12.9 0.0 87.1 100.0 Kaniyampatta 3.2 41.6 55.2 100.0 Total 12.8 22.6 64.6 100.0

Table 3.12: % Distribution of Population by Religion and Sex Panchayat Christian Muslim Hindu

Men Women Men Women Men Women Mananthavady 50.8 49.2 0 0 47.2 52.8 Vellamunda 60.1 39.9 54.4 45.6 50.8 49.2 Thirunelli 56.2 43.8 0.0 0.0 46.2 53.8 Thondarnadu 61.1 38.9 50.0 50.0 46.3 53.7 Edavaka 52.6 47.4 71.4 28.6 50.5 49.5 Thavinjal 53.5 46.5 46.6 53.4 49.9 50.1 Meenangadi 52.6 47.4 48.4 51.6 50.8 49.2 Nenmeni 58.4 41.6 41.2 58.8 49.3 50.7 Ambalavayal 45.9 54.1 42.3 57.7 48.6 51.4 Sultan Bathery 54.3 45.7 42.9 57.1 45.7 54.3 Noolpuzha 50.0 50.0 50.1 50.1 52.9 47.1 Kottathara 25.0 75.0 44.5 55.5 46.2 53.8 Vengappally 33.3 66.7 36.4 63.7 43.8 56.2 Vythiri 48.4 51.6 40.0 60.0 36.4 63.6 Muttil 57.5 42.5 48.6 51.4 47.6 52.4 Pozhutthana 20.1 80.1 36.0 64.0 45.1 54.9 Thariyode 45.0 55.0 56.5 43.5 52.8 47.1 Padinjarethara 20.0 80.0 53.1 46.9 43.2 56.8 Meppady 50.1 50.1 46.2 53.7 49.5 50.5 Muppainadu 33.3 66.7 46.8 53.2 47.4 52.6 Panamaram 66.6 33.4 49.0 51.0 55.0 45.0 Poothadi 57.1 42.9 0.0 0.0 49.2 50.8 Mullankolli 40.0 60.0 0.0 0.0 47.0 53.0 Pulpalli 48.1 51.9 0.0 0.0 52.5 47.5 Kaniyampatta 33.3 66.7 45.6 54.4 44.2 55.8 Total 51.5 48.5 48.2 51.8 48.7 51.3


15

Table 3.13: % Distribution of BPL Population by Social Group Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 13.3 32.9 32.3 21.4 100.0 Vellamunda 0.8 20.6 66.3 12.3 100.0 Thirunelli 5.2 39.8 43.8 11.2 100.0 Thondarnadu 5.2 19.5 10.2 65.1 100.0 Edavaka 0.7 46.5 9.3 43.5 100.0 Thavinjal 22.8 24.5 12.9 39.7 100.0 Meenangadi 0.0 38.7 25.6 35.8 100.0 Nenmeni 21.2 18.3 32.6 27.9 100.0 Ambalavayal 12.1 9.5 55.3 23.1 100.0 Sultan Bathery 0.0 24.7 35.0 40.3 100.0 Noolpuzha 3.8 84.1 9.8 2.2 100.0 Kottathara 10.3 47.9 15.5 26.3 100.0 Vengappally 0.0 57.7 21.0 21.4 100.0 Vythiri 28.9 0.0 23.2 47.9 100.0 Muttil 8.1 24.8 45.1 22.0 100.0 Pozhutthana 6.7 28.0 44.8 20.6 100.0 Thariyode 11.6 14.3 40.7 33.5 100.0 Padinjarethara 37.7 7.7 43.0 11.6 100.0 Meppady 20.7 4.0 51.8 23.5 100.0 Muppainadu 7.8 3.1 74.1 15.0 100.0 Panamaram 0.0 41.2 50.1 8.7 100.0 Poothadi 7.1 19.3 50.1 23.5 100.0 Mullankolli 5.9 44.7 26.3 23.0 100.0 Pulpalli 17.6 40.6 23.3 18.6 100.0 Kaniyampatta 5.9 30.9 51.6 11.6 100.0 Total 9.7 29.3 37.5 23.6 100.0

Table 3.14: % Distribution of Tribal Population by Community Panchayat Paniya Adiya Kurichiya Kuruma Kattu-

nayaka Vetta- kuruma

Other Tribe Total

Mananthavady 10.0 75.0 15.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Vellamunda 40.6 11.6 47.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thirunelli 16.6 47.0 22.1 4.8 0.0 0.0 9.5 100.0 Thondarnadu 21.4 0.0 78.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Edavaka 68.8 0.0 31.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thavinjal 28.2 0.0 55.9 0.0 15.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 Meenangadi 40.1 0.0 0.0 46.0 9.7 4.2 0.0 100.0 Nenmeni 54.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.6 0.0 10.1 100.0 Ambalavayal 62.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.7 0.0 21.4 100.0 Sultan Bathery 61.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 38.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 Noolpuzha 28.0 0.0 2.0 26.2 37.9 5.9 0.0 100.0 Kottathara 40.9 0.0 59.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Vengappally 68.8 0.0 31.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Vythiri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Muttil 60.5 0.0 0.0 39.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Pozhutthana 56.0 16.0 28.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thariyode 0.0 32.7 48.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.2 100.0 Padinjarethara 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Meppady 56.7 43.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Muppainadu 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Panamaram 89.4 0.0 10.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Poothadi 56.4 0.0 0.0 8.7 13.1 0.0 21.8 100.0 Mullankolli 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.8 58.8 0.0 29.4 100.0 Pulpalli 68.3 5.9 7.1 9.3 9.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 Kaniyampatta 64.3 0.0 35.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Total 47.1 8.7 17.6 8.8 13.0 0.9 3.8 100.0


16

Table 3.15: % Distribution of Population by Age Group Panchayat Age <15 Age 15-24 Age 25-34 age 35-44 Age 45-54 Age 55-64 Age 65+ Total Mananthavady 15.5 20.2 18.4 14.4 16.2 8.4 6.9 100.0 Vellamunda 20.9 26.9 13.0 16.4 7.7 7.3 7.8 100.0 Thirunelli 21.6 18.2 15.4 19.6 13.1 5.1 7.0 100.0 Thondarnadu 19.7 17.2 16.9 15.5 17.8 9.5 3.5 100.0 Edavaka 20.4 19.7 13.0 17.1 15.6 10.0 4.2 100.0 Thavinjal 26.6 15.3 19.3 11.6 12.4 7.7 7.1 100.0 Meenangadi 16.9 21.8 14.7 11.4 20.6 9.2 5.4 100.0 Nenmeni 24.3 18.2 14.5 17.3 12.6 7.9 5.2 100.0 Ambalavayal 18.6 22.6 14.1 17.6 14.1 7.0 6.0 100.0 Sultan Bathery 19.1 16.5 18.2 16.5 9.3 12.4 8.0 100.0 Noolpuzha 25.3 17.6 14.9 20.3 9.3 6.0 6.6 100.0 Kottathara 28.9 10.5 15.5 20.2 6.7 10.5 7.7 100.0 Vengappally 19.9 13.3 23.9 14.9 10.6 12.0 5.3 100.0 Vythiri 10.1 23.2 13.0 14.5 21.7 5.8 11.6 100.0 Muttil 18.5 16.8 15.0 17.3 17.9 11.0 3.5 100.0 Pozhutthana 26.4 12.3 14.8 18.1 12.3 7.8 8.3 100.0 Thariyode 20.2 17.6 14.7 21.0 13.5 3.9 9.0 100.0 Padinjarethara 23.4 24.0 14.9 15.5 13.0 2.6 6.5 100.0 Meppady 25.8 9.2 19.5 17.8 11.5 12.7 3.4 100.0 Muppainadu 22.6 16.4 18.8 14.8 7.0 12.5 7.8 100.0 Panamaram 28.2 19.8 15.5 17.0 7.7 3.7 8.0 100.0 Poothadi 20.9 14.6 17.6 14.2 14.6 12.2 5.9 100.0 Mullankolli 17.1 17.1 17.8 10.5 19.7 11.8 5.9 100.0 Pulpalli 20.5 18.6 13.3 18.1 13.8 11.0 4.8 100.0 Kaniyampatta 17.4 23.4 14.6 13.4 15.1 9.9 6.2 100.0 Total 21.6 18.4 16.0 16.1 13.0 8.6 6.4 100.0

Table 3.16: Distribution of BPL Population by Level of Education Panchayat KG LP UP Sec H.S College Illiterate NF

literate Total Mananthavady 2.4 17.8 24.5 32.0 5.6 10.1 7.6 0.0 100.0 Vellamunda 7.7 19.1 17.1 26.2 13.1 4.5 10.6 1.6 100.0 Thirunelli 5.1 24.4 24.4 24.2 7.0 3.7 11.2 0.0 100.0 Thondarnadu 4.3 28.2 28.2 18.8 11.2 4.3 5.1 0.0 100.0 Edavaka 2.8 14.7 29.4 27.9 6.2 7.9 11.1 0.0 100.0 Thavinjal 8.5 23.7 25.2 25.2 4.5 0.8 11.3 0.8 100.0 Meenangadi 5.4 17.3 16.3 32.1 8.7 6.0 13.1 1.1 100.0 Nenmeni 7.5 14.1 21.9 25.8 10.7 7.5 10.3 2.4 100.0 Amalavaya 4.0 18.6 16.6 29.1 16.1 5.0 9.5 1.0 100.0 Sultan Bathery 4.9 18.2 14.2 26.2 12.0 9.8 7.1 7.6 100.0 Noolpuzha 7.1 15.9 19.8 21.4 4.4 1.1 22.5 7.7 100.0 Kottathara 16.6 16.4 16.4 28.7 9.6 2.9 9.5 0.0 100.0 Vengappally 16.0 22.6 11.9 26.8 9.2 2.8 10.6 0.0 100.0 Vythiri 5.8 24.6 14.4 20.3 14.5 16.0 4.3 0.0 100.0 Muttil 8.1 19.7 16.2 29.5 13.3 3.5 8.1 1.7 100.0 Pozhutthana 5.6 22.6 16.8 28.0 4.7 6.7 14.5 1.1 100.0 Thariyode 5.5 16.5 18.4 29.8 11.6 8.6 9.6 0.0 100.0 Padinjarethara 2.6 21.5 19.5 29.8 10.5 5.2 10.9 0.0 100.0 Meppady 7.5 17.8 21.3 29.9 10.9 4.0 8.1 0.6 100.0 Muppainadu 5.4 19.5 23.5 30.4 11.7 4.7 3.1 1.6 100.0 Panamaram 4.0 23.9 28.2 19.2 6.2 2.5 15.5 0.6 100.0 Poothadi 7.1 23.5 25.5 17.9 5.8 5.0 13.9 1.3 100.0 Mullankolli 5.9 23.7 21.7 17.1 6.6 4.6 19.7 0.7 100.0 Pulpalli 11.0 20.5 21.9 13.8 6.7 4.8 21.0 0.5 100.0 Kaniyampatta 8.5 17.5 23.2 20.2 8.1 6.1 15.9 0.5 100.0 Total 6.5 20.0 21.3 24.9 8.9 5.2 11.8 1.4 100.0


17

Table 3.17: % Distribution of BPL Population by Marital Status Panchayat Not

Married Married Divorced Widow Total Mananthavady 45.0 47.5 2.2 5.3 100.0 Vellamunda 50.7 44.0 0.4 4.9 100.0 Thirunelli 44.4 49.5 0.9 5.1 100.0 Thondarnadu 35.2 55.4 2.6 6.9 100.0 Edavaka 38.1 54.1 2.2 5.7 100.0 Thavinjal 43.7 48.3 0.8 7.1 100.0 Meenangadi 39.8 53.7 1.6 4.9 100.0 Nenmeni 42.0 45.8 2.3 9.8 100.0 Ambalavayal 43.7 47.7 3.0 5.5 100.0 Sultan Bathery 38.3 52.8 1.3 7.6 100.0 Noolpuzha 48.4 39.5 2.2 9.9 100.0 Kottathara 41.5 48.9 1.9 7.7 100.0 Vengappally 41.2 54.6 0.0 4.2 100.0 Vythiri 39.1 50.7 0.0 10.1 100.0 Muttil 36.4 57.2 0.0 6.4 100.0 Pozhutthana 39.8 53.5 0.0 6.7 100.0 Thariyode 44.5 43.1 0.0 12.4 100.0 Padinjarethara 42.2 53.9 0.0 3.9 100.0 Meppady 41.9 50.6 1.2 6.3 100.0 Muppainadu 41.4 53.1 0.8 4.7 100.0 Panamaram 48.0 46.7 2.2 3.1 100.0 Poothadi 37.6 54.0 0.8 7.5 100.0 Mullankolli 40.1 44.1 3.3 12.5 100.0 Pulpalli 41.0 49.0 1.9 8.1 100.0 Kaniyampatta 35.3 53.7 1.2 9.7 100.0 Total 42.1 49.7 1.4 6.8 100.0

Table 3.18: % Distribution of Population by Activity Status

Panchayat Agri.Labourer

Non-Agri. Lab

Emp.Private

Govt.Emp

Self Emp N-Agri

Self Emp. Agri

Not Emp Student House

wife Seeking work Others Total

Mananthavady 25.6 11.4 2.7 2.0 3.5 0.0 16.0 24.6 7.7 1.3 5.3 100.0 Vellamunda 18.1 8.2 2.9 0.0 1.2 0.8 4.4 34.0 13.8 3.3 13.2 100.0 Thirunelli 41.2 5.1 0.5 0.5 1.8 0.0 10.8 27.6 7.0 0.0 5.6 100.0 Thondarnadu 37.5 12.9 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 5.1 24.0 12.9 2.6 4.3 100.0 Edavaka 42.7 4.9 1.4 1.5 0.0 0.0 11.3 24.8 10.6 1.5 1.4 100.0 Thavinjal 36.1 5.9 0.0 0.4 2.3 0.0 16.1 27.2 7.9 0.0 4.1 100.0 Meenangadi 11.9 16.9 1.6 0.6 8.1 0.0 0.6 20.8 19.5 6.6 13.5 100.0 Nenmeni 9.7 18.8 4.2 1.4 1.9 1.9 0.5 29.0 14.9 3.7 14.0 100.0 Ambalavayal 12.5 15.1 4.0 0.0 3.0 0.5 0.0 25.2 19.6 11.0 9.0 100.0 Sultan Bathery 13.4 10.7 7.9 2.2 2.2 0.4 2.2 25.4 15.9 9.3 10.2 100.0 Noolpuzha 24.2 11.0 0.5 2.2 1.1 0.6 2.2 19.8 10.4 9.4 18.7 100.0 Kottathara 27.9 3.8 2.8 0.9 0.0 1.0 4.8 34.7 13.4 0.0 10.6 100.0 Vengappally 30.8 2.6 2.8 0.0 1.3 5.3 6.9 21.0 20.2 0.0 9.2 100.0 Vythiri 37.7 4.3 4.3 0.0 2.9 2.9 4.4 26.1 10.1 1.5 5.8 100.0 Muttil 30.0 7.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.3 6.9 24.3 14.4 2.3 8.7 100.0 Pozhutthana 36.9 4.5 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.1 31.6 13.9 0.0 10.7 100.0 Thariyode 25.9 2.8 2.5 1.2 1.4 5.1 1.4 28.6 15.3 0.0 15.9 100.0 Padinjarethara 29.3 7.0 2.6 0.0 0.7 0.0 4.5 32.6 14.2 2.0 7.1 100.0 Meppady 27.6 8.1 4.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 2.9 29.3 16.1 3.4 6.9 100.0 Muppainadu 28.1 5.5 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.6 31.3 19.5 3.1 7.8 100.0 Panamaram 8.3 19.5 1.2 0.6 1.9 1.9 9.3 34.7 17.0 1.2 4.3 100.0 Poothadi 15.5 15.9 2.9 0.0 6.3 2.9 5.9 25.1 17.6 0.8 7.1 100.0 Mullankolli 6.6 19.7 2.0 1.3 7.2 7.2 5.3 21.7 22.4 1.3 5.3 100.0 Pulpalli 18.1 16.2 3.4 0.5 2.8 1.4 6.2 27.2 17.1 0.9 6.2 100.0 Kaniyampatta 12.8 16.0 2.7 2.2 1.6 2.4 7.0 23.6 23.2 0.0 8.5 100.0 Total 22.3 11.4 2.5 0.8 2.3 1.4 5.9 27.2 14.9 2.9 8.4 100.0


18

Chapter 4 Dwelling space, Basic Amenities and Morbidity

4.1 Dwelling space

Although about 92.4% of the families own dwelling spaces of some form or other, the tribal families living in congested colonies or barricaded habitats without much of a homestead area have virtually no private space or space for any creative activity left inside or outside their tiny homes. The average homestead area is just 3.7 cents.

In the case of 44.6% of the families, the dwelling premises are owned by husbands and in 11.3% of the cases the premises were under the joint ownership of husband and wife.

About 12.0% of SC families and 11.1% of ST families did not own any homestead area whereas the percentage of families in the case of OBC and general category families were 4.9% and 8.0% respectively. Another 34.3% of SC families and 37.9% of ST families had homestead land of less than 5 cents (Table-4.1). The families which owned 50 cents or more were 6.2% among SCs and 12.2% among STs as against 16.4% among General category families. From the data canvassed on schedule and information gathered during survey, lack of dwelling space is seen as a severe constrain in the development of most of ST & SC communities and some families from Muslim communities.

4.2 Housing

The houses are classified as pucca, semi-pucca or katcha based on the materials used for the construction.The survey showed that 55.1% of the houses are pucca, 37.4% of the houses are semi pucca and 6.6% of the houses are katcha (Table-4.2). In Noolpuzha all the houses belonging to SC communities are Katcha whereas in Pozhuthana, Kaniyampatta and Edavaka all SC houses are pucca. In Thondarnadu and Vellamunda all SC houses are semi-pucca. On the whole, 43.0% of SC houses are pucca, 51.8% semi-pucca and 4.3% katcha (Table-4.3). In the case of ST communities, 48.5% of the houses are pucca, 37.3% semi pucca and 13.8% katcha (Table-4.4). Thus ST families are relatively less fortunate in having Pucca or semi-pucca houses. In Muppainadu all ST families live in semi pucca houses. For OBCs, 61.3% of the houses are pucca, 33.4% semi pucca and 4.2% katcha. In Kottathara, all their houses are pucca. In Noolpuzha, Kottathara and Pozhuthana all houses of general category families are pucca. For the district as a whole 57.9% of them have pucca houses, 37.9% semi pucca and 3.1% katcha.

Considering the religious groups, Hindus have more katcha houses as tribal families in Wayanad belong to Hindu religion (Table-4.4). Between women and men headed families, the percentage of those owning katcha houses is slightly more in the case of men headed families (Table-4.5).

Field visits showed that most of the houses built by the government for the landless and impoverished tribal communities do not have sufficient space to offer adequate privacy and seclusion for studies and other activities. Nearly all the stereotyped houses measure 250 sq. feet or less and all familial activities are staged in a single room, including procreation recreation and studies. These houses are bereft of latrines and bath rooms. They do not have the facilities to make a dignified living. Its contrast could be seen in the need based houses designed and built through the Japanese aided eco-restoration project in 54 hamlets of Attappady. The tribal community themselves through Hamlet Development Committees did theconstruction work avoiding the intermediary of contractors and layer of beneficiaries. Each house was built as per the space need of the members of beneficiary family.

The shacks of the poor tribal communities, who are yet to get government houses, are very pathetic. Most of them have fragile polythene roofing and a single room barely 10 feet X 8 feet that serves as kitchen, bedroom and living space and all other needs. This provides a stunting and depressing living environment.

It was seen that 95.7% of the families in the district live in owned houses and 4.3% in rented houses. For SCs own houses are 92.4%, for STs it was 98.2%, for OBCs 94.6% and for general category it was 95.6% (Table-4.6).

4.3 Energy for lighting


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About 85.6% of the families in the district have access to electricity from the grid and use the same for lighting. In the case of families of ST having access to electricity from the grid is, however, only 63.4% (Table-4.7). The average monthly expenditure on account of electricity use is, however as low as Rs.70.1. It isas low as Rs. 37.7 in the case of ST families, though it is Rs.80.0 in the case of SC families. The highest level of consumption is Rs 110.6 in Padinjarethara while the lowest level of consumption is in the tribal dominated Noolpuzha Panchayat (Table-4.8).

By religion, 93.8% Christian families, 95.3% Muslim families and 81% Hindu families are connected to state power grid. While 83.9 % of women headed families use electricity for lighting, for men headed families it is 86.4%.

Solar energy is used for lighting only by 0.5 % of the families and that too it is confined to only a few Panchayats.

Kerosene is the second major source of energy for lighting by BPL families as 76.5% of SC families, 79.2% of ST families, 75.5% of OBC families and 72.1% of general category families use it for lighting. On an average 125ml of Kerosene is used per week for lighting. The SC communities do not use any other energy source for lighting. 2.2% STs, 2.97% OBCs and 5.7% general communities uses other sources of lighting such as candles.

4.4 Energy for cooking

Fuel wood is the source of energy for cooking in the case of 98.2% of the BPL families in the district. The percentages such families were over 99% in the case of SC, ST and OBC communities (Table-4.9). By religion, 94.9% of Christian, 100.0% of Muslims and 98.4 % of Hindus use fuel wood for cooking. Gender of the head of family does not make any significant difference in the use of fuel wood as a source of energy for cooking. On an average, 3.7 bundles of firewood are consumed per week per family in Wayanad. But for ST families it is slightly more and is 4.3 bundles (Table-4.10). A bundle is about 10Kg.

The second popular source of energy for cooking was gas cylinder, particularly among OBCs and General category of families. About 73.9% of OBC families and 73.5% of General category families were using gas cylinder for cooking (Table- 4.11). However, only 9.7% or Tribal families could afford to use gas cylinder as energy for cooking.Average consumption of gas cylinders per year is 3.5. In the case of a few ST families using gas cylinder, the average consumption is 3.1 cylinders per year (Table 4.12).

Just about 1.7% of the BPL families use biogas for cooking. But for general communities it was 2.7%. On an average these families use bio-gas for cooking for about 2.7 hours per day.

Kerosene is yet another source of energy for cooking. About 27.2% of the BPL families use kerosene as the energy for cooking (Table-4.13). In view of the fact that kerosene is not available in the open market and monthly ration is only 0.5 litres per month, it cannot be used as the sole energy source for cooking. The average quantity of kerosene used per week for cooking is just about 0.1 liters.

4. 5 Drinking water and sanitation

In terms of drinking water and sanitation, Wayanad district is not better off. During the lean months from March to May some families are water stressed. The most important source of drinking water in the district is open well. But such wells are not insulated from the contaminants around. All sorts of human waste and excreta percolate their way to the water table. In some of the Paniya hamlets, dead bodies were also seen buried around the common well. Some water stressed marginalized communities get their drinking water directly from the river which is a cocktail of broad spectrum agro-chemicals, urban waste and pathogens. The analysis below shows that the worst affected groups are the tribal communities.

4.5.1 Source of drinking water

It was found through the survey that 62.0% of the people have open well as drinking water source. But among ST communities 69.3% use open well, for OBC it is 61.8% and for general it is only 55%


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(Table-4.14). In some of the Panchayats like Thirunelli and Thavinjal open well is not the main source of drinking water.

About 4.3% of the BPL families take drinking water from shallow wells. It includes 6.3% of Tribal families and 3.0% SC families (Table-4.15). In Thavinjal Panchayat, 23.7% of the BPL families depend on shallow wells for drinking water.

The other main source of drinking water was pipe connection. Although about 29.5% of the people have pipe connection, the share of tribal families with pipe connection was only 20.3% (Table 4.16. But for general community 35.1% have pipe connection and for SCs 35.7%. In Thirunelli Panchayat, 82.7% of the BPL families use pipe connection for drinking water.Rain water, tube well and spring water are also used by a small percentage of families for drinking water.While rain water is used by 0.4% of the families, tube well and spring water are used by 4.0% and 1.7% of the families respectively (Table-4.17). Only the tribal families are depended on rain water for drinking.

By religion, the highest percentage of BPL families using pipe water for drinking is among Christians. Among Muslims, 66.1% uses open well (Table-4.18).In the case of women headed families 30.3% uses pipe water while among men headed families 29.1% uses pipe water (Table-4.19).

4.5.2 Persons fetching drinking water

It is primarily the responsibility of adult females in families to fetch water from different sources. In the case of open well, water is fetched by adult female members in 77.8% of the families (Table-4.20). Only in the case of pipe connection water is fetched by adult males by nearly about one-fourth of the families. In some houses pumps are installed in open wells to draw water through pipes to the household premises.

The average time taken to reach the water source varied across different sources. The average time taken to reach open well was 3.4 minutes. It was 4.4 minutes for Scheduled Caste Families and 4.2 minutes for Scheduled Tribe families as against 2.9 minutes and 2.8 minutes for OBC and General category of families (Table-4.21). Rain water harvesting was done only by a few ST families and the average time taken to the harvesting point was about 5.5 minutes. The maximum time was taken to reach shallow well and the overall average was 7.7 minutes.

4.5.3 Sufficiency of drinking water

About 40.0% of the families in the district reported insufficiency of drinking water. In some of the Panchayats like Ambalavayal and Sultan Bathery over 60% of the families reported insufficiency (Table-4.22).All the SC families in Pozhuthana and all the ST families in Muppainadu reported water shortage. The average number of months on which water scarcity was experienced ranged from 1.7 months to 3.3 months in different Panchayats. The overall average was 2.3 months (Table-4.23).

4.6 Water for Washing of Clothes

Washing of clothes is an important activity for maintaining personal hygiene and often people have to find alternate sources of water for the same. Persons belonging to SC and ST communities are generally worst affected by not having convenient water sources for washing of clothes.

4.6.1 Sources of water for washing

About 39.9% of the families uses open well for washing of clothes while 14.9% use river water and 24.7 % pipe water (Table-4.24).The other sources used are shallow well (3.3%), tube well (2.6%), spring (8.4%), and others (2.9%). A larger % of ST families use open well (41.3%), shallow well (4.2%) and river (23.7%). The least % of them uses pipe connection for washing of clothes. A larger percentage of OBCs and general category families use pipe water for washing.

By religion, a large percentage (37.7%) of Christians uses tap water for washing of clothes (Table-4.25). On the other hand a larger percentage of Muslims uses open well for washing.


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By head of the family, a larger percentage of men-headed families used open well for washing of clothes (Table-4.26). The share of men headed families is also higher among those using tap water for washing.

Open well was the source of water for washing of clothes of all the SC families in Noolpuzha, Muttil, Thariyode and Kaniyampatta (Table-4.27). Similarly, all the tribal families were using open well as the source of water for washing in Ambalavayal and Muppainadu.

Tap water was used by all the SC families in Pozhuthana Panchayat while it was used by 50.5% tribal families in Meppady and 49.8% tribal families in Thirunelli Panchayat(Table-4.28).

4.6.2 Family Members Going to Different Sources

Again, it is largely adult females who go to different water sources for washing clothes. In the case of springs, women go to wash clothes in 97.6%, of the cases. The highest percentage of adult males going to any source is 12.4% in the case of tube well. Female child goes to river in 3.4% cases and other sources in 9.9% cases (Table-4.29).

4.7 Bathing space

Bathing used to be an activity performed in the natural water courses and private bathing space is a concept slowly percolating down the social pyramid. Hence for the poorer communities separate bathing space is as of now rather a luxury than a necessity, more so in the tribal households when even an attached latrine is a distant dream. Nevertheless, as per the survey, 84.2% of the families have some form of bathing space at home premises and only 15.8% of them did not have such a facility. However, in the case of ST families 36.9% did not have the facility (Table 4.30). Only at Ambalavayal, Pozhuthana and Muppainadu all ST families had bathing space. In Muppainadu all families from all communities have bathing space. In 17 GPs all general community families have bathing space followed by OBCs in 12.

In 4.8% families, all members do not use the available bathing space. For STs, it is as high as 8.2%. In Padinjarethara no ST family and in Vellamunda no SC family has all of its members using the bathing space (Table-4.31). 35% of those who take bath outside the home premises do so in the river and another 35.7% in other places like canals. 16.5% take bath at common wells and 12.7% at the springs (Table-4.32).

4.8 Toilet Facility

About 12.1% of the BPL families in Wayanad did not have toilets of any type in their homestead. The percentage of such families among tribal communities was as high as 28.7% (Table-4.33). All the SC families in Vellamunda and Noolpuzha and 50% or more such families in Thondarnadu and Mullankolli did not have toilet facility. Similarly, 50% or more tribal families at Vellamunda, Thirunelli, Edavaka, Sultan Bathery also did not have any toilet facility. There were only just 0.6% families in which all the members did not use the toilet despite having one. These families were at Mananthavady, Ambalavayal, Noolpuzha, Panamaram and Poothadi.

The families not having toilet facility within their homestead or families having persons not using the facility within the house premises use various places as toilet. While 2.4% of such families uses riverside, about 44.3% of them uses open spaces (Table-4.34).The remaining 53.3% uses other places like open trenches, between bushes, forest areas, etc. which are also like open spaces.

4.9 Morbidity

The existing living conditions of BPL families in Wayanad, particularly those belonging to tribal communities, including poor living space and basic amenities along with excessive dependence on alcoholic drinks, have worsened the morbidity levels. The ground realities indicated that morbidity levels are fairly high in almost all the houses. But the major health problems are mostly related to life style diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, back pain etc.


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Vythiri and Poothadi recorded the lowest levels of incidences of morbidity of 125.1% and 125.4% respectively. The highest level of morbidity was in Thirunelli Panchayat with an incidence rate of 188.6%. The most common disease was fever with 65.9% of the families suffering the same during last one year. The next common disease was headache (Table-4.35). The incidences diarrhea and fever were the highest in Noolpuzha Panchayat inhabited mostly by tribal communities.

4.10 Summary

Although about 92.4% of the families own dwelling spaces of one form or other, the tribal families living in congested colonies or barricaded habitats are living without much of a homestead. They have virtually no private space or space for any creative activity.

Field visits showed that most of the houses built by the government for the tribal communities do not have sufficient space to offer adequate privacy and seclusion for studies and other activities. Nearly all the stereotyped houses measure 250 sq. feet or less and all family activities take place in a single room, including procreation, recreation and studies. These houses are bereft of latrines and bath rooms too. The Kuccha–pucca concept does not bring out these constraints.

The shacks of the poor tribal communities, who are yet to get government houses, are very pathetic. Most of them have fragile polythene roofing and a single room measuring 10 feet x 8 feet, that serves as kitchen, bedroom and living space. This provides a stunting and depressing living environment.

Only 85.6% of the BPL households are getting electricity from the state power grid.

98.2% of the BPL population depends on firewood for cooking as 96.4% of the population is rural.

Open well is the major source of drinking water and only 29.5% of the people have access to piped drinking water, but for tribal families it is 20%. 40% of the people reported seasonal water scarcity.

12.1% of the people do not have toilets at home and for tribal BPL families it is 28.7%.

There was high incidence of morbidity in the target population, the lowest was 125.1 cases of incidence per hundred families.

Table 4.1: % Distribution of BPL Families by Land Area Owned and Social Group Land Area Owned SC ST OBC General Total No land 12.0 11.1 4.9 8.0 8.1 Upto5 Cents 34.3 37.9 18.3 12.3 23.7 5 to10 Cents 26.5 16.5 26.0 17.8 21.3 10 to 25 Cents 12.6 10.3 20.6 26.9 18.6 25 to 50 Cents 8.5 12.0 16.4 18.6 15.0 Above 50 Cents 6.2 12.2 13.8 16.4 13.3 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 4.2: % Distribution of Families by Type of House

Panchayat Pucca Semi-pucca Katcha Others Total

Mananthavady 73.7 20.9 3.6 1.8 100.0 Vellamunda 46.7 51.2 0.0 2.1 100.0 Thirunelli 67.2 29.0 3.8 0.0 100.0 Thondarnadu 48.6 38.6 9.6 3.2 100.0 Edavaka 61.9 26.7 8.5 3.0 100.0 Thavinjal 57.6 38.9 3.5 0.0 100.0 Meenangadi 42.2 53.4 4.4 0.0 100.0 Nenmeni 41.5 52.7 5.7 0.0 100.0 Ambalavayal 39.6 48.0 8.3 4.2 100.0 Sultan Bathery 53.1 32.6 12.3 2.0 100.0 Noolpuzha 37.0 43.4 19.5 0.0 100.0 Kottathara 70.6 29.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 Vengappally 50.3 37.1 12.6 0.0 100.0


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Vythiri 50.1 45.0 5.0 0.0 100.0 Muttil 58.1 32.6 9.3 0.0 100.0 Pozhutthana 67.3 23.4 9.3 0.0 100.0 Thariyode 58.9 34.8 6.3 0.0 100.0 Padinjarethara 63.4 33.3 3.3 0.0 100.0 Meppady 56.4 38.4 2.5 2.6 100.0 Muppainadu 51.7 45.1 3.3 0.0 100.0 Panamaram 65.0 28.3 6.7 0.0 100.0 Poothadi 66.0 27.2 5.1 1.7 100.0 Mullankolli 57.5 42.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 Pulpalli 37.3 49.0 13.7 0.0 100.0 Kaniyampatta 66.1 24.1 9.8 0.0 100.0 Total 55.1 37.4 6.6 0.9 100.0

Table 4.3: % Distribution of BPL Families by Type of House and Social Group Social Group Pucca Semi-pucca Katcha Others Total SC 43.0 51.8 4.3 0.9 100.0 ST 48.5 37.3 13.8 0.4 100.0 OBC 61.3 33.4 4.2 1.1 100.0 General 57.9 37.9 3.1 1.1 100.0 Total 55.1 37.4 6.6 0.9 100.0

Table 4.4: % Distribution of BPL Families by Type of House and Religion Religion Pucca Semi-pucca Katcha Others Total Christian 55.0 41.4 3.0 0.7 100.0 Muslim 59.7 36.2 2.6 1.5 100.0 Hindu 53.8 36.8 8.6 0.7 100.0 Total 55.1 37.4 6.6 0.9 100.0

Table 4.5: % Distribution of BPL Families by Type of House and Head of Family Head of Family Pucca Semi-pucca Katcha Others Total Women 50.6 42.8 6.0 0.7 100.0 Men 57.0 35.1 6.9 1.0 100.0 Total 55.1 37.4 6.6 0.9 100.0

Table 4.6: % Distribution of BPL Families by Ownership of House and Social Group Social Group Own house Rented All SC 92.4 7.6 100.0 ST 98.2 1.8 100.0 OBC 94.6 5.4 100.0 General 95.6 4.4 100.0 Total 95.7 4.3 100.0

Table 4.7: % of BPL Families by Use of Energies for Lighting and Social Group Social Group Grid Solar Kerosene Others SC 88.3 1.0 76.5 0.0 ST 63.4 0.7 79.2 2.2 OBC 95.4 0.3 75.7 2.9 General 95.0 0.4 72.1 5.7 Total 85.6 0.5 75.8 3.2

Table 4.8: Average Electricity Consumption of BPL Families for Lighting (Rs.) Per Month Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 93.7 37.5 142.1 74.4 85.4


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Vellamunda 90.2 62.5 82.6 103.2 80.7 Thirunelli 12.0 44.0 56.2 25.9 44.7 Thondarnadu 4.9 38.1 108.7 62.9 59.6 Edavaka 25.0 19.4 56.2 68.2 43.7 Thavinjal 41.5 22.0 57.3 74.5 51.0 Meenangadi 38.2 69.6 75.8 60.5 Nenmeni 62.8 32.2 56.3 75.3 59.0 Ambalavayal 106.3 62.3 60.8 76.9 71.5 Sultan Bathery 32.8 85.4 79.6 70.0 Noolpuzha 0.0 38.6 66.0 119.9 42.5 Kottathara 102.5 58.3 150.3 88.3 84.6 Vengappally 78.4 165.0 79.3 95.6 Vythiri 62.5 152.5 79.3 92.6 Muttil 67.7 32.4 75.3 65.3 59.5 Pozhutthana 100.0 20.0 116.3 94.8 78.7 Thariyode 55.8 30.9 81.5 88.5 71.8 Padinjarethara 96.3 30.0 147.3 99.0 110.6 Meppady 118.9 27.7 86.4 89.7 89.2 Muppainadu 105.4 80.1 85.8 144.7 96.4 Panamaram 41.5 111.7 79.7 85.7 Poothadi 50.4 14.1 80.5 62.9 63.2 Mullankolli 83.4 33.3 88.0 91.8 67.0 Pulpalli 148.2 27.3 82.8 68.4 75.0 Kaniyampatta 45.4 46.2 104.4 50.8 76.8 Total 80.0 37.7 88.4 75.8 70.1

Table 4.9: % of BPL Families Using Fuel Wood for Cooking Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 100.0 100.0 100.0 58.5 91.0 Vellamunda 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Thirunelli 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Thondarnadu 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Edavaka 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Thavinjal 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Meenangadi 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Nenmeni 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Ambalavayal 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sultan Bathery 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Noolpuzha

97.4 100.0 100.0 95.7

Kottathara 100.0 100.0 100.0 83.3 95.9 Vengappally 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Vythiri 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Muttil 100.0 100.0 94.1 90.0 95.3 Pozhutthana 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Thariyode 100.0 100.0 100.0 68.6 89.4 Padinjarethara 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Meppady 100.0 100.0 95.3 90.1 94.9 Muppainadu 100.0 100.0 95.7 80.1 93.6 Panamaram 94.7 100.0 100.0 98.3 Poothadi 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.1 98.3 Mullankolli 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Pulpalli 100.0 100.0 100.0 91.0 98.1 Kaniyampatta 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total 99.0 99.3 99.2 95.4 98.2


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Table 4.10: Average Bundles of Fuel Wood Used by BPL Families for Cooking Per Week Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 2.9 5.3 2.4 3.9 3.7 Vellamunda 5.0 4.6 3.1 2.7 3.5 Thirunelli 5.7 4.2 3.6 3.6 3.9 Thondarnadu 4.9 6.6 5.7 4.8 5.2 Edavaka 4.0 4.8 6.8 4.3 4.7 Thavinjal 4.3 5.0 3.7 4.4 4.5 Meenangadi . 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.1 Nenmeni 5.3 6.7 3.9 4.6 4.8 Ambalavayal 3.9 4.8 5.1 5.3 4.9 Sultan Bathery . 5.8 3.0 3.1 3.7 Noolpuzha . 5.0 3.8 4.0 4.8 Kottathara 4.5 3.3 3.0 1.9 3.0 Vengappally . 3.9 2.3 7.5 4.5 Vythiri 2.8 . 2.2 2.0 2.3 Muttil 2.3 2.2 2.7 2.1 2.4 Pozhutthana 0.0 2.9 2.8 1.9 2.4 Thariyode 3.0 3.0 2.4 2.7 2.7 Padinjarethara 4.7 2.3 2.7 2.8 3.4 Meppady 2.8 3.0 2.3 2.5 2.5 Muppainadu 3.0 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.3 Panamaram . 3.8 2.3 2.6 2.8 Poothadi 3.0 3.8 4.3 4.3 4.1 Mullankolli 3.0 3.0 4.8 3.0 3.5 Pulpalli 2.1 4.4 2.7 2.9 3.2 Kaniyampatta 4.0 4.1 2.1 3.5 3.0 Total 3.7 4.3 3.2 3.7 3.7

Table 4.11: % of BPL Families Using Gas Cylinders for Cooking Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 62.1 5.4 85.2 83.1 54.6 Vellamunda 0.0 0.0 75.8 82.9 57.5 Thirunelli 0.0 5.5 43.4 74.9 32.6 Thondarnadu 0.0 0.0 65.6 90.5 67.8 Edavaka 100.0 18.7 34.2 60.1 40.3 Thavinjal 35.6 0.0 57.4 61.2 38.5 Meenangadi 12.6 85.9 46.5 46.7 Nenmeni 44.2 11.2 89.3 68.9 62.1 Ambalavayal 57.0 50.4 43.9 58.1 49.9 Sultan Bathery 0.0 82.2 89.9 65.1 Noolpuzha 0.0 2.6 100.0 100.0 15.2 Kottathara 50.0 8.5 75.7 100.0 45.5 Vengappally 0.0 100.0 76.0 38.7 Vythiri 33.3 80.1 77.9 65.1 Muttil 100.0 30.7 94.1 80.1 72.1 Pozhutthana 0.0 28.6 75.0 77.0 56.1 Thariyode 100.0 0.0 65.8 81.6 63.3 Padinjarethara 9.2 0.0 83.2 49.6 43.3 Meppady 83.5 0.0 76.1 90.1 77.0 Muppainadu 100.0 0.0 65.2 79.9 67.8 Panamaram 10.5 76.6 71.4 55.0 Poothadi 49.5 0.0 72.4 70.4 59.2 Mullankolli 0.0 12.5 70.0 75.0 45.0 Pulpalli 39.9 12.5 71.4 54.8 43.1 Kaniyampatta 66.8 27.6 90.8 84.6 70.9 Total 43.9 9.7 73.9 73.5 53.0


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Table 4.12: Average Number of Gas Cylinders Used by BPL Families for Cooking Per Year Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 4.9 5.0 5.3 4.7 5.0 Vellamunda . . 3.4 3.2 3.4 Thirunelli . 4.0 3.5 2.7 3.2 Thondarnadu . . 4.0 3.1 3.2 Edavaka 2.0 2.7 3.0 3.1 2.9 Thavinjal 4.5 . 2.3 2.7 2.9 Meenangadi . 4.5 3.1 3.8 3.5 Nenmeni 3.2 3.0 3.5 4.2 3.7 Ambalavayal 2.5 2.5 4.3 3.0 3.5 Sultan Bathery . . 4.7 3.5 4.0 Noolpuzha . 4.0 1.8 2.0 2.1 Kottathara 3.0 2.0 3.7 3.5 3.4 Vengappally . . 3.3 3.7 3.5 Vythiri 2.5 . 2.5 4.0 3.3 Muttil 1.7 3.3 3.4 2.7 3.1 Pozhutthana . 3.0 2.8 3.5 3.1 Thariyode 3.5 . 3.3 5.3 4.2 Padinjarethara 3.0 . 3.4 4.0 3.5 Meppady 3.2 . 2.5 2.8 2.7 Muppainadu 3.5 . 3.4 4.0 3.5 Panamaram . 2.0 4.2 3.8 4.0 Poothadi 3.0 . 3.0 3.2 3.1 Mullankolli . 4.0 3.4 3.6 3.6 Pulpalli 2.5 3.5 2.8 3.7 3.0 Kaniyampatta 5.0 2.3 3.7 3.0 3.5 Total 3.3 3.1 3.5 3.4 3.5

Table 4.13: Distribution of BPL Families Using Kerosene for Cooking Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 12.6 21.7 18.0 41.5 23.5 Vellamunda 0.0 18.7 42.3 34.0 34.9 Thirunelli 0.0 11.3 4.4 12.7 7.8 Thondarnadu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Edavaka 0.0 6.6 31.6 6.4 8.5 Thavinjal 0.0 6.9 14.7 14.9 9.7 Meenangadi 68.9 78.3 86.6 77.7 Nenmeni 66.6 66.4 73.6 87.6 75.4 Ambalavayal 71.4 75.1 71.9 58.1 68.7 Sultan Bathery 33.4 70.7 55.1 55.1 Noolpuzha 100.0 79.4 59.9 100.0 78.2 Kottathara 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Vengappally 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Vythiri 33.5 19.9 11.1 20.0 Muttil 0.0 0.0 11.8 10.1 7.0 Pozhutthana 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.6 Thariyode 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Padinjarethara 0.0 0.0 8.4 0.0 3.4 Meppady 0.0 0.0 4.8 0.0 2.6 Muppainadu 49.5 0.0 8.7 19.7 12.9 Panamaram 37.0 26.5 14.2 28.4 Poothadi 0.0 33.4 34.5 11.7 25.4 Mullankolli 0.0 18.7 0.0 8.3 10.0 Pulpalli 0.0 25.1 0.0 0.0 7.9 Kaniyampatta 0.0 9.2 4.9 17.9 7.6 Total 19.3 29.1 28.4 26.3 27.2


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Table 4.14: % of Families Taking Drinking Water from Open Well Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 100.0 94.5 76.5 83.1 87.4 Vellamunda 100.0 81.2 79.0 82.9 80.5 Thirunelli 33.2 16.8 17.4 12.4 17.4 Thondarnadu 48.8 39.7 67.2 71.7 64.7 Edavaka 100.0 44.9 34.2 61.1 52.6 Thavinjal 19.8 26.4 0.0 28.9 22.6 Meenangadi 93.8 57.1 53.5 69.0 Nenmeni 66.9 77.6 63.0 37.8 58.5 Ambalavayal 28.6 49.9 43.8 33.1 39.4 Sultan Bathery 58.3 53.1 45.0 51.1 Noolpuzha 100.0 69.2 39.9 0.0 65.2 Kottathara 50.0 49.6 74.4 100.0 66.0 Vengappally 78.1 66.6 100.0 81.4 Vythiri 66.7 60.0 33.3 49.9 Muttil 100.0 92.3 100.0 70.0 90.7 Pozhutthana 0.0 71.4 62.5 57.7 60.8 Thariyode 100.0 64.9 48.7 47.3 57.1 Padinjarethara 72.7 100.0 91.6 24.8 76.6 Meppady 0.0 49.5 38.2 39.8 33.3 Muppainadu 49.5 100.0 43.3 79.9 51.4 Panamaram 100.0 94.1 85.8 95.0 Poothadi 100.0 66.7 65.6 76.4 71.2 Mullankolli 100.0 75.0 30.0 50.0 57.5 Pulpalli 69.7 81.3 43.1 36.3 58.9 Kaniyampatta 100.0 90.8 100.0 100.0 97.4 Total 60.6 69.3 61.8 55.0 62.0

Table 4.15: % of BPL Families Taking Drinking Water from Shallow Well Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 0 0 0 8.4 1.8 Thondarnadu 0 19.8 0 9.5 9.6 Thavinjal 17.8 19.4 29.5 27.9 23.7 Meenangadi 6.2 7.3 0.0 4.5 Nenmeni 0.0 11.2 0.0 0.0 1.9 Sultan Bathery 8.3 5.8 0.0 4.1 Noolpuzha 0.0 12.8 0.0 0.0 10.9 Vengappally 10.9 0.0 0.0 6.0 Vythiri 0.0 0.0 11.2 5.0 Muttil 0.0 7.7 0.0 0.0 2.3 Pozhutthana 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.3 4.7 Padinjarethara 8.9 0.0 8.4 0.0 6.7 Meppady 0.0 0.0 4.8 0.0 2.6 Poothadi 0.0 33.4 7.0 0.0 8.5 Mullankolli 0.0 6.2 0.0 0.0 2.5 Pulpalli 0.0 0.0 14.2 18.0 7.8 Total 3.0 6.3 2.7 4.8 4.3

Table 4.16: % of Families with Pipe Connection Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 12.6 10.8 23.5 16.9 16.2 Vellamunda 0.0 18.7 21.0 17.1 19.5 Thirunelli 100.0 83.2 78.4 87.6 82.7 Thondarnadu 0.0 20.8 32.8 18.8 19.2 Edavaka 0.0 55.1 65.8 38.9 47.4 Thavinjal 26.7 20.2 44.2 38.8 31.9 Meenangadi 6.2 28.6 19.8 17.7


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Nenmeni 44.2 11.2 37.0 62.2 41.5 Ambalavayal 71.4 50.4 52.1 66.9 58.5 Sultan Bathery 33.4 29.3 29.8 30.5 Noolpuzha 0.0 2.6 60.1 100.0 10.8 Kottathara 50.0 50.4 25.8 0.0 34.0 Vengappally 10.9 33.4 0.0 12.6 Vythiri 33.5 60.0 66.7 55.1 Muttil 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.1 7.0 Pozhutthana 100.0 28.6 37.5 42.3 39.2 Thariyode 0.0 35.1 51.3 52.8 42.9 Padinjarethara 18.4 0.0 0.0 75.2 16.7 Meppady 100.0 50.5 38.0 40.2 48.7 Muppainadu 50.5 0.0 56.7 20.1 48.6 Panamaram 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poothadi 0.0 0.0 27.4 17.7 18.6 Mullankolli 49.7 0.0 10.0 41.7 17.5 Pulpalli 30.1 24.9 35.5 27.3 29.3 Kaniyampatta 0.0 9.2 8.6 15.4 9.2 Total 35.7 20.3 30.9 35.1 29.5

Table 4.17: % of BPL Families by Use of Different Sources of Drinking Water and Social Group Social Group Open well Rain water Shallow well Tube well Spring Pipe Others SC 60.6 0.0 3.0 1.0 5.1 35.7 0.0 ST 69.3 1.4 6.3 0.3 2.8 20.3 2.1 OBC 61.8 0.0 2.7 5.1 0.5 30.9 0.8 General 55.0 0.0 4.8 7.4 0.8 35.1 1.1 Total 62.0 0.4 4.3 4.0 1.7 29.5 1.2

Table 4.18: % of BPL Families by Use of Different Sources of Drinking Water and Religion Religion Open well Rain water Shallow well Tube well Spring Pipe Others Christian 56.0 0.7 3.3 7.0 0.7 37.8 0.7 Muslim 66.1 0.0 3.0 4.1 1.0 25.8 0.9 Hindu 62.1 0.4 4.9 3.3 2.0 28.8 1.3 Total 62.0 0.4 4.3 4.0 1.7 29.5 1.2

Table 4.19: % of BPL Families by Use of Different Sources of Drinking Water and Head of Family

Head of Family Open well Rain water Shallow well Tube well Spring Pipe Others

Women 59.0 0.3 6.0 4.4 1.6 30.3 1.0 Men 63.3 0.4 3.6 3.8 1.7 29.1 1.2 Total 62.0 0.4 4.3 4.0 1.7 29.5 1.2

Table 4.20: % of Family Members Fetching Water from Different Sources

Source of Water Adult Male

Adult Female

Male Child

Female Child Others Total

Open well 11.2 77.8 3.6 4.3 3.2 100.0 Rain water 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Shallow well 10.4 64.1 5.4 10.6 9.4 100.0 Tube well 14.9 72.7 2.6 0.0 9.9 100.0 Spring 17.3 52.3 8.7 17.1 4.6 100.0 Pipe Connection 24.6 84.1 4.5 1.5 19.3 100.0 Others 30.5 61.6 7.8 0.0 0.0 100.0


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Table 4.21: Average Time Taken to Reach the Water Sources (Minutes) Source of Water SC ST OBC General Total Open Well 4.4 4.2 2.9 2.8 3.4 Rain Water 0.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 5.5 Shallow Well 7.3 5.4 8.8 10.1 7.7 Tube Well 10.0 1.0 2.2 3.3 2.9 Spring 8.3 5.7 2.0 5.6 6.0 Pipe connection 1.7 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.2 Others 0.0 1.8 1.7 0.3 1.5

Table 4.22: Number of Families Reporting Insufficiency of Drinking Water Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 31.1 32.5 20.7 58.5 34.3 Vellamunda 0.0 27.0 48.4 83.7 46.9 Thirunelli 33.2 38.9 43.5 37.1 40.3 Thondarnadu 51.2 39.7 32.8 19.0 25.7 Edavaka 0.0 6.6 34.2 26.1 17.1 Thavinjal 17.8 0.0 26.5 13.9 12.4 Meenangadi 30.9 36.1 40.1 35.6 Nenmeni 55.4 33.6 63.2 37.1 49.0 Ambalavayal 71.4 24.9 68.1 66.9 64.7 Sultan Bathery 75.0 64.4 54.7 63.1 Noolpuzha 0.0 59.0 39.9 0.0 54.4 Kottathara 0.0 34.0 75.7 33.3 38.0 Vengappally 32.7 33.4 0.0 24.6 Vythiri 33.5 60.0 55.6 50.1 Muttil 0.0 38.4 23.5 30.1 27.9 Pozhutthana 100.0 28.6 87.5 38.4 57.0 Thariyode 45.9 29.8 65.8 0.0 34.8 Padinjarethara 27.6 66.7 25.3 0.0 26.9 Meppady 33.1 49.5 47.7 70.1 51.3 Muppainadu 50.5 100.0 47.9 39.8 48.4 Panamaram 31.7 29.4 14.2 28.3 Poothadi 0.0 33.4 34.5 23.5 28.8 Mullankolli 49.7 50.0 20.0 75.0 50.0 Pulpalli 49.8 37.5 35.6 45.7 41.2 Kaniyampatta 33.2 35.6 36.2 33.3 35.4 Total 35.9 37.0 43.5 38.0 39.6

Table 4.23: Average Number of Months of Shortage of Drinking Water Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 2.4 2.5 2.0 2.6 2.4 Vellamunda . 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.3 Thirunelli 3.0 2.1 2.6 2.3 2.4 Thondarnadu 4.0 2.0 2.0 2.8 2.6 Edavaka . 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Thavinjal 3.5 . 1.5 2.4 2.4 Meenangadi . 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.1 Nenmeni 2.8 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.3 Ambalavayal 2.2 2.0 2.1 3.0 2.3 Sultan Bathery . 2.1 2.4 2.0 2.2 Noolpuzha . 2.5 1.5 . 2.4 Kottathara . 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Vengappally . 2.0 1.0 . 1.7 Vythiri 1.5 . 2.0 1.6 1.7 Muttil . 3.6 3.2 2.7 3.2 Pozhutthana 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9


30

Thariyode 2.0 2.0 1.7 . 1.8 Padinjarethara 1.7 2.0 2.7 . 2.1 Meppady 2.5 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.1 Muppainadu 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 Panamaram . 2.7 2.4 2.0 2.5 Poothadi . 3.0 3.7 2.7 3.3 Mullankolli 2.0 1.8 1.5 2.4 2.1 Pulpalli 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.6 Kaniyampatta 1.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.7 Total 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

Table 4.24: % of BPL Families Using of Different Sources of Water for Washing by Social Group

Social Group Open well Shallow well

Tube well Spring River Tap Others

SC 39.9 2.0 1.0 9.2 22.2 19.3 2.1 ST 41.3 4.2 0.0 11.2 23.7 15.7 4.9 OBC 37.5 2.1 4.3 6.0 10.8 27.7 1.9 General 29.1 4.5 3.4 8.7 8.5 32.2 2.3 Total 36.6 3.3 2.6 8.4 14.9 24.7 2.9

Table 4.25: % of BPL Families Using Different Sources of Water for Washing by Religion

Religion Open well Shallow well


Christian 29.9 2.0 3.4 5.2 9.8 37.7 2.1 Muslim 43.2 2.5 3.7 6.2 8.6 22.2 2.0 Hindu 36.1 3.9 2.1 9.8 17.9 22.7 3.3 Total 36.6 3.3 2.6 8.4 14.9 24.7 2.9

Table 4.26: % of BPL Families Using Different Sources of Water for Washing by Head of Family Head of Family

Open well

Shallow well


Women 34.3 5.4 3.4 9.1 16.2 23.8 3.0 Men 37.6 2.5 2.2 8.2 14.4 25.0 2.8 Total 36.6 3.3 2.6 8.4 14.9 24.7 2.9

Table 4.27: % of Families Using Open Well Water for Washing Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 62.1 83.7 14.8 41.5 50.6 Vellamunda 0.0 27.3 41.6 50.4 38.6 Thirunelli 0.0 16.7 4.3 24.8 11.5 Thondarnadu 0.0 0.0 34.4 28.5 22.7 Edavaka 0.0 19.7 0.0 54.7 32.4 Thavinjal 0.0 26.4 0.0 23.9 16.7 Meenangadi 31.4 14.1 33.5 26.7 Nenmeni 66.6 66.4 31.5 31.5 43.5 Ambalavayal 14.1 100.0 15.9 8.3 20.7 Sultan Bathery 25.0 41.3 30.0 32.7 Noolpuzha 100.0 20.4 20.0 0.0 21.6 Kottathara 0.0 42.4 50.1 0.0 29.9 Vengappally 0.0 66.6 0.0 13.1 Vythiri 50.0 19.9 11.1 24.9 Muttil 100.0 61.5 70.7 59.9 67.4 Pozhutthana 0.0 42.9 12.5 0.0 18.7 Thariyode 100.0 29.8 17.1 0.0 23.2 Padinjarethara 36.1 33.3 33.7 24.8 33.4 Meppady 0.0 49.5 9.6 0.0 7.7


31

Muppainadu 49.5 100.0 43.4 19.7 41.7 Panamaram 73.6 85.2 85.8 81.6 Poothadi 75.3 33.2 55.2 29.5 45.8 Mullankolli 0.0 62.5 20.0 16.7 35.0 Pulpalli 60.0 50.0 21.7 18.3 37.3 Kaniyampatta 100.0 72.4 76.6 82.1 77.8 Total 39.9 41.3 37.5 29.1 36.6

Table 4.28: % of Families Using Tap Connection for Washing Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 12.6 10.8 38.2 20.8 21.6 Vellamunda 0.0 18.7 24.5 17.1 21.7 Thirunelli 33.2 49.8 74.0 87.6 65.3 Thondarnadu 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.3 6.3 Edavaka 0.0 36.9 31.6 25.6 30.5 Thavinjal 26.7 20.2 29.5 28.4 25.9 Meenangadi 12.4 43.0 46.5 33.2 Nenmeni 11.2 11.2 52.5 62.4 41.3 Ambalavayal 28.6 25.4 44.1 66.5 45.9 Sultan Bathery 8.3 29.3 30.1 24.4 Noolpuzha 0.0 2.5 20.2 0.0 4.3 Kottathara 50.0 25.0 25.8 0.0 21.1 Vengappally 10.9 33.4 0.0 12.6 Vythiri 0.0 19.9 55.5 30.0 Muttil 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.1 9.3 Pozhutthana 100.0 28.6 25.0 23.0 29.8 Thariyode 0.0 35.1 34.2 18.6 25.0 Padinjarethara 18.4 0.0 0.0 50.4 13.4 Meppady 66.3 50.5 14.3 20.0 25.6 Muppainadu 50.5 0.0 56.7 60.2 55.1 Panamaram 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poothadi 0.0 0.0 27.4 17.5 18.5 Mullankolli 49.7 12.5 0.0 41.7 20.0 Pulpalli 0.0 18.7 21.3 27.3 17.6 Kaniyampatta 0.0 27.6 4.3 0.0 9.8 Total 19.3 15.7 27.7 32.2 24.7

Table 4.29: % of Family Members Going to Water Sources for Washing

Source of Water Adult male

Adult Female

Male Child


Open well 6.7 88.4 3.3 0.5 1.1 100.0 Shallow well 9.2 85.2 0.0 2.8 2.8 100.0 Tube well 12.4 87.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Spring 0.0 97.6 1.2 0.0 1.1 100.0 River 7.9 87.3 0.6 3.4 0.7 100.0 Tap Connection 7.8 86.0 2.6 2.4 1.2 100.0 Others 10.2 79.8 0.0 9.9 0.0 100.0


32

Table 4.30: % of Families without a Bathing Space at the Home Premises Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 25.2 16.2 0.0 0.0 9.1 Vellamunda 0.0 72.2 0.0 0.0 16.8 Thirunelli 0.0 50.0 21.6 0.0 26.9 Thondarnadu 51.2 80.2 0.0 0.0 16.1 Edavaka 0.0 68.2 34.2 13.3 39.6 Thavinjal 45.5 20.2 29.4 18.9 25.9 Meenangadi . 24.7 7.1 0.0 11.0 Nenmeni 22.0 44.5 0.0 0.0 11.4 Ambalavayal 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 2.1 Sultan Bathery . 66.7 5.9 0.0 18.5 Noolpuzha 100.0 35.8 59.9 0.0 39.0 Kottathara 0.0 33.5 0.0 0.0 17.0 Vengappally . 44.6 0.0 0.0 24.6 Vythiri 33.3 . 0.0 22.2 20.0 Muttil 0.0 30.7 0.0 10.1 11.6 Pozhutthana 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Thariyode 0.0 29.8 34.2 0.0 17.9 Padinjarethara 0.0 66.7 8.4 0.0 9.9 Meppady 16.5 49.5 9.5 0.0 10.2 Muppainadu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Panamaram . 21.1 0.0 14.4 8.4 Poothadi 0.0 44.5 13.9 5.9 15.4 Mullankolli 50.0 18.7 0.0 8.3 12.5 Pulpalli 0.0 43.8 14.3 18.2 21.6 Kaniyampatta 0.0 26.4 4.3 0.0 9.5 Total 15.7 36.9 7.0 5.3 15.8

Table 4.31: % of Families in which all Members do not Use the Bathing Space Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 16.8 12.9 0.0 0.0 6.0 Vellamunda 100.0 32.3 0.0 0.0 5.0 Thirunelli 0.0 11.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 Thondarnadu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Edavaka 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Thavinjal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Meenangadi . 8.2 0.0 6.6 4.9 Nenmeni 14.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 Ambalavayal 14.4 0.0 12.5 8.4 10.7 Sultan Bathery . 24.9 0.0 5.0 5.0 Noolpuzha . 16.0 0.0 100.0 17.8 Kottathara 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Vengappally . 19.6 0.0 0.0 8.0 Vythiri 0.0 . 19.9 28.6 18.7 Muttil 0.0 11.1 5.9 0.0 5.3 Pozhutthana 0.0 14.3 0.0 0.0 4.7 Thariyode 0.0 0.0 26.0 18.5 15.3 Padinjarethara 18.1 100.0 8.9 0.0 14.7 Meppady 0.0 0.0 10.6 19.8 11.4 Muppainadu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Panamaram . 6.7 3.0 0.0 3.7 Poothadi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mullankolli 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pulpalli 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kaniyampatta 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.0 2.4 Total 7.6 8.2 3.2 3.6 4.8


33

Table 4.32: % of Families Using Different Places Outside their Home for Bathing

Panchayat River Common Well Spring Others Total

Mananthavady 37.5 25.0 0.0 37.5 100.0 Vellamunda 90.1 0.0 0.0 9.9 100.0 Thirunelli 20.3 0.0 6.6 73.1 100.0 Thondarnadu 40.2 0.0 19.6 40.2 100.0 Edavaka 35.9 0.0 0.0 64.1 100.0 Thavinjal 63.2 0.0 0.0 36.8 100.0 Meenangadi 0.0 28.5 42.8 28.5 100.0 Nenmeni 0.0 86.0 0.0 14.0 100.0 Ambalavayal 16.7 0.0 49.9 33.5 100.0 Sultan Bathery 27.4 18.0 0.0 54.6 100.0 Noolpuzha 30.6 8.7 39.1 21.7 100.0 Kottathara 25.4 50.6 24.0 0.0 100.0 Vengappally 80.4 0.0 0.0 19.6 100.0 Vythiri 14.3 0.0 14.3 71.6 100.0 Muttil 71.3 14.3 0.0 14.4 100.0 Pozhutthana 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thariyode 0.0 38.1 20.6 41.3 100.0 Padinjarethara 42.5 14.6 0.0 42.9 100.0 Meppady 62.5 0.0 12.7 24.8 100.0 Panamaram 0.0 57.2 14.3 28.7 100.0 Poothadi 50.1 40.0 0.0 10.0 100.0 Mullankolli 19.9 40.0 0.0 40.0 100.0 Pulpalli 18.3 0.0 27.4 54.3 100.0 Kaniyampatta 23.1 50.0 26.9 0.0 100.0 Total 35.0 16.5 12.8 35.7 100.0

Table 4.33: % of Families not having Toilets in the Homestead Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 12.6 5.4 8.7 0.0 6.3 Vellamunda 100.0 54.3 3.5 0.0 16.9 Thirunelli 0.0 55.6 17.4 0.0 27.0 Thondarnadu 51.2 39.6 0.0 0.0 9.6 Edavaka 0.0 61.7 34.2 13.3 36.6 Thavinjal 0.0 13.9 14.7 14.4 11.5 Meenangadi 18.5 7.1 0.0 8.8 Nenmeni 0.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 5.7 Ambalavayal 14.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 Sultan Bathery 75.0 11.9 0.0 22.6 Noolpuzha 100.0 17.9 20.0 0.0 19.5 Kottathara 0.0 24.6 0.0 0.0 12.5 Vengappally 45.5 0.0 0.0 25.1 Vythiri 33.3 0.0 22.1 19.9 Muttil 0.0 23.1 0.0 10.1 9.3 Pozhutthana 0.0 14.3 0.0 0.0 4.7 Thariyode 0.0 29.8 34.2 0.0 17.9 Padinjarethara 9.2 33.3 8.4 0.0 10.1 Meppady 16.5 49.5 9.5 0.0 10.2 Muppainadu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Panamaram 26.4 0.0 14.4 10.1 Poothadi 0.0 22.3 10.4 0.0 8.5 Mullankolli 50.0 18.7 0.0 8.3 12.5 Pulpalli 0.0 25.0 7.1 0.0 9.8 Kaniyampatta 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 10.3 28.7 5.8 3.8 12.1


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Table 4.34: % of Families using Different Places as Toilet

Panchayat Riverside Open Space Others Total

Mananthavady 0 71.2 28.8 100.0 Vellamunda 14.1 14.8 71.1 100.0 Thirunelli 0.0 14.5 85.5 100.0 Thondarnadu 0.0 51.2 48.8 100.0 Edavaka 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 Thavinjal 0.0 59.3 40.9 100.0 Meenangadi 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 Nenmeni 0.0 67.1 32.6 100.0 Ambalavayal 49.5 0.0 50.5 100.0 Sultan Bathery 0.0 63.6 36.4 100.0 Noolpuzha 0.0 90.8 9.2 100.0 Kottathara 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 Vengappally 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 Vythiri 0.0 50.0 50.0 100.0 Muttil 0.0 49.9 50.1 100.0 Pozhutthana 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 Thariyode 0.0 64.9 35.1 100.0 Padinjarethara 0.0 66.1 33.6 100.0 Meppady 0.0 49.9 50.4 100.0 Panamaram 0.0 49.9 49.9 100.0 Poothadi 16.7 33.4 50.1 100.0 Mullankolli 0.0 19.9 80.1 100.0 Pulpalli 0.0 40.2 59.8 100.0 Total 2.4 44.3 53.3 100.0

Table 4.35: Incidence of Various Diseases Suffered by the BPL Families Panchayat Headache Diarrhea Fever Influenza Asthma Others Total Mananthavady 33.5 2.7 64.0 1.8 20.6 39.5 162.0 Vellamunda 47.4 0.0 70.3 0.0 6.3 33.9 157.9 Thirunelli 40.5 3.8 73.1 1.9 19.1 50.1 188.6 Thondarnadu 51.6 0.0 54.7 0.0 9.8 26.4 142.4 Edavaka 43.7 0.0 77.1 0.0 5.5 43.0 169.3 Thavinjal 43.6 3.9 58.9 0.0 12.4 32.1 151.0 Meenangadi 59.9 2.2 75.5 0.0 6.6 24.4 168.5 Nenmeni 58.3 3.8 79.3 1.9 13.3 16.9 173.5 Ambalavayal 41.6 6.2 64.6 6.2 6.3 22.9 147.8 Sultan Bathery 45.0 4.1 51.1 0.0 8.2 32.6 141.0 Noolpuzha 65.2 15.2 84.8 2.2 0.0 15.2 182.7 Kottathara 29.2 0.0 66.5 0.0 4.1 62.7 162.5 Vengappally 18.6 0.0 62.3 0.0 0.0 50.3 131.2 Vythiri 30.0 0.0 70.0 0.0 5.0 20.1 125.1 Muttil 27.9 0.0 86.1 2.3 11.6 16.3 144.2 Pozhutthana 28.1 0.0 95.3 0.0 9.3 18.7 151.4 Thariyode 12.6 0.0 76.8 0.0 5.3 35.7 130.4 Padinjarethara 19.7 9.8 59.9 0.0 10.1 43.1 142.7 Meppady 51.3 0.0 74.4 0.0 5.2 28.2 159.0 Muppainadu 38.7 3.3 77.4 0.0 13.0 9.7 142.1 Panamaram 28.3 5.0 58.3 0.0 3.4 35.0 130.0 Poothadi 20.3 3.4 49.1 0.0 15.2 37.4 125.4 Mullankolli 32.5 0.0 52.5 0.0 12.5 52.5 150.0 Pulpalli 31.3 5.9 45.2 0.0 19.7 49.0 151.1 Kaniyampatta 32.2 7.6 47.5 0.0 4.7 69.3 161.4 Total 39.1 3.5 65.9 0.8 9.9 34.3 153.5


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Chapter 5 Accessibility to Social Infrastructure

5.1 Roads

On the whole about 38.8% of the BPL families reported non-availability of all-weather road to their place of stay. It included 40.8% of SC families and 45.7% tribal families. In other words, SC and ST families were less fortunate in having all weather roads (Table-5.1).Over 50% of the families reported non-availability of all-weather road in Poothadi, Vellamunda, Thirunelli and Noolpuzha. In Pozhuthana, Edavaka, Poothadi and Noolpuzha all the SC families reported non-availability of all-weather road.

5.2 Market

Market is a major institution influencing the life of families. It facilitates easy selling of their produces and purchase of daily essentials. As per the survey, the average distance to the nearest market is 3.1 km (Table-5.2). In Muppainadu, the average distance is less than one km whereas in Noolpuzha the average distance is 8.8km which is another indicator of its general backwardness. The travel to the nearest market was by foot in the case of 62.4% of the families. The mode of travel was bus for 29.1% of the families (Table-5.3).

5.3 Educational facilities

As per the survey, the average distance even to the nearest kindergarten/nursery is about one kilometer and thus small kids need to walk the distance to get into the first institution of learning. It is particularly high in Thirunelli Panchayat (Table-5.4).

The average distance to be travelled to reach the nearest lower primary school as reported is 1.9 Km. In the case of the average distances were slightly more and were 2.0 Km and 2.2 Km respectively (Table-5.5).81% of the families go to the nearest LPS by foot and 14.7% by bus.

The average road distance to the nearest Upper Primary School is 2.6km. But for SCs it is 3km and for STs it is 3.2km(Table-5.6). 66.6% of BPL students reach there by foot and 28.7% by bus.

Average distance to the nearest secondary school is 3.2km. But for SCs it is 3.5km and for STs it is 3.7km (Table-5.7). 50.7% of the BPL students go to high school by foot and 44% by bus.

Average road distance to the nearest higher secondary school is 4.3km, but for STs it is 5.2km and for OBCs it is only 3.7km. In Thavinjal, Sultan Bathery and Noolpuzha the average distance is over 8 km and in Mananthavady it is 2 kmonly (Table-5.8). 36% of the BPL students reach HSS by foot and 58.9% by bus.

Average road distance to college is 11.3km. But for SCs it is 12.3km. However at Pulpalli the average distance is 3.6 km only (Table-5.9). 2.8% of the BPL students reach college by foot, 1.9% by motor cycle and 93.2% by bus.

5.4 Health Care facilities

High end referral hospitals are absent in Wayanad. However, a network of basic health care facilities exists in the district. In addition to mainstream facilities, tribal medical practitioners and traditional medical practitioners are also present in certain areas. Faith healing is also practiced by some people.

The most basic and nearest medical facility is provided at Anganwadi centres periodically by visiting medical staff. The average distance to the nearest anganvadis is around 1km for all communities (Table-5.10). At Pulpalli, Padinjarethara, Thondarnadu and Vengappally the average distance is 0.7km. In Thariyode the average distance is 1.6km. 98.1% of the people go to anganvadis by foot. 0.4% of them go by bus and 0.5% by autorikshaws.

It was found that on an average, every family visits the Anganwadi around 5 times a year. But OBCs visit them 4.2 times a year and other communities visit them 5.9 times a year. In Thariyode GP, people avail of the facility 2.2 times a year whereas in Thavinjal GP, they visit 13.8 times.


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The average distance to the nearest PHC is 3.1 km on an average. But for SCs it is 3.7 km, STs 3.2 km and OBCs 2.8 km (Table-5.11). In Muppainadu, the average distance to PHC is 4.6 km and in Thavinjal it is 6.2 km. In Kottathara the average distance is 2.0 km and in Vellamunda it is 1.9 km. 57.3% of the people go to PHC by foot, 35% by bus and 4.8% by tri-wheeler. It was found that on an average, the people visit the facility 4.5 times a year but in Noolpuzha they visit 8 times a year. 94.8% of the informants reported it is safe for women to go to the facility alone.

On an average, the average distance to the nearest Sub-Centre 3.0 km (Table-5.12). It is visited 2.9 times by the BPL families but in Meenangadi they visit 7.6 times.

The average distance to the nearest Govt. Hospital is 7.7km. For STs, the average distance is 8.8 km whereas for OBCs, it is 6.7 km (Table-5.13). In Thavinjal average distance is 16.5 km. In Ambalavayal average distance is 3km. 16.3% of the people go to the Govt. Hospital by foot and 77.3% go by bus but 3.3% of the people chose tri-wheeler.

It was found that on an average people visits the Govt. Hospitals 10 times a year but in Ambalavayal they visit 16.3 times. In Pozhuthana Govt. Hospital is visited 4.7 times.

Average road distance to Private Clinic is 6.7 km but for STs the average distance is 7.8 km (Table-5.14). In Noolpuzha which is in many respects the most backward GP in the region, the average distance to the nearest Private Clinic is 12.1 km and in Thavinjal the distance is 17.3 km. In Thavinjal, ST communities have to travel 19.3 km. 17% of the people go by foot to the hospital and 75% of the people go by bus. Only 4.5% of people choose tri-wheelers. On an average people visited Private Clinics 3.1 times last year but in Sultan Bathery they visited 5.1 times. 94.8% of the respondents informed that it was safe for women to visit Private Clinics alone.

The average road distance to Ayurveda Health Care facilities is 6.2 km. However for SC and ST communities it is around 6.9 km (Table-5.15). 20% of the people reached the Ayurvedic centres by foot and 73% by bus. On an average, people availed of the facility 2.8 times. However ST and SC communities visited them 2.2 and 1.9 times respectively. In Edavaka, people visited Ayurvedic facility 5.9 times and in Ambalavayal 7.5 times. 95% of the respondents informed that it is safe for women to visit the facilities.

The average distance to Tribal Hospital is 12.1 km (Table-5.16). In Muppainadu, it is 14.7km. 8.6% of the people visit the Tribal Hospital by foot and 84.2% by bus. 6.3% of the visitors were SCs, 86.4% were STs and 6% were OBCs. In Padinjarethara, Vythiri, Ambalavayal, Thondarnadu, Pozhuthana and Edavaka, nobody visited the Tribal Hospital. Most of the tribal patients were from Noolpuzha, Meenangadi and Thavinjal. ST communities visited the facility 4.1 times last year and STs 1.8 times. 96.1% of the respondents informed that it is safe for women to visit the facility.

Average distance to the Traditional Medical Practitioner is 5.1 km but for ST communities it is 6.2 km (Table-5.17). In Vythiri, the average distance is 20km. 41.5% of the patients visited the facility by foot, 52.1% by bus and 3.8% on tri-wheelers. It was found that on an average the people availed of the facility 1.9 times a year. The General communities visited 2.8 times and OBCs 1.2 times. In Kaniyampatta, Pulpalli, Thariyode, Muttil and Vythiri, nobody visited the facility. 86.9% of the people felt that it is safe for women to visit the facility alone.

There are also other health carefacilities which are at an average distance of 3.2 km (Table-5.18).These are visited by the people 3.9 times a year. OBC communities visit them 5.6 times and ST communities 1.4 times. In Meppady, people visited it 16 times a year. 91.2% of the people felt that it is safe for women to visit such facilities. 45.8% of the people went to the facility by foot and 48% by bus. Average distance to the facility is 3.2km but in Muttil, it is 10 km.

5.5 Community organizations

The community organizations, usually active in other parts of the state are not playing a significant role in the lives of the impoverished communities of Wayanad as they tend to be perfunctory in most cases, especially in the tribal best.

It was found that only 5.3% of the families were associated with Farmer’s Cooperative Societies (Table-5.19). About 0.5% of them felt that it helped them assimilate new skills, 2.6% of the


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informants felt that such societies helped them to save money and 0.5 % felt that it offers better access to loan.

About 5.4% of the families were associated with Farmers Group (Table-5.20). About 1.5% of them felt that the advantage thereof is to learn new skills. 1.8% felt that it facilitates savings. 0.6% got better marketing facilities and 1.0% had had other benefits.

About 53.9 % of the families were associated with Kudumbasree units. 16.3% felt that it helped them learn new skills, 24.1% could save money, 12.7% had better access to loan and 0.5% had other benefits (Table-5.21).

About 16.5 % of the families were other SHGs (Table-5.22). 5.32% of them learned new skills 5.0% could save money, 5.4% had better access to loan and 0.5% could avail of better marketing facilities.

About 87.1% of the tribal were participating with Oorukuttams (Tribal assemblies). 64.1% of them could learn new skills, 4.72% could save money, 6.2% could meet friends, 2.5% had better access to loan and 9% had other benefits (Table-5.23). 42.0% of the participation was by wife, 34.3% by husband.

59.5% of the members regularly participate in Oorukootams, 30.7% participate occasionally. In 42.1% cases husbands participate in the assembly, in 47.4% cases wives participate.

The study showed that about 87.8 % of families participated in Grama Sabha, 72.9% of them could learn new skills (Table-5.24). 1.6% could save money, 2.6% had better access to loan and 10.2% had other advantages. In 61.3% cases Gramasabha participation is regular, in 29.7 cases there is occasional participation and in 9% cases there is no participation. 37% of the participation was by husbands, 53% by wives and 10% by other members of the family.

5.6 Summary

38.81% of households in the BPL category do not have access to all weather roads and for STs, it is 45.7%.

The ST communities have to travel more to the nearest education center than other communities. Most of the students go by walk to lower educational institutions and by bus to higher institutions like colleges.

The average distance to the nearest Govt. Hospital is 7.7 kms. For STs the average distance is 8.75 kms. It was found that on an average people visit the Govt. Hospitals 10 times a year but in Ambalavayal they visit 16.3 times.

Women are more active than men in thrift groups and other organizations and forums. Men from the marginalized families seemed to be more dejected and have given up hope.

Table 5.1: % of Families Reporting Non-Availability of All Weather Road to their Place of Stay Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 43.7 32.5 8.7 53.9 31.5 Vellamunda 0.0 27.8 58.8 67.3 51.5 Thirunelli 66.8 44.5 65.2 25.4 52.0 Thondarnadu 51.2 39.7 0.0 32.9 32.0 Edavaka 100.0 30.8 65.8 25.6 33.7 Thavinjal 37.6 13.2 72.1 72.2 48.8 Meenangadi 24.7 35.6 13.2 24.3 Nenmeni 33.4 55.8 31.5 50.0 41.5 Ambalavayal 57.4 50.4 36.0 41.9 41.8 Sultan Bathery 66.7 17.8 35.1 36.9 Noolpuzha 100.0 71.8 39.9 0.0 67.4 Kottathara 0.0 41.5 0.0 33.3 29.2 Vengappally 45.5 0.0 47.9 37.1 Vythiri 33.3 19.9 33.3 29.9 Muttil 0.0 69.3 35.3 10.1 37.2 Pozhutthana 100.0 28.6 0.0 42.3 25.2


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Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Thariyode 54.1 35.1 34.2 0.0 25.0 Padinjarethara 8.9 0.0 0.0 75.2 13.2 Meppady 50.1 50.5 42.8 30.0 41.0 Muppainadu 0.0 0.0 4.4 40.2 9.8 Panamaram 58.0 23.6 28.7 35.1 Poothadi 100.0 89.0 41.4 35.1 50.8 Mullankolli 49.7 18.7 39.9 50.0 35.0 Pulpalli 39.9 43.8 50.0 45.4 45.1 Kaniyampatta 66.8 54.0 34.9 31.0 41.7 Total 40.8 45.7 33.4 38.3 38.8

Table 5.2: Average Road Distance to the Nearest Market Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 2.6 4.8 1.1 2.1 2.8 Vellamunda 1.0 2.0 1.6 2.2 1.7 Thirunelli 7.0 4.5 4.1 5.6 4.6 Thondarnadu 1.1 1.4 1.7 3.5 2.8 Edavaka 2.0 2.4 1.8 3.0 2.6 Thavinjal 4.7 2.8 3.4 3.6 3.5 Meenangadi . 3.7 3.2 4.1 3.7 Nenmeni 3.4 2.6 2.2 2.0 2.4 Ambalavayal 2.1 3.7 2.5 3.0 2.7 Sultan Bathery . 7.5 6.3 6.5 6.7 Noolpuzha 8.0 8.2 12.8 12.0 8.8 Kottathara 1.2 2.4 2.2 2.9 2.4 Vengappally . 2.1 4.0 2.1 2.5 Vythiri 3.3 . 1.6 2.1 2.3 Muttil 1.3 2.8 2.1 2.5 2.4 Pozhutthana 5.0 1.4 1.8 2.7 2.0 Thariyode 2.4 2.4 2.4 1.7 2.2 Padinjarethara 1.8 1.7 1.5 2.5 1.7 Meppady 2.8 1.2 4.7 3.9 4.0 Muppainadu 1.3 2.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 Panamaram . 1.9 2.6 2.3 2.4 Poothadi 2.0 2.9 2.1 2.1 2.2 Mullankolli 1.5 2.0 3.0 1.6 2.1 Pulpalli 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.3 1.9 Kaniyampatta 1.7 3.5 1.5 2.8 2.2 Total 2.7 3.7 2.7 3.1 3.1

Table 5.3: % of Families Reporting different Mode of Transport to the Nearest Market

Panchayat On foot Bicycle Motorcycle Shared taxi Bus All

Mananthavady 77.3 0.0 0.0 1.8 20.9 100.0 Vellamunda 87.5 0.0 2.1 6.3 4.2 100.0 Thirunelli 38.5 0.0 0.0 3.8 57.8 100.0 Thondarnadu 83.9 0.0 0.0 6.6 9.4 100.0 Edavaka 73.5 0.0 2.7 5.9 17.8 100.0 Thavinjal 48.2 0.0 0.0 5.3 46.5 100.0 Meenangadi 33.1 0.0 0.0 13.2 53.6 100.0 Nenmeni 64.0 0.0 1.9 15.3 18.9 100.0 Ambalavayal 50.3 0.0 2.1 6.3 41.3 100.0 Sultan Bathery 18.4 0.0 2.0 6.1 73.5 100.0 Noolpuzha 32.7 2.2 0.0 6.5 58.6 100.0 Kottathara 58.4 4.1 4.1 12.2 21.3 100.0 Vengappally 68.3 0.0 12.6 0.0 19.1 100.0 Vythiri 79.8 0.0 0.0 15.1 5.0 100.0 Muttil 62.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.2 100.0 Pozhutthana 86.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.0 100.0 Thariyode 68.7 0.0 6.3 6.3 18.8 100.0


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Padinjarethara 83.4 0.0 3.3 0.0 13.3 100.0 Meppady 38.6 0.0 0.0 18.1 43.3 100.0 Muppainadu 93.5 0.0 0.0 3.3 3.3 100.0 Panamaram 76.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.4 100.0 Poothadi 79.6 0.0 1.7 0.0 18.6 100.0 Mullankolli 80.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 17.5 100.0 Pulpalli 66.7 0.0 0.0 15.6 17.7 100.0 Kaniyampatta 61.4 0.0 12.0 15.2 11.4 100.0 Total 62.4 0.2 1.7 6.6 29.1 100.0

Table 5.4: Average Road Distance to the Nearest Kindergarten/Nursery Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.2 0.9 Vellamunda 0.5 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.9 Thirunelli 1.7 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 Thondarnadu 1.0 0.5 0.8 0.9 0.9 Edavaka 1.5 1.3 0.8 1.1 1.2 Thavinjal 0.8 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.9 Meenangadi 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 Nenmeni 0.7 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.0 Ambalavayal 1.1 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.9 Sultan Bathery 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.0 Noolpuzha 0.5 0.9 1.5 1.0 1.0 Kottathara 2.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 Vengappally 1.2 0.7 0.9 1.0 Vythiri 2.9 2.7 1.1 2.0 Muttil 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.2 Pozhutthana 0.0 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.8 Thariyode 0.5 2.0 1.4 1.1 1.3 Padinjarethara 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 Meppady 0.9 0.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 Muppainadu 1.5 2.0 0.9 1.4 1.0 Panamaram 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.5 Poothadi 1.1 0.7 1.1 1.0 1.0 Mullankolli 2.0 0.7 1.3 0.7 0.9 Pulpalli 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 Kaniyampatta 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 Total 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0

Table 5.5: AverageRoad Distance to the Nearest Lower Primary School Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 2.2 1.1 1.8 1.5 1.5 Vellamunda 0.5 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.3 Thirunelli 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.6 Thondarnadu 2.5 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.7 Edavaka 1.5 2.4 1.7 1.4 1.9 Thavinjal 1.3 1.1 2.2 1.8 1.6 Meenangadi 2.3 1.9 1.4 1.9 Nenmeni 2.5 2.9 2.1 1.9 2.3 Ambalavayal 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.6 Sultan Bathery 2.3 1.8 1.9 2.0 Noolpuzha 0.5 2.8 1.3 1.0 2.5 Kottathara 2.7 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.6 Vengappally 2.2 1.8 1.2 1.9 Vythiri 4.2 2.8 2.7 3.2 Muttil 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.2


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Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Pozhutthana 2.0 1.5 1.6 2.3 1.8 Thariyode 0.8 2.9 1.5 1.2 1.6 Padinjarethara 1.0 2.3 1.1 1.1 1.2 Meppady 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.6 Muppainadu 1.8 3.0 1.1 1.7 1.3 Panamaram 2.3 1.9 2.2 2.0 Poothadi 2.8 3.0 2.6 2.5 2.7 Mullankolli 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.8 2.0 Pulpalli 2.3 3.4 2.2 2.7 2.7 Kaniyampatta 1.2 2.8 1.4 2.5 1.9 Total 2.0 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.9

Table 5.6: AverageRoad Distance to the Nearest Upper Primary School Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 2.2 1.1 1.8 1.5 1.6 Vellamunda 1.0 2.5 1.7 2.4 2.0 Thirunelli 6.3 4.0 3.0 2.6 3.5 Thondarnadu 4.6 2.4 1.7 1.7 2.0 Edavaka 3.0 2.6 2.2 2.2 2.4 Thavinjal 4.9 2.8 3.3 3.3 3.5 Meenangadi 3.2 2.5 2.7 2.8 Nenmeni 2.7 3.0 2.1 2.0 2.3 Ambalavayal 2.4 3.0 2.7 2.1 2.6 Sultan Bathery 2.3 2.0 1.9 2.0 Noolpuzha 9.0 6.4 6.2 8.0 6.5 Kottathara 1.2 1.8 1.4 2.4 1.9 Vengappally 2.2 2.7 1.9 2.2 Vythiri 4.2 2.8 3.3 3.4 Muttil 2.7 3.6 2.6 3.2 3.0 Pozhutthana 4.0 1.4 1.6 3.0 2.0 Thariyode 0.8 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.5 Padinjarethara 2.0 3.0 2.0 4.5 2.4 Meppady 3.3 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.2 Muppainadu 1.8 3.0 1.2 1.9 1.4 Panamaram 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.3 Poothadi 2.8 3.2 2.7 2.6 2.8 Mullankolli 2.5 2.3 1.9 1.8 2.0 Pulpalli 2.5 3.5 2.3 2.8 2.8 Kaniyampatta 1.2 2.8 1.4 2.6 1.9 Total 3.0 3.2 2.3 2.4 2.6

Table 5.7: Average Road Distance to the Nearest Secondary School Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 2.2 1.2 1.9 2.0 1.7 Vellamunda 3.0 3.6 2.3 2.9 2.7 Thirunelli 9.0 5.3 3.9 4.4 4.8 Thondarnadu 4.6 4.0 3.4 4.4 4.3 Edavaka 3.0 3.0 3.7 3.0 3.1 Thavinjal 5.2 2.8 3.3 3.8 3.7 Meenangadi 3.7 2.8 2.9 3.1 Nenmeni 2.7 3.0 2.2 2.1 2.4 Ambalavayal 2.4 3.0 2.8 2.3 2.6 Sultan Bathery 2.3 2.7 2.8 2.7 Noolpuzha 9.0 6.5 6.8 8.0 6.6 Kottathara 2.7 3.1 2.2 2.2 2.7 Vengappally 5.1 4.8 3.8 4.7 Vythiri 4.2 2.8 3.3 3.4 Muttil 3.0 3.9 3.4 3.6 3.5


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Table 5.8: Average Road Distance to the Nearest Higher Secondary School Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 2.8 1.2 2.4 2.0 2.0 Vellamunda 8.0 6.1 2.9 3.7 3.9 Thirunelli 9.0 5.9 3.9 4.4 5.0 Thondarnadu 7.0 4.1 5.7 5.2 5.2 Edavaka 3.0 3.1 3.7 3.3 3.2 Thavinjal 6.9 11.5 8.4 8.6 9.1 Meenangadi 3.7 2.8 3.0 3.2 Nenmeni 2.7 3.0 2.4 2.1 2.4 Ambalavayal 2.4 3.0 2.8 2.4 2.6 Sultan Bathery 11.2 7.7 6.7 8.2 Noolpuzha 12.0 8.1 7.5 8.0 8.1 Kottathara 2.7 3.1 2.2 3.2 2.9 Vengappally 5.6 4.8 4.2 5.1 Vythiri 4.5 2.9 4.4 4.1 Muttil 3.0 4.2 4.0 3.6 3.9 Pozhutthana 4.0 3.6 1.8 3.6 2.9 Thariyode 4.6 2.4 3.6 2.3 3.1 Padinjarethara 4.2 5.7 3.3 6.7 4.3 Meppady 6.1 3.0 5.4 5.1 5.3 Muppainadu 2.7 3.0 2.0 1.9 2.1 Panamaram 3.8 2.8 3.4 3.2 Poothadi 2.8 4.2 4.2 3.7 4.0 Mullankolli 5.0 4.2 5.9 3.4 4.4 Pulpalli 3.2 3.9 2.7 3.0 3.2 Kaniyampatta 3.5 4.3 3.6 5.1 4.0 Total 4.3 5.2 3.7 4.2 4.3

Table 5.9: Average Road Distance to the Nearest College Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 6.8 8.4 5.3 6.8 6.9 Vellamunda 15.0 14.0 14.5 15.2 14.5 Thirunelli 19.7 10.9 9.1 13.0 10.9 Thondarnadu 12.5 13.1 13.8 14.9 14.3 Edavaka 6.0 8.5 7.7 7.6 8.0 Thavinjal 16.3 18.5 19.4 19.9 18.7 Meenangadi 10.5 9.6 9.1 9.7 Nenmeni 14.1 11.5 11.8 11.8 12.1 Ambalavayal 12.9 20.1 11.4 13.7 12.9 Sultan Bathery 11.3 8.8 7.7 9.0 Noolpuzha 15.0 15.6 13.2 8.5 15.2 Kottathara 9.0 11.7 12.3 9.8 11.2 Vengappally 10.6 9.3 12.4 10.8 Vythiri 11.2 9.4 9.4 9.9 Muttil 3.0 6.8 5.3 5.2 5.6


42


Table 5.10: Average Road Distance to the Nearest Anganwadi Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.9 Vellamunda 0.5 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 Thirunelli 1.7 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 Thondarnadu 1.1 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 Edavaka 1.5 1.3 0.8 1.0 1.1 Thavinjal 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.0 Meenangadi 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.2 Nenmeni 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.1 1.0 Ambalavayal 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.9 Sultan Bathery 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.1 Noolpuzha 0.5 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.9 Kottathara 0.5 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 Vengappally 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.7 Vythiri 2.9 2.7 0.6 1.8 Muttil 1.2 1.2 1.4 2.0 1.5 Pozhutthana 0.0 1.2 0.8 1.0 0.9 Thariyode 0.5 3.6 1.4 1.0 1.6 Padinjarethara 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.7 Meppady 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.0 Muppainadu 2.0 2.0 0.8 1.4 1.0 Panamaram 2.1 1.3 1.2 1.5 Poothadi 1.1 0.7 1.2 0.8 1.0 Mullankolli 2.0 0.7 1.3 0.7 0.9 Pulpalli 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Kaniyampatta 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.9 Total 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0

Table 5.11: Average Distance to the Nearest Primary Health Centre Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 4.1 3.7 1.7 1.9 3.0 Vellamunda 1.0 2.5 1.6 2.3 1.9 Thirunelli 8.3 3.2 3.1 9.2 4.4 Thondarnadu 5.6 3.6 4.0 4.7 4.5 Edavaka 6.0 3.2 6.1 3.2 3.5 Thavinjal 8.8 5.9 5.3 5.5 6.2 Meenangadi 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.6 Nenmeni 3.4 2.8 2.3 1.9 2.5 Ambalavayal 1.9 4.5 2.7 2.3 2.6 Sultan Bathery 2.5 3.0 3.1 2.9 Noolpuzha 8.0 4.2 0.5 4.2 Kottathara 0.5 1.9 1.3 3.3 2.0 Vengappally 1.9 2.0 2.8 2.2


43

Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Vythiri 4.0 2.2 2.8 3.2 Muttil 1.7 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.9 Pozhutthana 4.0 3.3 3.8 3.6 3.6 Thariyode 0.6 2.6 3.3 2.5 2.6 Padinjarethara 1.9 4.0 2.5 3.2 2.5 Meppady 4.4 8.9 3.3 3.0 3.7 Muppainadu 6.0 6.0 4.1 6.0 4.6 Panamaram 2.9 2.9 3.4 2.9 Poothadi 1.9 2.7 2.2 2.0 2.2 Mullankolli 4.0 2.8 2.5 2.6 2.7 Pulpalli 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 Kaniyampatta 0.8 3.1 2.3 1.4 2.3 Total 3.7 3.2 2.8 3.3 3.1

Table 5.12: Average Distance to the Nearest Sub-Centre Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 3.0 2.1 3.2 3.8 2.6 Vellamunda 1.7 2.8 2.0 2.3 Thirunelli 2.0 3.4 3.9 2.5 3.2 Thondarnadu 3.0 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 Edavaka 4.0 5.0 3.3 2.3 3.5 Thavinjal 1.3 1.1 3.0 1.7 1.7 Meenangadi 2.8 1.9 2.1 2.4 Nenmeni 7.3 5.3 2.4 2.4 3.5 Ambalavayal 1.7 1.0 4.3 8.2 4.7 Sultan Bathery 7.6 5.0 4.7 5.7 Noolpuzha 0.5 2.7 3.3 0.3 2.7 Kottathara 2.1 1.0 2.2 2.0 Vengappally 2.0 1.2 1.5 Vythiri 4.2 4.0 3.6 3.9 Muttil 2.5 4.4 3.1 1.8 3.1 Pozhutthana 1.8 1.6 5.8 3.2 Thariyode 2.0 3.8 1.7 2.7 Padinjarethara 1.5 4.3 4.2 5.2 3.9 Meppady 2.3 1.0 6.1 3.6 4.5 Muppainadu 3.6 3.6 Panamaram 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.1 Poothadi 2.7 2.3 2.4 2.4 Mullankolli 2.0 3.4 1.8 3.1 2.9 Pulpalli 3.4 3.3 3.0 2.7 3.1 Kaniyampatta 0.5 3.7 2.4 2.3 2.6 Total 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.0

Table 5.13: Average Distance to the Nearest Government Hospital Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 6.4 7.1 4.0 4.9 5.6 Vellamunda 3.0 9.0 4.7 6.9 5.9 Thirunelli 19.7 12.2 12.0 12.9 12.7 Thondarnadu 12.1 8.9 13.8 12.8 12.2 Edavaka 6.0 7.8 6.5 7.5 7.5 Thavinjal 14.4 18.1 13.8 17.3 16.5 Meenangadi 5.9 6.6 5.6 6.0 Nenmeni 7.6 5.8 3.8 4.3 5.0 Ambalavayal 2.2 4.5 3.0 2.9 3.0 Sultan Bathery 11.2 7.6 6.9 8.2 Noolpuzha 12.0 13.5 11.9 12.5 13.3 Kottathara 9.0 9.1 12.0 7.8 9.3 Vengappally 5.6 4.0 7.0 5.6 Vythiri 4.2 2.8 4.6 4.0


44

Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Muttil 8.5 7.8 6.6 6.5 7.1 Pozhutthana 8.0 8.6 6.9 10.4 8.4 Thariyode 6.6 2.3 8.5 6.0 6.3 Padinjarethara 13.6 13.3 6.6 13.2 10.7 Meppady 12.0 9.4 10.3 9.1 10.2 Muppainadu 10.5 8.2 8.2 8.4 Panamaram 6.9 6.9 4.9 6.7 Poothadi 1.9 2.9 5.5 6.1 5.0 Mullankolli 4.5 5.4 6.3 5.5 5.6 Pulpalli 3.3 4.0 2.8 3.0 3.3 Kaniyampatta 3.0 9.7 6.7 9.3 7.7 Total 8.3 8.8 6.7 7.8 0.8

Table 5.14: Average Distance to the Nearest Private Clinic Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 8.0 7.2 4.1 4.1 5.4 Vellamunda 3.0 5.7 3.7 5.8 4.4 Thirunelli 12.3 11.0 9.4 8.6 10.1 Thondarnadu 12.1 5.1 8.3 9.3 8.7 Edavaka 6.0 7.6 6.5 7.5 7.4 Thavinjal 13.7 19.3 15.7 17.9 17.3 Meenangadi 7.3 6.2 5.6 6.4 Nenmeni 12.6 8.4 9.4 8.9 9.7 Ambalavayal 1.8 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.7 Sultan Bathery 11.2 7.8 7.0 8.4 Noolpuzha 12.1 11.7 12.5 12.1 Kottathara 3.5 4.1 3.8 4.9 4.2 Vengappally 5.9 9.0 3.9 5.8 Vythiri 4.1 2.8 3.9 3.7 Muttil 4.3 6.0 4.6 4.4 5.0 Pozhutthana 4.0 5.0 6.1 10.6 6.7 Thariyode 3.5 3.0 8.0 2.5 4.8 Padinjarethara 4.3 4.7 3.4 6.2 4.2 Meppady 4.0 8.4 8.3 7.2 7.2 Muppainadu 9.0 5.2 6.6 5.7 Panamaram 6.0 5.0 4.9 5.3 Poothadi 1.9 2.7 2.2 3.3 2.6 Mullankolli 7.0 5.6 5.9 5.5 5.7 Pulpalli 3.5 3.8 2.8 3.0 3.3 Kaniyampatta 7.0 3.2 4.3 4.7 4.2 Total 6.6 7.8 5.6 7.0 6.7

Table 5.15: Average Distance to the Nearest Ayurveda Clinic Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 4.4 3.9 7.7 4.4 5.2 Vellamunda 4.0 6.9 5.0 3.9 5.2 Thirunelli 14.7 11.0 11.9 9.4 11.4 Thondarnadu 7.0 3.0 3.5 4.5 4.3 Edavaka 5.0 8.8 5.6 9.1 8.3 Thavinjal 11.6 7.8 8.3 11.3 9.9 Meenangadi 6.2 4.6 4.6 5.2 Nenmeni 12.2 7.9 5.8 6.9 7.5 Ambalavayal 1.9 2.5 2.9 3.5 2.9 Sultan Bathery 11.2 7.7 7.2 8.4 Noolpuzha 11.4 12.9 12.5 11.6 Kottathara 6.0 5.5 3.7 8.7 6.0 Vengappally 3.3 4.0 2.5 3.2 Vythiri 7.3 7.0 5.4 6.3 Muttil 2.0 6.9 4.9 4.0 5.2


45

Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Pozhutthana 4.0 3.6 1.9 4.8 3.3 Thariyode 5.5 1.6 6.8 2.7 4.4 Padinjarethara 4.6 5.5 5.1 6.5 5.2 Meppady 5.6 9.9 8.5 12.4 9.3 Muppainadu 10.0 6.8 8.2 7.3 Panamaram 7.3 3.8 3.8 4.7 Poothadi 3.6 4.3 3.2 4.5 3.8 Mullankolli 10.5 5.1 5.6 5.4 5.6 Pulpalli 3.5 4.0 3.1 3.4 3.5 Kaniyampatta 7.0 3.2 6.3 4.1 5.2 Total 6.9 6.8 5.5 6.1 6.2

Table 5.16: Average Distance to the Nearest Tribal Hospital Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 12.7 14.1 15.4 15.4 14.5 Vellamunda 6.1 13.1 15.0 9.8 Thirunelli 15.0 22.1 28.3 21.8 24.1 Thondarnadu Edavaka 7.3 6.0 5.0 6.1 Thavinjal 8.0 8.0 Meenangadi 12.6 15.0 12.4 12.8 Nenmeni 15.0 12.0 9.9 8.5 10.1 Ambalavayal 10.0 7.5 9.2 Sultan Bathery 10.0 8.8 10.0 9.5 Noolpuzha 8.0 9.2 9.1 Kottathara 8.0 7.0 10.0 8.3 Vengappally 10.0 10.0 Vythiri Muttil 16.0 3.6 5.3 7.7 5.8 Pozhutthana Thariyode 2.0 2.0 Padinjarethara 12.0 12.7 12.5 Meppady 16.0 8.0 12.0 Muppainadu 16.0 14.0 16.0 14.7 Panamaram 8.0 8.0 Poothadi 14.0 19.5 19.3 18.1 Mullankolli 8.5 15.0 1.0 10.4 Pulpalli 6.0 6.0 6.0 Kaniyampatta 10.1 9.9 9.0 9.0 9.4 Total 12.3 11.4 13.3 11.9 12.1

Table 5.17: Average Distance to Traditional Medical Practitioner Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 1.5 2.3 2.5 3.8 2.6 Vellamunda 15.0 7.8 6.0 7.9 Thirunelli 6.3 5.4 2.3 4.0 4.0 Thondarnadu 20.0 4.5 0.5 1.7 3.2 Edavaka 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.9 1.8 Thavinjal 1.9 7.3 2.3 2.7 3.9 Meenangadi 6.7 6.7 4.1 5.7 Nenmeni 10.5 8.9 4.9 6.2 6.8 Ambalavayal 0.9 12.5 5.0 7.5 5.7 Sultan Bathery 11.1 7.7 7.9 8.5 Noolpuzha 7.3 2.1 1.0 6.2 Vythiri 20.0 20.0 Muttil 1.0 5.0 3.7 Thariyode 5.0 5.0 Panamaram 7.1 5.3 4.1 5.6 Poothadi 1.0 2.7 2.8 4.0 3.0


46

Mullankolli 6.7 5.7 10.0 7.4 Pulpalli 4.4 2.0 3.7 3.7 Kaniyampatta 7.0 3.0 4.6 3.9 4.5 Total 5.5 6.2 4.5 4.7 5.1

Table 5.18: Average Distance to Other Health Facilities Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 5.0 4.0 4.7 Vellamunda 3.1 3.1 Thirunelli 6.2 5.7 7.0 6.0 Thondarnadu 2.0 3.0 3.5 1.7 2.3 Edavaka 6.0 3.0 6.0 5.0 Thavinjal 1.0 1.7 4.0 2.9 Meenangadi 3.8 11.4 4.5 5.9 Nenmeni 2.0 2.7 3.4 1.6 2.4 Ambalavayal 2.0 4.0 2.7 Sultan Bathery 2.3 1.4 1.3 1.6 Noolpuzha 3.9 2.0 1.0 2.8 Muttil 10.0 10.0 Meppady 1.5 3.0 2.5 Panamaram 1.0 3.1 4.5 3.0 Poothadi 1.9 2.7 1.8 3.1 2.3 Mullankolli 2.0 4.1 5.7 1.6 3.5 Pulpalli 3.0 3.5 2.1 2.8 2.9 Kaniyampatta 6.7 2.6 3.7 3.7 3.6 Total 3.1 3.4 3.3 2.9 3.2

Table 5.19: % of Families Participating in Farmer’s Cooperative by Type of Advantage

Family Member Learn New Skills

Save Money

Meet friends

Better Market-ing

Better Access to loan

Others Total

Husband 0.3 1.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.8 2.8 Wife 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 1.8 Others 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.7 Total 0.5 2.6 0.2 0.1 0.5 1.4 5.3

Table 5.20: % of Families Participating in Farmers Group by Type of Advantage


Save Money

Meet friends

Better Market-ing


Others Total


Table 5.21: % of Families Participating in SHG-Kudumbasree by Type of Advantage


Save Money

Meet friends

Better Market-ing


Others Total

Wife 14.5 21.4 0.0 0.4 11.8 0.3 48.5 Others 1.7 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.2 5.4 Total 16.3 24.1 0.0 0.4 12.7 0.5 53.9


47

Table 5.22: % of Families Participating in SHGs other than Kudumbasree by Type of Advantage


Save Money

Meet friends

Better Market-ing


Others Total

Wife 4.5 4.4 0.0 0.4 4.7 0.3 14.3 Others 0.8 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.0 2.2 Total 5.3 5.0 0.0 0.5 5.4 0.3 16.5

Table 5.23: % of Families Participating in Oorukkuttam by Type of Advantage


Save Money

Meet friends

Better Market-ing


Others Total


Table-5.24: % of Families Participating in Gram Sabha by Type of Advantage


Save Money

Meet friends

Better Market-ing


Others Total



48

Chapter 6 Banking, Savings and Loans

6.1. Availability of Bank Accounts

Bank accounts have become a necessity to receive various benefits from the Government including wages under NREGA. Hence bank accounts are more or less universal. However, families that are too marginalized and resigned to their fate are alien to banking activities. Even those who have own bank accounts are not used to save regularly as the study revealed.

The study revealed that about 8.9% of the BPL families in the district did not have bank accounts (Table-6.1). The reason stated by over 90% of them for not having a bank account was the absence of any need. However, among the ST communities, as high as 23.0% of them did not have bank accounts. In other words, ST families are increasingly outside the financial system.

Individually, some of the Panchayats are still having a large proportion of BPL families without bank accounts. The highest percentage of families without a bank account was in Vengappally Panchayat as 45.5% of the tribal families in that Panchayat did not have bank accounts. In Pozhuthana Panchayat, 57.2% of the tribal families did not have bank accounts. The other Panchayats with a large % of tribal families not having bank accounts were Vellamunda (36.3%), Nenmeni (44.2%), Ambalavayal (24.9%), Sultan Bathery (33.3%), Padinjarethara (33.3%), Meppady (49.5%), Poothadi (55.5%), Mullankolli (31.3%) and Pulpalli (43.9%).

6.2. Family Members Having Bank Accounts

Over 54% of the bank accounts were held in the name of husbands and about 9.1% in the name of both the husband and wife. Only 35.9% of the bank accounts were held by the wives. The pattern was similar in most of the Panchayats. However, the percentages accounts held in the name of both the husband and wife were relatively high in Meenangadi, Ambalavayal, Panamaram, Poothadi, Mullankolli and Pulpalli Panchayats (Table-6.2).

6.3. Personal Saving Habits

Although 91.1% of the BPL families in Wayanad had bank accounts, only 1.8% of them have saving habit and only 1.7% does save on a regular basis. In fact, people do not have a habit of making savings. By social groups, only OBCs have a slightly better percentage of families with savings (Table-6.3). By religious groups, Christians have a better saving habit than others (Table-6.4). Also men headed families have a better saving habit than women headed families (Table-6.5).

By and large, saving habit is confined to females in the target group of families. While 72.8% of those having savings were females only 27.2% were males.

6.4. LoanLiability

Indebtedness seems to have grown to the extent of a social crisis in Wayanad. On the whole 64.7% of the BPL families in the district are indebted.Only in the case of ST community, the percentage of indebted families was relatively small at 38.3 % (Table-6.6). On an average, each indebted family had loans from 1.6 institutions. While 60% of the families were indebted to banks, 40% was indebted to Self Help Groups (SHGs). Ten % was also indebted to money lenders (Table-6.7).The overall liability per indebted family was Rs.100,224. However, it varied between Rs.37824 in the case of ST families to Rs.138856 in the case of general category families (Table-6.8).There were also variations across different Panchayats on average amount of loan per family.

Almost one-third of the loans were taken for other purposes, particularly to meet consumption expenditure on occasions of festivals, marriages, etc. On the whole, 76.6% of the loans were taken for meeting various household expenses including education of children (10.6%), medical expenses of family members (22.7%), family requirements (10.4%) and others (32.9%). Loans taken for production purposes consisted only 23.4 % including 10.8 % for crop production (Table-6.9).

6.5. Summary


49

Though 91.1% of the HHs had bank accounts, 77% of STs have accounts and 97.7% general communities have accounts, 9016 households do not have bank account.

Only 1,322 people are having savings in the target group in the region. 72.8% of them belong to females.

The total loan liability of the BPL families of Wayanad sums up to Rs. 6,532,576,624 and 65,180 households have loan liability, which means that there is a loan liability of Rs. 100,223.6/ -indebted family and that 64.7% of the HHs have loan liability. 10.2% of them are SCs, 16.6% STs, 42.4% OBCs and 30.8% General categories. Half of the families without liabilities are from ST communities.

Table 6.1: % of Families without Bank account Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 0 5.4 0.0 0.0 1.8 Vellamunda 100 36.3 6.9 0.0 14.8 Thirunelli 0 22.3 0.0 0.0 7.8 Thondarnadu 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Edavaka 0 12.6 34.2 0.0 8.7 Thavinjal 9.9 0.0 13.2 5.0 5.6 Meenangadi 0.0 7.1 6.6 4.4 Nenmeni 11.2 44.2 5.4 0.0 11.4 Ambalavayal 0.0 24.9 4.0 8.4 6.3 Sultan Bathery 33.3 0.0 0.0 8.2 Noolpuzha 0.0 23.0 0.0 0.0 19.6 Kottathara 0.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 Vengappally 45.5 0.0 0.0 25.1 Vythiri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Muttil 0.0 23.1 0.0 0.0 7.0 Pozhutthana 0.0 57.2 0.0 0.0 18.7 Thariyode 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Padinjarethara 8.9 33.3 0.0 0.0 6.5 Meppady 16.5 49.5 4.7 0.0 7.6 Muppainadu 0.0 0.0 8.6 0.0 6.4 Panamaram 15.7 0.0 0.0 5.0 Poothadi 0.0 55.5 3.5 5.9 11.9 Mullankolli 0.0 31.3 0.0 0.0 12.5 Pulpalli 19.9 43.9 7.2 18.2 23.6 Kaniyampatta 0.0 17.2 0.0 0.0 4.7 Total 7.5 23.0 3.3 2.3 8.9

Table 6.2 % Distribution of Persons Holding Bank Accounts Panchayat Husband Wife Joint Others Total Mananthavady 52.9 41.3 3.4 2.4 100.0 Vellamunda 54.1 45.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thirunelli 51.6 43.0 4.3 1.1 100.0 Thondarnadu 50.0 29.6 10.1 10.3 100.0 Edavaka 51.7 48.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thavinjal 52.7 42.1 5.2 0.0 100.0 Meenangadi 51.9 30.5 17.6 0.0 100.0 Nenmeni 53.5 39.6 6.9 0.0 100.0 Ambalavayal 52.9 32.9 14.1 0.0 100.0 Sultan Bathery 58.5 32.5 9.0 0.0 100.0 Noolpuzha 56.1 37.9 6.0 0.0 100.0 Kottathara 56.2 41.5 2.4 0.0 100.0 Vengappally 59.8 40.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 Vythiri 54.1 45.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 Muttil 53.6 33.3 13.1 0.0 100.0 Pozhutthana 57.3 39.2 3.5 0.0 100.0


50

Panchayat Husband Wife Joint Others Total Thariyode 51.9 48.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 Padinjarethara 56.2 41.7 2.1 0.0 100.0 Meppady 54.7 40.6 4.7 0.0 100.0 Muppainadu 54.7 41.5 3.7 0.0 100.0 Panamaram 52.4 30.5 15.2 1.9 100.0 Poothadi 54.4 17.8 24.4 3.3 100.0 Mullankolli 56.7 25.0 18.3 0.0 100.0 Pulpalli 55.7 20.0 24.3 0.0 100.0 Kaniyampatta 57.2 31.6 11.2 0.0 100.0 Total 54.1 35.9 9.1 0.9 100.0

Table 6.3: % of BPL Families by Saving Habit and Social Group

Social Group

Bank account Personal Saving

Saving on regular basis

SC 92.5 0.9 0.9 ST 77.0 1.8 1.8 OBC 96.7 2.2 2.2 General 97.7 1.6 1.2 Total 91.1 1.8 1.7

Table 6.4: %s of BPL Families by Saving Habit and Religion

Religion Bank account Personal Saving Saving on regular basis

Christian 96.5 2.9 2.1 Muslim 96.9 2.5 2.5 Hindu 88.2 1.4 1.4 Total 91.1 1.8 1.7

Table 6.5: % of BPL Families by Saving Habit and Head of Family

Head of Family

Bank account

Personal Saving


Women 88.3 1.1 1.1 Men 92.2 2.1 1.9 Total 91.1 1.8 1.7

Table 6.6: % of Families with Loan Liabilities by Social Group Panchayat SC ST OBC General All Mananthavady 87.4 21.7 85.2 100 67.4 Vellamunda 0.0 18.4 79.3 83.7 64.1 Thirunelli 100.0 60.8 78.4 87.6 75.0 Thondarnadu 51.2 19.8 100.0 62.5 58.6 Edavaka 100.0 25.2 100.0 60.6 49.1 Thavinjal 71.3 19.4 72.1 76.6 58.9 Meenangadi 62.3 85.9 79.9 75.5 Nenmeni 66.6 66.7 94.6 93.6 84.8 Ambalavayal 85.9 100.0 76.1 83.3 81.3 Sultan Bathery 58.3 88.1 80.0 77.5 Noolpuzha 0.0 38.4 100.0 100.0 45.6 Kottathara 0.0 42.0 51.4 50.0 42.1 Vengappally 43.6 100.0 100.0 68.9 Vythiri 83.4 40.0 88.9 75.0


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Panchayat SC ST OBC General All Muttil 33.3 46.1 82.3 50.0 60.5 Pozhutthana 0.0 28.6 50.0 57.7 42.1 Thariyode 45.9 0.0 48.7 84.3 51.7 Padinjarethara 90.8 0.0 74.7 74.4 73.3 Meppady 33.6 50.5 28.5 59.8 38.4 Muppainadu 100.0 0.0 43.6 79.9 51.8 Panamaram 21.1 76.4 71.3 58.3 Poothadi 74.7 44.3 79.1 76.3 72.7 Mullankolli 50.0 31.3 90.0 83.3 62.5 Pulpalli 79.9 37.5 71.5 82.0 64.7 Kaniyampatta 100.0 36.8 85.8 100.0 75.3 Total 70.8 38.3 74.5 77.2 64.7

Table 6.7: Number of Loans per Indebted Families by Institutions of Liability

Panchayat Bank Co-op Society SHG Money

lender Family member Friend Input

Supplier Others Total Mananthavady 0.5 0.1 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 2.2 Vellamunda 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.3 Thirunelli 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 2.0 Thondarnadu 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 3.0 Edavaka 0.8 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.8 Thavinjal 0.8 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 2.3 Meenangadi 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.3 Nenmeni 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.2 Ambalavayal 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.6 Sultan Bathery 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 1.8 Noolpuzha 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.4 Kottathara 0.7 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 1.6 Vengappally 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 Vythiri 0.8 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.4 Muttil 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.3 Pozhutthana 0.9 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 Thariyode 1.0 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 2.2 Padinjarethara 0.8 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.4 Meppady 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.1 1.8 Muppainadu 0.8 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.6 Panamaram 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.3 Poothadi 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.2 Mullankolli 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.3 Pulpalli 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.2 Kaniyampatta 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.2 Total 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.6

Table 6.8: Average Loan Liability per Indebted Family (Rs.) Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 121880 110795 99021 239438 149518 Vellamunda 11686 85052 59943 75992 Thirunelli 281338 45792 106316 144033 109696 Thondarnadu 134750 6985 99017 134818 122046 Edavaka 129867 16349 129122 66162 69552 Thavinjal 76583 57040 40734 131392 96843 Meenangadi 48812 59575 121251 78178 Nenmeni 77126 10329 67206 90736 68742 Ambalavayal 127183 41216 110874 33686 86496 Sultan Bathery 5860 169890 123084 119716 Noolpuzha 17294 74694 39971 32010 Kottathara 43917 26534 149965 71127 Vengappally 43762 83343 80201 68300 Vythiri 27818 274830 405440 262590 Muttil 100049 40353 66030 75075 63166 Pozhutthana 210269 75168 97304 112522 Thariyode 100216 185976 178559 173062


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Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Padinjarethara 28926 137045 300963 109694 Meppady 112755 99736 116885 195923 146715 Muppainadu 31838 36965 219425 82106 Panamaram 31006 126056 151772 118823 Poothadi 58241 16472 107985 158293 111176 Mullankolli 30142 50389 125144 104663 98165 Pulpalli 50079 31865 105894 149652 90862 Kaniyampatta 44735 25255 107429 122705 93694 Total 80716 37824 101331 138856 100224

Table 6.9: % Distribution of Families by Purpose of Loan

Panchayat Crop Production

Purchase live Stock

Own Business

Processing Activity

Education of Children

Medical Expenses

Family Requirement

Others Total

Mananthavady 6.3 5.2 10.4 2.1 14.6 10.5 15.6 35.3 100 Vellamunda 14.2 5.8 5.7 2.9 0.0 25.6 8.4 37.3 100 Thirunelli 11.0 3.1 1.6 0.0 14.0 21.8 14.0 34.4 100 Thondarnadu 6.6 20.9 3.5 3.5 3.5 24.2 17.0 20.9 100 Edavaka 15.0 8.1 0.0 7.5 7.5 15.5 7.5 39.1 100 Thavinjal 7.5 0.0 7.2 11.8 2.3 21.9 14.1 35.2 100 Meenangadi 13.9 7.1 0.0 6.9 9.3 27.9 11.5 23.4 100 Nenmeni 11.1 13.0 1.8 3.7 16.6 25.9 9.3 18.5 100 Ambalavayal 9.0 2.3 2.3 4.6 15.8 36.3 9.1 20.6 100 Sultan Bathery 7.6 7.5 3.8 1.9 15.0 28.3 13.2 22.7 100 Noolpuzha 13.0 21.7 0.0 13.1 4.4 34.7 4.4 8.7 100 Kottathara 0.0 10.2 0.0 0.0 10.2 10.2 10.2 59.3 100 Vengappally 6.0 6.6 12.1 0.0 0.0 30.8 6.0 38.4 100 Vythiri 5.2 0.0 5.3 0.0 26.4 21.0 0.0 42.1 100 Muttil 14.3 7.2 3.6 0.0 3.6 21.4 10.7 39.2 100 Pozhutthana 22.2 0.0 11.1 0.0 11.1 11.1 0.0 44.4 100 Thariyode 0.0 21.6 18.4 0.0 10.8 10.8 0.0 38.4 100 Padinjarethara 19.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.8 11.5 11.4 45.8 100 Meppady 4.7 0.0 4.7 0.0 14.3 28.6 4.8 42.8 100 Muppainadu 11.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.7 22.2 11.2 38.8 100 Panamaram 10.5 5.3 5.3 0.0 7.9 26.3 2.6 42.2 100 Poothadi 19.0 11.9 0.0 0.0 12.0 14.3 9.5 33.3 100 Mullankolli 11.5 7.7 7.7 0.0 3.8 7.7 3.8 57.7 100 Pulpalli 12.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 10.1 27.4 20.0 27.5 100 Kaniyampatta 10.9 0.0 5.8 0.0 10.5 17.1 10.9 44.9 100 Total 10.8 6.4 3.7 2.5 10.6 22.7 10.4 32.9 100


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Chapter 7 Cash Needs and Food Shortages

7.1. Household Consumption Expenses

The cash requirements per week for meeting various household consumption expenses were ascertained from the surveyed families. It is estimated that the overall cash requirement per week per person is Rs.340. It, however, varied from Rs.256 in the case of ST families to Rs.425 in the case of General Category families (Table-7.1). Out of Rs.340, A sum of Rs.146 was spent on food and another Rs.22 on liquor. The other major items of expenditure were medical expenses (Rs.41), house repair (Rs.19), Utility bills including electricity, water, telephone, etc.(Rs.32), educational expenses (Rs.23), transport expenses (Rs.27), clothing (Rs.22), Recreation (Rs.4) and Others (Rs.4). ST families spent much less on all items of consumption except liquor for which their per-capita expenditure is the highest. They seem to be victims of social evils and hopelessness. Major part of the household expenses of the target families in the region is for food. OBC families spent much more on utility bills as compared to other social groups, although their overall per-capita weekly expense is the second lowest.

Among the different religious groups, Christians spent the highest amount per week while Muslims spent the least (Table-7.2).Muslim spent significant low amount on liquor compared to other groups. Also per-capita weekly household expenditure is more in the case of men headed families as compared to women headed families (Table-7.3).

There are also considerable variations in the per-capita weekly consumption expenditure across different Panchayats. It was as high as Rs.626 in Thavinjal Panchayat as compared to Rs.202 in Noolpuzha Panchayat which largely inhabited by tribal communities (Table-7.4).

7.2. Members Meeting Household Expenses

In 63% the BPL households the expenses are met by the husbands, in 17.4% houses wives meet the expenses and in 19.7% others meet the expenses. There were, however, variations across different Panchayats as the husband meeting the household expenses varied from 45.6% in Noolpuzha to 80.0 % in Meenangadi (Table-7.5).

7.3. Need for Immediate Cash Requirement

The study revealed that 80.6% of the families among the target group met with immediate cash requirements over a period of last one year. SC families were more vulnerable and 88.9% of those families faced immediate cash requirements. In several Panchayats all the SC families had to face the situation of immediate cash requirement. ST families were relatively less prone to immediate cash requirements and borrowing (Table-7.6).

7.4. Sources of Borrowing

The single largest source from which BPL families borrow to meet immediate cash requirements was Self Help Groups (SGHs) with a share of 30.2% (Table-7.7).The next largest source was neighbours with a share of 27.0% followed by relatives with a share of 16.5%. About 14.7% of the families borrow from banks and another 4.5% from money lenders. There are, however, significant variations in the shares of different sources across different Panchayats.

In the case of SC families, 31.5% borrows from SHGs, 24.1% from neighbours, 18.7% from relatives, 14.4% from banks and 7.2% from money lenders (Table-7.8).

For ST communities, 40.1% borrows from neighbours, 21.3% from relatives, 17.8% from SHGs, 6.3% from banks and 3.3% from money lenders (Table-7.9).In the case of OBCs, 36.0% borrows from SHGs, 22.3% from neighbours, 17.1% from relatives, 16.0% from banks and 3.3% from money lenders. In Thondarnadu, 100 % of the OBC families borrow from money lenders (Table-7.10).

For general category families, 32.2% borrow from SHGs, 26.8% from neighbours, 20.6% from banks, 10.2% from relatives and 6.2 % from money lenders (Table-7.11).


54

7.5. Sources of Food

In the aggregate only 10.9% of the BPL families in Wayanad has stated that there own cultivation is the main source of food. (Table-7.12). About 50.4% of them depends mainly on supplies received through ration shops. Another 34.3 % mainly depends on local purchases.

In the case of SC families, 59.0 depend on Government Civil Supplies sources and 31.7% on local purchases. The situation is similar even in the case of ST families with 59.1% depending on civil supplies and 30.2% on local purchases. For OBCs, 56.1% depends on civil supplies and 34.3% on purchases. However, in the case of general category families only 46.6% depends on civil supplies while 39.0% depends on purchases.

7.6. Food Shortage

Although the overall proportion of families who reported food shortage was only 8.5%, it was 9.5% among SCs and 18.8% among STs. In Vellamunda and Noolpuzha all the SC families reported food shortage (Table-7.13). In Ambalavayal, Sultan Bathery and Noolpuzha 50% and more families reported food shortage.

The overall average months of shortage of food varied from 2.3 months in the case of SC families to 1.7 month in the case general category families. Food shortage extended to 4 months in the case of SC families and 4.5 months in the case of ST families in Ambalavayal (Table-7.14).

In the aggregate about 31.0% of families reported shortage of cereals while 17.1% reported shortage of oils and another 15.1% reported shortage of vegetables (Table-7.15).Milk shortage was reported by 8.3% of the families and shortage of fish/meat by 10.1% families.

7.7. Summary

The average weekly expense of the HHs is Rs. 1,330.7. But for STs it is as low as Rs. 1,014.70, whereas for the general category at the other end of the spectrum, it is Rs. 1546.5. In 63% the BPL households the expenses are met by the husbands, in 17.4% houses wives meet the expenses and in 19.7% others meet the expenses. 43% of the money is spent on food which is followed by medical expenses (11%). Most of the immediate cash requirements are met by neighbors, banks and relatives – in that order.

The requirement of food was met in the households by purchasing from the public distribution system, own cultivation going to the grocers and other methods in varying proportions but PDS is an important factor in most of the families (77.4%). 7,372 households reported rice shortage. 9.5% of them were SCs, 65.4% STs and 19.6% were OBCs.

Table 7.1: Average Per-Capita Weekly Cash Expenditure by Items of Expenditure and Social Group

Social Group Food Medical House

repair Utility Schooling Liquor Trans- port Clothing Recre-

ation Others Total

SC 156 43 36 26 20 21 25 15 3 4 350 ST 120 22 5 14 11 40 21 18 3 2 256 OBC 140 44 22 44 20 12 28 24 4 4 342 General 179 57 22 37 42 18 35 26 5 5 425 Total 146 41 19 32 23 22 27 22 4 4 340

Table 7.2: Average Per-Capita Weekly Cash Expenditure by Items of Expenditure and Religion

Religion Food Medical House repair Utility Schooling Liquor Transpo

rt Clothing Recreation Others Total

Christian 164 54 30 37 60 20 38 26 4 3 435 Muslim 139 36 28 23 16 8 26 19 5 7 309 Hindu 144 40 13 34 17 27 26 22 3 3 329

Total 146 41 19 32 23 22 27 22 4 4 340


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Table 7.3: Average Per-Capita Weekly Cash Expenditure by Items of Expenditure and Head of Family

Head of Family Food Medical House

repair Utility Schooling Liquor Trans port Clothing Recrea-

tion Others Total

Women 146 41 24 26 14 20 28 20 3 3 324 Men 146 41 16 35 27 23 27 23 4 4 346 Total 146 41 19 32 23 22 27 22 4 4 340

Table 7.4: Average Per-Capita Weekly Cash Expenditure by Items of Expenditure and Panchayat

Panchayat Food Medical House repair Utility School-

ing Liquor Trans-port Clothing Recrea-

tion Others Total

Mananthavady 137 57 21 33 40 36 36 16 3 1 380 Vellamunda 113 20 7 15 11 11 18 14 10 7 227 Thirunelli 192 54 11 36 29 36 37 31 2 1 428 Thondarnadu 263 56 17 35 33 36 31 41 6 10 528 Edavaka 235 42 2 27 29 40 42 35 0 0 452 Thavinjal 275 44 32 29 52 56 39 84 6 9 626 Meenangadi 102 38 1 28 10 14 26 15 5 1 240 Nenmeni 98 28 4 25 16 18 21 19 3 1 231 Ambalavayal 114 55 6 33 20 8 29 19 3 1 287 Sultan Bathery 104 42 12 29 26 20 32 16 1 1 284 Noolpuzha 87 17 0 13 4 34 25 22 2 0 204 Kottathara 142 39 7 22 13 15 28 18 10 10 303 Vengappally 155 32 26 21 17 13 28 17 12 5 326 Vythiri 220 66 7 44 19 9 38 34 8 13 458 Muttil 115 44 15 27 23 13 29 35 10 3 314 Pozhutthana 94 33 5 15 17 14 28 22 3 0 231 Thariyode 132 27 6 28 24 19 33 24 4 6 304 Padinjarethara 138 41 8 20 22 8 33 19 7 9 305 Meppady 162 78 11 197 13 12 43 46 7 6 575 Muppainadu 136 34 20 35 19 6 38 28 7 32 356 Panamaram 129 25 38 16 18 10 18 2 0 0 257 Poothadi 153 40 44 18 37 23 15 2 0 0 331 Mullankolli 119 38 49 22 44 26 9 4 0 0 312 Pulpalli 144 40 4 25 16 34 17 1 0 0 281 Kaniyampatta 145 44 81 25 12 17 16 0 0 0 340 Total 146 41 19 32 23 22 27 22 4 4 340

Table 7.5: % Distribution of Families by the Person Meeting the Household Cash Expenses Panchayat Husband Wife Others Total Mananthavady 57.7 17.2 25.1 100.0 Vellamunda 61.4 12.8 25.8 100.0 Thirunelli 65.4 15.4 19.2 100.0 Thondarnadu 64.5 25.7 9.8 100.0 Edavaka 51.1 31.4 17.6 100.0 Thavinjal 68.1 17.1 14.8 100.0 Meenangadi 80.0 15.6 4.4 100.0


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Nenmeni 52.7 26.4 20.9 100.0 Ambalavayal 72.9 16.7 10.4 100.0 Sultan Bathery 69.4 16.4 14.3 100.0 Noolpuzha 45.6 21.7 32.7 100.0 Kottathara 74.7 4.3 21.1 100.0 Vengappally 68.9 19.1 12.0 100.0 Vythiri 55.0 25.0 20.0 100.0 Muttil 65.1 20.9 13.9 100.0 Pozhutthana 53.3 14.0 32.7 100.0 Thariyode 64.3 6.3 29.5 100.0 Padinjarethara 73.4 10.1 16.6 100.0 Meppady 66.7 10.3 23.0 100.0 Muppainadu 77.3 6.4 16.3 100.0 Panamaram 71.6 10.0 18.4 100.0 Poothadi 62.7 13.6 23.7 100.0 Mullankolli 50.0 20.0 30.0 100.0 Pulpalli 51.0 27.4 21.6 100.0 Kaniyampatta 55.4 21.2 23.4 100.0 Total 63.0 17.4 19.7 100.0

Table 7.6: % of Families Who Faced Immediate Cash Requirements Panchayat SC ST OBC Others Total Mananthavady 100 72.9 79.3 83.1 81.0 Vellamunda 100 91.0 79.8 83.7 83.3 Thirunelli 100 72.2 52.3 49.9 61.6 Thondarnadu 100 59.3 32.8 71.5 67.7 Edavaka 100 32.3 100.0 80.8 61.0 Thavinjal 71.3 86.8 85.3 76.1 79.4 Meenangadi 93.6 100.0 93.4 95.5 Nenmeni 88.8 100.0 94.8 100.0 96.2 Ambalavayal 85.9 74.6 96.0 91.6 91.6 Sultan Bathery 91.7 94.2 80.0 87.8 Noolpuzha 100 94.9 100.0 100.0 95.7 Kottathara 100 58.5 100.0 66.7 70.8 Vengappally 77.2 100.0 50.0 74.9 Vythiri 100 80.1 66.7 80.0 Muttil 100 61.5 94.1 90.0 83.7 Pozhutthana 0 85.7 100.0 57.7 79.5 Thariyode 100 35.1 82.9 68.6 71.5 Padinjarethara 82.2 66.7 91.9 50.4 80.4 Meppady 83.1 50.5 80.9 60.2 74.4 Muppainadu 49.5 100.0 73.8 39.8 67.5 Panamaram 63.2 82.3 85.6 76.7 Poothadi 100 88.9 89.6 88.2 89.8 Mullankolli 100 75.0 100.0 75.0 82.5 Pulpalli 100 49.9 85.7 82.0 76.4 Kaniyampatta 100 54.0 87.2 46.4 73.1 Total 88.9 74.4 85.4 77.4 80.6

Table 7.7: % Distribution of Families Borrowing from Different Source to Meet Immediate Cash Requirements

Panchayat SHG Bank Relative Neighbor Money lender

Shop/ supplier Others All

Mananthavady 27.5 9.4 11.2 42.5 0.0 2.6 6.9 100.0 Vellamunda 25.8 11.6 22.9 25.7 2.4 6.9 4.7 100.0 Thirunelli 17.6 21.5 13.9 37.3 3.9 0.0 5.8 100.0 Thondarnadu 7.6 26.2 11.2 43.9 7.4 3.8 0.0 100.0 Edavaka 20.4 20.7 0.0 46.7 0.0 0.0 12.2 100.0 Thavinjal 15.8 36.1 7.5 33.3 1.8 2.0 3.6 100.0 Meenangadi 50.2 7.9 8.0 23.9 7.9 2.0 0.0 100.0 Nenmeni 50.8 8.5 13.6 20.3 0.0 3.4 3.4 100.0 Ambalavayal 45.5 21.2 9.1 18.2 4.6 0.0 1.5 100.0 Sultan Bathery 35.8 9.3 14.1 28.2 7.8 0.0 4.7 100.0 Noolpuzha 34.0 8.0 24.0 22.0 0.0 4.0 8.0 100.0


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Kottathara 25.0 15.0 29.9 25.3 4.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 Vengappally 31.7 23.0 15.6 14.9 0.0 14.9 0.0 100.0 Vythiri 23.9 23.8 23.8 23.8 0.0 4.7 0.0 100.0 Muttil 31.8 15.9 20.4 25.0 0.0 0.0 6.8 100.0 Pozhutthana 27.8 5.6 33.3 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thariyode 37.0 12.0 25.0 19.5 0.0 6.5 0.0 100.0 Padinjarethara 32.6 9.6 29.1 28.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Meppady 19.0 10.9 43.2 21.6 2.7 0.0 2.7 100.0 Muppainadu 27.3 4.6 49.9 18.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Panamaram 17.0 17.0 13.2 35.9 3.8 7.6 5.7 100.0 Poothadi 37.1 19.3 6.5 20.9 6.5 3.3 6.5 100.0 Mullankolli 32.5 15.0 10.0 22.5 10.0 2.5 7.5 100.0 Pulpalli 28.6 7.2 19.0 30.9 11.9 0.0 2.4 100.0 Kaniyampatta 19.1 11.2 16.5 42.0 5.6 0.0 5.6 100.0 Total 30.2 14.7 16.5 27.9 4.5 2.2 4.0 100.0

Table 7.8: % Distribution of SC Families Borrowing from Different Sources to Meet Immediate Cash Requirements



Mananthavady 43.7 18.4 0.0 37.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Vellamunda 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thirunelli 0.0 0.0 0.0 75.1 24.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thondarnadu 25.3 25.3 49.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Edavaka 0.0 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thavinjal 0.0 55.6 0.0 33.3 11.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 Meenangadi Nenmeni 60.1 9.7 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 10.0 100.0 Ambalavayal 49.9 12.4 12.6 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Sultan Bathery Noolpuzha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 Kottathara 33.3 0.0 66.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Vengappally Vythiri 25.1 12.5 24.9 25.1 0.0 12.5 0.0 100.0 Muttil 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Pozhutthana Thariyode 64.9 0.0 35.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Padinjarethara 67.2 0.0 0.0 32.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Meppady 14.5 28.8 42.6 14.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Muppainadu 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Panamaram Poothadi 24.7 24.7 0.0 0.0 50.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 Mullankolli 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Pulpalli 20.1 0.0 39.9 40.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Kaniyampatta 0.0 19.9 40.0 40.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Total 31.5 14.4 18.7 24.1 7.2 2.9 1.2 100.0

Table 7.9: % Distribution of ST Families Borrowing from Different Sources to Meet Immediate Cash Requirements



Mananthavady 6.9 0.0 0.0 86.2 0.0 0.0 6.9 100.0 Vellamunda 15.8 0.0 30.4 30.7 8.0 7.6 7.6 100.0 Thirunelli 15.1 25.0 15.1 30.0 5.0 0.0 9.9 100.0 Thondarnadu 0.0 33.3 0.0 66.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Edavaka 39.1 0.0 0.0 60.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thavinjal 8.0 0.0 15.2 76.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Meenangadi 59.9 0.0 13.5 26.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Nenmeni 18.1 9.2 36.1 27.5 0.0 9.2 0.0 100.0 Ambalavayal 0.0 0.0 0.0 66.7 0.0 0.0 33.3 100.0 Sultan Bathery 0.0 0.0 35.7 50.0 0.0 0.0 14.3 100.0 Noolpuzha 31.0 4.8 26.2 26.2 0.0 2.4 9.5 100.0 Kottathara 12.7 12.7 24.7 49.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Vengappally 12.4 24.7 25.9 12.4 0.0 24.7 0.0 100.0


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Vythiri Muttil 0.0 0.0 33.3 33.3 0.0 0.0 33.3 100.0 Pozhutthana 33.3 0.0 33.3 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thariyode 0.0 50.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Padinjarethara 20.0 0.0 40.0 40.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Meppady 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Muppainadu 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Panamaram 8.3 0.0 16.6 41.8 16.6 16.7 0.0 100.0 Poothadi 11.1 11.1 22.3 10.9 11.1 22.3 11.1 100.0 Mullankolli 23.1 7.7 15.4 38.5 7.7 7.7 0.0 100.0 Pulpalli 0.0 0.0 24.8 49.9 12.6 0.0 12.6 100.0 Kaniyampatta 0.0 0.0 0.0 65.8 17.1 0.0 17.1 100.0 Total 17.8 6.3 21.3 40.1 3.3 4.2 6.9 100.0

Table 7.10: % Distribution of OBC Families Borrowing from Different Sources to Meet Immediate Cash Requirements



Mananthavady 34.0 16.0 16.0 22.0 0.0 6.0 6.0 100.0 Vellamunda 25.0 12.5 24.7 25.2 0.0 8.3 4.2 100.0 Thirunelli 26.0 26.0 17.6 26.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 100.0 Thondarnadu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Edavaka 24.0 50.0 0.0 26.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thavinjal 22.8 45.4 0.0 21.6 0.0 0.0 10.2 100.0 Meenangadi 60.4 0.0 6.6 19.8 6.6 6.6 0.0 100.0 Nenmeni 57.7 5.2 10.7 26.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Ambalavayal 48.7 25.6 10.2 10.3 5.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 Sultan Bathery 52.3 14.3 4.8 19.1 9.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 Noolpuzha 49.9 33.5 16.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Kottathara 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Vengappally 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Vythiri 50.3 0.0 24.9 24.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Muttil 35.0 15.0 20.0 30.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Pozhutthana 33.3 11.1 22.2 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thariyode 34.2 14.5 17.1 17.1 0.0 17.1 0.0 100.0 Padinjarethara 14.5 14.2 50.3 21.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Meppady 15.1 5.1 50.0 24.9 0.0 0.0 5.0 100.0 Muppainadu 35.3 6.0 58.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Panamaram 17.1 20.0 11.4 37.1 0.0 5.7 8.6 100.0 Poothadi 43.8 21.9 0.0 21.8 3.2 0.0 9.4 100.0 Mullankolli 46.7 20.0 0.0 13.3 6.6 0.0 13.3 100.0 Pulpalli 38.5 7.6 7.8 30.7 15.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 Kaniyampatta 26.8 14.1 18.3 36.6 0.0 0.0 4.2 100.0 Total 36.0 16.0 17.1 22.3 3.3 1.8 3.5 100.0

Table 7.11 % Distribution of General Category Families Borrowing from Different Sources to Meet Immediate Cash Requirements


Shop /supplier Others All

Mananthavady 28.3 0.0 23.9 33.6 0.0 0.0 14.2 100.0 Vellamunda 40.7 38.9 0.0 20.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thirunelli 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thondarnadu 5.4 26.6 5.4 52.0 5.4 5.4 0.0 100.0 Edavaka 15.2 15.2 0.0 46.9 0.0 0.0 22.6 100.0 Thavinjal 23.5 46.0 8.9 12.7 0.0 4.7 4.2 100.0 Meenangadi 35.3 19.9 5.0 25.0 14.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 Nenmeni 57.9 10.7 10.6 15.6 0.0 0.0 5.2 100.0 Ambalavayal 43.7 18.8 6.2 25.1 6.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 Sultan Bathery 41.4 10.4 10.4 24.2 10.3 0.0 3.4 100.0 Noolpuzha 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Kottathara 20.0 40.0 0.0 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Vengappally 0.0 52.2 0.0 47.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0


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Vythiri 11.1 44.4 22.3 22.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Muttil 45.4 36.4 0.0 18.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Pozhutthana 0.0 0.0 66.6 33.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thariyode 39.4 0.0 18.1 42.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Padinjarethara 34.0 33.0 0.0 33.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Meppady 33.2 11.0 33.6 11.2 11.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Muppainadu 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Panamaram 33.5 33.2 16.6 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Poothadi 41.3 17.6 11.8 29.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Mullankolli 30.0 20.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 100.0 Pulpalli 45.3 18.2 9.2 9.2 18.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 Kaniyampatta 33.3 0.0 0.0 33.3 33.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 Total 32.2 20.6 10.2 26.8 6.2 0.8 3.2 100.0

Table 7.12: % Distribution of Families by Source of Food Social Group

Own cultivation Ration Purchased

food Others All

SC 9.3 59.0 31.7 0.0 100.0 ST 10.4 59.1 30.2 0.2 100.0 OBC 8.9 56.1 34.3 0.6 100.0 General 14.1 46.6 39.0 0.2 100.0 All 10.9 54.5 34.3 0.3 100.0

Table 7.13: % of Families Reporting Shortage of Food Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 12.6 10.8 8.7 0.0 8.1 Vellamunda 100.0 27.4 3.5 0.0 10.6 Thirunelli 0.0 11.3 0.0 0.0 3.9 Thondarnadu 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.9 3.3 Nenmeni 11.2 33.1 10.6 0.0 11.3 Ambalavayal 14.4 49.9 8.0 0.0 10.4 Sultan Bathery 58.3 17.8 10.0 24.6 Noolpuzha 100.0 56.4 20.0 0.0 52.2 Kottathara 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.7 4.1 Muttil 0.0 7.7 5.9 0.0 4.6 Padinjarethara 18.1 33.3 16.9 0.0 16.7 Meppady 16.5 0.0 4.7 0.0 5.1 Panamaram 10.6 5.9 0.0 6.7 Poothadi 0.0 44.3 3.4 0.0 8.5 Mullankolli 0.0 12.5 10.0 0.0 7.5 Pulpalli 0.0 6.2 0.0 0.0 1.9 Kaniyampatta 33.2 17.2 4.9 0.0 9.5 Total 9.5 18.8 5.3 1.6 8.5

Table 7.14: Average Months of Shortage of Food Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 1.0 2.0 2.0 0 1.8 Vellamunda 1.0 1.3 2.0 0 1.4 Thirunelli 0.0 1.0 0.0 0 1.0 Thondarnadu 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Nenmeni 4.0 1.7 3.0 0.0 2.5 Ambalavayal 1.0 4.5 1.5 0.0 2.6 Sultan Bathery 0.0 2.0 2.7 2.5 2.3 Noolpuzha 3.0 2.2 2.0 0.0 2.2 Kottathara 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Muttil 0.0 2.0 3.0 0.0 2.5 Padinjarethara 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.2 Meppady 6.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 3.5 Panamaram 0.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 1.5 Poothadi 0.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 1.6 Mullankolli 0.0 3.5 1.0 0.0 2.7 Pulpalli 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.0


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Kaniyampatta 1.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 1.8 Total 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.7 2.0

Table 7.15: % of Families Reporting Shortage of Different Types of Food Type of Food SC ST OBC General Total Cereals 33.3 32.0 26.8 33.5 31.0 Pulses 5.7 7.8 15.2 8.3 9.3 Oils 14.6 17.5 17.0 16.7 17.1 Vegetables 19.4 14.9 13.2 16.7 15.0 Milk 13.4 8.6 5.5 8.3 8.3 Fish/Meat 4.6 10.6 11.2 8.3 10.1 Fruits 4.6 6.0 5.5 8.3 5.9 Others 4.4 2.7 5.6 0.0 3.4 All 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


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Chapter 8 Economic Activities and Migration

8.1 Introduction

Wayanad’s economy and environment have undergone drastic changes over the past 200 years. First it was the usurpation and clearance by the British plantation forcing the free and ecologically sensitive for dwelling tribal communities to be the low paid labourers in their plantations. After independence and even before that the powerful communities from mostly Malabar, Kochi and Travancore migrated in large numbers, clearing the forest and transforming the life totally in the area and its forest ecology, its sustainable cropping pattern of medicinal rice and other crops. This brought in a culture of unabashed acquisition making the life of its original people specially Paniyans, Adiyans, and Kattunaickens miserable. Their over exploitation of nature has brought in misery for themselves, leading to poor returns from agriculture not enough to survive. The present situation have been partly survived and the results are

8.2 Worker Participation Rates (WPR)

As indicated in the third Chapter, those in the labour force constituted 40.6% of the population in the district. In terms of absolute numbers, the total workers were 175,868 consisting of 117,945 men and 57,923 women. It included 809 children up to the age of 14 consisting of 421 boys and 387 girls. The share of child workers among total workers was thus 0.5% which was insignificant.The rest of the analysis in this chapter is therefore confined to adult workers aged 15 and more.

The estimated WPR of BPL families, taking both men and women together, was 51.6%. It was 71.5% among men and 32.9% among women (Table–8.1). There was significant variation in the WPRs of persons belonging to different social groups. ST families had the highest level of WPR as they cannot afford to remain without work. The second highest WPR was in the case of SC families. Other Backward communities had the lowest participation rate.

Among different religious groups, Hindus had the highest WPRs both for men and women. Muslims had the lowest WPRs, particularly in the case of women (Table-8.2).Women headed families had higher female worker participation rate while men headed families had higher participation rate of men (Table-8.3).

There was considerable variation in the WPRs of men and women across different Panchayats. The overall participation rate varied from 39.5% in the case of Vellamunda to 63.7% in Thondarnadu Panchayat. In the case of men, it varied from 55.0% in Vellamunda to 81.4% Mullankolli. For women, WPRs varied from 20.3% in Ambalavayal to 50.7% in Edavaka (Table-8.4).

8.3 Unemployment

The unemployment rate, defined as the percentage of unemployed persons to those in the labour force, in Wayanad is estimated to be 6.1% based on the survey. A person is considered to be unemployed if he/she was not employed but looking for a job/work on the date of survey.Again unemployment rate is estimated only for those aged 15 and above as children are not expected to be in labour force. It was 9.5% for women and 4.4% for men. Thus, women suffered higher unemployment than men. Among different social groups, OBCs suffered the highest level of unemployment (Table-8.5).

By religion, Muslims suffered the highest level of unemployment with an unemployment rate of 20.9% for women (Table-8.6). By head of family, unemployment rate was higher among men headed families (Tabl-8.7).

There was no unemployment in seven Panchayats of Thirunelli, Thavinjal, Kottathara, Vengappally, Pozhuthana, Thariyode and Kaniyampatta as per the survey. In the case of other Panchayats, it varied from 1.0% in Mananthavady to 20.2% in Sultan Bathery (Tabl-8.8).

8.4 Type Employment


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Agricultural labourers constituted the highest percentage of adult workers in Wayanad and their share was 54.9 %. Such workers constituted 65.9% among STs and 63.2% among SCs. However, the share of agricultural workers was the lowest among OBCs. The share of non-agricultural workers was the highest in the case of OBCs. In other words, labourers constituted over 80 % of all workers except in the case of general category families (Table-8.9). The share of regular employment in private and government was the highest among general category families.

By religion, the share of agricultural and non-agricultural labourers was the highest among Muslim and Hindu families, while it was the least among Christians. However, the highest % of regular workers was among Christians (Table-8.10).

Women headed families also had the highest percentage of labourers as compared to men headed families (Table-8.11).

Labourers constituted 98.3 % in Thondarnadu Panchayat. Such workers constituted more than 90 % in Muppainadu, Padinjarethara, Thavinjal, Edavaka, Thirunelli and Pozhuthana apart from Thondarnadu. The lowest % of labourers was 59.7 % in Mullankolli followed by Sultan Bathery with a share of 65.2 % (Table-8.12).

8.5 Wage Rates

The average rates of labourers in Wayanad were not only very low as compared to other districts of the states but also varied across various social groups and Panchayats. The overall wage rate was Rs.298 for men and Rs.192 for women per day. However, there was a clear gradation in the wage rates of men across the social groups with the Scheduled Castes receiving the lowest wages and general categories receiving the highest wages (Tabl-8.13). Even by religion, there were variations with Christian men workers receiving the highest wage rate (Table-8.14). Although, the wage rate of women was significantly lower as compared to men, workers belonging to women headed families received higher wages (Table-8.15).

Wage rates also differed significantly across different Panchayats. Men workers in Kottathara Panchayat received the lowest wage of Rs. 240 while the highest wage of Rs.344 was received by men in Ambalavayal. In the case of women workers, the lowest wage rate was Rs.173 in Vengappally and the highest wage rate was Rs.217 in Meenangadi Panchayat (Table-8.16).

8.6 Migration ofWorkers

A good number of BPL family members migrated to other parts of the country for various reasons, the primary reason being pressures at home. The survey showed that 14499 persons (5389 of them were women) had migrated. While 50.6 % of them migrated for work related purposes, about 30.6 % migrated for education. The rest 12.9 % migrated for other purposes (Table-8.17).The most exploited farm workers who commute between Coorg and the home village were not captured by the survey as they were not absent from their houses continuously.

The migrants stayed back for an average period of 8.6 months and had an average earning of Rs. 51763. But the workers of Padinjarethara (where only men went out) earned Rs. 10,0374(Table-8.18).

8.7 Forest Based Economic Activities

Though 17% of the population of Wayanad comprises of tribal communities, only a small portion of them draw their sustenance from the traditional forest based economy. The forest dwelling communities are Jainkurumas or Thenkurumas and Kattunaikans. They together make 10% of the tribal population. That is, about 3600 forest dwelling families are expected to be in Wayanad. Yet very few families reported to have collected Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) in the past one year and they were spread into seven Panchayats. Most of the activities are concentrated in Noolpuzha Panchayat as about 64 % of the families collecting forest produce were from that Panchayat. Further, 96 % of them was STs and the remaining 4 % SCs. The most common item collected by 33.8 % of the families was honey. The other items were Dammer (11.5%), Medicinal herbs (28.2%), Wild gooseberry (11.3%), Tree bark (11.4%) and others (3.7%).


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On an average the value realized by each of the families NTFP during one year was meager (Rs.2044). Those who collected honey realized slightly higher (Rs.2,791 per family) and those who collected medicinal herbs realized Rs.2,553 (Table-8.19).

8.8 Summary

Labour force consisted of 40.6% of the population. Child workers are only 0.5% of the work force. Unemployment rate is 6.1% and it is 9.5% among women. Among Muslim women unemployment rate is 20.9%. Agricultural laborers make the highest share of the work force, 54.9%. Non- agricultural labourers were more among Muslim community. Average wage rate was very low compared to other districts, Rs. 298 for men and Rs. 192 for women.

Table 8.1: Worker Participation Rates of Adults by Social Groups Social Group Male Female Person SC 73.1 41.6 57.0 ST 75.2 42.1 58.2 OBC 69.1 26.1 46.4 General 70.4 29.8 50.1 Total 71.5 32.9 51.6

Table 8.2: Worker Participation Rates of Adults by Religion Religion Male Female Person Christian 68.8 26.7 48.1 Muslim 67.0 21.7 43.4 Hindu 73.7 37.9 55.1 Total 71.5 32.9 51.6

Table 8.3: Worker Participation Rates of Adults by Head of Family Head of family Male Female Person Women headed 69.6 39.4 50.3 Men headed 72.0 29.7 52.0 Total 71.5 32.9 51.6


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Table 8.4: Worker Participation Rates of Adults by Panchayat Head of family Male Female Person Mananthavady 66.2 40.4 53.4 Vellamunda 55.0 21.2 39.5 Thirunelli 79.1 46.0 62.0 Thondarnadu 77.0 49.9 63.7 Edavaka 74.7 50.7 62.5 Thavinjal 80.5 42.1 61.0 Meenangadi 71.4 22.3 47.0 Nenmeni 67.6 33.0 49.4 Ambalavayal 69.8 20.3 42.6 Sultan Bathery 72.6 22.5 45.6 Noolpuzha 71.2 35.7 52.9 Kottathara 79.8 31.9 51.3 Vengappally 80.8 29.3 51.6 Vythiri 66.5 45.7 54.8 Muttil 72.1 35.6 53.2 Pozhutthana 81.0 41.7 58.1 Thariyode 62.9 30.4 48.7 Padinjarethara 72.4 31.7 51.7 Meppady 76.3 38.5 55.8 Muppainadu 71.1 27.8 47.4 Panamaram 66.4 23.7 46.1 Poothadi 76.3 34.4 55.0 Mullankolli 81.4 28.4 53.2 Pulpalli 67.1 39.0 53.3 Kaniyampatta 72.4 24.0 45.6 Total 71.5 32.9 51.6

Table 8.5: Unemployment Rates of Adult Population by Social Group Social Group Male Female Person SC 1.9 1.4 1.7 ST 4.5 7.2 5.5 OBC 3.6 15.5 7.5 General 6.0 8.1 6.7 Total 4.4 9.5 6.1

Table 8.6: Unemployment Rates of Adult Population by Religion Religion Male Female Person Christian 5.8 7.6 6.3 Muslim 5.4 20.9 10.0 Hindu 3.7 7.2 5.0 Total 4.4 9.5 6.1

Table 8.7: Unemployment Rates of Adult Population by Head of Family Head of family Male Female Person Women headed 6.5 5.1 5.8 Men headed 3.8 12.2 6.2 Total 4.4 9.5 6.1


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Table 8.8: Unemployment Rates of Adult Population by Panchayat Head of family Male Female Person Mananthavady 1.6 0.0 1.0 Vellamunda 6.5 17.7 9.5 Thirunelli 0.0 0.0 0.0 Thondarnadu 5.1 0.0 3.2 Edavaka 2.5 3.5 2.9 Thavinjal 0.0 0.0 0.0 Meenangadi 9.9 26.3 14.4 Nenmeni 8.7 9.5 9.0 Ambalavayal 7.3 41.8 19.7 Sultan Bathery 7.5 42.0 20.2 Noolpuzha 17.5 16.7 17.3 Kottathara 0.0 0.0 0.0 Vengappally 0.0 0.0 0.0 Vythiri 5.3 0.0 2.8 Muttil 5.8 3.7 5.1 Pozhutthana 0.0 0.0 0.0 Thariyode 0.0 0.0 0.0 Padinjarethara 0.0 13.6 4.7 Meppady 4.2 10.0 6.5 Muppainadu 8.6 6.2 7.9 Panamaram 3.6 3.7 3.6 Poothadi 1.4 3.0 1.9 Mullankolli 2.0 5.0 2.9 Pulpalli 1.7 3.0 2.2 Kaniyampatta 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total 4.4 9.5 6.1

Table 8.9: % Distribution of Workers by Type of Employment and Social Group

Social Status

Agricultural labourer

Non-agricultural labourer

Employed in private sector

Government employee

Self-employed in non-agriculture

Self-employed in agriculture Total

SC 63.2 23.0 6.1 1.2 5.3 1.2 100.0 ST 65.9 25.5 1.2 2.3 1.8 3.3 100.0 OBC 46.2 34.6 8.1 1.4 6.9 2.7 100.0 General 49.4 24.7 8.5 2.6 9.5 5.4 100.0 All 54.9 28.2 5.8 2.0 5.7 3.4 100.0

Table 8.10: % Distribution of Workers by Type of Employment and Religion

Religion Agricultural labourer



Government employee


Self-employed in agriculture

Total

Christian 43.4 26.3 10.3 3.5 8.4 8.0 100.0 Muslim 51.4 31.9 7.5 0.3 7.1 1.8 100.0 Hindu 58.0 27.5 4.5 2.1 4.9 2.9 100.0 All 54.9 28.2 5.8 2.0 5.7 3.4 100.0

Table 8.11: % Distribution of Workers by Type of Employment and Head of Family

Head of family Agricultural labourer



Government employee



Total

Women headed 63.6 27.9 1.3 2.0 1.6 3.6 100.0 Men headed 59.4 27.7 1.5 1.1 5.6 4.6 100.0 All 54.9 28.2 5.8 2.0 5.7 3.4 100.0


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Table 8.12: % Distribution of Adult Workers by Type of Employment and Panchayat

Social Status Agricultural labourer



Government employee



Total

Mananthavady 56.7 25.2 5.9 4.4 7.8 0.0 100.0 Vellamunda 57.9 26.3 9.2 0.0 3.9 2.7 100.0 Thirunelli 84.7 10.5 1.0 1.0 2.8 0.0 100.0 Thondarnadu 73.2 25.1 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 100.0 Edavaka 84.4 9.9 2.8 3.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thavinjal 80.8 13.2 0.0 0.9 5.2 0.0 100.0 Meenangadi 30.6 43.2 4.1 1.4 20.7 0.0 100.0 Nenmeni 26.0 50.2 10.0 3.7 5.0 5.0 100.0 Ambalavayal 34.7 43.6 11.5 0.0 8.7 1.4 100.0 Sultan Bathery 36.3 28.9 21.5 6.1 6.0 1.2 100.0 Noolpuzha 61.1 27.8 1.4 5.6 2.8 1.4 100.0 Kottathara 76.7 10.3 7.7 2.6 0.0 2.7 100.0 Vengappally 74.6 6.2 3.4 0.0 3.1 12.7 100.0 Vythiri 76.5 8.8 2.9 0.0 5.9 5.9 100.0 Muttil 69.3 17.3 2.7 2.7 2.7 5.3 100.0 Pozhutthana 86.4 10.5 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 100.0 Thariyode 66.7 7.1 6.6 3.0 3.5 13.1 100.0 Padinjarethara 74.0 17.8 6.6 0.0 1.7 0.0 100.0 Meppady 66.6 19.5 9.7 0.0 0.0 4.2 100.0 Muppainadu 76.5 14.9 6.4 0.0 0.0 2.2 100.0 Panamaram 25.2 58.9 2.8 1.9 5.6 5.6 100.0 Poothadi 35.7 36.6 6.7 0.0 14.4 6.7 100.0 Mullankolli 14.9 44.8 4.5 3.0 16.4 16.4 100.0 Pulpalli 42.7 38.2 7.9 1.1 6.7 3.4 100.0 Kaniyampatta 33.9 42.4 7.3 5.9 4.2 6.3 100.0 Total 54.9 28.2 5.8 2.0 5.7 3.4 100.0

Table 8.13: Wage Rates of Men and Women Labourers by Social Group Social Group Men Women Person SC 276 200 246 ST 288 192 251 OBC 299 190 264 General 319 191 278 Total 298 192 261

Table 8.14: Wage Rates of Men and Women Labourers by Religion Religion Men Women Person Christian 336 191 296 Muslim 290 189 260 Hindu 293 193 256 Total 298 192 261

Table 8.15: Wage Rates of Men and Women Labourers by Head of Family Head of Family Men Women Person Women headed 313 198 251 Men headed 294 189 264 Total 298 192 261


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Table 8.16: Wage Rates of Men and Women Labourers by Panchayat Panchayat Men Women Person Mananthavady 340 190 287 Vellamunda 258 194 239 Thirunelli 328 190 278 Thondarnadu 285 184 246 Edavaka 333 198 278 Thavinjal 334 200 287 Meenangadi 298 217 276 Nenmeni 315 204 275 Ambalavayal 344 203 302 Sultan Bathery 304 208 275 Noolpuzha 257 186 233 Kottathara 240 190 220 Vengappally 291 173 244 Vythiri 264 187 221 Muttil 271 177 238 Pozhutthana 252 209 234 Thariyode 285 192 251 Padinjarethara 250 197 232 Meppady 276 189 244 Muppainadu 280 198 255 Panamaram 305 175 271 Poothadi 308 187 261 Mullankolli 279 182 238 Pulpalli 299 195 263 Kaniyampatta 295 186 261 Total 298 192 261

Table 8.17: % Distribution of Out-Migrants by Purpose of Migration

Panchayat Earn food grain

Higher wage

Reduce family burden

Non-availability work

work on relative's farm

Contractual obligation

Education Others Total

Mananthavady 0 41.8 0.0 18.4 0.0 0.0 39.8 0.0 100.0 Vellamunda 6.7 33.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 53.7 6.7 100.0 Thirunelli 9.0 18.1 18.1 18.6 0.0 0.0 36.4 0.0 100.0 Thondarnadu 0.0 49.1 0.0 16.7 0.0 0.0 34.2 0.0 100.0 Edavaka 0.0 16.4 0.0 17.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 65.8 100.0 Thavinjal 0.0 19.1 0.0 8.6 17.1 0.0 26.6 28.6 100.0 Meenangadi 0.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 66.7 0.0 100.0 Nenmeni 28.5 28.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.7 0.0 100.0 Ambalavayal 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Sultan Bathery 12.3 24.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.4 12.3 100.0 Noolpuzha 24.9 50.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.9 0.0 100.0 Muttil 0.0 49.8 0.0 50.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Pozhutthana 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.4 0.0 0.0 66.6 0.0 100.0 Thariyode 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Padinjarethara 25.6 74.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Meppady 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Panamaram 0.0 60.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.1 19.9 100.0 Poothadi 0.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.7 19.8 53.4 100.0 Mullankolli 0.0 66.7 0.0 16.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.6 100.0 Pulpalli 9.9 70.2 0.0 9.9 0.0 0.0 10.1 0.0 100.0 Kaniyampatta 0.0 31.6 0.0 36.7 0.0 0.0 31.6 0.0 100.0 Total 5.7 37.0 2.1 9.8 1.3 0.7 30.6 12.9 100.0


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Table 8.18: Average Months of Absence and Average Earning per Migrant by Panchayat

Panchayat Average Number of months Average Earnings (Rs)per Person Male Female Person Male Female Person

Mananthavady 11.0 8.1 9.0 59480 20140 31807 Vellamunda 11.8 . 11.8 97007 . 97007 Thirunelli 9.4 6.0 8.5 118083 35922 97645 Thondarnadu 11.0 . 11.0 31291 . 31291 Edavaka 12.0 6.0 9.1 7492 6016 6783 Thavinjal 5.7 11.5 8.0 43986 60459 50539 Meenangadi 12.0 . 12.0 50043 . 50043 Nenmeni 8.3 10.0 8.7 24550 30108 25925 Ambalavayal 6.0 . 6.0 35926 . 35926 Sultan Bathery 7.7 . 7.7 18358 . 18358 Noolpuzha 9.0 . 9.0 52397 . 52397 Muttil 2.0 11.9 7.0 100049 95568 97797 Pozhutthana . 6.0 6.0 . 39862 39862 Thariyode 3.0 . 3.0 90194 . 90194 Padinjarethara 10.5 . 10.5 100374 . 100374 Meppady 12.0 . 12.0 83778 . 83778 Panamaram 3.0 . 3.0 22449 . 22449 Poothadi 9.3 . 9.3 24449 . 24449 Mullankolli 7.2 12.0 8.0 55236 10036 47648 Pulpalli 4.3 8.2 6.4 68094 59208 63163 Kaniyampatta 6.8 . 6.8 13395 . 13395 Total 8.6 8.7 8.6 55956 39355 51763

Table 8.19: Average Quantity of NTFPs Harvested, Sold and Value Received per Family

Item NO. of Families

Volume harvested (Kg)

Volume sold (Kg)

Total Price (Rs.)

Dammer 289 12.9 7.6 971 Honey 850 18.8 18.1 2791 Medical Herb 709 83.0 83.9 2553 Wild gooseberry 284 60.1 56.7 1018 Tree Bark 287 3.7 3.0 643 Others 94 12.2 14.3 2116 Total 2512 38.9 38.0 2044


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Chapter 9 Harmony with Animals

9.1 Introduction

Wayanad is a mountainous region withonly 37 % of the land having forest cover now. During the past few decades large tracts of land have been cleared of forests. However, the stringent wild life protection laws have resulted in an increase in wild life population. The interspersed farmlands and forest tracts have opened many man animal interface areas. The food stressed and space stressed animals are forced to stray into the farmlands which were once their undisputed territory. It was found that elephants, deer, wild boar and to a lesser extend porcupines perpetrate most of the crop damage in the region. As a protective measure electric fencing, seasonal moats and trenches have been built in the most animal raid prone areas, but with little success. The farmers, in their desperate bid to save the standing crops, have resorted to installing illegal electric fences, tapping power directly from the mains at night, etc. Still in the border areas of Panamaram and Sultan Bathery blocks, the over lapping areas of interest of farmers and wild animals are a region where man wages a losing battle against animals. The following pages discuss the field data pertaining to man–animal conflict.

9.2 Conflict with Wild Animals

Edavaka Panchayat was the only exemption which did not report any conflictwithanimals. The other Panchayats in which less than 10 % of the families reported any conflict with animals were Kaniyampatta, Mananthavady and Panamaram. In Noolpuzha Panchayat 97.8 % of the families reported damages caused by animals (Table-9.1). In Sultan Bathery, 87.9 % of the families were affected by trespasses of animals. Altogether 42.7% of the families faced the problem of conflict with animals.By social group, the least affected were SCs (40.0%) followed by OBCs (40.5%).

The most common conflict was with monkey as 35.7 % of families reported attacks by monkeys.About 25.2 % of the families reported conflict with wild boars, followed by 21.9 % with wild elephants (Table-9.2).In Vengappally, Padinjarethara and Kaniyampatta, the conflict was only with monkey.

9.3 Type of Damages Caused by Animals

Crop damage was the most often caused damage with 80.8 % of the families reporting the same. About 15.7 % of the families reported damage to property and another 3.1 % reported personal injuries caused by animals (Table-9.3). The highest percentage (51.2%) of families reported personal injury in Thondarnadu Panchayat. In Thirunelli, Meenangadi, Vengappally, Thariyode, Pulpalli and Kaniyampatta all the families reported only crop damage.

9.4 Receipt of Compensation

Although, the families suffering damages from animals are expected to receive compensation from the Forest Department, only about 9.6 % of the families reported the receipt of such compensations. Only in Thariyode Panchayat 50.1 % of the families reported receipt of compensation. The other Panchayats in which families reported receipt of compensation were Thirunelli (30.1%), Thavinjal (18.4%), Sultan Bathery (2.3%0, Noolpuzha (4.5%), Vythiri (17.8%), Meppady (13.5%), Poothadi (26.5%), and Mullankolli (20.0%).

9.5 Precautionary Measures

About 40 % of the families reported positively the precautionary measures taken by the Forest Department to protect the property and crop of persons. About 97.1 % of the families in Poothadi, 89.9 % in Mullankolli, 80.1 % in Noolpuzha and 79.2 % in Thirunelli reported such measures. The most common measure reported was construction of trenches. Electric fencing was reported 27.3 % of the families while solar fencing was reported by 14.5 % of families. In Pozhuthana Panchayat, all the families reported electric fencing while in Kottathara all families reported solar fencing. Trenches were reported by all the families in Nenmeni.

9.6 Summary


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Only in Edavaka GP no conflict with animals was reported. In Noolpuzha 97.8% of families reported damages from animals. In 80.8% cases it was damage to food crops, in 15.7% cases damage to property was reported. Only 9.6% of the families reported to have received any kind of compensation from the Forest Department. 40% of the families reported that some kind of precautions was taken by the department. The most common measure is electric fencing.

Table 9.1: % of Families Reporting Conflict with Animals by Panchayat Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 0 5.4 0 12.3 4.5 Vellamunda 0 9.4 13.9 17.1 13.0 Thirunelli 33.2 89.0 82.5 87.6 82.7 Thondarnadu 0.0 19.8 0.0 14.4 12.9 Edavaka 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Thavinjal 81.2 38.2 57.3 91.0 69.8 Meenangadi 62.0 35.3 59.7 52.9 Nenmeni 77.7 33.1 78.7 62.2 65.8 Ambalavayal 43.0 0.0 64.0 66.9 56.3 Sultan Bathery 100.0 88.3 80.0 87.9 Noolpuzha 100.0 97.4 100.0 100.0 97.8 Kottathara 50.0 32.6 48.6 100.0 53.1 Vengappally 11.9 66.6 26.1 26.2 Vythiri 83.4 80.1 88.9 85.0 Muttil 33.3 38.4 29.4 60.0 39.5 Pozhutthana 100.0 57.2 12.5 42.3 39.2 Thariyode 0.0 70.2 0.0 37.0 25.0 Padinjarethara 0.0 0.0 25.3 0.0 10.2 Meppady 66.6 50.5 57.3 50.1 56.5 Muppainadu 49.5 0.0 21.7 39.8 25.7 Panamaram 10.4 8.8 0.0 8.3 Poothadi 50.5 66.8 52.0 64.9 57.9 Mullankolli 0.0 18.7 50.0 16.7 25.0 Pulpalli 9.9 12.5 49.8 36.0 27.3 Kaniyampatta 0.0 0.0 4.9 0.0 2.6 Total 40.0 41.3 40.5 48.4 42.7

Table 9.2: Families Reporting Conflict with Different Types of Wild Animals Panchayat Elephant Wild boar Tiger Leopard Monkey Others Total Mananthavady 0 37.2 0 0 0 62.8 100.0 Vellamunda 0 0.0 0 0 85.6 14.4 100.0 Thirunelli 24.8 14.8 15.5 2.4 28.7 13.9 100.0 Thondarnadu 41.2 19.6 0.0 0.0 19.6 19.6 100.0 Thavinjal 33.9 27.1 7.5 1.2 23.7 6.5 100.0 Meenangadi 0.0 54.0 2.7 0.0 38.0 5.4 100.0 Nenmeni 12.4 39.1 3.1 0.0 33.0 12.4 100.0 Ambalavayal 0.0 28.1 0.0 3.1 62.7 6.2 100.0 Sultan Bathery 22.3 26.9 2.9 1.0 31.6 15.4 100.0 Noolpuzha 31.0 30.1 6.4 0.0 24.6 7.9 100.0 Kottathara 0.0 19.9 0.0 0.0 80.1 0.0 100.0 Vengappally 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 Vythiri 28.2 18.8 0.0 0.0 46.8 6.3 100.0 Muttil 0.0 13.6 0.0 0.0 77.3 9.1 100.0 Pozhutthana 22.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 77.9 0.0 100.0 Thariyode 25.0 37.5 0.0 0.0 37.5 0.0 100.0 Padinjarethara 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 Meppady 15.7 24.9 6.3 0.0 43.9 9.3 100.0 Muppainadu 0.0 27.1 0.0 0.0 63.7 9.2 100.0 Panamaram 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.3 0.0 100.0 Poothadi 39.2 8.1 6.7 0.0 29.7 16.2 100.0 Mullankolli 23.1 34.6 0.0 0.0 30.8 11.5 100.0 Pulpalli 18.9 56.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 100.0 Kaniyampatta 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 Total 21.9 25.2 5.5 0.7 35.7 10.9 100.0


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Table 9.3: % of Families Reporting Various Damages

Panchayat Personal injury

Damage to property

Damage of crop Others Total

Mananthavady 0 0 100 0 100 Vellamunda 0 16.8 83.2 0.0 100.0 Thirunelli 0 0 100 0 100 Thondarnadu 51.2 0.0 48.8 0.0 100.0 Thavinjal 7.8 0.0 92.2 0.0 100.0 Meenangadi 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 Nenmeni 0.0 16.7 83.3 0.0 100.0 Ambalavayal 0.0 35.4 64.6 0.0 100.0 Sultan Bathery 0.0 18.2 79.6 2.2 100.0 Noolpuzha 0.0 25.5 74.5 0.0 100.0 Kottathara 0.0 15.3 84.7 0.0 100.0 Vengappally 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 Vythiri 11.8 0.0 88.2 0.0 100.0 Muttil 0.0 23.6 76.4 0.0 100.0 Pozhutthana 0.0 47.7 52.3 0.0 100.0 Thariyode 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 Padinjarethara 0.0 33.2 66.8 0.0 100.0 Meppady 19.1 23.1 57.7 0.0 100.0 Muppainadu 11.1 55.5 33.4 0.0 100.0 Panamaram 0.0 20.0 59.9 20.0 100.0 Poothadi 0.0 16.2 83.8 0.0 100.0 Mullankolli 9.1 0.0 90.9 0.0 100.0 Pulpalli 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 Kaniyampatta 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 Total 3.1 15.7 80.8 0.4 100.0

Table 9.4: % Families Reporting Different Precautionary Measures

Panchayat Electric fencing

Solar fencing Trenches Others Total

Thirunelli 41.8 4.6 53.6 0.0 100.0 Thavinjal 63.4 0.0 36.6 0.0 100.0 Nenmeni 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 Sultan Bathery 5.0 0.0 95.0 0.0 100.0 Noolpuzha 11.3 22.6 66.1 0.0 100.0 Kottathara 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Vythiri 66.7 0.0 33.3 0.0 100.0 Pozhutthana 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Thariyode 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 100.0 Meppady 14.4 0.0 57.4 28.2 100.0 Poothadi 28.0 32.0 37.9 2.1 100.0 Mullankolli 36.4 18.2 36.4 9.1 100.0 Pulpalli 50.0 0.0 25.3 24.7 100.0 Total 27.3 14.5 55.9 2.3 100.0


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Chapter 10 Ownership of Assets

A clear indication of the level of living of a family is given by the ownership of productive assets and consumer durables. Poor families are characterised by lack of ownership of productive assets and deplorably few consumer durables. This chapter makes an assessment of ownership of such assets as revealed by the survey.

10.1 Ownership of Land

Land ownership is an indicator of life security in difficult times. The land owned by BPL families in Wayanad includes homestead land, agricultural land, fallow land and other types of land. The analysis in this chapter is made on ownership of all categories of land.

In the aggregate 8.1 % of the BPL families did not own any land. About 23.7 % of the families owned only homestead land upto 5 cents and another 21.3 % owned between 5 to 10 % of land including fallow land (Table 10.1). In other words, about 53.1 % of the BPL families either did not own any land or owned land only upto 10 cents. SC families were the worst deprived as 72.8 % of them had either no land or owned not more than 10 cents. ST families were also not very different as 65.5 % of them were in the same category.

By Social group, Christians were relatively less deprived as only 5.8 % of them were landless and another 31.8 % only had land upto 10 cents (Table 10.2).

Between women headed families and men headed families, the former were more deprived (Table 10.3).

There were eleven Panchayats with no landless families while there were six Panchayats with more than 15 % landless families. In Noolpuzha and Thondarnadu ST dominated Panchayats 43.5 % and 46.5 % of families relatively had no land.

There were 16 Panchayats with more than 50 % of the families with either no land or upto 10 cents of land. Muppainadu, Thondarnadu, Thariyode and Noolpuzha Panchayats had 71 % or more families in the same category.

The land owned by 88.6 % of the families was revenue land, 5.1 % forest land, 1.0 % both type of land and 5.3 % other type of land. However, in the case of ST families, the resource land was owned only by 79.0 % and 15.4 % owned forest land (Table 10.5).

10.2 Productive Assets

Ownership of productive assets can be source of livelihood and supplementary income. The productive assets considered in the survey are bicycle, motor cycle, poultry, buffalo, milk cow, cattle, goat, agricultural equipments/ implements and others. Bicycle and motor cycle are transportation equipments which are used for trade and transportation of materials. Since, business activities of BPL families are limited bicycle were not owned by 95.3 % of the families and motor cycles were not owned by 90.7 % of the families (Table 10.6).

Higher %s of SC and ST families did not own bicycles (97% & 97.1%) and motorcycles (95.8% & 97.2%). Ownership of poultry was much less as 79.2 % of SCs, 75.8 % of STs, 70.5 % of OBCs and 65.1 % of general category families did not own any poultry. Among 28.6 % of those families which owned poultry, 3.9 % owned only one poultry and another 8.2 % owned only two poultry. Those who owned 7 or more poultry were just 2.3 % and among SC and ST families was just 1.1 % (Table 10.7).

Families owning livestocks like buffalo, milk cow or cattle were very few among general category BPL population. None of the SC community families owned male or female buffalos while 3.5 % of them owned milk cow, 5.6 % owned cattle and 5.2 % owned goat. Of the 1.1 % families who owned male buffalos 0.3 % owned only one buffalo and remaining 1.0 % two or more such buffalos (Table 10.8). The situation was similar even in the ownership of female buffalos.


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The % of families owning milk cow or cattle was 11.0 % and 10.8 % respectively. Milk cow and cattle were owned by 14.5 % and 11.7 % of ST families respectively. About 11.2 % of the ST families also owned goat.

Even small value agricultural implements like spade, sickle etc were not owned by 34.0 % of the families. The share of families which did not own a second agricultural implement was 75.4 %.

10.3 Household Consumer Durables

The most communities owned by BPL families were cooking utensils (94.9%) and plates (98.6%) which were mostly low value utility items. A large % of families did not own essential items like bed (31.4%), table (36.8%) and chair (19.1%). However, 4.2 % of the families, largely general category families, owned washing machine and another 8.4 % owned refrigerators (Table 10.9).

By religion, the least % of Hindu families owned various household items (Table 10.10). Between women and men headed families, more men headed families generally owned various household items (Table 10.11).

10.4 Communication and Entertainment Items

Mobile phone was the most common item owned by BPL families. 90.6% of SC families, 96.5% of OBC families and 96.2% of general category families owned mobile phones. However, it was owned by only 72.3% of the ST families. The other major items owned by BPL families were television and dish antenna. Although, 61.7 % of SC families, 67.3 % of OBC families and 71.5% of general category families owned television, only 30.6% of ST families owned television (Table 10.12).

Between different religion groups, again the lowest % of Hindu families owned various communication and entertainment items (Table 10.13). And by head of family, men headed families owned such items more frequently (Table 10.14).

10.5 Summary

The survey showed that 8.1% of the BPL families did not own any land and 23.7% owned only homestead land up to 5 cents. 72.8% of the SC families were either landless or had land less than 10 cents. 88.6% of the land owned was revenue land and 5.1% forest land. Christian community had the least number of landless families.

In terms of productive assets, household assets, communication items and consumables, the ST families were found to have much less of these compared to the OBC and general families.

Table 10.1: % Distribution of BPL Families by Land Area Owned and Social Group Land Area Owned SC ST OBC General Total No land 12.0 11.1 4.9 8.0 8.1 Upto 5 Cents 34.3 37.9 18.3 12.3 23.7 5 to 10 Cents 26.5 16.5 26.0 17.8 21.3 10 to 25 Cents 12.6 10.3 20.6 26.9 18.6 25 to 50 Cents 8.5 12.0 16.4 18.6 15.0 Above 50 Cents 6.2 12.2 13.8 16.4 13.3 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 10.2: % Distribution of BPL Families by Land Area Owned and Religion Land Area Owned Christian Muslim Hindu Total No land 5.8 5.6 9.3 8.1 Upto 5 Cents 14.9 20.9 26.5 23.7 5 to 10 Cents 16.9 28.3 20.1 21.3 10 to 25 Cents 27.3 22.9 15.4 18.6 25 to 50 Cents 16.8 14.7 14.7 15.0 Above 50 Cents 18.3 7.7 13.9 13.3 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


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Table 10.3: % of BPL Families by Land Area Owned and Family Head Land Area Owned Female head Male head Total No land 8.2 8.1 8.1 Upto 5 Cents 21.7 24.6 23.7 5 to 10 Cents 20.6 21.5 21.3 10 to 25 Cents 19.7 18.1 18.6 25 to 50 Cents 17.7 13.8 15.0 Above 50 Cents 12.1 13.8 13.3 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 10.4: % Distribution of Families by Land Possessed and Panchayat

Panchayat No land Upto 5 Cents

5 to 10 Cents

10 to 25 Cents

25 to 50 Cents

Above 50 Cents Total

Mananthavady 0 43.1 14.4 21.6 14.6 6.3 100.0 Vellamunda 0 14.6 29.9 19.2 23.5 12.9 100.0 Thirunelli 0 26.9 26.9 13.5 7.7 25.0 100.0 Thondarnadu 46.5 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 3.2 100.0 Edavaka 0.0 22.4 14.2 20.1 20.1 23.1 100.0 Thavinjal 5.3 28.2 9.5 11.3 14.4 31.3 100.0 Meenangadi 4.4 22.5 17.8 28.8 19.9 6.6 100.0 Nenmeni 5.7 26.5 24.4 20.7 15.1 7.5 100.0 Ambalavayal 2.1 21.0 29.3 24.9 10.3 12.4 100.0 Sultan Bathery 16.2 24.6 22.3 10.2 6.2 20.5 100.0 Noolpuzha 43.5 15.2 19.6 13.0 4.3 4.3 100.0 Kottathara 8.1 25.3 16.5 20.4 17.0 12.7 100.0 Vengappally 0.0 30.6 12.6 13.1 19.1 24.6 100.0 Vythiri 5.0 5.0 19.9 20.0 20.0 30.2 100.0 Muttil 0.0 34.9 18.6 18.6 16.3 11.6 100.0 Pozhutthana 15.8 18.7 18.7 18.7 18.7 9.3 100.0 Thariyode 0.0 11.6 65.2 10.6 0.0 12.6 100.0 Padinjarethara 0.0 20.1 20.0 19.8 30.2 9.9 100.0 Meppady 33.4 17.9 10.3 17.9 12.8 7.6 100.0 Muppainadu 29.2 12.9 29.0 9.7 9.7 9.7 100.0 Panamaram 1.7 33.3 21.6 18.4 15.0 10.0 100.0 Poothadi 0.0 13.6 20.4 27.1 21.9 17.0 100.0 Mullankolli 0.0 27.5 20.0 12.5 22.5 17.5 100.0 Pulpalli 2.0 33.4 21.6 25.4 11.7 5.8 100.0 Kaniyampatta 0.0 21.9 30.3 24.1 14.6 9.2 100.0 Total 8.1 23.7 21.3 18.6 15.0 13.3 100.0

Table 10.5: % Distribution of BPL Families by Type of Land Owned and Social Group Type of land SC ST OBC General Total Revenue land 84.2 79.0 93.6 93.4 88.6 Forest land 6.1 15.4 0.6 0.0 5.1 Both revenue & forest 1.0 1.1 0.8 1.2 1.0 Others 8.7 4.6 5.0 5.4 5.3 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 10.6: % of Families Not Owning Listed Productive Assets Asset SC ST OBC General ALL Cycle 97.0 97.1 94.4 94.1 95.3 Motor cycle 95.8 97.2 89.2 83.9 90.7 Poultry 79.2 75.8 70.5 65.1 71.4 Buffalo-male 100.0 97.0 99.5 99.2 98.8 Buffalo-female 100.0 98.6 99.7 96.9 98.7 Milk cow 96.5 85.5 92.9 84.4 89.0 Cattle 94.4 88.3 91.5 84.9 89.2 Goat 94.8 88.8 92.9 86.9 90.4 Agricultural equipments 36.1 44.3 26.1 33.3 34.0 Agricultural implements 72.9 71.7 82.4 70.3 75.4


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Table 10.7: % Distribution of Families by Number of Poultry Owned Number of Poultry SC ST OBC General ALL 1 2.0 3.5 3.7 5.2 3.9 2 4.2 7.3 9.7 8.4 8.2 3 5.1 4.3 2.5 6.5 4.3 4 2.0 3.8 4.6 5.1 4.3 5 6.5 2.4 3.9 3.9 3.7 6 0.0 1.8 2.1 2.7 2.0 7 & more 1.1 1.1 3.0 3.2 2.3 Total 20.8 24.2 29.5 34.8 28.6

Table 10.8: % Distribution of Families by Number of Animals Owned Animal SC ST OBC General ALL Buffalo-Male 0.0 3.0 0.5 0.8 1.3 1 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 2 0.0 2.0 0.3 0.4 0.8 3 & more 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 Buffalo -Female 0.0 1.4 0.3 3.1 1.3 1 0.0 0.4 0.3 1.5 0.6 2 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.2 0.6 3 & more 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 Milk Cow 3.5 14.5 7.1 15.6 11.0 1 1.1 8.5 3.2 10.9 6.4 2 2.4 4.3 3.6 3.9 3.8 3 & more 0.0 1.8 0.3 0.8 0.8 Cattle 5.6 11.7 8.5 15.2 10.8 1 3.4 7.5 4.3 9.8 6.5 2 2.2 3.2 3.6 4.6 3.6 3 & more 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.8 0.7 Goat 5.2 11.2 7.1 13.1 9.6 1 3.1 2.8 1.3 2.1 2.1 2 0.0 2.7 1.6 5.5 2.8 3 & more 2.1 5.7 4.2 5.5 4.8


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Table 10.9: % of Families Owning Different Household Items by Social Group Item SC ST OBC General Total Cooking Utensils 89.5 92.6 96.4 97.2 94.9 Pressure cooker 34.6 7.5 65.6 66.2 46.6 Plates 98.9 98.9 98.7 98.1 98.6 Cooker/Gas stove 45.7 9.3 74.4 75.3 53.7 Refrigerator 4.0 1.1 9.7 16.3 8.4 Wash basin 22.6 9.9 39.9 46.5 31.5 Washing Machine 3.5 0.7 5.2 6.7 4.2 Bed 59.8 29.9 86.1 89.1 68.6 Solar lantern 3.1 1.7 5.4 4.1 3.8 Table 54.3 27.0 79.3 82.8 63.2 Chair 83.0 55.1 90.9 93.9 80.9 Others 27.8 17.0 39.9 48.4 34.5

Table 10.10: % of Families Owning Different Household Items by Religion Item Christian Muslim Hindu Total Cooking Utensils 95.7 95.9 94.4 94.9 Pressure cooker 69.5 72.6 33.9 46.6 Plates 97.9 97.0 99.2 98.6 Cooker/Gas stove 69.1 78.1 43.1 53.7 Refrigerator 14.8 15.1 5.1 8.4 Wash basin 44.2 40.2 26.3 31.5 Washing Machine 9.4 5.0 2.8 4.2 Bed 87.3 85.5 59.6 68.6 Solar lantern 4.1 6.1 3.1 3.8 Table 80.9 81.1 54.1 63.2 Chair 95.2 92.4 74.4 80.9 Others 43.8 36.1 32.1 34.5

Table 10.11: Share of Families Owning Different Household Items by Head of Family Item Women Men All Cooking Utensils 95.6 94.6 94.9 Pressure cooker 42.5 48.2 46.6 Plates 98.0 98.9 98.6 Cooker/Gas stove 51.8 54.5 53.7 Refrigerator 8.8 8.3 8.4 Wash basin 27.2 33.4 31.5 Washing Machine 2.0 5.1 4.2 Bed 64.8 70.2 68.6 Solar lantern 3.7 3.9 3.8 Table 60.2 64.4 63.2 Chair 76.6 82.7 80.9 Others 31.6 35.8 34.5

Table 10.12: Share of Families Owning Communication and Entertainment Items by Social Group

Item SC ST OBC General Total Mobile phone 90.6 72.3 96.5 96.2 89.1 Radio 14.8 12.0 9.5 11.4 11.2 CD Player 14.8 6.3 11.6 16.7 11.7 DVD Player 9.1 7.5 14.4 16.9 12.6 Dish 35.0 33.5 38.6 46.2 38.8 Computer 2.3 1.1 3.3 4.2 2.8 Television 61.7 30.6 67.3 71.5 57.6 Others 6.7 2.2 4.5 9.1 5.2


77

Table 10.13: % of Families Owning Communication and Entertainment Items by Religion Item Christian Muslim Hindu Total Mobile phone 94.5 96.5 85.7 89.1 Radio 10.5 7.2 12.5 11.2 CD Player 15.3 12.7 10.6 11.7 DVD Player 18.7 10.3 12.0 12.6 Dish 46.5 24.7 41.3 38.8 Computer 4.8 3.5 2.2 2.8 Television 69.2 60.4 54.2 57.6 Others 5.8 3.5 5.6 5.2

Table 10.14: % of Families Owning Communication and Entertainment Items by Head of Family Item Women Men All Mobile phone 83.1 91.6 89.1 Radio 10.4 11.5 11.2 CD Player 8.7 13.0 11.7 DVD Player 13.1 12.4 12.6 Dish 42.9 37.0 38.8 Computer 2.9 2.8 2.8 Television 55.0 58.6 57.6 Others 4.5 5.5 5.2


78

ANNEXURE 3.1 Estimated Distribution of Families by Type of Raion Card

Panch BPL Stamp BPL APL BPL&APL No Card Total Mananthavady 0 4155 612 88 0 4856 Vellamunda 924 3683 0 0 103 4710 Thirunelli 205 4946 0 0 100 5250 Thondarnadu 198 2644 198 0 99 3138 Edavaka 0 3463 0 0 106 3569 Thavinjal 196 4370 651 0 93 5310 Meenangadi 1205 3245 0 0 0 4550 Nenmeni 1301 4416 121 117 356 6311 Amalavaya 303 3992 399 0 101 4795 Sultan Bathery 1922 2532 100 0 409 4963 Noolpuzha 0 4252 0 95 0 4347 Kottathara 0 2432 0 0 0 2432 Vengappally 0 1613 0 0 0 1613 Vythiri 0 1866 0 0 0 1866 Muttil 202 4150 0 0 0 4352 Pozhutthana 0 2133 0 0 126 2259 Thariyode 0 1673 0 0 0 1673 Padinjarethara 0 2932 0 0 0 2932 Meppady 203 3526 0 0 202 3931 Muppainadu 202 2794 0 0 101 3097 Panamaram 5977 102 0 0 6079 Poothadi 97 4812 578 0 192 5679 Mullankolli 3678 298 0 0 3976 Pulpalli 190 4362 0 285 4837 Kaniyampatta 4048 187 0 0 4235 Total 7148 87694 3246 401 2271 100760

3.2 Distribution of BPL Families by Type of Habitat

Panchayat Tribal Habitat Non-Tribal Habitat Total Single Mixed Single Mixed Mananthavady 1544 177 571 2564 4856 Vellamunda 888 98 397 3326 4710 Thirunelli 1722 100 1008 2420 5250 Thondarnadu 499 1811 828 3138 Edavaka 1618 1157 794 3569 Thavinjal 1488 103 1406 2314 5310 Meenangadi 1519 3031 4550 Nenmeni 1076 117 352 4765 6311 Ambalavayal 397 99 4299 4795 Sultan Bathery 1226 505 3231 4963 Noolpuzha 3404 284 658 4347 Kottathara 1233 198 1001 2432 Vengappally 891 97 625 1613 Vythiri 93 1773 1866 Muttil 1314 203 2835 4352 Pozhutthana 739 1520 2259 Thariyode 194 105 1374 1673 Padinjarethara 288 99 2545 2932 Meppady 100 203 3628 3931 Muppainadu 99 99 2899 3097 Panamaram 1825 1110 3144 6079 Poothadi 774 192 1350 3363 5679 Mullankolli 1491 795 1690 3976 Pulpalli 1239 1422 2176 4837 Kaniyampatta 1169 696 2370 4235 Total 26737 1072 13777 59173 100760


79

3.3 Distribution of BPL Families by Type of Habitat and Social Group

Panchayat Tribal Habitat Non-Tribal Habitat Total Single Mixed Single Mixed SC 0 201 1822 7385 9409 ST 26737 570 101 894 28301 OBC 0 213 5675 31181 37069 General 0 88 6179 19713 25980 Total 26737 1072 13777 59173 100760

3.4 Distribution of Tribal Families by Type of Habitation

Tribe Type of Habitation Paniya Adiya Kurichiya Kurma Kattunayaka Vettekuruma Others Total

Paniya tribe 11742 11742 Adiya tribe 2347 2347 Kurichiya tribe 5043 5043 Kurma tribe 2365 2365 Kattunayaka tribe 3939 3939 Vettakuruma tribe 290 290 Other tribe 1011 1011 Mixed tribe 95 188 190 97 570 Non-tribe 101 102 205 382 99 105 994 Total 11937 2637 5249 2937 4135 290 1116 28301


Panchayat Tribal Habitat Non-Tribal Habitat Total Single Mixed Single Mixed Christian 0 0 3266 11029 14295 Muslim 0 0 3132 16669 19801 Hindu 26737 1072 7379 31475 66664 Total 26737 1072 13777 59173 100760


Panchayat Tribal Habitat Non-Tribal Habitat Total Single Mixed Single Mixed Women headed 7085 593 4040 18061 29779 Men headed 19652 479 9738 41113 70981 Total 26737 1072 13777 59173 100760

3.7 Distribution of BPL Families by Social Group and Head of Family

Social Group Head of Family Women Men Person

SC 2948 6460 9409 ST 7770 20531 28301 OBC 11082 25988 37069 General 7979 18002 25980 Total 29779 70981 100760


80

3.8 Estimated Number of BPL Families by Social Group Panchayat SC ST OBC Others Total Mananthavady 701 1633 1476 1047 4856 Vellamunda 98 1094 2915 603 4710 Thirunelli 307 1822 2315 806 5250 Thondarnadu 203 499 302 2134 3138 Edavaka 106 1618 310 1535 3569 Thavinjal 1044 1488 702 2076 5310 Meenangadi 0 1619 1415 1515 4550 Nenmeni 1083 1076 2254 1898 6311 Amalavaya 700 397 2499 1198 4795 Sultan Bathery 0 1226 1718 2019 4963 Noolpuzha 94 3689 471 94 4347 Kottathara 198 1233 407 594 2432 Vengappally 0 891 317 405 1613 Vythiri 558 0 467 841 1866 Muttil 303 1314 1721 1013 4352 Pozhutthana 126 739 845 549 2259 Thariyode 194 299 614 566 1673 Padinjarethara 1079 288 1178 387 2932 Meppady 605 202 2116 1008 3931 Muppainadu 200 99 2295 503 3097 Panamaram 0 1926 3443 710 6079 Poothadi 384 870 2787 1637 5679 Mullankolli 199 1590 994 1193 3976 Pulpalli 947 1521 1325 1044 4837 Kaniyampatta 280 1169 2183 603 4235 Total 9409 28301 37069 25980 100760

3.9 Distribution of Tribal Population by Community

Panchyat Paniya Adiya Kurichiya Kurma Kattu- nayaka

Vetta- kuruma

Other Tribe Total

Mananthavady 129 1238 265 0 0 0 0 1632 Vellamunda 491 98 505 1094 Thirunelli 205 908 504 102 102 1821 Thondarnadu 99 401 500 Edavaka 1096 522 1618 Thavinjal 413 795 279 1487 Meenangadi 515 804 200 100 1619 Nenmeni 603 356 117 1076 Amalavaya 198 99 101 398 Sultan Bathery 818 409 1227 Noolpuzha 658 95 947 1419 190 3309 Kottathara 616 616 1232 Vengappally 599 291 890 Vythiri 0 Muttil 809 505 1314 Pozhutthana 423 106 211 740 Thariyode 89 105 105 299 Padinjarethara 288 288 Meppady 100 102 202 Muppainadu 99 99 Panamaram 1620 305 1925 Poothadi 386 97 194 194 871 Mullankolli 199 895 497 1591 Pulpalli 762 96 96 282 285 1521 Kaniyampatta 631 538 1169 Total 11937 2637 5249 2937 4135 290 1116 28301


81

3.10 Distribution of BPL Families by Duration of Stay

Panchayat <= 3 years 3< Y <= 9 9< Y <=1 9 19< Y<=49 Y > 49 Total

Mananthavady 0 911 1265 1626 1054 4856 Vellamunda 0 509 1482 1509 1210 4710 Thirunelli 0 404 1105 2520 1220 5250 Thondarnadu 203 1004 1629 302 3138 Edavaka 98 106 424 2223 718 3569 Thavinjal 289 413 382 3420 806 5310 Meenangadi 311 304 1004 2116 815 4550 Nenmeni 0 835 1308 2619 1549 6311 Amalavaya 202 402 801 2796 595 4795 Sultan Bathery 405 405 802 2437 914 4963 Noolpuzha 0 189 378 1320 2460 4347 Kottathara 99 204 501 1123 506 2432 Vengappally 106 405 405 696 1613 Vythiri 93 279 1401 93 1866 Muttil 810 607 2125 809 4352 Pozhutthana 211 317 1268 463 2259 Thariyode 194 283 509 283 404 1673 Padinjarethara 298 387 1363 884 2932 Meppady 505 607 2111 708 3931 Muppainadu 101 402 802 1694 99 3097 Panamaram 201 304 910 2735 1928 6079 Poothadi 192 384 1153 1823 2127 5679 Mullankolli 99 397 2386 1094 3976 Pulpalli 96 285 668 2462 1326 4837 Kaniyampatta 93 388 818 2118 818 4235 Total 2590 8744 18314 47511 23600 100760

3.11 Distribution of BPL Population by Religion Panchayath Christian Muslim Hindu Total Mananthavady 4869 0 14847 19716 Vellamunda 1991 16319 6304 24613 Thirunelli 3203 0 18411 21614 Thondarnadu 2380 3754 5694 11828 Edavaka 1754 688 11879 14321 Thavinjal 2511 5010 16353 23875 Meenangadi 1902 3103 13632 18636 Nenmeni 2860 5499 17133 25492 Amalavaya 3704 5903 10277 19884 Sultan Bathery 4645 2807 15327 22779 Noolpuzha 376 379 16446 17201 Kottathara 396 942 9199 10537 Vengappally 873 1162 5518 7554 Vythiri 2901 465 3078 6443 Muttil 3345 3538 10624 17508 Pozhutthana 528 2641 6269 9438 Thariyode 1059 2412 4149 7620 Padinjarethara 496 6476 8082 15054 Meppady 799 6756 9987 17542 Muppainadu 904 7886 3996 12786 Panamaram 1826 14894 16020 32740 Poothadi 5400 0 17592 22992 Mullankolli 3481 0 11627 15107 Pulpalli 2568 0 17372 19940 Kaniyampatta 561 7292 9681 17534 Total 55333 97925 279496 432754


82

3.12 Distribution of Population by Religion and Sex

Panchayat Christian Muslim Hindu Male Female Male Female Male Female Mananthavady 2475 2394 0 0 7005 7842 Vellamunda 1196 795 8872 7447 3201 3103 Thirunelli 1801 1402 0 0 8497 9914 Thondarnadu 1453 927 1877 1877 2639 3055 Edavaka 923 832 491 197 6004 5875 Thavinjal 1343 1167 2335 2675 8161 8192 Meenangadi 1001 901 1501 1601 6923 6709 Nenmeni 1670 1190 2263 3235 8454 8679 Amalavaya 1701 2003 2495 3408 4990 5287 Sultan Bathery 2520 2125 1203 1604 6999 8328 Noolpuzha 188 188 190 190 8698 7748 Kottathara 99 297 419 523 4253 4946 Vengappally 291 582 423 740 2415 3103 Vythiri 1403 1497 186 279 1120 1958 Muttil 1925 1420 1718 1820 5058 5566 Pozhutthana 106 423 951 1690 2828 3441 Thariyode 477 582 1363 1049 2192 1956 Padinjarethara 99 397 3438 3038 3495 4587 Meppady 400 400 3124 3631 4945 5043 Muppainadu 301 603 3693 4192 1895 2101 Panamaram 1217 609 7296 7599 8819 7201 Poothadi 3086 2314 0 0 8651 8940 Mullankolli 1392 2088 0 0 5466 6161 Pulpalli 1235 1333 0 0 9114 8258 Kaniyampatta 187 374 3323 3969 4277 5404 Total 28490 26844 47162 50763 136099 143396

3.13 Distribution of BPL Population by Social Group Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 2632 6483 6378 4223 19716 Vellamunda 196 5080 16319 3018 24613 Thirunelli 1126 8609 9464 2415 21614 Thondarnadu 614 2304 1212 7697 11828 Edavaka 106 6653 1338 6223 14321 Thavinjal 5446 5857 3089 9483 23875 Meenangadi 7205 4764 6666 18636 Nenmeni 5411 4661 8317 7104 25492 Amalavaya 2401 1886 11001 4597 19884 Sultan Bathery 5621 7978 9180 22779 Noolpuzha 658 14473 1694 376 17201 Kottathara 1089 5042 1635 2771 10537 Vengappally 4356 1585 1613 7554 Vythiri 1860 1493 3089 6443 Muttil 1415 4346 7895 3853 17508 Pozhutthana 630 2641 4225 1942 9438 Thariyode 881 1091 3099 2549 7620 Padinjarethara 5682 1152 6476 1744 15054 Meppady 3629 705 9079 4129 17542 Muppainadu 1000 396 9477 1913 12786 Panamaram 13492 16409 2839 32740 Poothadi 1636 4446 11513 5397 22992 Mullankolli 895 6758 3974 3480 15107 Pulpalli 3503 8096 4640 3702 19940 Kaniyampatta 1028 5413 9054 2038 17534 Total 41836 126767 162110 102042 432754


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3.14 Distribution of Tribal Population by Community

Panchyat Paniya Adiya Kurichiya Kurma Kattu- nayaka

Vetta- kuruma

Other Tribe Total

Mananthavady 646 4864 973 0 0 0 0 6483 Vellamunda 2062 589 2429 0 0 0 0 5080 Thirunelli 1433 4042 1906 409 0 0 819 8609 Thondarnadu 494 0 1811 0 0 0 0 2304 Edavaka 4574 0 2080 0 0 0 0 6653 Thavinjal 1652 0 3275 0 930 0 0 5857 Meenangadi 2888 0 0 3317 701 300 0 7205 Nenmeni 2534 0 0 0 1657 0 470 4661 Amalavaya 1186 0 0 0 296 0 404 1886 Sultan Bathery 3475 0 0 0 2146 0 0 5621 Noolpuzha 4059 0 284 3790 5487 853 0 14473 Kottathara 2064 0 2978 0 0 0 0 5042 Vengappally 2997 0 1358 0 0 0 0 4356 Vythiri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Muttil 2628 0 0 1718 0 0 0 4346 Pozhutthana 1479 423 739 0 0 0 0 2641 Thariyode 0 357 524 0 0 0 210 1091 Padinjarethara 1152 0 0 0 0 0 0 1152 Meppady 400 305 0 0 0 0 0 705 Muppainadu 396 0 0 0 0 0 0 396 Panamaram 12068 0 1425 0 0 0 0 13492 Poothadi 2508 0 0 388 581 0 969 4446 Mullankolli 0 0 0 795 3976 0 1987 6758 Pulpalli 5529 478 574 753 762 0 0 8096 Kaniyampatta 3478 0 1935 0 0 0 0 5413 Total 59700 11058 22291 11169 16536 1154 4858 126767

3.15 Distribution of Population by Age Group Panchayath Age <15 Age 15-24 Age 25-34 age 35-44 Age 45-54 Age 55-64 Age 65+ Total Mananthavady 3060 3979 3625 2843 3190 1659 1360 19716 Vellamunda 5148 6625 3201 4032 1897 1799 1911 24613 Thirunelli 4659 3932 3339 4245 2825 1103 1512 21614 Thondarnadu 2326 2030 1997 1838 2107 1119 411 11828 Edavaka 2918 2820 1860 2450 2238 1429 605 14321 Thavinjal 6354 3657 4608 2769 2965 1829 1694 23875 Meenangadi 3152 4064 2731 2127 3846 1712 1004 18636 Nenmeni 6200 4635 3705 4403 3209 2025 1314 25492 Amalavaya 3698 4503 2802 3490 2802 1398 1192 19884 Sultan Bathery 4354 3752 4145 3750 2125 2829 1824 22779 Noolpuzha 4344 3025 2555 3497 1607 1040 1133 17201 Kottathara 3048 1111 1629 2124 704 1106 814 10537 Vengappally 1507 1005 1807 1128 802 908 397 7554 Vythiri 651 1497 838 933 1401 374 748 6443 Muttil 3238 2936 2629 3036 3138 1923 607 17508 Pozhutthana 2491 1162 1394 1710 1162 739 780 9438 Thariyode 1542 1343 1122 1599 1028 299 687 7620 Padinjarethara 3521 3614 2247 2340 1956 390 986 15054 Meppady 4529 1619 3428 3123 2016 2223 605 17542 Muppainadu 2895 2097 2400 1897 899 1596 1002 12786 Panamaram 9227 6488 5066 5575 2532 1218 2635 32740 Poothadi 4804 3368 4045 3268 3367 2794 1347 22992 Mullankolli 2584 2584 2684 1590 2982 1789 895 15107 Pulpalli 4092 3702 2659 3606 2747 2186 949 19940 Kaniyampatta 3043 4104 2562 2356 2641 1744 1084 17534 Total 93386 79652 69077 69727 56186 37230 27496 432754


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3.16 Distribution of BPL Population by Level of Education Panchayat KG LP UP Sec H.S College Illiterate NF literate Total Mananthavady 483 3503 4822 6311 1095 1999 1503 0 19716 Vellamunda 1897 4710 4215 6452 3224 1107 2607 402 24613 Thirunelli 1108 5270 5268 5240 1504 798 2425 0 21614 Thondarnadu 505 3330 3336 2227 1322 505 604 0 11828 Edavaka 401 2102 4212 3993 892 1127 1595 0 14321 Thavinjal 2035 5651 6023 6012 1085 186 2696 186 23875 Meenangadi 1008 3224 3038 5983 1626 1115 2438 204 18636 Nenmeni 1905 3588 5587 6569 2727 1901 2616 600 25492 Amalavaya 801 3693 3298 5796 3204 996 1898 198 19884 Sultan Bathery 1111 4153 3245 5964 2724 2223 1625 1733 22779 Noolpuzha 1226 2737 3409 3687 757 189 3875 1323 17201 Kottathara 1750 1728 1728 3020 1007 303 1001 0 10537 Vengappally 1208 1710 899 2027 696 211 802 0 7554 Vythiri 373 1587 931 1307 935 1031 280 0 6443 Muttil 1415 3441 2833 5164 2328 608 1416 304 17508 Pozhutthana 528 2133 1585 2641 443 634 1369 106 9438 Thariyode 419 1254 1405 2271 881 656 734 0 7620 Padinjarethara 394 3236 2929 4491 1575 781 1648 0 15054 Meppady 1310 3119 3729 5241 1920 707 1415 102 17542 Muppainadu 696 2490 3007 3892 1501 603 398 200 12786 Panamaram 1317 7817 9224 6281 2027 808 5061 204 32740 Poothadi 1636 5398 5868 4115 1345 1155 3186 289 22992 Mullankolli 894 3578 3280 2584 994 696 2982 99 15107 Pulpalli 2187 4083 4371 2744 1330 949 4181 96 19940 Kaniyampatta 1486 3071 4062 3539 1421 1070 2791 93 17534 Total 28092 86606 92302 107548 38562 22358 51148 6138 432754

3.17 Distribution of BPL Population by Marital Status

Panchayat Not Married Married Divorced Widow Total

Mananthavady 8868 9358 435 1054 19716 Vellamunda 12483 10822 103 1205 24613 Thirunelli 9604 10697 200 1113 21614 Thondarnadu 4164 6551 302 812 11828 Edavaka 5451 7743 310 817 14321 Thavinjal 10444 11540 196 1694 23875 Meenangadi 7416 10008 304 908 18636 Nenmeni 10717 11676 590 2508 25492 Amalavaya 8697 9487 603 1097 19884 Sultan Bathery 8713 12031 307 1728 22779 Noolpuzha 8321 6801 378 1701 17201 Kottathara 4369 5155 204 809 10537 Vengappally 3112 4125 0 317 7554 Vythiri 2522 3268 0 652 6443 Muttil 6376 10018 0 1114 17508 Pozhutthana 3758 5046 0 634 9438 Thariyode 3393 3283 0 944 7620 Padinjarethara 6360 8108 0 586 15054 Meppady 7355 8879 203 1104 17542 Muppainadu 5295 6789 101 602 12786 Panamaram 15714 15305 708 1013 32740 Poothadi 8655 12412 194 1731 22992 Mullankolli 6063 6659 497 1889 15107 Pulpalli 8169 9776 381 1615 19940 Kaniyampatta 6194 9424 215 1701 17534 Total 182215 214961 6231 29347 432754


85

3.18 Distribution of Population by Activity Status

Panchayath Agri. Labourer

Non-Agri. Lab

Emp. Private

Govt. Emp

Self Emp N-Agri

Self Emp. Agri

Not Emp Student House

wife Seeking work Others Total

Mananthavady 5040 2238 524 394 694 3156 4842 1523 265 1040 19716 Vellamunda 4455 2023 710 299 205 1085 8376 3406 808 3246 24613 Thirunelli 8896 1108 100 102 399 2336 5959 1510 1205 21614 Thondarnadu 4433 1520 104 604 2836 1520 302 510 11828 Edavaka 6110 703 197 212 1618 3554 1520 212 197 14321 Thavinjal 8626 1405 93 558 3833 6488 1890 981 23875 Meenangadi 2223 3142 300 104 1505 104 3874 3639 1222 2523 18636 Nenmeni 2482 4788 1067 356 476 479 121 7391 3809 946 3578 25492 Ambalavayal 2495 3010 795 599 99 5003 3893 2190 1799 19884 Sultan Bathery 3048 2433 1810 509 505 100 511 5777 3632 2127 2325 22779 Noolpuzha 4156 1892 94 379 188 95 379 3400 1797 1609 3211 17201 Kottathara 2944 396 297 99 105 506 3659 1414 1117 10537 Vengappally 2327 194 211 97 397 520 1587 1525 696 7554 Vythiri 2427 280 279 186 187 282 1682 652 94 375 6443 Muttil 5261 1317 203 203 203 405 1215 4251 2528 405 1518 17508 Pozhutthana 3486 423 126 106 2978 1308 1012 9438 Thariyode 1972 210 194 89 105 388 105 2182 1164 1211 7620 Padinjarethara 4411 1059 394 99 682 4901 2144 295 1069 15054 Meppady 4834 1417 707 302 501 5139 2825 603 1215 17542 Muppainadu 3589 701 301 101 202 3998 2492 400 1003 12786 Panamaram 2730 6390 404 202 608 608 3038 11362 5572 407 1418 32740 Poothadi 3569 3659 673 1439 670 1355 5764 4037 192 1634 22992 Mullankolli 994 2982 298 199 1093 1093 795 3280 3379 199 795 15107 Pulpalli 3608 3227 668 94 568 285 1235 5418 3416 188 1232 19940 Kaniyampatta 2239 2805 481 388 280 416 1234 4142 4062 1486 17534 Total 96355 49318 10705 3424 10131 5935 25521 117843 64659 12463 36399 432754

4.1 Distribution of BPL Families by Land Area Owned and Social Group Land Area Owned SC ST OBC General Total

No land 1126 3139 1811 2078 8155 Upto 5 Cents 3226 10728 6785 3185 23924 5 to 10 Cents 2495 4667 9634 4635 21432 10 to 25 Cents 1182 2918 7653 6984 18737 25 to 50 Cents 798 3384 6079 4835 15095 Above 50 Cents 581 3465 5108 4263 13417 Total 9409 28301 37069 25980 100760

4.2 Distribution of Families by Type of House


Mananthavady 3577 1014 177 88 4856 Vellamunda 2201 2411 0 98 4710 Thirunelli 3528 1520 202 0 5250 Thondarnadu 1525 1212 302 99 3138 Edavaka 2208 953 302 106 3569 Thavinjal 3058 2066 186 0 5310 Meenangadi 1919 2430 200 0 4550 Nenmeni 2622 3327 362 0 6311 Ambalavayal 1898 2300 397 200 4795 Sultan Bathery 2636 1618 609 100 4963 Noolpuzha 1610 1888 849 0 4347 Kottathara 1717 715 0 0 2432 Vengappally 811 599 203 0 1613 Vythiri 934 839 93 0 1866


86


Muttil 2530 1417 405 0 4352 Pozhutthana 1520 528 211 0 2259 Thariyode 986 582 105 0 1673 Padinjarethara 1860 976 96 0 2932 Meppady 2218 1511 100 102 3931 Muppainadu 1600 1396 101 0 3097 Panamaram 3953 1721 405 0 6079 Poothadi 3748 1544 291 97 5679 Mullankolli 2286 1690 0 0 3976 Pulpalli 1805 2371 662 0 4837 Kaniyampatta 2800 1019 416 0 4235 Total 55549 37647 6674 890 100760

4.3 Distribution of BPL Families by Type of House and Social Group

Social Group Pacca Semi-pacca Kachha Others Total

SC 4044 4873 403 88 9409 ST 13727 10570 3899 106 28301 OBC 22734 12366 1569 400 37069 General 15044 9838 802 296 25980 Total 55549 37647 6674 890 100760

4.4 Distribution of BPL Families by Type of House and Religion

Religion Pacca Semi-pacca Kachha Others Total

Christian 7864 5911 423 97 14295 Muslim 11815 7174 513 299 19801 Hindu 35870 24561 5738 494 66664 Total 55549 37647 6674 890 100760

4.5 Distribution of BPL Families by Type of House and Head of Family

Head of Family Pacca Semi-pacca Kachha Others Total

Women 15064 12740 1775 200 29779 Men 40485 24907 4899 690 70981 Total 55549 37647 6674 890 100760

4.6 Distribution of BPL Families by Ownership of House and Social Group

Social Group Own house Rented All


4.7 Distribution of BPL Families by Use of Energies for Lighting and Social Group Social Group Grid Solar Kerosene Others


87

SC 8307 94 7199 0 ST 17951 194 22418 630 OBC 35348 101 28078 1072 General 24688 93 18719 1481 Total 86294 482 76414 3184 Note: Multiple sources are recorded

4.8 Distribution of BPL Families Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 701 1633 1476 1047 4856 Vellamunda 98 1094 2915 603 4710 Thirunelli 307 1822 2315 806 5250 Thondarnadu 203 499 302 2134 3138 Edavaka 106 1618 310 1535 3569 Thavinjal 1044 1488 702 2076 5310 Meenangadi 1619 1415 1515 4550 Nenmeni 1083 1076 2254 1898 6311 Ambalavayal 700 397 2499 1198 4795 Sultan Bathery 1226 1718 2019 4963 Noolpuzha 94 3689 471 94 4347 Kottathara 198 1233 407 594 2432 Vengappally 891 317 405 1613 Vythiri 558 467 841 1866 Muttil 303 1314 1721 1013 4352 Pozhutthana 126 739 845 549 2259 Thariyode 194 299 614 566 1673 Padinjarethara 1079 288 1178 387 2932 Meppady 605 202 2116 1008 3931 Muppainadu 200 99 2295 503 3097 Panamaram 1926 3443 710 6079 Poothadi 384 870 2787 1637 5679 Mullankolli 199 1590 994 1193 3976 Pulpalli 947 1521 1325 1044 4837 Kaniyampatta 280 1169 2183 603 4235 Total 9409 28301 37069 25980 100760

4.9 Distribution of BPL Families Using Fuel Wood for Cooking Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 701 1633 1476 612 4421 Vellamunda 98 1094 2915 603 4710 Thirunelli 307 1822 2315 806 5250 Thondarnadu 203 499 302 2134 3138 Edavaka 106 1618 310 1535 3569 Thavinjal 1044 1488 702 2076 5310 Meenangadi 1619 1415 1515 4550 Nenmeni 1083 1076 2254 1898 6311 Ambalavayal 700 397 2499 1198 4795 Sultan Bathery 1226 1718 2019 4963 Noolpuzha 3594 471 94 4158 Kottathara 198 1233 407 495 2333 Vengappally 891 317 405 1613 Vythiri 558 467 841 1866 Muttil 303 1314 1620 912 4149 Pozhutthana 126 739 845 549 2259 Thariyode 194 299 614 388 1495 Padinjarethara 1079 288 1178 387 2932


88

Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Meppady 605 202 2016 908 3731 Muppainadu 200 99 2196 403 2899 Panamaram 1824 3443 710 5977 Poothadi 384 870 2787 1540 5582 Mullankolli 199 1590 994 1193 3976 Pulpalli 947 1521 1325 950 4743 Kaniyampatta 280 1169 2183 603 4235 Total 9315 28105 36769 24776 98965

4.10 Distribution of BPL Families Using Fuel Wood for Cooking Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 701 1633 1476 612 4421 Vellamunda 98 1094 2915 603 4710 Thirunelli 307 1822 2315 806 5250 Thondarnadu 203 499 302 2134 3138 Edavaka 106 1618 310 1535 3569 Thavinjal 1044 1488 702 2076 5310 Meenangadi 1619 1415 1515 4550 Nenmeni 1083 1076 2254 1898 6311 Ambalavayal 700 397 2499 1198 4795 Sultan Bathery 1226 1718 2019 4963 Noolpuzha 3594 471 94 4158 Kottathara 198 1233 407 495 2333 Vengappally 891 317 405 1613 Vythiri 558 467 841 1866 Muttil 303 1314 1620 912 4149 Pozhutthana 126 739 845 549 2259 Thariyode 194 299 614 388 1495 Padinjarethara 1079 288 1178 387 2932 Meppady 605 202 2016 908 3731 Muppainadu 200 99 2196 403 2899 Panamaram 1824 3443 710 5977 Poothadi 384 870 2787 1540 5582 Mullankolli 199 1590 994 1193 3976 Pulpalli 947 1521 1325 950 4743 Kaniyampatta 280 1169 2183 603 4235 Total 9315 28105 36769 24776 98965

4.11 Distribution of BPL Families Using Gas Cylinder for Cooking Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 435 88 1258 870 2652 Vellamunda 2210 500 2710 Thirunelli 100 1005 604 1709 Thondarnadu 198 1931 2129 Edavaka 106 302 106 923 1437 Thavinjal 372 403 1271 2046 Meenangadi 204 1215 704 2123 Nenmeni 479 121 2012 1308 3920 Ambalavayal 399 200 1097 696 2392 Sultan Bathery 1413 1816 3230 Noolpuzha 95 471 94 659 Kottathara 99 105 308 594 1106 Vengappally 317 308 625 Vythiri 186 374 655 1215 Muttil 303 404 1620 811 3138 Pozhutthana 211 634 423 1268


89

Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Thariyode 194 404 462 1059 Padinjarethara 99 980 192 1271 Meppady 505 1611 908 3025 Muppainadu 200 1497 402 2099 Panamaram 202 2636 507 3345 Poothadi 190 2017 1153 3360 Mullankolli 199 696 895 1789 Pulpalli 378 190 946 572 2085 Kaniyampatta 187 323 1982 510 3001 Total 4134 2743 27409 19107 53392

4.12 Estimated Number of Gas Cylinders Used by BPL Families for Cooking Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 2128 442 6670 4128 13369 Vellamunda 0 0 7541 1598 9139 Thirunelli 0 399 3513 1607 5519 Thondarnadu 0 0 790 5996 6786 Edavaka 212 801 318 2843 4174 Thavinjal 1674 0 909 3409 5993 Meenangadi 0 915 3753 2706 7374 Nenmeni 1556 362 6993 5473 14383 Ambalavayal 996 500 4686 2092 8274 Sultan Bathery 0 0 6652 6359 13011 Noolpuzha 0 379 848 188 1415 Kottathara 297 209 1128 2079 3713 Vengappally 0 0 1057 1128 2185 Vythiri 465 0 935 2622 4021 Muttil 505 1314 5569 2229 9617 Pozhutthana 0 634 1796 1479 3908 Thariyode 687 0 1332 2455 4474 Padinjarethara 298 0 3322 768 4388 Meppady 1617 0 4027 2520 8164 Muppainadu 701 0 5099 1603 7403 Panamaram 406 11045 1921 13372 Poothadi 571 0 6088 3746 10405 Mullankolli 0 795 2385 3182 6362 Pulpalli 946 663 2650 2099 6358 Kaniyampatta 935 753 7381 1515 10583 Total 13588 8573 96485 65743 184389

4.13 Distribution of BPL Families Using Kerosene for Cooking Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 88 354 265 435 1143 Vellamunda 0 205 1233 205 1643 Thirunelli 0 205 102 102 409 Thondarnadu 0 0 0 0 0 Edavaka 0 106 98 98 302 Thavinjal 0 103 103 310 516 Meenangadi 0 1115 1108 1312 3535 Nenmeni 721 714 1660 1663 4759 Ambalavayal 500 298 1797 696 3292 Sultan Bathery 0 409 1215 1113 2736 Noolpuzha 94 2930 282 94 3400 Kottathara 0 0 0 0 0 Vengappally 0 0 0 0 0 Vythiri 187 0 93 93 373


90

Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Muttil 0 0 203 102 305 Pozhutthana 126 0 0 0 126 Thariyode 0 0 0 0 0 Padinjarethara 0 0 99 0 99 Meppady 0 0 102 0 102 Muppainadu 99 0 200 99 398 Panamaram 0 712 911 101 1724 Poothadi 0 291 961 192 1444 Mullankolli 0 298 0 99 398 Pulpalli 0 382 0 0 382 Kaniyampatta 0 108 108 108 323 Total 1815 8231 10540 6822 27408

4.14 BPL Families Using Open Well for Drinking Water Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 701 1544 1129 870 4244 Vellamunda 98 888 2304 500 3790 Thirunelli 102 307 402 100 911 Thondarnadu 99 198 203 1530 2030 Edavaka 106 726 106 938 1876 Thavinjal 207 393 599 1198 Meenangadi 1519 808 811 3138 Nenmeni 724 835 1419 718 3695 Ambalavayal 200 198 1095 397 1890 Sultan Bathery 715 912 908 2536 Noolpuzha 94 2554 188 2836 Kottathara 99 611 303 594 1606 Vengappally 696 211 405 1313 Vythiri 372 280 280 931 Muttil 303 1213 1721 709 3946 Pozhutthana 528 528 317 1373 Thariyode 194 194 299 268 955 Padinjarethara 784 288 1079 96 2247 Meppady 100 808 401 1310 Muppainadu 99 99 993 402 1593 Panamaram 1926 3240 609 5775 Poothadi 384 580 1828 1251 4043 Mullankolli 199 1193 298 597 2286 Pulpalli 660 1237 571 379 2847 Kaniyampatta 280 1061 2183 603 4127 Total 5705 19603 22906 14283 62496


91

4.15 Distribution of Families Fetching Water from Shallow Well Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 0 0 0 88 88 Thondarnadu 0 99 0 203 302 Thavinjal 186 289 207 579 1261 Meenangadi 0 100 104 0 204 Nenmeni 0 121 0 0 121 Sultan Bathery 0 102 100 0 202 Noolpuzha 0 473 0 0 473 Vengappally 0 97 0 0 97 Vythiri 0 0 0 94 94 Muttil 0 101 0 0 101 Pozhutthana 0 0 0 106 106 Padinjarethara 96 0 99 0 195 Meppady 0 0 102 0 102 Poothadi 0 291 194 0 485 Mullankolli 0 99 0 0 99 Pulpalli 0 188 188 376 Total 282 1772 993 1258 4306

4.16 Number of Families Having Pipe Connection Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 88 177 347 177 789 Vellamunda 0 205 612 103 920 Thirunelli 307 1515 1814 706 4342 Thondarnadu 0 104 99 401 604 Edavaka 0 892 204 597 1693 Thavinjal 279 300 310 806 1694 Meenangadi 100 404 300 804 Nenmeni 479 121 835 1181 2616 Ambalavayal 500 200 1303 801 2804 Sultan Bathery 0 409 503 602 1514 Noolpuzha 0 95 283 94 471 Kottathara 99 622 105 0 826 Vengappally 0 97 106 0 203 Vythiri 187 0 280 561 1028 Muttil 0 0 305 305 Pozhutthana 126 211 317 232 886 Thariyode 0 105 315 299 718 Padinjarethara 199 0 0 291 490 Meppady 605 102 805 405 1916 Muppainadu 101 1302 101 1504 Panamaram 0 0 0 0 0 Poothadi 765 289 1054 Mullankolli 99 99 497 696 Pulpalli 285 378 470 285 1419 Kaniyampatta 108 187 93 388 Total 3355 5739 11464 9125 29684

4.17 Distribution of BPL Families by Use of Different Sources of Drinking Water and Social Group

Social Group Open well Rain water Keni Tube well Spring Pipe Others SC 5705 0 282 96 476 3355 0 ST 19603 389 1772 94 784 5739 602 OBC 22906 0 993 1886 201 11464 286 General 14283 0 1258 1923 204 9125 286 Total 62496 389 4306 3998 1665 29684 1174


92

4.18 Distribution of BPL Families by Use of Different Sources of Drinking Water and Religion Religion Open well Rain water Keni Tube well Spring Pipe Others Christian 8012 99 467 1002 104 5397 99 Muslim 13093 0 594 806 201 5115 186 Hindu 41391 289 3245 2191 1360 19171 888 Total 62496 389 4306 3998 1665 29684 1174

4.19 Distribution of BPL Families by Use of Different Sources of Drinking Water and Head of Family

Head of Family Open well Rain water Keni Tube well Spring Pipe Others Women 17574 99 1785 1302 491 9031 287 Men 44923 289 2521 2696 1175 20652 886 Total 62496 389 4306 3998 1665 29684 1174

4.20 Family Members Fetching Water From Different Sources

Source of Water Adult Male

Adult Female

Male Child


Open well 8153 56456 2579 3103 2297 72588 Rain water 0.0 389 0.0 0.0 0.0 389 Shallow well 570 3528 299 586 520 5503 Tube well 597 2905 102

394 3998

Spring 389 1177 196 385 103 2251 Pipe Connection 6873 23546 1262 422 5397 27991 Others 389 785 100 0 0 1274

4.21 Estimated Number of Families Fetching Drinking Water from Different Sources Source of Water SC ST OBC General Total Open Well 5705 19603 22906 14283 62496 Rain Water 389 389 Shallow Well 282 1772 993 1258 4306 Tube Well 96 94 1886 1923 3998 Spring 476 784 201 204 1665 Pipe connection 3355 5739 11464 9125 29684 Others 0 602 286 286 1174

4.22 Number of Families Reporting Insufficiency of Drinking Water Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 218 531 306 612 1666 Vellamunda 0 295 1411 505 2210 Thirunelli 102 709 1008 299 2118 Thondarnadu 104 198 99 406 806 Edavaka 0 106 106 401 612 Thavinjal 186 0 186 289 661 Meenangadi 0 500 511 608 1619 Nenmeni 600 362 1425 705 3092 Ambalavayal 500 99 1701 801 3101 Sultan Bathery 0 920 1107 1105 3131 Noolpuzha 0 2176 188 0 2364 Kottathara 0 419 308 198 925 Vengappally 0 291 106 0 397 Vythiri 187 0 280 468 935 Muttil 0 505 405 305 1215 Pozhutthana 126 211 739 211 1288 Thariyode 89 89 404 0 582 Padinjarethara 298 192 298 0 788


93

Meppady 200 100 1010 707 2016 Muppainadu 101 99 1099 200 1499 Panamaram 611 1012 101 1723 Poothadi 291 962 384 1637 Mullankolli 99 795 199 895 1988 Pulpalli 472 571 472 477 1991 Kaniyampatta 93 416 790 201 1500 Total 3376 10484 16131 9876 39866

4.23 Number of Months of Shortage of Drinking Water Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 524 1327 612 1619 4081 Vellamunda 0 589 3233 1219 5041 Thirunelli 307 1522 2622 698 5150 Thondarnadu 417 395 198 1124 2134 Edavaka 0 212 212 794 1217 Thavinjal 651 0 279 682 1612 Meenangadi 1101 1022 1215 3338 Nenmeni 1683 724 3206 1644 7257 Ambalavayal 1102 198 3502 2409 7210 Sultan Bathery 1942 2614 2209 6766 Noolpuzha 0 5394 282 0 5676 Kottathara 0 837 616 396 1849 Vengappally 582 106 0 688 Vythiri 280 559 749 1588 Muttil 0 1819 1316 812 3947 Pozhutthana 252 423 1373 423 2470 Thariyode 178 178 703 0 1059 Padinjarethara 496 384 794 0 1674 Meppady 500 200 2122 1413 4234 Muppainadu 303 297 2800 400 3800 Panamaram 1628 2428 201 4257 Poothadi 0 872 3552 1054 5479 Mullankolli 199 1392 298 2187 4076 Pulpalli 1226 1427 1229 1336 5218 Kaniyampatta 93 832 1192 402 2519 Total 8210 24274 36870 22988 92342

4.24 Distribution of BPL Families by Use of Different Sources of Drinking Water and Social Group

Social Group Open well Rain water Keni Tube well Spring Pipe Others SC 3751 189 96 862 2091 1815 202 ST 11699 1197 3161 6716 4434 1381 OBC 13910 796 1612 2230 4020 10256 710 General 7565 1176 891 2260 2204 8372 597 Total 36926 3358 2598 8513 15031 24877 2890

4.25 Distribution of BPL Families by Use of Different Sources of Water for Washing and Religion

Religion Open well Keni Tube well Spring River Tap Others

Christian 4272 281 483 740 1397 5388 302 Muslim 8556 492 725 1224 1705 4386 398 Hindu 24098 2585 1391 6549 11929 15103 2190 Total 36926 3358 2598 8513 15031 24877 2890

4.26 Distribution of BPL Families by Use of Different Sources of Water for Washing and Head of Family

Head of Family Open well Keni Tube well Spring River Tap Others


94

Women 10205 1601 1022 2705 4830 7099 885 Men 26721 1757 1577 5809 10201 17778 2005 Total 36926 3358 2598 8513 15031 24877 2890

4.27 Number of Families Using Open Well Water for Washing Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 435 1367 218 435 2455 Vellamunda 0 299 1214 304 1817 Thirunelli 0 304 100 200 604 Thondarnadu 0 0 104 609 713 Edavaka 0 318 0 840 1157 Thavinjal 0 393 0 496 888 Meenangadi 0 508 200 508 1215 Nenmeni 721 714 711 597 2743 Ambalavayal 99 397 397 99 992 Sultan Bathery 0 307 710 605 1622 Noolpuzha 94 752 94 0 940 Kottathara 0 523 204 0 727 Vengappally 0 0 211 0 211 Vythiri 279 0 93 93 465 Muttil 303 808 1216 607 2934 Pozhutthana 0 317 106 0 423 Thariyode 194 89 105 0 388 Padinjarethara 390 96 397 96 980 Meppady 0 100 203 0 303 Muppainadu 99 99 995 99 1292 Panamaram 0 1418 2935 609 4963 Poothadi 289 289 1539 483 2600 Mullankolli 0 994 199 199 1392 Pulpalli 568 760 287 191 1806 Kaniyampatta 280 846 1673 495 3295 Total 3751 11699 13910 7565 36926

4.28 Number of Families Using Tap Connection for Washing Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 88 177 564 218 1047 Vellamunda 0 205 714 103 1023 Thirunelli 102 908 1712 706 3428 Thondarnadu 0 0 0 198 198 Edavaka 0 597 98 393 1089 Thavinjal 279 300 207 589 1374 Meenangadi 0 200 608 704 1512 Nenmeni 121 121 1184 1184 2609 Ambalavayal 200 101 1102 797 2199 Sultan Bathery 0 102 503 607 1213 Noolpuzha 0 94 95 0 189 Kottathara 99 308 105 0 512 Vengappally 0 97 106 0 203 Vythiri 0 0 93 467 560 Muttil 0 0 0 406 406 Pozhutthana 126 211 211 126 674 Thariyode 0 105 210 105 419 Padinjarethara 199 0 0 195 394 Meppady 401 102 302 202 1006 Muppainadu 101 0 1302 303 1706 Panamaram 0 0 0 0 0


95

Poothadi 0 0 765 287 1053 Mullankolli 99 199 0 497 796 Pulpalli 0 284 282 285 851 Kaniyampatta 0 323 93 0 416 Total 1815 4434 10256 8372 24877

4.29 Distribution of Family Members Going to Water Sources for Washing

Source of Water Adult male

Adult Female

Male Child


Open well 2484 32633 1204 200 404 36926 Shallow well 308 2862 0 93 95 3358 Tube well 321 2278 0 0 0 2598 Spring 0 8215 105 0 96 8416 River 1193 13123 97 516 102 15031 Tap Connection 1951 21384 641 605 296 24877 Others 296 2307 0 287 0 2890

4.30 Distribution of Families Without a Bathing Space at the Home Premises Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 177 265 0 0 442 Vellamunda 0 790 0 0 790 Thirunelli 0 911 501 0 1412 Thondarnadu 104 401 0 0 505 Edavaka 0 1104 106 204 1414 Thavinjal 475 300 207 393 1374 Meenangadi 0 400 100 0 500 Nenmeni 238 479 0 0 718 Ambalavayal 0 0 101 0 101 Sultan Bathery 0 818 102 0 920 Noolpuzha 94 1321 282 0 1697 Kottathara 0 413 0 0 413 Vengappally 0 397 0 0 397 Vythiri 186 0 0 187 373 Muttil 0 404 0 102 506 Pozhutthana 0 0 0 0 0 Thariyode 0 89 210 0 299 Padinjarethara 0 192 99 0 291 Meppady 100 100 202 0 401 Muppainadu 0 0 0 0 0 Panamaram 0 407 0 102 509 Poothadi 0 388 388 97 872 Mullankolli 99 298 99 497 Pulpalli 0 666 190 190 1046 Kaniyampatta 0 309 93 402 Total 1474 10452 2580 1373 15878

4.31 Distribution of Families in Which all Members do not Use the Bathing Space Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 88 177 0 0 265 Vellamunda 98 98 0 0 196 Thirunelli 0 100 0 0 100 Thondarnadu 0 0 0 0 0 Edavaka 0 0 0 0 0 Thavinjal 0 0 0 0 0 Meenangadi 0 100 0 100 200 Nenmeni 121 0 0 0 121


96

Ambalavayal 101 0 301 101 502 Sultan Bathery 0 102 0 100 202 Noolpuzha 0 379 0 94 473 Kottathara 0 0 0 0 0 Vengappally 0 97 0 0 97 Vythiri 0 0 93 187 280 Muttil 0 101 101 0 202 Pozhutthana 0 106 0 0 106 Thariyode 0 0 105 105 210 Padinjarethara 195 96 96 387 Meppady 0 0 203 200 403 Muppainadu 0 0 0 0 0 Panamaram 0 102 102 0 204 Poothadi 0 0 0 0 0 Mullankolli 0 0 0 0 0 Pulpalli 0 0 0 0 0 Kaniyampatta 0 0 93 0 93 Total 603 1458 1094 887 4042

4.32 Places used for Bathing by Household Members

Panchayat River Common Well Spring Others Total

Mananthavady 265 177 0 265 707 Vellamunda 888 0 0 98 986 Thirunelli 307 0 100 1105 1512 Thondarnadu 203 0 99 203 505 Edavaka 507 0 0 907 1414 Thavinjal 868 0 0 506 1374 Meenangadi 0 200 300 200 701 Nenmeni 0 721 0 117 838 Ambalavayal 101 0 301 202 603 Sultan Bathery 307 202 0 613 1122 Noolpuzha 664 189 848 470 2170 Kottathara 105 209 99 0 413 Vengappally 397 0 0 97 494

Vythiri 93 0 93 467 652

Muttil 505 101 0 102 708 Pozhutthana 106 0 0 0 106 Thariyode 0 194 105 210 509 Padinjarethara 288 99 0 291 678 Meppady 503 0 102 200 805 Panamaram 0 407 102 204 712 Poothadi 485 388 0 97 969 Mullankolli 99 199 0 199 497 Pulpalli 191 0 287 568 1046 Kaniyampatta 93 201 108 402 Total 6974 3287 2542 7120 19924

4.33 Distribution of Families Not Having Toilets Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 88 88 129 0 306 Vellamunda 98 594 103 0 795 Thirunelli 0 1013 402 0 1415 Thondarnadu 104 198 0 0 302 Edavaka 0 998 106 204 1308 Thavinjal 0 207 103 300 609 Meenangadi 0 300 100 0 400


97

Nenmeni 0 359 0 0 359 Ambalavayal 101 0 0 0 101 Sultan Bathery 0 920 204 0 1124 Noolpuzha 94 661 94 0 849 Kottathara 0 303 0 0 303 Vengappally 0 405 0 0 405 Vythiri 186 0 186 372 Muttil 0 303 0 102 405 Pozhutthana 0 106 0 0 106 Thariyode 0 89 210 0 299 Padinjarethara 99 96 99 0 295 Meppady 100 100 202 0 401 Muppainadu 0 0 0 0 0 Panamaram 0 509 0 102 611 Poothadi 0 194 291 0 485 Mullankolli 99 298 0 99 497 Pulpalli 0 381 94 0 475 Kaniyampatta 0 0 0 0 0 Total 970 8121 2137 992 12220

4.34 Places used by the Families as Toilet

Panchayat Riverside Open space Others Total

Mananthavady 0 218 88 306 Vellamunda 98 103 495 696 Thirunelli 0 205 1210 1415 Thondarnadu 0 104 99 203 Edavaka 0 0 1202 1202 Thavinjal 0 300 207 506 Meenangadi 0 0 400 400 Nenmeni 0 241 117 359 Ambalavayal 99 0 101 200 Sultan Bathery 0 715 409 1124 Noolpuzha 0 942 95 1037 Kottathara 0 303 0 303 Vengappally 0 405 0 405 Vythiri 0 186 186 372 Muttil 0 202 203 405 Pozhutthana 0 106 0 106 Thariyode 0 194 105 299 Padinjarethara 0 195 99 295 Meppady 0 200 202 401 Panamaram 0 305 305 611 Poothadi 97 194 291 581 Mullankolli 0 99 398 497 Pulpalli 0 191 284 475 Total 294 5408 6496 12197

4.35 Diseases Frequently Contracted by the BPL Families Panchayat Headache Diarrhea Fever Influenza Asthma Others Total Mananthavady 1626 129 3108 88 1000 1918 7869 Vellamunda 2233 0 3313 0 295 1598 7439 Thirunelli 2124 202 3840 102 1005 2628 9901 Thondarnadu 1618 0 1717 0 307 828 4470 Edavaka 1558 0 2752 0 197 1535 6042 Thavinjal 2314 207 3130 0 661 1704 8016 Meenangadi 2724 100 3435 0 300 1108 7667 Nenmeni 3679 241 5006 121 838 1067 10952


98

Ambalavayal 1997 296 3096 298 303 1099 7089 Sultan Bathery 2235 204 2536 0 405 1620 7000 Noolpuzha 2836 662 3686 95 0 661 7940 Kottathara 710 0 1618 0 99 1524 3951 Vengappally 300 0 1005 0 0 811 2116 Vythiri 559 0 1306 0 94 375 2334 Muttil 1215 0 3745 101 507 709 6277 Pozhutthana 634 0 2153 0 211 423 3421 Thariyode 210 0 1285 0 89 598 2182 Padinjarethara 579 288 1757 0 295 1264 4183 Meppady 2016 0 2923 0 203 1110 6252 Muppainadu 1200 101 2398 0 402 299 4400 Panamaram 1721 302 3545 0 204 2128 7900 Poothadi 1151 194 2790 0 862 2124 7121 Mullankolli 1292 2087 0 497 2087 5963 Pulpalli 1516 285 2187 0 955 2368 7311 Kaniyampatta 1365 323 2010 0 201 2936 6835 Total 39411 3535 66429 806 9929 34520 154630

5.1 Distribution of Families Reporting Non-Availability of All Weather Road Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 306 531 129 564 1530 Vellamunda 304 1714 406 2424 Thirunelli 205 811 1510 205 2730 Thondarnadu 104 198 702 1004 Edavaka 106 499 204 393 1202 Thavinjal 393 196 506 1498 2593 Meenangadi 400 504 200 1104 Nenmeni 362 600 711 949 2622 Ambalavayal 402 200 900 502 2003 Sultan Bathery 818 305 708 1830 Noolpuzha 94 2648 188 2930 Kottathara 512 198 710 Vengappally 405 194 599 Vythiri 186 93 280 558 Muttil 910 607 102 1619 Pozhutthana 126 211 232 569 Thariyode 105 105 210 419 Padinjarethara 96 291 387 Meppady 303 102 905 302 1611 Muppainadu 101 202 303 Panamaram 1117 811 204 2131 Poothadi 384 774 1153 575 2885 Mullankolli 99 298 397 596 1391 Pulpalli 378 666 663 474 2181 Kaniyampatta 187 631 762 187 1767 Total 3835 12935 12372 9962 39105

5.2 Road Distance to the Nearest Market Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 1802 7820 1691 2207 13520 Vellamunda 98 2187 4545 1325 8156 Thirunelli 2149 8172 9592 4490 24403 Thondarnadu 228 717 505 7444 8894 Edavaka 212 3864 567 4611 9254 Thavinjal 4878 4164 2407 7388 18837 Meenangadi 5981 4535 6285 16802 Nenmeni 3672 2803 5047 3867 15389 Ambalavayal 1492 1484 6204 3579 12760 Sultan Bathery 9239 10846 13180 33264


99

Noolpuzha 751 30363 6045 1127 38286 Kottathara 247 2989 913 1732 5882 Vengappally 1865 1268 851 3984 Vythiri 1815 749 1777 4340 Muttil 409 3740 3595 2510 10255 Pozhutthana 630 1004 1479 1475 4587 Thariyode 464 718 1477 986 3645 Padinjarethara 1909 480 1724 970 5083 Meppady 1702 251 9880 3964 15796 Muppainadu 251 198 2074 514 3038 Panamaram 3752 8946 1625 14323 Poothadi 772 2563 5724 3423 12482 Mullankolli 298 3230 3001 1889 8418 Pulpalli 1610 2656 2463 2425 9154 Kaniyampatta 467 4149 3167 1669 9452 Total 25860 104389 98445 81311 310005

5.3 Mode of Transport to the Nearest Market


Mananthavady 3754 0 0 88 1014 4856 Vellamunda 4121 0 98 295 196 4710 Thirunelli 2019 0 0 200 3032 5250 Thondarnadu 2633 0 0 208 296 3138 Edavaka 2624 0 98 212 635 3569 Thavinjal 2561 0 0 279 2470 5310 Meenangadi 1508 0 0 601 2441 4550 Nenmeni 4038 0 117 965 1190 6311 Ambalavayal 2413 0 99 303 1980 4795 Sultan Bathery 914 0 100 303 3646 4963 Noolpuzha 1421 95 0 284 2547 4347 Kottathara 1420 99 99 297 518 2432 Vengappally 1102 0 203 0 308 1613 Vythiri 1490 0 0 282 94 1866 Muttil 2733 0 0 0 1619 4352 Pozhutthana 1942 0 0 0 317 2259 Thariyode 1149 0 105 105 315 1673 Padinjarethara 2446 0 96 390 2932 Meppady 1519 0 0 710 1702 3931 Muppainadu 2895 0 0 101 101 3097 Panamaram 4658 0 0 0 1421 6079 Poothadi 4523 0 97 0 1059 5679 Mullankolli 3181 0 99 0 696 3976 Pulpalli 3228 0 0 753 856 4837 Kaniyampatta 2599 0 510 645 481 4235 Total 62890 194 1721 6630 29325 100760

5.4 Road Distance to the Nearest Kindergarten/Nursery Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 564 1257 1345 1267 4432 Vellamunda 49 1047 2636 639 4371 Thirunelli 512 1761 1836 661 4770 Thondarnadu 208 269 252 1938 2669 Edavaka 159 2093 261 1646 4159 Thavinjal 858 1343 867 1969 5037 Meenangadi 1642 1387 1592 4621 Nenmeni 704 1185 2906 1621 6417


100

Ambalavayal 736 317 2467 814 4334 Sultan Bathery 1063 1976 1999 5039 Noolpuzha 47 3498 690 94 4329 Kottathara 544 1123 355 594 2616 Vengappally 1076 211 357 1644 Vythiri 1627 1260 932 3819 Muttil 354 1416 2380 1165 5314 Pozhutthana 0 581 634 549 1763 Thariyode 97 603 884 611 2195 Padinjarethara 594 192 836 242 1863 Meppady 553 50 2263 1254 4121 Muppainadu 301 198 2008 703 3210 Panamaram 4213 4127 841 9181 Poothadi 408 580 3186 1628 5802 Mullankolli 398 1153 1292 855 3698 Pulpalli 530 1168 888 750 3337 Kaniyampatta 187 1026 2209 664 4085 Total 9430 28852 39156 25386 102823

5.5 Road Distance to the Nearest Lower Primary Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 1554 1731 2608 1595 7488 Vellamunda 49 1402 3540 1005 5995 Thirunelli 614 3243 3465 1117 8438 Thondarnadu 516 892 510 3316 5233 Edavaka 159 3905 514 2181 6759 Thavinjal 1317 1663 1560 3783 8322 Meenangadi 3729 2754 2090 8573 Nenmeni 2683 3102 4746 3684 14214 Ambalavayal 1047 694 4254 1769 7764 Sultan Bathery 2810 3120 3931 9861 Noolpuzha 47 10228 630 94 10999 Kottathara 544 2064 567 693 3869 Vengappally 1967 581 498 3046 Vythiri 2325 1306 2288 5918 Muttil 404 1618 2228 993 5242 Pozhutthana 252 1109 1320 1288 3969 Thariyode 149 865 928 700 2643 Padinjarethara 1128 672 1281 438 3519 Meppady 1313 505 5556 2825 10199 Muppainadu 351 297 2574 854 4076 Panamaram 4362 6418 1574 12355 Poothadi 1056 2611 7357 4045 15070 Mullankolli 497 3429 1888 2088 7902 Pulpalli 2181 5142 2937 2804 13064 Kaniyampatta 327 3305 3041 1529 8201 Total 18514 61346 65681 47179 192720

5.6 Road Distance to the Nearest Upper Primary Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 1554 1819 2608 1595 7576 Vellamunda 98 2777 4993 1446 9314 Thirunelli 1944 7231 7047 2131 18354 Thondarnadu 932 1188 510 3629 6259 Edavaka 318 4170 673 3414 8575 Thavinjal 5085 4175 2304 6824 18388 Meenangadi 5151 3504 4032 12687 Nenmeni 2924 3222 4746 3801 14693 Ambalavayal 1689 1188 6848 2510 12234 Sultan Bathery 2810 3420 3931 10162


101

Noolpuzha 845 23774 2913 751 28284 Kottathara 247 2262 567 1435 4512 Vengappally 1967 845 762 3574 Vythiri 2325 1306 2752 6383 Muttil 808 4701 4557 3191 13258 Pozhutthana 504 1004 1320 1666 4494 Thariyode 149 561 928 879 2517 Padinjarethara 2148 864 2325 1734 7071 Meppady 2013 505 6605 3274 12397 Muppainadu 351 297 2673 953 4274 Panamaram 4564 7792 1828 14185 Poothadi 1056 2757 7599 4287 15699 Mullankolli 497 3578 1888 2188 8150 Pulpalli 2369 5334 3078 2898 13679 Kaniyampatta 327 3305 3041 1575 8248 Total 28185 89203 84090 63488 264966

5.7 Road Distance to the Nearest Secondary School Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 1554 1901 2866 2047 8368 Vellamunda 295 3968 6736 1745 12745 Thirunelli 2763 9739 9039 3554 25094 Thondarnadu 932 1997 1031 9440 13400 Edavaka 318 4934 1150 4632 11033 Thavinjal 5395 4175 2304 7899 19772 Meenangadi 5951 4005 4332 14288 Nenmeni 2924 3222 5039 3918 15104 Ambalavayal 1689 1188 6897 2786 12560 Sultan Bathery 2810 4724 5636 13170 Noolpuzha 845 23964 3197 751 28758 Kottathara 544 3779 881 1336 6541 Vengappally 4541 1532 1525 7598 Vythiri 2325 1306 2752 6383 Muttil 909 5106 5772 3647 15433 Pozhutthana 504 2324 1268 1983 6078 Thariyode 884 561 1243 700 3388 Padinjarethara 3409 1536 3716 2506 11166 Meppady 2013 505 8303 3274 14095 Muppainadu 549 297 3812 953 5612 Panamaram 4869 9521 2134 16524 Poothadi 1056 4162 9087 5539 19843 Mullankolli 497 4224 1987 2486 9194 Pulpalli 2557 5334 3548 2898 14337 Kaniyampatta 981 4413 6189 2417 14000 Total 32943 105500 105153 80889 324485

5.8 Road Distance to the Nearest Higher Secondary School Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 1942 1989 3512 2047 9490 Vellamunda 786 6620 8553 2236 18194 Thirunelli 2763 10762 9039 3554 26117 Thondarnadu 1426 2063 1733 11020 16243 Edavaka 318 5040 1150 5055 11562 Thavinjal 7253 17134 5866 17915 48169 Meenangadi 5951 4005 4532 14488 Nenmeni 2924 3222 5391 3918 15456 Ambalavayal 1689 1188 6897 2887 12661 Sultan Bathery 13720 13215 13535 40470 Noolpuzha 1127 29810 3554 751 35243 Kottathara 544 3779 881 1881 7085


102

Vengappally 4964 1532 1719 8215 Vythiri 2512 1353 3738 7603 Muttil 909 5510 6834 3647 16900 Pozhutthana 504 2641 1532 1983 6659 Thariyode 884 718 2187 1329 5118 Padinjarethara 4580 1632 3860 2605 12677 Meppady 3691 607 11404 5105 20808 Muppainadu 549 297 4655 953 6455 Panamaram 7413 9622 2439 19475 Poothadi 1056 3629 11789 6023 22497 Mullankolli 994 6610 5862 4076 17541 Pulpalli 3031 5907 3548 3086 15573 Kaniyampatta 981 5058 7885 3062 16987 Total 40464 146264 135861 109097 431686

5.9 Road Distance to the Nearest College Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 4748 13782 7879 7148 33557 Vellamunda 1473 15296 42263 9148 68180 Thirunelli 6038 19830 21055 10458 57381 Thondarnadu 2545 6534 4164 31771 45014 Edavaka 635 13676 2382 11705 28399 Thavinjal 17030 27507 13632 41224 99394 Meenangadi 17003 13584 13768 44354 Nenmeni 15287 12335 26598 22341 76561 Ambalavayal 9046 7989 28479 16462 61976 Sultan Bathery 13797 15044 15646 44487 Noolpuzha 1409 57653 6195 798 66056 Kottathara 1782 14477 5021 5840 27119 Vengappally 9479 2959 5024 17462 Vythiri 6230 4383 7938 18551 Muttil 909 8947 9066 5270 24193 Pozhutthana 2771 5493 6127 8329 22720 Thariyode 1138 4017 7110 6069 18334 Padinjarethara 20778 5663 20609 7738 54788 Meppady 5727 1911 23726 11159 42523 Muppainadu 2796 496 20135 4914 28341 Panamaram 20137 39435 7288 66860 Poothadi 4812 13443 41590 25441 85286 Mullankolli 1392 9194 6657 7507 24750 Pulpalli 3126 6859 4069 3515 17569 Kaniyampatta 5982 16642 34729 7918 65272 Total 115655 322162 406892 294420 1139128

5.10 Road Distance to the Anganwadi Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 371 1257 1425 1222 4275 Vellamunda 49 1096 2553 539 4237 Thirunelli 512 1805 1836 661 4814 Thondarnadu 228 269 252 1470 2220 Edavaka 159 2093 261 1477 3989 Thavinjal 904 1446 867 1969 5187 Meenangadi 2140 1387 2019 5545 Nenmeni 651 823 2798 2112 6384 Ambalavayal 835 415 2467 814 4532 Sultan Bathery 971 2057 2601 5628 Noolpuzha 47 3686 282 94 4109 Kottathara 99 1175 355 544 2173


103

Vengappally 639 159 357 1155 Vythiri 1627 1260 514 3400 Muttil 354 1619 2381 1996 6349 Pozhutthana 0 898 634 549 2080 Thariyode 97 1075 884 559 2614 Padinjarethara 594 240 786 242 1861 Meppady 553 152 2215 1158 4078 Muppainadu 400 198 1808 703 3109 Panamaram 4009 4449 841 9299 Poothadi 407 580 3281 1388 5656 Mullankolli 398 1153 1292 855 3698 Pulpalli 626 1140 888 750 3403 Kaniyampatta 187 1026 2209 510 3931 Total 9097 29904 38784 25942 103728

5.11 Road Distance to the PHC Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 1813 6012 1224 1231 10280 Vellamunda 98 2778 4257 1404 8537 Thirunelli 2558 5580 7153 7407 22698 Thondarnadu 1130 1794 1212 9175 13312 Edavaka 635 4835 1891 4935 12296 Thavinjal 8361 8172 3719 10478 30730 Meenangadi 3769 2509 3812 10090 Nenmeni 3672 3056 5215 3522 15466 Ambalavayal 1341 889 6498 2739 11467 Sultan Bathery 3066 4843 6352 14262 Noolpuzha 751 12872 47 0 13671 Kottathara 99 2375 515 1633 4622 Vengappally 1701 634 1146 3482 Vythiri 2234 418 2385 5037 Muttil 505 4247 5011 2935 12697 Pozhutthana 504 2430 3222 2003 8158 Thariyode 109 792 1678 1432 4011 Padinjarethara 2095 1152 2930 1251 7428 Meppady 2685 1806 6942 3019 14451 Muppainadu 1207 595 9503 3022 14327 Panamaram 5581 9825 2439 17846 Poothadi 723 2322 6109 3276 12431 Mullankolli 796 4424 2484 3083 10786 Pulpalli 1844 2991 2789 2087 9710 Kaniyampatta 234 3642 4936 818 9630 Total 33394 86882 95566 81585 297427

5.12 Road Distance to Sub-Centre Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 1061 2643 966 1017 5687 Vellamunda 0 844 1986 205 3036 Thirunelli 614 3108 2365 1254 7341 Thondarnadu 614 645 401 2569 4228 Edavaka 424 4052 1028 2064 7568 Thavinjal 1116 718 1198 2536 5569 Meenangadi 2851 751 2114 5716 Nenmeni 4362 2521 3931 2236 13049 Ambalavayal 496 198 7661 5737 14092 Sultan Bathery 7767 5052 6663 19482 Noolpuzha 47 7757 1569 28 9402 Kottathara 0 1514 105 445 2064 Vengappally 405 0 361 767


104

Vythiri 1953 372 2003 4328 Muttil 758 4851 4401 1468 11478 Pozhutthana 0 370 1215 3202 4786 Thariyode 0 388 1542 624 2554 Padinjarethara 298 1248 1642 1010 4197 Meppady 703 100 5500 1806 8109 Muppainadu 0 0 2874 0 2874 Panamaram 2935 4705 758 8398 Poothadi 0 2080 4915 2076 9071 Mullankolli 398 2684 696 2486 6264 Pulpalli 2270 1899 2547 1512 8227 Kaniyampatta 47 1921 3609 421 5998 Total 15161 53501 61028 44594 174283

5.13 Road Distance to Govt.Hospital Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 4489 11667 5903 5094 27154 Vellamunda 295 9825 13733 4165 28018 Thirunelli 6038 22207 26531 10385 65161 Thondarnadu 2447 4460 4164 27293 38364 Edavaka 635 12603 2012 11493 26743 Thavinjal 13507 24998 9708 35853 84067 Meenangadi 9554 9309 8457 27321 Nenmeni 8258 6223 8614 8172 31266 Ambalavayal 1558 1780 7588 3480 14406 Sultan Bathery 13746 13082 13984 40812 Noolpuzha 1127 49738 5603 1174 57643 Kottathara 1782 11200 4864 4652 22497 Vengappally 4981 1268 2833 9082 Vythiri 2328 1307 3881 7515 Muttil 2577 10261 11436 6582 30856 Pozhutthana 1008 6338 5810 5737 18893

Thariyode 1285 687 5212 3393 10577

Padinjarethara 14712 3840 7761 5097 31410 Meppady 7235 1907 21831 9163 40136 Muppainadu 2101 0 15588 4118 21806 Panamaram 13287 23697 3457 40440 Poothadi 723 2565 15417 9961 28665 Mullankolli 895 8598 6260 6612 22365 Pulpalli 3125 6099 3690 3180 16093 Kaniyampatta 841 11299 14716 5605 32461 Total 76965 247862 245103 203821 773751

5.14 Road Distance to Private Clinic Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 2122 8571 4935 3173 18801 Vellamunda 295 6262 10711 2943 20211 Thirunelli 3786 17866 17871 6076 45600 Thondarnadu 2447 2535 2497 19951 27429 Edavaka 635 11620 2012 11493 25760 Thavinjal 11442 24688 9399 35388 80916 Meenangadi 11856 8709 8457 29022 Nenmeni 13663 8013 21151 15835 58663 Ambalavayal 1094 496 6797 3480 11867 Sultan Bathery 13746 11058 12801 37604 Noolpuzha 0 41301 5504 1174 47979 Kottathara 693 5106 1536 2920 10254 Vengappally 4127 1902 1598 7627 Vythiri 2280 1307 3270 6857 Muttil 1314 7280 6481 4461 19537


105

Pozhutthana 504 3697 5176 5843 15220 Thariyode 674 629 4908 1421 7632 Padinjarethara 4673 1344 3968 2406 12391 Meppady 2411 1704 13377 6538 24029 Muppainadu 908 0 7314 3311 11533 Panamaram 8545 11613 3457 23615 Poothadi 723 2322 5915 5455 14415 Mullankolli 1392 8300 5266 6612 21570 Pulpalli 3313 4664 3690 3180 14847 Kaniyampatta 1963 3719 9399 2837 17918 Total 56331 198393 182495 174080 611299

5.15 Road Distance to Ayurvedic Clinic Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 1946 6398 9370 3625 21338 Vellamunda 393 6879 14449 2355 24076 Thirunelli 4503 10065 14399 5690 34657 Thondarnadu 729 916 713 4678 7036 Edavaka 529 9036 1747 9461 20773 Thavinjal 9675 9176 4132 14187 37170 Meenangadi 10055 6507 6555 23117 Nenmeni 11697 7602 12462 12270 44031 Ambalavayal 1144 496 6847 3875 12361 Sultan Bathery 13694 11707 14535 39936 Noolpuzha 0 35430 6073 1174 42678 Kottathara 1188 6763 1486 5147 14584 Vengappally 2601 1268 1001 4869 Vythiri 4095 1309 4583 9986 Muttil 202 6270 5468 2834 14774 Pozhutthana 504 2694 1373 2109 6680 Thariyode 1075 493 4200 1555 7324 Padinjarethara 4087 1056 5993 2506 13642 Meppady 2819 2009 13735 11257 29820 Muppainadu 1009 0 8831 4118 13957 Panamaram 6717 9377 1930 18024 Poothadi 1401 3773 8650 7375 21198 Mullankolli 2088 7554 4471 6413 20527 Pulpalli 3313 6099 4066 3563 17040 Kaniyampatta 1963 3719 13083 2089 20854 Total 54358 159494 171715 134885 520452

5.16 Road Distance to Tribal Hospital Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 3361 20544 9440 10051 43395 Vellamunda 0 3014 5323 1541 9877 Thirunelli 1535 13432 19841 6614 41422 Thondarnadu 0 0 0 0 0 Edavaka 0 2850 590 1965 5405 Thavinjal 0 1488 0 0 1488 Meenangadi 11481 1501 2538 15520 Nenmeni 1810 1409 3542 4044 10805 Ambalavayal 0 0 4036 1503 5539 Sultan Bathery 3066 3567 2044 8677 Noolpuzha 751 7010 0 0 7762 Kottathara 792 693 0 990 2474 Vengappally 970 0 0 970 Vythiri 0 0 0 0 Muttil 1617 2177 2687 2329 8810


106

Pozhutthana 0 0 0 0 0 Thariyode 0 0 0 178 178 Padinjarethara 0 1152 3772 0 4924 Meppady 1628 0 814 0 2442 Muppainadu 1586 0 5620 1586 8792 Panamaram 1628 0 0 1628 Poothadi 0 4070 11176 5590 20837 Mullankolli 1690 7457 199 0 9346 Pulpalli 0 1147 1129 0 2277 Kaniyampatta 935 4107 4572 841 10454 Total 15704 87696 77809 41814 223023

5.17 Road Distance to Traditional Medical Practitioner Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 531 2993 2322 2509 8355 Vellamunda 0 1541 7190 1854 10585 Thirunelli 1944 7629 3651 2832 16056 Thondarnadu 2084 911 49 1829 4873 Edavaka 159 741 159 1006 2065 Thavinjal 1788 9341 1353 3068 15550 Meenangadi 0 6119 4098 3737 13954 Nenmeni 7594 4201 7544 6559 25898 Ambalavayal 277 2470 7032 4498 14278 Sultan Bathery 7971 10956 9591 28518 Noolpuzha 0 13036 808 94 13937 Vythiri 1858 0 0 1858 Muttil 0 0 102 1015 1117 Thariyode 0 0 0 446 446 Panamaram 5088 5410 2077 12576 Poothadi 95 772 3460 1926 6253 Mullankolli 0 2684 3378 4972 11034 Pulpalli 0 2964 574 1052 4590 Kaniyampatta 1309 645 3608 1622 7184 Total 17639 69106 61694 50688 199128

5.18 Road Distance to Other Health Facilities Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 0 0 1292 517 1808 Vellamunda 0 0 2807 0 2807 Thirunelli 0 3172 4032 716 7921 Thondarnadu 198 1212 719 1747 3875 Edavaka 0 635 295 590 1520 Thavinjal 0 103 361 1601 2066 Meenangadi 1919 3463 1841 7223 Nenmeni 241 965 2012 1116 4335 Ambalavayal 0 0 395 395 790 Sultan Bathery 715 429 653 1798 Noolpuzha 0 1456 554 94 2104 Muttil 0 0 0 1015 1015 Meppady 153 0 0 605 758 Panamaram 201 4424 916 5541 Poothadi 723 1835 2731 2648 7936 Mullankolli 199 3280 1689 796 5963 Pulpalli 851 4046 1610 2141 8649 Kaniyampatta 1870 2459 2648 1529 8505 Total 4234 22000 29461 18919 74614


107

5.19 Distribution of Families Participating in Farmers Cooperative by Type of Advantage


Save Money

Meet friends

Better Market-ing


Others Total

Husband 299 1523 104 88 794 2809 Wife 198 809 0 390 390 1786 Others 0 303 129 95 222 750 Total 497 2635 233 95 479 1406 5344

5.20 Distribution of Families Participating in Farmers Group by Type of Advantage


Save Money

Meet friends

Better Market-ing


Others Total

Husband 1228 841 99 305 299 595 3368 Wife 102 892 307 99 196 1597 Others 197 129 196 522 Total 1527 1862 99 611 398 988 5486

5.21 Distribution of Families Participating in SHG-Kudumbasree by Type of Advantage


Save Money

Meet friends

Better Market-ing


Others Total

Wife 14624 21584 0 393 11929 292 48823 Others 1753 2669 0 0 835 195 5452 Total 16377 24253 0 393 12765 487 54275

5.22 Distribution of Families Participating in SHG other than Kudumbasree by Type of Advantage


Save Money

Meet friends

Better Market-ing


Others Total

Wife 4543 4416 393 4710 297 14359 Others 800 591 98 729 2218 Total 5343 5007 491 5439 297 16577

5.23 Distribution of Families Participating in Oorukkuttam by Type of Advantage


Save Money

Meet friends

Better Market-ing


Others Total

Husband 7710 288 684 98 201 717 9697 Wife 8156 1035 677 100 396 1514 11878 Others 2274 394 101 313 3082 Total 18140 1323 1755 198 698 2544 24658

5.24 Distribution of Families Participating in Gram Sabha by Type of Advantage


Save Money

Meet friends

Better Market-ing


Others Total

Husband 29194 722 88 903 3897 34805 Wife 36820 924 394 1421 5218 44777 Others 7474 299 1124 8898 Total 73488 1645 483 2624 10239 88480


108

6.1 Distribution of Families without Bank Account Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 88 88 Vellamunda 98 397 201 696 Thirunelli 407 407 Thondarnadu 0 0 0 0 0 Edavaka 204 106 310 Thavinjal 103 93 103 300 Meenangadi 100 100 200 Nenmeni 121 476 121 718 Ambalavayal 99 101 101 301 Sultan Bathery 409 409 Noolpuzha 850 850 Kottathara 99 99 Vengappally 405 405 Vythiri 0 0 0 0 0 Muttil 303 303 Pozhutthana 423 423 Thariyode 0 0 0 0 0 Padinjarethara 96 96 192 Meppady 100 100 100 300 Muppainadu 198 198 Panamaram 302 302 Poothadi 483 97 97 677 Mullankolli 497 497 Pulpalli 188 668 96 190 1141 Kaniyampatta 201 201 Total 706 6507 1212 591 9016

6.2 Family Members Having Bank Account Panchayat Husband Wife Joint Others Total Mananthavady 4768 3720 306 218 9012 Vellamunda 4014 3402 7416 Thirunelli 4843 4030 404 100 9377 Thondarnadu 3034 1800 614 625 6073 Edavaka 3153 2941 6094 Thavinjal 4804 3843 475 9122 Meenangadi 4146 2441 1405 7992 Nenmeni 5476 4051 711 10238 Ambalavayal 4494 2794 1200 8488 Sultan Bathery 4554 2530 702 7786 Noolpuzha 3497 2365 377 6239 Kottathara 2333 1722 99 4154 Vengappally 1208 811 2019 Vythiri 1866 1585 3451 Muttil 3746 2329 912 6987 Pozhutthana 1731 1182 106 3019 Thariyode 1463 1358 2821 Padinjarethara 2644 1962 99 4705 Meppady 3531 2625 305 6461 Muppainadu 2899 2198 198 5295 Panamaram 5574 3244 1619 202 10639 Poothadi 4713 1540 2115 289 8657 Mullankolli 3379 1491 1093 5963 Pulpalli 3696 1328 1609 6633 Kaniyampatta 4034 2225 790 7049 Total 89600 59517 15140 1434 165691


109

6.3 Distribution of BPL Families by Saving Habit and Social Group

Social Group Bank account

Personal Saving



6.4 Distribution of BPL Families by Saving Habit and Religion

Religion Bank account

Personal Saving


Christian 13799 408 304 Muslim 19180 494 494 Hindu 58765 918 918 Total 91744 1819 1716

6.5 Distribution of BPL Families by Saving Habit and Head of Family

Head of Family Bank account

Personal Saving


Women 26286 335 335 Men 65458 1485 1381 Total 91744 1819 1716

6.6 Distribution of Families with Loan Liabilities by Social Group Panchayat SC ST OBC General All Mananthavady 612 354 1258 1047 3271 Vellamunda 201 2313 505 3018 Thirunelli 307 1108 1814 706 3935 Thondarnadu 104 99 302 1333 1838 Edavaka 106 408 310 930 1754 Thavinjal 744 289 506 1591 3130 Meenangadi 1008 1215 1212 3435 Nenmeni 721 718 2133 1778 5349 Ambalavayal 601 397 1902 999 3900 Sultan Bathery 715 1514 1616 3845 Noolpuzha 1417 471 94 1982 Kottathara 518 209 297 1024 Vengappally 388 317 405 1111 Vythiri 466 187 748 1400 Muttil 101 606 1418 507 2632 Pozhutthana 211 423 317 951 Thariyode 89 299 477 865 Padinjarethara 980 880 288 2148 Meppady 203 102 603 603 1511 Muppainadu 200 1002 402 1603 Panamaram 407 2632 507 3546 Poothadi 287 386 2205 1250 4129 Mullankolli 99 497 894 994 2485 Pulpalli 757 571 947 856 3131 Kaniyampatta 280 430 1874 603 3188 Total 6659 10830 27628 20063 65180


110

6.7 Distribution of Total Loan Liability of Households (Rs.) Panchayath SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 74590810 39221313 124568536 250691800 489072459 Vellamunda 0 2348874 196724436 30271244 229344554 Thirunelli 86370875 50737586 192857576 101687338 431653375 Thondarnadu 14014011 691473 29902994 179711847 224320325 Edavaka 13765879 6670339 40027710 61530428 121994356 Thavinjal 56977806 16484601 20611552 209044379 303118338 Meenangadi 49202347 72383307 146955782 268541435 Nenmeni 55607899 7416189 143350737 161328036 367702861 Ambalavayal 76436786 16362616 210882057 33652715 337334175 Sultan Bathery 4190108 257213658 198903321 460307087 Noolpuzha 0 24505638 35180882 3757311 63443831 Kottathara 0 22749098 5545526 44539533 72834157 Vengappally 16979760 26419828 32481246 75880834 Vythiri 12963224 51393240 303269002 367625465 Muttil 10104930 24453931 93630317 38063031 166252209 Pozhutthana 0 44366742 31796165 30845449 107008356 Thariyode 8919203 0 55606901 85172760 149698864 Padinjarethara 28347031 0 120599230 86677254 235623515 Meppady 22889340 10173040 70481568 118141831 221685779 Muppainadu 6367681 0 37039401 88208683 131615766 Panamaram 12619352 331778162 76948652 421346166 Poothadi 16715083 6358236 238106970 197866217 459046505 Mullankolli 2984016 25043156 111879000 104034723 243940895 Pulpalli 37909550 18194991 100281473 128101730 284487743 Kaniyampatta 12525681 10859775 201321012 73991106 298697574 Total 537489805 409629165 2799582238 2785875418 6532576624

6.8 Distribution of Families by Persons /Institutions of Loan Liability

Panchayat Bank Co-op Society SHG Money

lender Family member Friend Input

Supplier Others Total Mananthavady 1652 177 2312 1088 564 870 218 218 7099 Vellamunda 2308 196 607 0 304 299 103 201 4018 Thirunelli 2625 808 2420 407 606 706 205 100 7877 Thondarnadu 1327 724 1338 313 307 823 516 104 5452 Edavaka 1354 106 817 197 98 204 204 204 3184 Thavinjal 2366 310 1797 382 702 692 692 103 7044 Meenangadi 2019 1415 400 100 104 0 304 4342 Nenmeni 2019 352 2619 117 476 597 0 356 6536 Ambalavayal 2094 298 2403 702 298 200 200 99 6294 Sultan Bathery 1920 503 2111 403 503 912 307 102 6761 Noolpuzha 1132 0 850 94 94 94 378 94 2736 Kottathara 721 0 523 0 0 308 0 99 1651 Vengappally 908 203 705 0 97 0 0 0 1913 Vythiri 1121 94 652 0 0 93 0 0 1960 Muttil 2024 101 810 102 102 203 0 101 3443 Pozhutthana 845 106 317 106 0 0 0 0 1374 Thariyode 865 178 477 0 89 178 0 105 1892 Padinjarethara 1661 192 678 0 0 480 0 96 3107 Meppady 1112 102 401 100 202 603 0 202 2722 Muppainadu 1203 200 803 0 101 202 0 99 2608 Panamaram 1819 606 711 304 407 507 0 202 4556 Poothadi 3071 192 1056 192 0 192 0 386 5089 Mullankolli 1690 199 795 298 0 99 0 199 3280 Pulpalli 1613 472 952 190 94 285 0 285 3891 Kaniyampatta 1874 402 977 93 0 309 108 0 3763 Total 41346 6522 28550 5488 5146 8960 2929 3658 102599


111

6.9 Distribution of Families by Purpose of Loan

Panchayath

Meeting Crop Production Cost

Purchase live Stock

Own Business

Produce Processing Activity

Education of Children

Medical Expenses

Family Requirement Others Total

Mananthavady 265 218 435 88 612 442 653 1483 4196 Vellamunda 500 205 201 103 902 295 1313 3519 Thirunelli 711 202 102 903 1410 906 2221 6455 Thondarnadu 198 625 104 104 104 724 510 625 2994 Edavaka 197 106 98 98 204 98 514 1315 Thavinjal 300 289 475 93 878 568 1415 4018 Meenangadi 601 307 300 404 1212 500 1015 4339 Nenmeni 711 832 117 238 1067 1663 600 1190 6418 Ambalavayal 397 101 101 202 696 1598 399 904 4398 Sultan Bathery 405 401 201 102 804 1515 708 1215 5351 Noolpuzha 283 471 0 284 95 752 95 189 2169 Kottathara 0 105 0 0 105 105 105 611 1031 Vengappally 97 106 194 0 0 494 97 617 1605 Vythiri 93 0 94 0 468 373 0 746 1774 Muttil 406 203 101 0 102 608 304 1113 2837 Pozhutthana 211 0 106 0 106 106 0 423 952 Thariyode 0 210 178 0 105 105 0 372 970 Padinjarethara 496 0 0 0 298 291 288 1158 2531 Meppady 100 0 100 0 302 605 102 906 2115 Muppainadu 200 0 0 303 402 202 703 1810 Panamaram 404 202 202 0 304 1011 101 1622 3846 Poothadi 769 480 0 483 576 384 1347 4039 Mullankolli 298 199 199 0 99 199 99 1491 2584 Pulpalli 475 96 0 382 1041 757 1043 3794 Kaniyampatta 402 0 215 0 388 631 402 1659 3697 Total 8517 5068 2940 1996 8320 17847 8173 25893 78754

7.1 Estimated Total Per-Capita Weekly Cash Expenditure by Items of Expenditure and Social Group

Social Group Food Medical House

repair Utility Schooling Liquor Transport Clothing Recreation Others Total

SC 1467199 401583 341821 247266 187676 195242 235508 145835 27858 38798 3288786 ST 3402372 618542 151300 398938 318796 1124641 588241 501805 87761 54351 7246747 OBC 5174891 1634953 815733 1644611 732130 458579 1028755 892657 133024 154476 12669809 General 4644997 1474568 561648 953444 1095830 472731 910173 670823 117641 131404 11033259 Total 14689460 4129646 1870502 3244259 2334432 2251193 2762677 2211120 366283 379028 34238600

7.2 Estimated Total Per-Capita Weekly Cash Expenditure by Items of Expenditure and Religion

Religion Food Medical House repair Utility Schooling Liquor Transport Clothing Recrati

on Others Total

Christian 2338858 771224 425606 535866 855813 284419 539620 369671 50341 40385 6211803 Muslim 2755400 711362 564285 453221 325724 158875 515303 378307 99354 147069 6108900 Hindu 9595202 2647059 880610 2255172 1152895 1807899 1707754 1463142 216588 191574 21917895 Total 14689460 4129646 1870502 3244259 2334432 2251193 2762677 2211120 366283 379028 34238600

7.3 Estimated Total Per-Capita Weekly Cash Expenditure by Items of Expenditure and Head of Family

Head of Family Food Medical House

repair Utility Schooling Liquor Transport Clothing Recration Others Total

Women 4350488 1217385 705498 764232 425051 584959 828383 606817 87382 84157 9654352 Men 10338972 2912260 1165004 2480027 1909381 1666234 1934295 1604303 278900 294871 24584247 Total 14689460 4129646 1870502 3244259 2334432 2251193 2762677 2211120 366283 379028 34238600


112

7.4 Estimated Total Per-Capita Weekly Cash Expenditure by Items of Expenditure and Panchayath

Panchayat Food Medical House repair Utility Schooling Liquor Transport Clothing Recreation Others Total

Mananthavady 664823 276899 103884 161099 192260 174321 174844 79531 12876 4670 1845207 Vellamunda 533722 96053 31812 70716 50030 53671 86752 65706 44775 34228 1067465 Thirunelli 1007748 284406 55751 187760 154519 186379 194376 164430 8490 3431 2247290 Thondarnadu 826023 176767 52253 109646 103774 113502 98041 127552 17523 32693 1657774 Edavaka 839988 148641 7662 97308 104997 141264 149990 124948 0 0 1614798 Thavinjal 1462401 236064 170976 152857 274694 294749 208127 447923 31854 45257 3324902 Meenangadi 464515 174030 5536 126482 44161 64066 117363 69306 23222 4184 1092865 Nenmeni 616187 173903 22377 157664 100373 114597 133979 117622 17567 5659 1459928 Ambalavayal 545695 262294 27198 158528 97304 37903 138654 90945 12189 6627 1377337 Sultan Bathery 518085 206655 60783 145378 127865 101146 156947 81515 6063 7400 1411837 Noolpuzha 376880 74545 282 57067 15765 147649 107018 97342 10089 1402 888039 Kottathara 344578 93963 16757 54144 32032 35955 67101 44229 23166 25045 736970 Vengappally 249758 51392 42277 33959 26972 21656 45781 28016 18891 7716 526418 Vythiri 410444 122225 13817 82248 34748 17692 71368 63247 14187 24919 854895 Muttil 500298 189961 65271 115762 99783 57546 126697 153034 43336 13186 1364874 Pozhutthana 211816 74693 12016 33582 37629 31615 64083 49455 6269 0 521158 Thariyode 221119 45580 9711 47333 40259 31929 55301 39593 7067 10355 508247 Padinjarethara 403629 120871 23482 57267 64523 22928 98012 55907 20008 26879 893506 Meppady 636450 307837 44200 772775 52959 47306 167304 180869 25997 25398 2261095 Muppainadu 420388 106823 63379 109457 57483 19051 118422 86683 21875 99979 1103540 Panamaram 784750 151526 233240 97199 110315 60744 111698 12220 839 0 1562531 Poothadi 868076 225621 248939 100976 211540 130446 84285 9456 0 0 1879339 Mullankolli 472782 150466 194690 87346 173728 105045 37716 17404 0 0 1239177 Pulpalli 695699 193713 21275 121470 77002 166354 80895 3136 0 0 1359544 Kaniyampatta 613606 184715 342932 106236 49716 73679 67924 1052 0 0 1439860 Total 14689460 4129646 1870502 3244259 2334432 2251193 2762677 2211120 366283 379028 34238600

7.5 Distribution of Families by the Person Meeting the Household Cash Expenses Panchayat Husband Wife Others Total Mananthavady 2802 837 1217 4856 Vellamunda 2893 603 1214 4710 Thirunelli 3433 808 1008 5250 Thondarnadu 2024 806 307 3138 Edavaka 1822 1119 628 3569 Thavinjal 3616 909 785 5310 Meenangadi 3642 708 200 4550 Nenmeni 3327 1667 1318 6311 Ambalavayal 3494 803 498 4795 Sultan Bathery 3444 812 708 4963 Noolpuzha 1984 943 1420 4347 Kottathara 1816 105 512 2432 Vengappally 1111 308 194 1613 Vythiri 1026 467 374 1866 Muttil 2834 911 607 4352 Pozhutthana 1203 317 739 2259 Thariyode 1075 105 493 1673 Padinjarethara 2151 295 486 2932 Meppady 2623 403 905 3931 Muppainadu 2394 198 504 3097 Panamaram 4355 608 1116 6079 Poothadi 3560 774 1345 5679 Mullankolli 1988 795 1193 3976 Pulpalli 2466 1325 1046 4837 Kaniyampatta 2347 897 991 4235 Total 63430 17522 19808 100760


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7.6 Distribution of Families Reporting Immediate Cash Requirements Panchayat SC ST OBC Others Total Mananthavady 701 1190 1170 870 3931 Vellamunda 98 995 2326 505 3924 Thirunelli 307 1315 1210 402 3234 Thondarnadu 203 296 99 1525 2123 Edavaka 106 522 310 1240 2178 Thavinjal 744 1291 599 1581 4215 Meenangadi 1515 1415 1415 4346 Nenmeni 962 1076 2136 1898 6073 Ambalavayal 601 296 2399 1097 4393 Sultan Bathery 1124 1618 1616 4358 Noolpuzha 94 3500 471 94 4158 Kottathara 198 721 407 396 1722 Vengappally 688 317 203 1208 Vythiri 558 374 561 1493 Muttil 303 808 1620 912 3644 Pozhutthana 634 845 317 1796 Thariyode 194 105 509 388 1196 Padinjarethara 887 192 1082 195 2356 Meppady 503 102 1711 607 2923 Muppainadu 99 99 1694 200 2092 Panamaram 1218 2835 608 4661 Poothadi 384 774 2496 1444 5098 Mullankolli 199 1193 994 895 3280 Pulpalli 947 759 1135 856 3697 Kaniyampatta 280 631 1902 280 3094 Total 8369 21045 31673 20106 81193

7.7 Distribution of Families Borrowing from Different Sources to Meet Immediate Cash Requirements

Panchayath SHG Bank Relative Neighbour Money lender


Mananthavady 1387 476 564 2149 0 129 347 5052 Vellamunda 1116 500 991 1112 103 299 201 4322 Thirunelli 908 1108 714 1919 202 0 299 5150 Thondarnadu 208 719 307 1207 203 104 0 2748 Edavaka 507 514 0 1157 0 0 302 2480 Thavinjal 826 1890 393 1746 93 103 186 5237 Meenangadi 2534 400 404 1208 400 100 0 5046 Nenmeni 3568 597 956 1429 0 241 238 7029 Ambalavayal 3002 1398 599 1200 301 0 99 6599 Sultan Bathery 2319 605 916 1828 503 0 305 6476 Noolpuzha 1608 378 1133 1040 0 188 378 4725 Kottathara 506 303 605 512 99 0 0 2025 Vengappally 414 300 203 194 0 194 0 1305 Vythiri 468 467 467 467 0 93 0 1962 Muttil 1417 709 910 1113 0 0 303 4452 Pozhutthana 528 106 634 634 0 0 0 1902 Thariyode 598 194 404 315 0 105 0 1616 Padinjarethara 989 291 884 870 0 0 0 3034 Meppady 707 405 1611 805 100 0 100 3728 Muppainadu 598 101 1094 400 0 0 0 2193 Panamaram 911 911 707 1926 202 406 304 5367 Poothadi 2214 1151 386 1245 388 194 386 5964 Mullankolli 1292 596 398 894 398 99 298 3975 Pulpalli 1137 285 757 1232 474 0 96 3981


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Kaniyampatta 682 402 589 1500 201 0 201 3575 Total 30446 14808 16624 28101 4496 2256 4043 100774

7.8 Distribution of SC Families Borrowing from Different Sources to Meet Immediate Cash Reqirements



Mananthavady 306 129 0 265 0 0 0 700 Vellamunda 98 0 0 0 0 0 0 98 Thirunelli 0 0 0 307 102 0 0 409 Thondarnadu 104 104 203 0 0 0 0 411 Edavaka 0 106 0 106 0 0 0 212 Thavinjal 0 465 0 279 93 0 0 837 Meenangadi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nenmeni 724 117 0 121 0 121 121 1204 Ambalavayal 399 99 101 200 0 0 0 799 Sultan Bathery 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Noolpuzha 0 0 0 0 0 94 0 94 Kottathara 99 0 198 0 0 0 0 297 Vengappally 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vythiri 187 93 186 187 0 93 0 746 Muttil 202 0 202 0 0 0 0 404 Pozhutthana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Thariyode 194 0 105 0 0 0 0 299 Padinjarethara 596 0 0 291 0 0 0 887 Meppady 102 203 300 100 0 0 0 705 Muppainadu 0 0 99 0 0 0 0 99 Panamaram 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Poothadi 95 95 0 0 194 0 0 384 Mullankolli 0 0 0 99 99 0 0 198 Pulpalli 190 0 378 379 0 0 0 947 Kaniyampatta 0 93 187 187 0 0 0 467 Total 3296 1506 1958 2521 754 308 121 10464

7.9 Distribution of ST Families Borrowing from Different Sources to Meet Immediate Cash Reqirements



Mananthavady 88 0 0 1102 0 0 88 1278 Vellamunda 205 0 393 397 103 98 98 1294 Thirunelli 304 504 304 606 100 0 200 2018 Thondarnadu 0 99 0 198 0 0 0 297 Edavaka 204 0 0 318 0 0 0 522 Thavinjal 103 0 196 992 0 0 0 1291 Meenangadi 908 0 204 404 0 0 0 1516 Nenmeni 238 121 476 362 0 121 0 1318 Ambalavayal 0 0 0 198 0 0 99 297 Sultan Bathery 0 0 511 715 0 0 204 1430 Noolpuzha 1232 190 1040 1040 0 94 378 3974 Kottathara 105 105 204 413 0 0 0 827 Vengappally 97 194 203 97 0 194 0 785 Vythiri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Muttil 0 0 303 303 0 0 303 909 Pozhutthana 211 0 211 211 0 0 0 633


115



Thariyode 0 105 105 0 0 0 0 210 Padinjarethara 96 0 192 192 0 0 0 480 Meppady 0 0 0 102 0 0 0 102 Muppainadu 0 0 0 99 0 0 0 99 Panamaram 101 0 202 509 202 204 0 1218 Poothadi 97 97 194 95 97 194 97 871 Mullankolli 298 99 199 497 99 99 0 1291 Pulpalli 0 0 188 379 96 0 96 759 Kaniyampatta 0 0 0 416 108 0 108 632 Total 4288 1513 5125 9645 804 1004 1671 24050

7.10 Distribution of OBC Families Borrowing from Different Sources to Meet Immediate Cash Reqirements





116

7.11 Distribution of General Families Borrowing from Different Sources to Meet Immediate Cash Requirements

Panchayath SHG Bank Relative

Neighbour

Money lender

Shop/supplier Others All


7.12 Distribution of Families by Source of Food

Social Group Own cultivation Ration Purchased

food Others All SC 1251 7978 4284 0 13513 ST 4187 23752 12133 287 40359 OBC 4303 27058 16544 197 48102 General 5809 19198 16073 0 41080 All 15550 77983 49034 484 143051

7.13 Distribution of Families Reporting Food Shortage Panchyath SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 88 177 129 394 Vellamunda 98 299 103 0 500 Thirunelli 0 205 0 205 Thondarnadu 0 0 0 104 104 Nenmeni 121 356 238 0 714 Ambalavayal 101 198 200 498 Sultan Bathery 715 305 201 1221 Noolpuzha 94 2079 94 2267 Kottathara 0 0 0 99 99 Muttil 0 101 101 0 202 Padinjarethara 195 96 199 0 490 Meppady 100 100 0 200 Panamaram 0 204 204 0 407 Poothadi 0 386 95 0 481 Mullankolli 0 199 99 0 298 Pulpalli 0 94 0 0 94 Kaniyampatta 93 201 108 0 402 Total 891 5309 1973 404 8577


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7.14 Estimated of Months of Shortage of Food Panchyath SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 88 354 258 701 Vellamunda 98 397 205 701 Thirunelli 205 205 Thondarnadu 104 104 Nenmeni 483 594 711 1787 Ambalavayal 101 889 298 1289 Sultan Bathery 1431 816 501 2748 Noolpuzha 282 4536 188 5005 Kottathara 99 99 Muttil 202 303 505 Padinjarethara 295 96 199 589 Meppady 599 100 699 Panamaram 407 204 611 Poothadi 578 190 769 Mullankolli 696 99 796 Pulpalli 188 188 Kaniyampatta 93 402 215 711 Total 2039 10975 3787 704 17505

7.15 Distribution of Families Who Reported Shortage of Different Types of Food Type of Food SC ST OBC General Total Cereals 701 4819 1448 404 7372 Pulses 121 1171 824 100 2216 Oils 308 2645 919 201 4073 Vegetables 410 2244 715 201 3569 Milk 283 1298 298 100 1980 Fish/Meat 96 1596 603 100 2396 Fruits 96 903 298 100 1397 Others 93 404 300 0 798 All 2108 15080 5405 1206 23801

8.1 Estimated Number of Adult Workers Social Group Male Female Person SC 11270 6727 17997 ST 34676 20522 55198 OBC 41803 17780 59584 General 29774 12507 42281 Total 117524 57536 175060

8.2 Estimated Number of Adult Workers Religion Male Female Person Christian 16349 6097 22446 Muslim 23845 8413 32258 Hindu 77330 43026 120356 Total 117524 57536 175060

8.3 Estimated Number of Adult Workers Head of family Male Female Person Women headed 22602 22567 45169 Men headed 94922 34969 129891 Total 117524 57536 175060


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8.4 Estimated Number of Adult Workers Head of family Male Female Person Mananthavady 5550 3340 8889 Vellamunda 5799 1893 7692 Thirunelli 6463 4042 10505 Thondarnadu 3742 2315 6057 Edavaka 4174 2949 7123 Thavinjal 6943 3740 10682 Meenangadi 5558 1716 7274 Nenmeni 6194 3337 9530 Ambalavayal 5091 1806 6897 Sultan Bathery 6168 2239 8407 Noolpuzha 4445 2360 6805 Kottathara 2421 1420 3840 Vengappally 2115 1005 3120 Vythiri 1679 1493 3173 Muttil 4959 2632 7591 Pozhutthana 2344 1690 4034 Thariyode 2150 808 2958 Padinjarethara 4103 1860 5963 Meppady 4538 2721 7259 Muppainadu 3193 1499 4692 Panamaram 8204 2638 10842 Poothadi 6834 3176 10010 Mullankolli 4771 1888 6659 Pulpalli 5409 3040 8449 Kaniyampatta 4679 1931 6610 Total 117524 57536 175060

8.5 Estimated Number of Adult Unemployed Social Group Male Female Person SC 219 95 313 ST 1642 1600 3243 OBC 1570 3260 4829 General 1915 1105 3019 Total 5345 6060 11405

8.6 Estimated Number of Adult Unemployed Religion Male Female Person Christian 999 505 1505 Muslim 1359 2229 3588 Hindu 2987 3326 6313 Total 5345 6060 11405

8.7 Estimated Number of Adult Unemployed Head of family Male Female Person Women headed 1574 1209 2783 Men headed 3771 4851 8622 Total 5345 6060 11405


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8.8 Estimated Number of Adult Unemployed Head of family Male Female Person Mananthavady 88 0 89 Vellamunda 402 406 808 Thirunelli 0 0 0 Thondarnadu 202 0 203 Edavaka 106 106 212 Thavinjal 0 0 0 Meenangadi 611 611 1222 Nenmeni 593 352 946 Ambalavayal 400 1297 1697 Sultan Bathery 503 1623 2126 Noolpuzha 946 473 1419 Kottathara 0 0 0 Vengappally 0 0 0 Vythiri 94 0 93 Muttil 303 101 405 Pozhutthana 0 0 0 Thariyode 0 0 0 Padinjarethara 0 294 295 Meppady 200 304 503 Muppainadu 300 99 400 Panamaram 305 102 407 Poothadi 95 97 192 Mullankolli 99 100 199 Pulpalli 94 94 188 Kaniyampatta 0 0 0 Total 5345 6060 11405

8.9 Distribution of Workers by Type of Employment and Social Group

Social Status Agricultural labourer



Government employee



Total

SC 11380 4143 1093 210 956 214 17997 ST 36350 14091 675 1253 985 1845 55198 OBC 27555 20643 4854 857 4083 1592 59584 General 20871 10442 3573 1104 4008 2284 42281 All 96156 49319 10195 3424 10032 5935 175060

8.10 Distribution of Workers by Type of Employment and Religion

Religion Agricultural labourer



Government employee



Total

Christian 9747 5898 2312 790 1896 1803 22446 Muslim 16588 10282 2419 93 2280 595 32258 Hindu 69821 33139 5464 2540 5855 3537 120356 All 96156 49319 10195 3423 10031 5935 175060

8.11 Distribution of Workers by Type of Employment and Head of Family

Head of family

Agricultural labourer



Government employee



Total

Women headed 24106 13204 2846 1140 2262 1612 45169 Men headed 72050 36115 7349 2284 7770 4323 129891 All 96156 49318 10195 3424 10031 5935 175060


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8.12 Distribution of Adult Workers by Activity Status

Panchayath Agricultural labourer



Government employee



Total

Mananthavady 5040 2238 524 394 694 8889 Vellamunda 4455 2023 710 299 205 7692 Thirunelli 8896 1108 100 102 299 10505 Thondarnadu 4433 1520 104 6057 Edavaka 6011 703 197 212 7123 Thavinjal 8626 1405 93 558 10682 Meenangadi 2223 3142 300 104 1505 7274 Nenmeni 2482 4788 949 356 476 479 9530 Ambalavayal 2394 3010 795 599 99 6897 Sultan Bathery 3048 2433 1810 509 505 100 8407 Noolpuzha 4156 1892 94 379 188 95 6805 Kottathara 2944 396 297 99 105 3840 Vengappally 2327 194 106 97 397 3120 Vythiri 2427 280 93 186 187 3173 Muttil 5261 1317 203 203 203 405 7591 Pozhutthana 3486 423 126 4034 Thariyode 1972 210 194 89 105 388 2958 Padinjarethara 4411 1059 394 99 5963 Meppady 4834 1417 707 302 7259 Muppainadu 3589 701 301 101 4692 Panamaram 2730 6390 303 202 608 608 10842 Poothadi 3569 3659 673 1439 670 10010 Mullankolli 994 2982 298 199 1093 1093 6659 Pulpalli 3608 3227 668 94 568 285 8449 Kaniyampatta 2239 2805 481 388 280 416 6610 Total 96156 49318 10195 3424 10031 5935 175060

8.13 Distribution of Labourers

8.14 Distribution of Wages

Social Group Men Women Person

Social Group Men Women Person

SC 9410 6113 15523

SC 2600778 1223145 3823924 ST 31096 19345 50441

ST 8969211 3715676 12684887

OBC 32762 15436 48198

OBC 9789408 2940339 12729747 General 21239 10074 31313

General 6770099 1927795 8697894

Total 94506 50968 145474

Total 28129496 9806955 37936452


8.16 Distribution of Wages Religion Men Women Person

Religion Men Women Person

Christian 11262 4383 15645

Christian 3786205 836975 4623180 Muslim 18938 7932 26870

Muslim 5498502 1495348 6993850

Hindu 64306 38653 102960

Hindu 18844789 7474633 26319422 Total 94506 50968 145474

Total 28129496 9806955 37936452


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8.18 Distribution of Wages Head of Family Men Women Person

Head of Family Men Women Person

Women headed 17214 20096 37310

Women headed 5379688 3975508 9355196

Men headed 77293 30872 108165

Men headed 22749808 5831447 28581256

Total 94506 50968 145474

Total 28129496 9806955 37936452


8.20 Distribution of Wages Panchayat Men Women Person

Panchayat Men Women Person

Mananthavady 4679 2598 7278

Mananthavady 1591146 494348 2085494 Vellamunda 4585 1893 6477

Vellamunda 1182945 366774 1549719

Thirunelli 6363 3641 10004

Thirunelli 2088746 693081 2781827 Thondarnadu 3637 2315 5953

Thondarnadu 1037840 426289 1464130

Edavaka 3962 2752 6714

Edavaka 1320565 545376 1865941 Thavinjal 6477 3554 10031

Thavinjal 2164329 712238 2876568

Meenangadi 3953 1412 5365

Meenangadi 1176949 305744 1482694 Nenmeni 4651 2619 7270

Nenmeni 1467335 533856 2001191

Ambalavayal 3796 1608 5405

Ambalavayal 1304152 327107 1631259 Sultan Bathery 3852 1629 5482

Sultan Bathery 1170374 338072 1508447

Noolpuzha 3972 2076 6049

Noolpuzha 1020274 386753 1407027 Kottathara 2019 1321 3340

Kottathara 484604 250920 735524

Vengappally 1516 1005 2521

Vengappally 440670 173836 614507 Vythiri 1214 1493 2707

Vythiri 320125 279069 599193

Muttil 4250 2328 6578

Muttil 1151489 411998 1563487 Pozhutthana 2218 1690 3908

Pozhutthana 559866 353878 913744

Thariyode 1374 808 2182

Thariyode 391963 155537 547500 Padinjarethara 3610 1860 5470

Padinjarethara 902692 365656 1268347

Meppady 3933 2318 6251

Meppady 1087225 437786 1525011 Muppainadu 2993 1297 4290

Muppainadu 837997 256601 1094598

Panamaram 6786 2334 9120

Panamaram 2066815 408862 2475677 Poothadi 4433 2795 7228

Poothadi 1363160 522702 1885862

Mullankolli 2286 1690 3976

Mullankolli 637100 308097 945197 Pulpalli 4459 2375 6834

Pulpalli 1333715 463104 1796819

Kaniyampatta 3487 1557 5044

Kaniyampatta 1027421 289270 1316691 Total 94506 50968 145474

Total 28129496 9806955 37936452


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8.21 Distribution of Out-Migrants by Purpose of Migration

Panchayat Earn food grain

higher wage

reduce family burden

Non-availability work

work on relative's farm

Contractual obligation Education Others Total

Mananthavady 694 306 660 1659 Vellamunda 103 505 822 103 1532 Thirunelli 100 200 200 205 402 1105 Thondarnadu 598 203 417 1218 Edavaka 98 106 393 597 Thavinjal 207 93 186 289 310 1085 Meenangadi 100 200 300 Nenmeni 235 238 352 825 Ambalavayal 99 99 Sultan Bathery 100 202 409 100 812 Noolpuzha 94 190 94 378 Muttil 101 102 203 Pozhutthana 106 211 317 Thariyode 89 89 Padinjarethara 99 288 387 Meppady 102 102 Panamaram 304 102 101 507 Poothadi 289 97 286 770 1442 Mullankolli 398 99 99 597 Pulpalli 94 668 94 96 952 Kaniyampatta 93 108 93 294 Total 825 5360 301 1421 186 97 4432 1876 14499

8.22 Average Months of Stay Outside the Place of Living of Family

Panchayat Persons Not Living in the Village Month of absence Average month of absence Male Female Person Male Female Person Male Female Person

Mananthavady 564 1095 1659 5223 10570 15792 9.3 9.7 9.5 Vellamunda 1429 103 1532 15710 719 16429 11.0 7.0 10.7 Thirunelli 504 601 1105 3730 4616 8346 7.4 7.7 7.6 Thondarnadu 1114 104 1218 11598 104 11702 10.4 1.0 9.6 Edavaka 302 295 597 3236 2752 5988 10.7 9.3 10.0 Thavinjal 682 403 1085 5734 3502 9236 8.4 8.7 8.5 Meenangadi 100 200 300 1201 2002 3203 12.0 10.0 10.7 Nenmeni 473 352 825 4129 3523 7652 8.7 10.0 9.3 Amalavaya 99 0 99 593 0 593 6.0 0.0 6.0 Sultan Bathery 607 204 812 5376 1635 7011 8.9 8.0 8.6 Noolpuzha 284 94 378 2551 939 3490 9.0 10.0 9.2 Muttil 101 102 203 202 1218 1421 2.0 11.9 7.0 Pozhutthana 211 106 317 2113 634 2747 10.0 6.0 8.7 Thariyode 89 0 89 268 0 268 3.0 0.0 3.0 Padinjarethara 387 0 387 4051 0 4051 10.5 0.0 10.5 Meppady 102 0 102 1221 0 1221 12.0 0.0 12.0 Panamaram 405 102 507 2020 1221 3241 5.0 12.0 6.4 Poothadi 576 865 1442 5285 8090 13375 9.2 9.4 9.3 Mullankolli 497 99 597 3580 1192 4772 7.2 12.0 8.0 Pulpalli 381 571 952 1623 5031 6654 4.3 8.8 7.0 Kaniyampatta 201 93 294 1365 1122 2487 6.8 12.1 8.5 Total 9109 5389 14499 80806 48869 129675 8.9 9.1 8.9


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8.23 Distribution of Migrants for Employment, Total Months of Absence from Family and Earnings

Panchayat Number of Workers Number of months Earnings (Rs) Male Female Person Male Female Person Male Female Person

Mananthavady 258 612 870 2842 4951 7793 15345916 12325787 27671704 Vellamunda 607 607 7184 7184 58883017 58883017 Thirunelli 302 100 402 2825 599 3423 35661203 3592229 39253432 Thondarnadu 697 697 7639 7639 21809754 21809754 Edavaka 106 98 204 1271 590 1860 794185 589616 1383801 Thavinjal 289 196 486 1643 2262 3905 12711936 11850039 24561975 Meenangadi 100 100 1201 1201 5004294 5004294 Nenmeni 356 117 473 2955 1174 4129 8739632 3522663 12262295 Ambalavayal 99 99 593 593 3556631 3556631 Sultan Bathery 303 303 2329 2329 5562585 5562585 Noolpuzha 284 284 2551 2551 14880606 14880606 Muttil 101 102 203 202 1218 1421 10104930 9747910 19852840 Pozhutthana 106 106 634 634 4225404 4225404 Thariyode 89 89 268 268 8027283 8027283 Padinjarethara 387 387 4051 4051 38844639 38844639 Meppady 102 102 1221 1221 8545354 8545354 Panamaram 204 204 611 611 4579604 4579604 Poothadi 289 289 2693 2693 7065632 7065632 Mullankolli 497 99 597 3580 1192 4772 27452090 993597 28445687 Pulpalli 381 475 856 1623 3884 5506 25943630 28123682 54067312 Kaniyampatta 201 201 1365 1365 2692399 2692399 Total 5651 1905 7557 48644 16505 65149 316205320 74970926 391176247

8.24 Estimated Amounts of NTFPs Harvested

Item No.of Families

Volume Harvested (Kg)

Volume Sold (Kg)

Total Price (Rs.)

Dammer 289 3730 2206 280604 Honey 850 15991 15422 2372068 Medical Herb 709 58857 59514 1809817 Wild gooseberry 284 17061 16113 289149 Tree Bark 287 1048 854 184680 Others 94 1143 1348 198913 Total 2512 97831 95457 5135231


124

9.1 Distribution of Families Reporting Conflict with Animals by Panchayat Panchayat SC ST OBC General Total Mananthavady 0 88 0 129 218 Vellamunda 0 103 406 103 612 Thirunelli 102 1622 1911 706 4342 Thondarnadu 0 99 307 406 Edavaka 0 0 0 0 0 Thavinjal 847 568 403 1890 3709 Meenangadi 0 1004 500 904 2409 Nenmeni 841 356 1774 1181 4152 Ambalavayal 301 0 1600 801 2701 Sultan Bathery 0 1226 1517 1616 4360 Noolpuzha 94 3594 471 94 4252 Kottathara 99 402 198 594 1292 Vengappally 0 106 211 106 423 Vythiri 466 0 374 748 1587 Muttil 101 505 507 608 1721 Pozhutthana 126 423 106 232 886 Thariyode 0 210 0 210 419 Padinjarethara 0 0 298 0 298 Meppady 403 102 1212 505 2222 Muppainadu 99 0 497 200 796 Panamaram 0 201 302 0 503 Poothadi 194 581 1450 1063 3288 Mullankolli 0 298 497 199 994 Pulpalli 94 190 660 376 1320 Kaniyampatta 0 0 108 0 108 Total 3768 11677 15001 12571 43018

9.2 Families Reporting Conflict with Different Types of Wild Animals

Panchayat Elephant Wild bore Tiger Leopard Monkey Others Total

Mananthavady 0 129 0 0 0 218 347 Vellamunda 0 0 0 0 612 103 715 Thirunelli 3234 1929 2024 307 3738 1811 13043 Thondarnadu 208 99 0 99 99 505 Thavinjal 2573 2056 568 93 1797 496 7583 Meenangadi 0 2002 100 0 1408 200 3710 Nenmeni 939 2955 235 0 2492 939 7560 Ambalavayal 0 898 0 99 2005 198 3200 Sultan Bathery 2351 2840 305 102 3343 1624 10565 Noolpuzha 3688 3591 758 0 2932 945 11914 Kottathara 0 297 0 0 1193 0 1490 Vengappally 0 0 0 0 423 0 423 Vythiri 842 561 0 0 1401 187 2991 Muttil 0 303 0 0 1721 202 2226 Pozhutthana 252 0 0 886 0 1138 Thariyode 210 315 0 0 315 0 840 Padinjarethara 0 0 0 0 298 0 298 Meppady 507 805 202 0 1417 300 3231 Muppainadu 0 297 0 0 697 101 1095 Panamaram 101 0 0 0 503 0 604 Poothadi 2809 581 483 0 2130 1158 7161 Mullankolli 596 894 0 0 795 298 2583 Pulpalli 285 847 0 0 0 378 1510 Kaniyampatta 0 0 0 0 108 0 108 Total 18594 21399 4674 601 30314 9255 84837


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9.3 Distribution of Families Reporting Various Damages

Panchayat Personal injury

Damage to property

Damage of crop Others Total

Mananthavady 0 0 218 0 218 Vellamunda 0 103 509 0 612 Thirunelli 0 0 4342 0 4342 Thondarnadu 208 0 198 0 406 Thavinjal 289 0 3420 0 3709 Meenangadi 0 0 2409 0 2409 Nenmeni 0 714 3558 0 4272 Ambalavayal 0 1099 2005 0 3104 Sultan Bathery 0 810 3552 100 4462 Noolpuzha 0 1133 3308 0 4441 Kottathara 0 198 1094 0 1292 Vengappally 0 0 423 0 423 Vythiri 187 0 1400 0 1587 Muttil 0 406 1316 0 1722 Pozhutthana 0 423 463 0 886 Thariyode 0 0 419 0 419 Padinjarethara 0 99 199 0 298 Meppady 503 607 1517 0 2627 Muppainadu 99 497 299 0 895 Panamaram 0 101 302 101 504 Poothadi 0 581 2997 0 3578 Mullankolli 99 0 994 0 1093 Pulpalli 0 0 1320 0 1320 Kaniyampatta 0 0 108 0 108 Total 1386 7052 36370 201 45009

9.4 Families Reporting Different Precautionary Measures

Panchayat Electric fencing

Solar fencing Trenches Others Total

Thirunelli 1814 200 2323 0 4337 Thavinjal 806 0 465 0 1271 Nenmeni 0 0 1174 0 1174 Sultan Bathery 102 0 1942 0 2044 Noolpuzha 568 1132 3311 0 5011 Kottathara 0 99 0 0 99 Vythiri 188 0 94 0 282 Pozhutthana 252 0 0 0 252 Thariyode 210 0 210 0 420 Meppady 102 0 407 200 709 Poothadi 1357 1550 1836 101 4844 Mullankolli 397 199 397 99 1092 Pulpalli 190 0 96 94 380 Total 5985 3179 12255 494 21913

10.1 Distribution of BPL Families by Land Area Owned and Social Group Land Area Owned SC ST OBC General Total No land 1126 3139 1811 2078 8155 Upto 5 Cents 3226 10728 6785 3185 23924 5 to 10 Cents 2495 4667 9634 4635 21432 10 to 25 Cents 1182 2918 7653 6984 18737 25 to 50 Cents 798 3384 6079 4835 15095 Above 50 Cents 581 3465 5108 4263 13417 Total 9409 28301 37069 25980 100760


126

10.2 Distribution of BPL Families by Land Area Owned and Religion Land Area Owned Christian Muslim Hindu Total No land 826 1104 6225 8155 Upto 5 Cents 2033 4132 17758 23924 5 to 10 Cents 2415 5603 13414 21432 10 to 25 Cents 3909 4539 10289 18737 25 to 50 Cents 2403 2906 9786 15095 Above 50 Cents 2609 1517 9292 13417 Total 14195 19801 66764 100760

10.3 Distribution of BPL Families by Land Area Owned and Family Head

Land Area Owned Female head

Male head Total

No land 2432 5723 8155 Upto 5 Cents 6472 17452 23924 Upto 10 Cents 6139 15292 21432 Upto 25 Cents 5861 12876 18737 Upto 50 Cents 5266 9829 15095 Above 50 Cents 3608 9809 13417 Total 29779 70981 100760

10.4 Distribution of Families by Land Possessed and Panchayat

Panchayat No land Upto 5 Cents

5 to 10 Cents

10 to 25 Cents

25 to 50 Cents

Above 50 Cents Total

Mananthavady 2,095 701 1,047 707 306 4,856 Vellamunda 687 1,406 902 1,107 607 4,710 Thirunelli 1,412 1,412 709 404 1,312 5,250 Thondarnadu 1,459 395 395 395 395 99 3,138 Edavaka 801 507 718 718 824 3,569 Thavinjal 279 1,498 506 599 765 1,663 5,310 Meenangadi 200 1,026 808 1,312 904 300 4,550 Nenmeni 362 1,670 1,543 1,308 952 476 6,311 Ambalavayal 99 1,005 1,404 1,196 496 595 4,795 Sultan Bathery 804 1,221 1,107 507 307 1,018 4,963 Noolpuzha 1,891 660 853 566 189 188 4,347 Kottathara 198 616 402 495 413 308 2,432 Vengappally 494 203 211 308 397 1,613 Vythiri 93 93 372 373 373 563 1,866 Muttil 1,518 810 809 708 507 4,352 Pozhutthana 358 423 423 423 423 211 2,259 Thariyode 194 1,091.00 178 210 1,673 Padinjarethara 589 586 582 884 291 2,932 Meppady 1,313 703 405 705 505 300 3,931 Muppainadu 903 398 897 299 299 301 3,097 Panamaram 101 2,022 1,316 1,118 914 608 6,079 Poothadi 770 1,160 1,537 1,246 966 5,679 Mullankolli 1,094 795 497 894 696 3,976 Pulpalli 96 1,615 1,047 1,231 566 282 4,837 Kaniyampatta 926 1,285 1,019 617 388 4,235 Total 8,155 23,924 21,432 18,737 15,095 13,417 100,760


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10.5 Distribution of BPL Families by Type of Land Owned and Social Group Type of land SC ST OBC General Total Revenue land 7730 21804 33878 23961 87373 Forest land 558 4241 200 4999 Both revenue & forest 94 294 301 297 986 Others 799 1264 1813 1396 5272 Total 9181 27603 36192 25654 98630 Asset SC ST OBC General Total Cycle 9123 27492 34998 24459 96073 Motor cycle 9011 27498 33052 21801 91361 Poultry 7452 21464 26118 16925 71959 Buffalo-male 9409 27444 36882 25775 99510 Buffalo-female 9409 27910 36973 25184 99475 Milk cow 9078 24196 34447 21938 89658 Cattle 8882 24997 33934 22053 89866 Goat 8919 25127 34427 22577 91050 Agricultural equipments 3392 12535 9669 8664 34260 Agricultural implements 6858 20278 30555 18262 75953

10.7 Distribution of Families by Number of Poultry Owned Number of Poultry SC ST OBC General ALL 1 187 991 1381 1352 3911 2 391 2072 3596 2186 8245 3 477 1205 925 1678 4286 4 190 1081 1693 1325 4290 5 610 684 1445 1003 3741 6 0 506 785 690 1982 7 & more 102 298 1126 820 2346 Total 1957 6837 10951 9054 28801

10.8 Distribution of Families by Number of Animals Owned Animal SC ST OBC General ALL Buffalo-Male 0 858 187 205 1251

1 0 95 93 104 293 2 0 576 94 101 771

3 & more 0 187 0 0 187 Buffalo -Female 0 391 97 797 1285

1 0 104 97 395 596 2 0 287 0 305 592

3 & more 0 0 0 97 97 Milk Cow 331 4105 2622 4044 11102

1 101 2392 1175 2820 6488 2 230 1215 1345 1025 3815

3 & more 0 498 102 199 799 Cattle 527 3303 3135 3927 10895

1 324 2110 1605 2537 6577 2 203 903 1333 1194 3634

3 & more 0 290 197 196 684 Goat 489 3174 2642 3403 9710

1 287 799 491 540 2118 2 0 765 593 1431 2790

3 & more 202 1610 1558 1432 4802


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10.9 Distribution of Families by Ownership of Different Household Items Item SC ST OBC General Total Cooking Utensils 8420 26217 35744 25247 95628 Pressure cooker 3251 2124 24333 17206 46914 Plates 9310 27984 36574 25486 99353 Cooker/Gas stove 4301 2619 27584 19574 54079 Refrigerator 379 301 3592 4225 8497 Wash basin 2125 2788 14786 12081 31780 Washing Machine 331 199 1922 1750 4202 Bed 5625 8463 31903 23146 69138 Solar lantern 289 488 2008 1071 3856 Table 5107 7644 29386 21512 63650 Chair 7809 15604 33708 24406 81527 Others 2612 4814 14793 12587 34807

10.10 BPL Families Possessing Various Household Items by Religion Item Christian Muslim Hindu Total Cooking Utensils 13678 18992 62958 95628 Pressure cooker 9928 14368 22619 46914 Plates 13998 19203 66152 99353 Cooker/Gas stove 9871 15461 28747 54079 Refrigerator 2110 2994 3392 8497 Wash basin 6316 7952 17512 31780 Washing Machine 1339 985 1878 4202 Bed 12486 16930 39722 69138 Solar lantern 593 1205 2058 3856 Table 11560 16052 36037 63650 Chair 13612 18288 49627 81527 Others 6257 7150 21400 34807

10.11 BPL Families Possessing Various Household Items by Head of Family Item Women Men Total Cooking Utensils 28467 67160 95628 Pressure cooker 12670 34245 46914 Plates 29172 70181 99353 Cooker/Gas stove 15423 38656 54079 Refrigerator 2626 5871 8497 Wash basin 8095 23685 31780 Washing Machine 600 3602 4202 Bed 19300 49838 69138 Solar lantern 1116 2740 3856 Table 17914 45736 63650 Chair 22797 58730 81527 Others 9423 25384 34807

10.12 Estimated Number of BPL Families Possessing Various Communication and Entertainment Items by Social Group

Item SC ST OBC General Total Mobile phone 8529 20473 35756 24991 89749 Radio 1394 3386 3509 2949 11239 CD Player 1397 1774 4294 4330 11795 DVD Player 857 2124 5345 4385 12711 Dish 3292 9486 14312 11993 39082 Computer 217 317 1219 1081 2833 Television 5804 8672 24944 18570 57991 Others 631 610 1680 2354 5276


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10.13 Estimated Number of BPL Families Possessing Various Communication and Entertainment Items by Religion

Item Christian Muslim Hindu Total Mobile phone 13502 19103 57144 89749 Radio 1502 1431 8307 11239 CD Player 2181 2515 7099 11795 DVD Player 2680 2042 7989 12711 Dish 6652 4886 27543 39082 Computer 681 689 1463 2833 Television 9885 11954 36151 57991 Others 826 691 3758 5276

10.14 Estimated Number of BPL Families Possessing Various Communication and Entertainment Items by Head of Family

Item Women Men Total Mobile phone 24759 64990 89749 Radio 3089 8150 11239 CD Player 2584 9210 11795 DVD Player 3888 8823 12711 Dish 12785 26296 39082 Computer 850 1983 2833 Television 16376 41615 57991 Others 1350 3926 5276

Annex-12 Used Methods for Satellite Image Analysis and GIS Database Creation


Table of Contents

Annex-12 Used Method for Satellite Image Analysis and GIS Database Creation……..12-1 12.1 Satellite Image Analysis ................................................................................................. 12-1

12.1.1 Objective ............................................................................................................... 12-1 12.1.2 Data ....................................................................................................................... 12-1 12.1.3 Procurement of Data .............................................................................................. 12-1 12.1.4 Land Use and Land Cover ..................................................................................... 12-1 12.1.5 Pre-processing of the Satellite Image .................................................................... 12-2 12.1.6 Classification of Land Use and Land Cover ......................................................... 12-2

12.2 Creation of the GIS Database ........................................................................................ 12-4 12.2.1 Objective ............................................................................................................... 12-4 12.2.2 Collection of the Data ........................................................................................... 12-4 12.2.3 Procurement of the Data ........................................................................................ 12-4 12.2.4 Methodology and Analysis .................................................................................... 12-5

List of Maps

Map 1 Land Use and Land Cover in Wayanad District ................................................................ 12-3

Map 2 Location of Existing Government Offices in Wayanad District ........................................ 12-6

Map 3 Location of Existing K.S.E.B Offices and Power Distribute Stations in Wayanad District ............................................................................................................ 12-6

Map 4 Location of Basic Education Facilities in Wayanad District ............................................. 12-7

Map 5 Location of Existing Literacy Education Centre in Wayanad District ............................... 12-7

Map 6 Location of Existing Tribal Hostels in Wayanad District .................................................. 12-8

Map 7 Location of Existing Community Halls in Wayanad District ............................................ 12-8

Map 8 Location of Existing Anganwady Centres in Wayanad District ........................................ 12-9

Map 9 Location of Existing Godown in Wayanad District ........................................................... 12-9

Map 10 Location of Existing Bank in Wayanad District .............................................................. 12-10

Map 11 Location of Existing Religion Establishments in Wayanad District ................................ 12-10

Map 12 Location of Existing Check Dams in Wayanad District .................................................. 12-11

Map 13 Location of Existing Lift Irrigation Systems in Wayanad District ....................................... 12-11


Annex-12 Used Methods for Satellite Image Analysis and GIS Database Creation

12.1 Satellite Image Analysis

12.1.1 Objective

Satellite image analysis was carried out in this Survey to have inception information about land use and land cover in the Wayanad District and to provide physical and aerial basis to shape the activities of the main components in the proposed Project.

12.1.2 Data

Satellite Images- IRS –ResourceSat-2 LISS IV of two scenes which covers the entire Wayanad District on 2nd February 2013 and 6th December 2013 were used to analyze the land use and land cover of the district. The specifications of the satellite image and the sensor are given in the following table.

Specifications of the Satellite Image and the Sensor

12.1.3 Procurement of Data

The appropriate satellite image of ortho-rectified tiff format was procured by the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) in Hyderabad for the analysis conducted by JICA Survey Team.

12.1.4 Land Use and Land Cover

In order to generate the maps of land use and land cover of Wayanad District from the satellite image, suitable interpretation key was adopted as per the land utilization in Wayanad District. The minimum level of interpretation accuracy 85 % (NRSC document) was maintained for identification of suitable land use and land cover categories from the satellite image. The land use and land cover classes are described in the following table.

Satellite ID Sensor ID SpectralBands

SpatialResolution

Path/Row Date ofPassing

Swath(km)

IRS-ResourceSat-2 LISS IV FX 3 Bands 5.8 m 099/65C 2nd Feb-2013 23.5x23.5

IRS-ResourceSat-2 LISS IV FX 3 Bands 5.8 m 098/65D 6th Dec-2013 23.5x23.5

Annex 12-1


Interpretation Class for Land Use and Land Cover Analysis No Class 1 Class 2 Description 1 Built- up Town/City/Urban Consist of dense urban area, large cluster of house and

commercial buildings

2 Village Smaller clutter of houses 3 Agriculture Fallow land No crop is present in the field 4 Crop land Crop is present in the field 5 Agriculture plantation Perennial/permanent crops are dominant in the field. 6 Forest Evergreen/Semi

evergreen Most trees keep green leaves through a year. Crown density is in general more than 40%.

7 Deciduous forest Leaves of major natural trees are fallen in dry season.

8 Littoral and swamps Found in wet marshy areas, in river deltas & other swampy areas.

9 Scrub forest Low trees are dominant with the crown density less than 10 %.

10 Waste land Culturable waste with scrub

Part of non-forest areas where no agriculture activities & vegetation

11 Unculturable waste with barren hill ridge, rock

Part of forest & non-forest areas where no agriculture activities but with low trees

12 Grass land Dense Open field in the forest area where vegetation cover is formed by grasses with density more than 10%.

13 Degraded Open field in the forest area where vegetation cover is formed by grasses with density more than 10%.

14 Water body

River/Stream Consisting of perennial and seasonal rivers, major and minor streams

15 Reservoir/Lake/Pond Consisting of natural and man-made water bodies. Source: JICA Survey Team based on the satellite image analysis and interpretation (2014)

12.1.5 Pre-processing of the Satellite Image

Two scenes of satellite images with geo reference in UTM projection system were procured from the National Remote Sensing Centre. Further, these two scenes were re-projected into geographic coordination system (Latitude/Longitude). The pre-processing of the images such as cloud removal, image enhancement, radiometric correction, haze reduction and ortho rectification were done before analyzing the vegetation and land covers in the images. By combining individual spectral bands (2, 3, 4-IRS) using image processing tools, the False Color Composite (FCC) images were generated for more precise analysis of the vegetation cover of Wayanad District. Two scenes indicating mosaic land used and vegetation were made and projected into geographic coordination system.

12.1.6 Classification of Land Use and Land Cover

Unsupervised classification of LISS IV image was conducted through the ERDAS Imagine then 15 land use classes were identified. Best FCC was obtained from the combination of LISS IV spectral bands 4, 3 and 2 (RGB) for discrimination of the desired features in Wayanad District. Accordingly broad area was categorized into six classes, namely forest, water bodies, agricultural land, grass land, built-up area, and waste land. They were further classified into 18 classes to identify more precise land uses and vegetation covers in Wayanad. The land use and vegetation covers thus classified were further validated and corrected through extensive ground truth using GPS. The following table and

Annex 12-2


Map 1 show the result of this process. The agriculture lands and the forest areas were found to distribute mosaic like in most parts of the district.

Results of the Remote Sensing Analysis in Wayanad District

Source: Resource sat LISS-IV image National Remote sensing Centre, Hyderabad-2013

Map 1 Land Use and Land Cover in Wayanad District

Source: Resource sat LISS-IV image National Remote sensing Centre, Hyderabad-2013

Level-I Level-II Area in km2 Percentage 1 Rural 33.2 1.56%2 Urban 9.8 0.46%3 Crop land 177.0 8.31%

4Plantation/Coffee/Tea/Rubber 905.8 42.53%

5 Fallow land 59.8 2.81%

6Evergreen/ SemiEvergreen 304.9 14.32%

7 Deciduous forest/Moist 231.7 10.88%8 Scrub Forest 97.5 4.58%9 Forest Plantations 173.7 8.16%10 Land with scrub 57.9 2.72%

11Land without scrub,Rocks/ barren hill ridges 2.0 0.09%

12 Grass land Dense/Degrade 53.5 2.51%13 Reservoir/Lake 15.2 0.71%14 River/ Stream 7.9 0.37%

Total 2129.74 100.00%

Forest

Waste land

Water body

NoLand use in Wayanad district Remote sensing Analysis

Built-up

Agriculture

Annex 12-3


12.2 Creation of GIS Database

12.2.1 Objective

GIS database was created in the Survey to compile the multidisciplinary data of the natural and socioeconomic conditions in Wayanad and visually present them in several thematic maps in the Survey report. The maps are supposed to be utilized to identify and focus the target areas which need the interventions of the Project.

12.2.2 Collection of Data

The input data used for generation of GIS database are given in the following table. To encode the information of local infrastructures into the database, the coordinates of those facilities were recorded in the field by using GPS. Other data were provided by several government institutes such as the Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department (KFWD), the Remote Sensing and Environment Centre and the Soil Conservation Department in Trivandrum.

List of Collected Data to Build the GIS Data Base


12.2.3 Procurement of Data

Since GIS data had to be assimilated in the short period, data creation from primary sources was not conducted by the Survey Team. Although it was decided to procure data of the Wayanad District from

Annex 12-4

Category Data Source Format

District boundary Soil conservation department Vector

Block boundary Soil conservation department Vector

Village boundary KSRSEC Vector

Gram Panchayat boundary Soil conservation department Vector

Ward boundary Grama panchayat office Vector

Gravity irrigation facilities Filed survey using GPS by the JICA Survey Team Vector

Lift irrigation facilities Filed survey using GPS by the JICA Survey Team Vector

Check dams Filed survey using GPS by the JICA Survey Team Vector

Godowns and other collection facilities Filed survey using GPS by the JICA Survey Team Vector

Community halls, common facility center andother village production center, rural market

Filed survey using GPS by the JICA Survey Team Vector

Angawadi center and other village socialwelfare facilities


Schools and other education facilities Filed survey using GPS by the JICA Survey Team Vector

Community health center and other medicalfacilities


Government offices Filed survey using GPS by the JICA Survey Team Vector

Other key facilities and infrastructures Filed survey using GPS by the JICA Survey Team Vector

Slope and contour line (DEM) ASTER GDEM(http://gdem.ersdac.jspacesystems.or.jp/)

Raster

Forestry Administrative Boundary Data Forest department offices in Kerala state Vector

Soil Soil conservation department VectorLand capability class Soil conservation department VectorDrainage Soil conservation department VectorGeology Soil conservation department VectorLand use in 2009 KSRSEC RasterGeomorphology KSRSEC VectorRoad network KSRSEC VectorSmall watershed boundary KSRSEC Vector

Other data

Administrativeboundaries

Rural infrastructure


reliable secondary sources, that is the government departments including the Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department (KFWD), the Directorate of Soil Survey & Soil Conservation, the Directorate of Scheduled Tribes Development, and the Kerala State Remote Sensing and Environment Centre.

GIS layers in shape file format was procured from the Kerala State Remote Sensing and Environment Centre pertaining to land use, watershed, road network, village/taluk boundary, and geomorphology.

From the Directorate of Soil Survey & Soil Conservation, the shape files relating to soil, present land use, erosion, and land capability class were procured in a scale of 1:5,000 while other layers relating to block boundary, Panchayat boundary, drainage, and geology were obtained in 1:50,000 scale.

The wing of Forest Management Information System (FMIS) in KFWD provided the information relating to administrative boundaries of forest divisions, ranges and stations/sections to the Survey Team. Apart from this, information on enclosures and settlements within the state forest land, forest types, and plantation areas was also provided by the wing of FMIS as the GIS layers. .

12.2.4 Methodology and Analysis

The data of ward boundaries were not available at Grama Panchayat office. Instead, the Survey Team obtained the map information in the five-year plan document of the Panchayat then digitised them using ESRI Arc GIS 10.2 GIS software. Survey of India (SoI) topographical maps in 1:50,000 scale and Google Maps were referred in verifying the physical boundaries of the ward in case that those indicated in the sketch maps in the five-year plan were thought to show large discrepancies compared to the actual delineation. Information on the location and extent of vayals (grassland) and water-holes in the state forest land were also digitised based on the sketches on the toposheet collected at the range offices.

Area analysis under different land use classes as per different administrative boundaries was undertaken using the in-built functionalities in ArcGIS. The boundaries of the state forest land were collected at the divisional and range offices. Based on the collected data, the boundaries were manually digitized from the scanned maps. Those maps were used for geo-referencing for digitations which were carried out using ArcGIS software. Other legal boundaries such as range, reserve forest were collected at the KFWD in Trivandrum. The forest boundaries on the GIS layer were drawn by compiling all these data sources.

After compilation of all the layers, each class of land use land and land cover were identified with boundaries and different colours as indicated in the legend of the maps. Then the remote sensing raster analysis was converted into GIS format data for further analysis. Distribution of area under different land use land cover classes as per the administrative boundary (Grama Panchayat wise) was calculated using in-built functions of GIS and remote sensing software. District, Panchayat wise land use data set were generated for the entire district. The distribution of different land uses/land cover and the administrative boundaries provided the basis to identify the target areas of area-based activities proposed for the Project. Meanwhile the rural infrastructures are considered to be the basic requirements for the rural communities to maintain their livelihood and they could also be a trigger to stimulate the process of development in the community. Based on this understanding, the Survey Team tried to identify the potentials to intervene in constructing or rehabilitating the infrastructures in the target communities.To identify the potentials of infrastructure construction, information on the rural infrastructures were collected by requesting the leaders of the Panchayat to fill the information sheet to show the existing infrastructures. Based on the information collected, the GIS work team visited each Panchayat with portable GPS to find the infrastructures as listed in the sheets and measure their coordinates to show them on the GIS map. Following the information provided by the leaders prior to the field survey, the GIS team members tried to identify all of their locations. However it was difficult for them to do so because the access to the target locations was sometimes quite difficult or the information provided prior was not correct. Thus the results of the measurement shown from Map 2 to Map 13 do not indicate all of the infrastructures but to point only the part of them. In this sense these maps should be regarded as a reference to show the rough distributions of the target infrastructures.

Annex 12-5


Map 2 Location of Existing Government Offices in Wayanad District

Map 3 Location of Existing K.S.E.B Offices and Power Distribute Stations in Wayanad District

Annex 12-6


Map 4 Location of Basic Education Facilities in Wayanad District

Map 5 Location of Existing Literacy Education Centre in Wayanad District

Annex 12-7


Map 6 Location of Existing Tribal Hostels in Wayanad District

Map 7 Location of Existing Community Halls in Wayanad District

Annex 12-8


Map 8 Location of Existing Anganwady Centres in Wayanad District

Map 9 Location of Existing Godown in Wayanad District

Annex 12-9


Map 10 Location of Existing Bank in Wayanad District

Map 11 Location of Existing Religion Establishments in Wayanad District

Annex 12-10


Map 12 Location of Existing Check Dams in Wayanad District

Map 13 Location of Existing Lift Irrigation Systems in Wayanad District

Annex 12-11

Preparatory Survey for Wayanad Comprehensive Environment ... · Source: Budget in Brief 2014-15,...

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