Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...
Transcript of Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...
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Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students:Pragmatics 1: Discourse and Reference
Caroline Sporleder
Universitat des Saarlandes
Wintersemester 2009/10
06.10.2009
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Overview of Pragmatics Lectures
Today’s Lecture (Caroline Sporleder):
What is Pragmatics?
Dimensions of Discourse Structure (linguistic, intentional,informational, focus)
Models of Discourse
Referring Expressions
Thursday’s Lecture (Magdalena Wolska):
Grice’s Maxims of Conversation
Speech Acts
Presuppositions
Dialogue
Background ReadingDaniel Jurafsky & James H. Martin: Speech and LanguageProcessing, Chapters 18 & 19
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What is Pragmatics?
Semanticscontext-independent meaning of utterances
lexical semantics (meaning of words): hypernymy-hyponymy(dog vs. animal), homonymy/word-senses (bank vs. bank) . . .
meaning of sentences, propositions, truth values . . .(e.g. The dog barks ⇒ ∃x(dog(x) ∧ bark(x)))
Pragmaticscontext-dependent meaning of utterances
linguistic context: discourse, dialogue
situational context: discourse participants, time, location etc.
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Context-dependent Meaning
Deixisinterpretation of elements of utterance relative to speaker(s),addressee(s), time, location etc.
He has a new job.
(Who has a new job?)
Stop doing that!
(Doing what?)
The weather was nice yesterday.
(When was the weathernice?)
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Context-dependent Meaning
Deixisinterpretation of elements of utterance relative to speaker(s),addressee(s), time, location etc.
He has a new job.
(Who has a new job?)
Stop doing that!
(Doing what?)
The weather was nice yesterday.
(When was the weathernice?)
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Context-dependent Meaning
Deixisinterpretation of elements of utterance relative to speaker(s),addressee(s), time, location etc.
He has a new job. (Who has a new job?)
Stop doing that!
(Doing what?)
The weather was nice yesterday.
(When was the weathernice?)
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Context-dependent Meaning
Deixisinterpretation of elements of utterance relative to speaker(s),addressee(s), time, location etc.
He has a new job. (Who has a new job?)
Stop doing that! (Doing what?)
The weather was nice yesterday.
(When was the weathernice?)
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Context-dependent Meaning
Deixisinterpretation of elements of utterance relative to speaker(s),addressee(s), time, location etc.
He has a new job. (Who has a new job?)
Stop doing that! (Doing what?)
The weather was nice yesterday. (When was the weathernice?)
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Context-dependent Meaning
Implicaturesmeaning implied in discourse context
A: Do you have the time?
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Context-dependent Meaning
Implicaturesmeaning implied in discourse context
A: Do you have the time?B: *Yes.
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Context-dependent Meaning
Implicaturesmeaning implied in discourse context
A: Do you have the time?B: *Yes.
Intended Meaning:Do you happen to know the time and if so could you please tell me?
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Context-dependent Meaning
Implicaturesmeaning implied in discourse context
A: Do you know what time it is?B: I think I just heard the milkman.
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Context-dependent Meaning
Implicaturesmeaning implied in discourse context
A: Do you know what time it is?B: I think I just heard the milkman.
Intended Meaning:I think I just heard the milkman. We both know that the milkmanusually comes at a quarter to eight, so it must be a quarter to eight.
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Context-dependent Meaning
Implicaturesmeaning implied in discourse context
A: Where is Bill?B: There’s a blue Ford outside Sue’s house.
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Context-dependent Meaning
Implicaturesmeaning implied in discourse context
A: Where is Bill?B: There’s a blue Ford outside Sue’s house.
Intended Meaning:There’s a blue Ford outside Sue’s house. We both know that Billdrives such a car, so I assume he’s at Sue’s.
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Discourse and Discourse Structure
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What is a Discourse?
Discourse:a coherent sequence of utterances.
How is “coherence” defined?
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What is a Discourse?
Discourse:a coherent sequence of utterances.
How is “coherence” defined?
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Example: Coherence
Reconstruction work will begin next month on a shrine in the Iraqicity of Samarra. There is so much anger in Burma right now,particularly about the brutal treatment of the monks. I visited theworst-hit areas in the north of Ghana and neighbouring Togo,which are more used to battling drought than floods.
Coherent?
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Example: Coherence
Greek officials hope the new site will boost the country’s longcampaign for the return of the Elgin Marbles. Crowds ofbystanders watched the first of the monuments lifted by cranes atthe 2,500-year-old Parthenon. Greece has begun moving theancient sculptures from the Acropolis in Athens to a new home - amuseum at the foot of the hilltop citadel.
Coherent?
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What is a Discourse?
a sequence of utterances
but: an arbitraty collection of well-formed utterances is notnecessarily a “discourse”
⇒ utterance have to cohere (“hang together”)
topics which are relatedevents which are connected (e.g. cause-result, temporalsuccession)utterances have to fulfil a purpose in discourse
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Dimensions of Discourse Structure
Four interdependent aspects of discourse structure:
Linguistic Structure: linguistic manifestation of discoursestructure, e.g., cue words, intonation, gesture, referringexpressions etc.
Informational Structure: how do the different segments of adiscourse relate to each other?
Intentional Structure: each discourse segment fulfils a purpose(why does a speaker/writer make a given utterance in a givenform?)
Focus Structure: which entities are salient at a given point indiscourse?
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Linguistic Structure
John hid Peter’s car keys. He was drunk.
Mary likes vegetables but she hates tomatoes.
Dan insulted Tom and then HE hit him.
It was John who hid Peter’s car keys.
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Linguistic Structure
John hid Peter’s car keys. He was drunk.
Mary likes vegetables but she hates tomatoes.
Dan insulted Tom and then HE hit him.
It was John who hid Peter’s car keys.
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Linguistic Structure
John hid Peter’s car keys. He was drunk.
Mary likes vegetables but she hates tomatoes.
Dan insulted Tom and then HE hit him.
It was John who hid Peter’s car keys.
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Linguistic Structure
John hid Peter’s car keys. He was drunk.
Mary likes vegetables but she hates tomatoes.
Dan insulted Tom and then HE hit him.
It was John who hid Peter’s car keys.
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Linguistic Structure
Linguistic formoften an indicator of discourse structure:
discourse connectives (but, because):⇒ reflect how sentences are related to each other (contrast,explanation etc.)
referring expressions (she, Mary, a girl, the girl who likesice-cream . . . )⇒ reflect the status of an entity in the discourse (salient,not-salient, new, old, inferred etc.)
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Informational Structure
John hid Peter’s car keys. He was drunk.
⇒ The fact that John was drunk explains why he hid Peter’s carkeys.
Mary likes chocolate, Maggie likes crisps
⇒ The fact that Maggie likes crisps contrasts with Mary’s liking ofchocolate.
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Informational Structure
John hid Peter’s car keys. He was drunk.
⇒ The fact that John was drunk explains why he hid Peter’s carkeys.
Mary likes chocolate, Maggie likes crisps
⇒ The fact that Maggie likes crisps contrasts with Mary’s liking ofchocolate.
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Informational Structure
John hid Peter’s car keys. He was drunk.
⇒ The fact that John was drunk explains why he hid Peter’s carkeys.
Mary likes chocolate, Maggie likes crisps
⇒ The fact that Maggie likes crisps contrasts with Mary’s liking ofchocolate.
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Informational Structure
John hid Peter’s car keys. He was drunk.
⇒ The fact that John was drunk explains why he hid Peter’s carkeys.
Mary likes chocolate, Maggie likes crisps
⇒ The fact that Maggie likes crisps contrasts with Mary’s liking ofchocolate.
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Intentional Structure
John hid Peter’s car keys. He was drunk.
Possible intention: explain to listener why John hid Peter’s keys(and why Peter was consequently late for work)
Another Possible intention: outline to listener what consequencesJohn’s drunkenness has (and why something must be done abouthis binge drinking)
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Intentional Structure
John hid Peter’s car keys. He was drunk.
Possible intention: explain to listener why John hid Peter’s keys(and why Peter was consequently late for work)
Another Possible intention: outline to listener what consequencesJohn’s drunkenness has (and why something must be done abouthis binge drinking)
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Intentional Structure
John hid Peter’s car keys. He was drunk.
Possible intention: explain to listener why John hid Peter’s keys(and why Peter was consequently late for work)
Another Possible intention: outline to listener what consequencesJohn’s drunkenness has (and why something must be done abouthis binge drinking)
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Focus Structure
Susan would like to go on a holiday. But she needs to findsomebody to do her work while she’s away. She can’t think ofanybody to do that. She considered Mike but he’s a bit unreliable.Yesterday he forgot to turn up for an important meeting with aclient. The client was very annoyed and said she would never dobusiness with Susan’s company again.
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Focus Structure
Susan would like to go on a holiday. But she needs to findsomebody to do her work while she’s away. She can’t think ofanybody to do that. She considered Mike but he’s a bit unreliable.Yesterday he forgot to turn up for an important meeting with aclient. The client was very annoyed and said she would never dobusiness with Susan’s company again.
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Focus Structure
Susan would like to go on a holiday. But she needs to findsomebody to do her work while she’s away. She can’t think ofanybody to do that. She considered Mike but he’s a bit unreliable.Yesterday he forgot to turn up for an important meeting with aclient. The client was very annoyed and said she would never dobusiness with Susan’s company again.
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Focus Structure
Susan would like to go on a holiday. But she needs to findsomebody to do her work while she’s away. She can’t think ofanybody to do that. She considered Mike but he’s a bit unreliable.Yesterday he forgot to turn up for an important meeting with aclient. The client was very annoyed and said she would never dobusiness with Susan’s company again.
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Discourse Coherence
A discourse is perceived as coherent if
hearer can determine speakers intentions
hearer can work out informational structure of utterances(based on linguistic clues or inferred by knowledge of speakersintentions)
focus and linguistic structure fit with intentional andinformational structure
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Interpreting Discourse: Example
John hid Peter’s car keys. He likes spinach.
no linguistic cues for informational structure
possible intentional structure: speaker wants to convey whyJohn hid the keys (i.e., because somebody promised to givehim spinach for it and John would do everything for spinach)⇒ informational structure: explanation
another possible intentional structure: speaker wants toconvey what an idiot John is (i.e., not only did he hide Peter’skeys but he also likes spinach which no normal person does)⇒ informational structure: continuation
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Interpreting Discourse: Example
John hid Peter’s car keys. He likes spinach.
no linguistic cues for informational structure
possible intentional structure: speaker wants to convey whyJohn hid the keys (i.e., because somebody promised to givehim spinach for it and John would do everything for spinach)⇒ informational structure: explanation
another possible intentional structure: speaker wants toconvey what an idiot John is (i.e., not only did he hide Peter’skeys but he also likes spinach which no normal person does)⇒ informational structure: continuation
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Interpreting Discourse: Example
John hid Peter’s car keys. He likes spinach.
no linguistic cues for informational structure
possible intentional structure: speaker wants to convey whyJohn hid the keys (i.e., because somebody promised to givehim spinach for it and John would do everything for spinach)
⇒ informational structure: explanation
another possible intentional structure: speaker wants toconvey what an idiot John is (i.e., not only did he hide Peter’skeys but he also likes spinach which no normal person does)⇒ informational structure: continuation
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Interpreting Discourse: Example
John hid Peter’s car keys. He likes spinach.
no linguistic cues for informational structure
possible intentional structure: speaker wants to convey whyJohn hid the keys (i.e., because somebody promised to givehim spinach for it and John would do everything for spinach)⇒ informational structure: explanation
another possible intentional structure: speaker wants toconvey what an idiot John is (i.e., not only did he hide Peter’skeys but he also likes spinach which no normal person does)⇒ informational structure: continuation
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Interpreting Discourse: Example
John hid Peter’s car keys. He likes spinach.
no linguistic cues for informational structure
possible intentional structure: speaker wants to convey whyJohn hid the keys (i.e., because somebody promised to givehim spinach for it and John would do everything for spinach)⇒ informational structure: explanation
another possible intentional structure: speaker wants toconvey what an idiot John is (i.e., not only did he hide Peter’skeys but he also likes spinach which no normal person does)
⇒ informational structure: continuation
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Interpreting Discourse: Example
John hid Peter’s car keys. He likes spinach.
no linguistic cues for informational structure
possible intentional structure: speaker wants to convey whyJohn hid the keys (i.e., because somebody promised to givehim spinach for it and John would do everything for spinach)⇒ informational structure: explanation
another possible intentional structure: speaker wants toconvey what an idiot John is (i.e., not only did he hide Peter’skeys but he also likes spinach which no normal person does)⇒ informational structure: continuation
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Modelling Discourse Structure:
Rhetorical Structure Theory
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Modelling Discourse Structure
Rhetorical Structure Theory (Mann & Thompson, 1987)
theoretical framework for describing discourse structure(informational structure)
elementary discourse units (usually clauses) are linked bypre-defined set of 24-30 rhetorical relations⇒ hierarchical discourse structure (cf. syntax trees)
RST website: http://www.sfu.ca/rst/
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Example: Simplified RST
Peter failed the exam
because he didn’tstudy hard enough. the holidays preparing
for the re−sit
while his friendsenjoyed themselvesat the beach
He had to spend
explanation contrast
result
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Example: Proper RST
but the tragicandtoo−commontableaux ofhundreds oreven thousandsof peoplesnake−lining upfor any task witha paycheckillustrates a lackof jobs,
Every rule hasexceptions.
The peoplewaiting in linecarried amessage, arefutation, ofthe claims that thejobless could beemployed if onlythey showedenough ambition.
The hotel’shelp−wantedannouncementfor 300 openingswas a rareopportunity formanyunemployed
whenhundreds ofpeople lined upto be among the first applying forjobs at theyet−to−openMariott Hotel.
Famingtonpolice had tohelp controltraffic recently
not laziness.
Antithesis
Concession
Evidence
Circumstance
VolitionalResult
Background
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So, what is it useful for?
text generation
text understanding
text summarisation
question answering
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Referring Expressions vs. Real World Entities
The Treachery of Images, Rene Magritte, 1928-29
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Referring Expressions vs. Real World Entities
Referent: real world entity towhich a linguistic expressionrefers.
Referring Expression: linguis-tic expression (usually a nounphrase) used to refer to a refer-ent.
George W. Bush, George Bushjnr., the former President of the
United States, he, that man,Dubya, . . .
Reference: the process of refer-ring to a referent with a refer-ring expression
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Discourse Model
Real World
Speaker Listener
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Discourse Model
bla...housePeter.. bla..car
Real World
Speaker Listener
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Discourse Model
bla...housePeter.. bla..car
Real World
Speaker
Discourse Model
Listener
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Discourse Context and Linguistic Form
He claims record
The 22-year-old computer science undergraduate from Bath isclaiming a world record for the longest distance ridden on aunicycle in 24 hours.
A unicycling student covered exactly 282 miles at AberystwythUniversity’s athletics track.
Sam Wakeling was aiming to beat the existing record of 235.3miles.
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Discourse Context and Linguistic Form
He claims record
The 22-year-old computer science undergraduate from Bath isclaiming a world record for the longest distance ridden on aunicycle in 24 hours.
A unicycling student covered exactly 282 miles at AberystwythUniversity’s athletics track.
Sam Wakeling was aiming to beat the existing record of 235.3miles.
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Discourse Context and Linguistic Form
Unicycling student claims record
A student is claiming a world record for the longest distance riddenon a unicycle in 24 hours.
Sam Wakeling covered exactly 282 miles at AberystwythUniversity’s athletics track.
The 22-year-old computer science undergraduate from Bath wasaiming to beat the existing record of 235.3 miles.
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Discourse Context and Linguistic Form
Unicycling student claims record
A student is claiming a world record for the longest distance riddenon a unicycle in 24 hours.
Sam Wakeling covered exactly 282 miles at AberystwythUniversity’s athletics track.
The 22-year-old computer science undergraduate from Bath wasaiming to beat the existing record of 235.3 miles.
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Discourse Context and Linguistic Form
Reference and linguistic form
the linguistic form reflects the saliency of the referent.
Typically:
new discourse referents are introduced by indefinite NPs
known/old discourse referents are referred to by definite NPsor pronouns
⇒ I saw a cat. The cat/It was black.
But:
Peter walked towards the house. The door was open.
He is going to the US for a year. (A to B when C walks by)
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Discourse Context and Linguistic Form
Reference and linguistic form
the linguistic form reflects the saliency of the referent.
Typically:
new discourse referents are introduced by indefinite NPs
known/old discourse referents are referred to by definite NPsor pronouns
⇒ I saw a cat. The cat/It was black.
But:
Peter walked towards the house. The door was open.
He is going to the US for a year. (A to B when C walks by)
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Discourse Context and Linguistic Form
Reference and linguistic form
the linguistic form reflects the saliency of the referent.
Typically:
new discourse referents are introduced by indefinite NPs
known/old discourse referents are referred to by definite NPsor pronouns
⇒ I saw a cat. The cat/It was black.
But:
Peter walked towards the house. The door was open.
He is going to the US for a year. (A to B when C walks by)
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Discourse Context and Linguistic Form
Reference and linguistic form
the linguistic form reflects the saliency of the referent.
Typically:
new discourse referents are introduced by indefinite NPs
known/old discourse referents are referred to by definite NPsor pronouns
⇒ I saw a cat. The cat/It was black.
But:
Peter walked towards the house. The door was open.
He is going to the US for a year. (A to B when C walks by)
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Classification of Referring Expressions
referent discourse-new discourse-old
hearer-new
brand-new —
hearer-old
unused evoked
brand-new: new discourse referent, representing an unknownentity (a man)
unused: new discourse referent, representing a known entity(Queen Elisabeth)
evoked: referring to an entity which was mentioned before in thediscourse (the 22-year old) or is present in the situational context(you)
inferrable: new discourse referent which is related to a knownentity. (Peter walked towards the house. The door was open.)
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Classification of Referring Expressions
referent discourse-new discourse-old
hearer-new brand-new
—
hearer-old
unused evoked
brand-new: new discourse referent, representing an unknownentity (a man)
unused: new discourse referent, representing a known entity(Queen Elisabeth)
evoked: referring to an entity which was mentioned before in thediscourse (the 22-year old) or is present in the situational context(you)
inferrable: new discourse referent which is related to a knownentity. (Peter walked towards the house. The door was open.)
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Classification of Referring Expressions
referent discourse-new discourse-old
hearer-new brand-new —
hearer-old
unused evoked
brand-new: new discourse referent, representing an unknownentity (a man)
unused: new discourse referent, representing a known entity(Queen Elisabeth)
evoked: referring to an entity which was mentioned before in thediscourse (the 22-year old) or is present in the situational context(you)
inferrable: new discourse referent which is related to a knownentity. (Peter walked towards the house. The door was open.)
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Classification of Referring Expressions
referent discourse-new discourse-old
hearer-new brand-new —
hearer-old unused
evoked
brand-new: new discourse referent, representing an unknownentity (a man)
unused: new discourse referent, representing a known entity(Queen Elisabeth)
evoked: referring to an entity which was mentioned before in thediscourse (the 22-year old) or is present in the situational context(you)
inferrable: new discourse referent which is related to a knownentity. (Peter walked towards the house. The door was open.)
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Classification of Referring Expressions
referent discourse-new discourse-old
hearer-new brand-new —
hearer-old unused evoked
brand-new: new discourse referent, representing an unknownentity (a man)
unused: new discourse referent, representing a known entity(Queen Elisabeth)
evoked: referring to an entity which was mentioned before in thediscourse (the 22-year old) or is present in the situational context(you)
inferrable: new discourse referent which is related to a knownentity. (Peter walked towards the house. The door was open.)
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Classification of Referring Expressions
referent discourse-new discourse-old
hearer-new brand-new —
hearer-old unused evoked
brand-new: new discourse referent, representing an unknownentity (a man)
unused: new discourse referent, representing a known entity(Queen Elisabeth)
evoked: referring to an entity which was mentioned before in thediscourse (the 22-year old) or is present in the situational context(you)
inferrable: new discourse referent which is related to a knownentity. (Peter walked towards the house. The door was open.)
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Example
Chris spent yesterday afternoon in a cafe. The waitress told him totry the hot chocolate but he ordered a coffee instead. Later hewatched a movie with Tom Cruise.
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Example
Chris spent yesterday afternoon in a cafe. The waitress told him totry the hot chocolate but he ordered a coffee instead. Later hewatched a movie with Tom Cruise.
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Example
Chris spent yesterday afternoon in a cafe. The waitress told him totry the hot chocolate but he ordered a coffee instead. Later hewatched a movie with Tom Cruise.
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Example
Chris spent yesterday afternoon in a cafe. The waitress told him totry the hot chocolate but he ordered a coffee instead. Later hewatched a movie with Tom Cruise.
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Example
Chris spent yesterday afternoon in a cafe. The waitress told him totry the hot chocolate but he ordered a coffee instead. Later hewatched a movie with Tom Cruise.
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Example
Chris spent yesterday afternoon in a cafe. The waitress told him totry the hot chocolate but he ordered a coffee instead. Later hewatched a movie with Tom Cruise.
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Example
Chris spent yesterday afternoon in a cafe. The waitress told him totry the hot chocolate but he ordered a coffee instead. Later hewatched a movie with Tom Cruise.
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Example
Chris spent yesterday afternoon in a cafe. The waitress told him totry the hot chocolate but he ordered a coffee instead. Later hewatched a movie with Tom Cruise.
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Example
Chris spent yesterday afternoon in a cafe. The waitress told him totry the hot chocolate but he ordered a coffee instead. Later hewatched a movie with Tom Cruise.
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Example
Chris spent yesterday afternoon in a cafe. The waitress told him totry the hot chocolate but he ordered a coffee instead. Later hewatched a movie with Tom Cruise.
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Example
Chris spent yesterday afternoon in a cafe. The waitress told him totry the hot chocolate but he ordered a coffee instead. Later hewatched a movie with Tom Cruise.
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Reference resolution
The postman stroked the dog. Suddenly he bit him.Who bites whom?
Tony Blair met President Yeltsin. The old man had just recoveredfrom a heart attack.Who had a heard attack?
Applications:
Information extraction
Question-Answering
Summarisation
Machine Translation
. . .
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Reference resolution
The postman stroked the dog. Suddenly he bit him.Who bites whom?
Tony Blair met President Yeltsin. The old man had just recoveredfrom a heart attack.Who had a heard attack?
Applications:
Information extraction
Question-Answering
Summarisation
Machine Translation
. . .
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Co-Reference
referring expressions (the Queen, the bus, a cat, he . . . )refer to real world entities
referring expressions, which refer to the same entity areco-referent
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Co-Reference
coreference chain:a set of referring expressions in a text/discourse which areco-referent
Anaphor:an expression referring to a preceding expression (antecedent)
Muriel saw a cat. It was black.
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Co-Reference Chains
Sophia Loren says she will always be grateful to Bono. The actressrevealed that the U2 singer helped her calm down when shebecame scared by a thunderstorm while travelling on a plane.
Coreference Chains:
{Sophia Loren, she, the actress, her, she}{Bono, the U2 singer }{a thunderstorm}{a plane}
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Co-Reference Chains
Sophia Loren says she will always be grateful to Bono. The actressrevealed that the U2 singer helped her calm down when shebecame scared by a thunderstorm while travelling on a plane.
Coreference Chains:
{Sophia Loren, she, the actress, her, she}{Bono, the U2 singer }{a thunderstorm}{a plane}
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Co-Reference Chains
Sophia Loren says she will always be grateful to Bono. The actressrevealed that the U2 singer helped her calm down when shebecame scared by a thunderstorm while travelling on a plane.
Coreference Chains:
{Sophia Loren, she, the actress, her, she}
{Bono, the U2 singer }{a thunderstorm}{a plane}
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Co-Reference Chains
Sophia Loren says she will always be grateful to Bono. The actressrevealed that the U2 singer helped her calm down when shebecame scared by a thunderstorm while travelling on a plane.
Coreference Chains:
{Sophia Loren, she, the actress, her, she}{Bono, the U2 singer }
{a thunderstorm}{a plane}
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Co-Reference Chains
Sophia Loren says she will always be grateful to Bono. The actressrevealed that the U2 singer helped her calm down when shebecame scared by a thunderstorm while travelling on a plane.
Coreference Chains:
{Sophia Loren, she, the actress, her, she}{Bono, the U2 singer }{a thunderstorm}
{a plane}
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Co-Reference Chains
Sophia Loren says she will always be grateful to Bono. The actressrevealed that the U2 singer helped her calm down when shebecame scared by a thunderstorm while travelling on a plane.
Coreference Chains:
{Sophia Loren, she, the actress, her, she}{Bono, the U2 singer }{a thunderstorm}{a plane}
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Coreference Resolution
Difficulties:
different form 6⇒ different referents(Sophia Loren vs. the actress vs. she)
same form 6⇒ same referents(the cat, Michael Jackson the singer vs. Michael Jackson theBritish general)
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Coreference Resolution
Difficulties:
different form 6⇒ different referents(Sophia Loren vs. the actress vs. she)
same form 6⇒ same referents(the cat, Michael Jackson the singer vs. Michael Jackson theBritish general)
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Coreference Resolution
Difficulties:
different form 6⇒ different referents(Sophia Loren vs. the actress vs. she)
same form 6⇒ same referents(the cat, Michael Jackson the singer vs. Michael Jackson theBritish general)
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
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Ambiguity and Disambiguating Factors
Jane told Peter he was in danger.⇒ Agreement (gender, number etc.): he = Peter
Peter said that John is running the business for himself.⇒ syntactic constraints: himself = John
The cat did not come down from the tree. It was scared.⇒ selectional preferences: it = the cat
Jane told Mary she was in danger.⇒ salience (subject position): she = Jane
Jane told Mary SHE was in danger.⇒ prosody: she = Mary
Jane warned Mary she was in danger.⇒ lexical semantics (warned): she = Mary
Tony Blair met President Yeltsin. The old man had just recoveredfrom a heart attack.⇒ world knowledge: the old man = Yeltsin
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Ambiguity and Disambiguating Factors
Jane told Peter he was in danger.⇒ Agreement (gender, number etc.): he = Peter
Peter said that John is running the business for himself.
⇒ syntactic constraints: himself = John
The cat did not come down from the tree. It was scared.⇒ selectional preferences: it = the cat
Jane told Mary she was in danger.⇒ salience (subject position): she = Jane
Jane told Mary SHE was in danger.⇒ prosody: she = Mary
Jane warned Mary she was in danger.⇒ lexical semantics (warned): she = Mary
Tony Blair met President Yeltsin. The old man had just recoveredfrom a heart attack.⇒ world knowledge: the old man = Yeltsin
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
![Page 98: Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050923/62766825a3e6150cd16327d5/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Ambiguity and Disambiguating Factors
Jane told Peter he was in danger.⇒ Agreement (gender, number etc.): he = Peter
Peter said that John is running the business for himself.⇒ syntactic constraints: himself = John
The cat did not come down from the tree. It was scared.⇒ selectional preferences: it = the cat
Jane told Mary she was in danger.⇒ salience (subject position): she = Jane
Jane told Mary SHE was in danger.⇒ prosody: she = Mary
Jane warned Mary she was in danger.⇒ lexical semantics (warned): she = Mary
Tony Blair met President Yeltsin. The old man had just recoveredfrom a heart attack.⇒ world knowledge: the old man = Yeltsin
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
![Page 99: Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050923/62766825a3e6150cd16327d5/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Ambiguity and Disambiguating Factors
Jane told Peter he was in danger.⇒ Agreement (gender, number etc.): he = Peter
Peter said that John is running the business for himself.⇒ syntactic constraints: himself = John
The cat did not come down from the tree. It was scared.
⇒ selectional preferences: it = the cat
Jane told Mary she was in danger.⇒ salience (subject position): she = Jane
Jane told Mary SHE was in danger.⇒ prosody: she = Mary
Jane warned Mary she was in danger.⇒ lexical semantics (warned): she = Mary
Tony Blair met President Yeltsin. The old man had just recoveredfrom a heart attack.⇒ world knowledge: the old man = Yeltsin
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
![Page 100: Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050923/62766825a3e6150cd16327d5/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Ambiguity and Disambiguating Factors
Jane told Peter he was in danger.⇒ Agreement (gender, number etc.): he = Peter
Peter said that John is running the business for himself.⇒ syntactic constraints: himself = John
The cat did not come down from the tree. It was scared.⇒ selectional preferences: it = the cat
Jane told Mary she was in danger.⇒ salience (subject position): she = Jane
Jane told Mary SHE was in danger.⇒ prosody: she = Mary
Jane warned Mary she was in danger.⇒ lexical semantics (warned): she = Mary
Tony Blair met President Yeltsin. The old man had just recoveredfrom a heart attack.⇒ world knowledge: the old man = Yeltsin
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
![Page 101: Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050923/62766825a3e6150cd16327d5/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Ambiguity and Disambiguating Factors
Jane told Peter he was in danger.⇒ Agreement (gender, number etc.): he = Peter
Peter said that John is running the business for himself.⇒ syntactic constraints: himself = John
The cat did not come down from the tree. It was scared.⇒ selectional preferences: it = the cat
Jane told Mary she was in danger.
⇒ salience (subject position): she = Jane
Jane told Mary SHE was in danger.⇒ prosody: she = Mary
Jane warned Mary she was in danger.⇒ lexical semantics (warned): she = Mary
Tony Blair met President Yeltsin. The old man had just recoveredfrom a heart attack.⇒ world knowledge: the old man = Yeltsin
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
![Page 102: Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050923/62766825a3e6150cd16327d5/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Ambiguity and Disambiguating Factors
Jane told Peter he was in danger.⇒ Agreement (gender, number etc.): he = Peter
Peter said that John is running the business for himself.⇒ syntactic constraints: himself = John
The cat did not come down from the tree. It was scared.⇒ selectional preferences: it = the cat
Jane told Mary she was in danger.⇒ salience (subject position): she = Jane
Jane told Mary SHE was in danger.⇒ prosody: she = Mary
Jane warned Mary she was in danger.⇒ lexical semantics (warned): she = Mary
Tony Blair met President Yeltsin. The old man had just recoveredfrom a heart attack.⇒ world knowledge: the old man = Yeltsin
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
![Page 103: Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050923/62766825a3e6150cd16327d5/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Ambiguity and Disambiguating Factors
Jane told Peter he was in danger.⇒ Agreement (gender, number etc.): he = Peter
Peter said that John is running the business for himself.⇒ syntactic constraints: himself = John
The cat did not come down from the tree. It was scared.⇒ selectional preferences: it = the cat
Jane told Mary she was in danger.⇒ salience (subject position): she = Jane
Jane told Mary SHE was in danger.
⇒ prosody: she = Mary
Jane warned Mary she was in danger.⇒ lexical semantics (warned): she = Mary
Tony Blair met President Yeltsin. The old man had just recoveredfrom a heart attack.⇒ world knowledge: the old man = Yeltsin
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
![Page 104: Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050923/62766825a3e6150cd16327d5/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Ambiguity and Disambiguating Factors
Jane told Peter he was in danger.⇒ Agreement (gender, number etc.): he = Peter
Peter said that John is running the business for himself.⇒ syntactic constraints: himself = John
The cat did not come down from the tree. It was scared.⇒ selectional preferences: it = the cat
Jane told Mary she was in danger.⇒ salience (subject position): she = Jane
Jane told Mary SHE was in danger.⇒ prosody: she = Mary
Jane warned Mary she was in danger.⇒ lexical semantics (warned): she = Mary
Tony Blair met President Yeltsin. The old man had just recoveredfrom a heart attack.⇒ world knowledge: the old man = Yeltsin
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
![Page 105: Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050923/62766825a3e6150cd16327d5/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Ambiguity and Disambiguating Factors
Jane told Peter he was in danger.⇒ Agreement (gender, number etc.): he = Peter
Peter said that John is running the business for himself.⇒ syntactic constraints: himself = John
The cat did not come down from the tree. It was scared.⇒ selectional preferences: it = the cat
Jane told Mary she was in danger.⇒ salience (subject position): she = Jane
Jane told Mary SHE was in danger.⇒ prosody: she = Mary
Jane warned Mary she was in danger.
⇒ lexical semantics (warned): she = Mary
Tony Blair met President Yeltsin. The old man had just recoveredfrom a heart attack.⇒ world knowledge: the old man = Yeltsin
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
![Page 106: Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050923/62766825a3e6150cd16327d5/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Ambiguity and Disambiguating Factors
Jane told Peter he was in danger.⇒ Agreement (gender, number etc.): he = Peter
Peter said that John is running the business for himself.⇒ syntactic constraints: himself = John
The cat did not come down from the tree. It was scared.⇒ selectional preferences: it = the cat
Jane told Mary she was in danger.⇒ salience (subject position): she = Jane
Jane told Mary SHE was in danger.⇒ prosody: she = Mary
Jane warned Mary she was in danger.⇒ lexical semantics (warned): she = Mary
Tony Blair met President Yeltsin. The old man had just recoveredfrom a heart attack.⇒ world knowledge: the old man = Yeltsin
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
![Page 107: Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050923/62766825a3e6150cd16327d5/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Ambiguity and Disambiguating Factors
Jane told Peter he was in danger.⇒ Agreement (gender, number etc.): he = Peter
Peter said that John is running the business for himself.⇒ syntactic constraints: himself = John
The cat did not come down from the tree. It was scared.⇒ selectional preferences: it = the cat
Jane told Mary she was in danger.⇒ salience (subject position): she = Jane
Jane told Mary SHE was in danger.⇒ prosody: she = Mary
Jane warned Mary she was in danger.⇒ lexical semantics (warned): she = Mary
Tony Blair met President Yeltsin. The old man had just recoveredfrom a heart attack.
⇒ world knowledge: the old man = Yeltsin
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
![Page 108: Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050923/62766825a3e6150cd16327d5/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Ambiguity and Disambiguating Factors
Jane told Peter he was in danger.⇒ Agreement (gender, number etc.): he = Peter
Peter said that John is running the business for himself.⇒ syntactic constraints: himself = John
The cat did not come down from the tree. It was scared.⇒ selectional preferences: it = the cat
Jane told Mary she was in danger.⇒ salience (subject position): she = Jane
Jane told Mary SHE was in danger.⇒ prosody: she = Mary
Jane warned Mary she was in danger.⇒ lexical semantics (warned): she = Mary
Tony Blair met President Yeltsin. The old man had just recoveredfrom a heart attack.⇒ world knowledge: the old man = Yeltsin
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
![Page 109: Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050923/62766825a3e6150cd16327d5/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Co-reference Resolution Techniques
Before 1990 . . .
co-reference resolution = pronoun resolution
rule-based (hand-crafted rules)
After 1990 . . .
corpus-based (co-occurrence statistics, machine learning)
co-reference resolution for non-pronominal expressions(definite NPs, bridging)
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
![Page 110: Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050923/62766825a3e6150cd16327d5/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Demos
Lappin & Leass (1994):http://www-appn.comp.nus.edu.sg/%7Erpnlpir/cgi-bin/JavaRAP/JavaRAPdemo.html
Mitkov (2002)http://clg.wlv.ac.uk/demos/MARS/
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
![Page 111: Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050923/62766825a3e6150cd16327d5/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
What to take home from this lecture . . .
1 meaning is often context-dependent
2 linguistic form is to some extent influenced by context
3 discourse is a coherent sequence of utterances
4 discourse has linguistic structure, intentional structure, focusstructure, and informational structure
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
![Page 112: Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050923/62766825a3e6150cd16327d5/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
What to take home from this lecture . . .
1 meaning is often context-dependent
2 linguistic form is to some extent influenced by context
3 discourse is a coherent sequence of utterances
4 discourse has linguistic structure, intentional structure, focusstructure, and informational structure
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
![Page 113: Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050923/62766825a3e6150cd16327d5/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
What to take home from this lecture . . .
1 meaning is often context-dependent
2 linguistic form is to some extent influenced by context
3 discourse is a coherent sequence of utterances
4 discourse has linguistic structure, intentional structure, focusstructure, and informational structure
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
![Page 114: Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050923/62766825a3e6150cd16327d5/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
What to take home from this lecture . . .
1 meaning is often context-dependent
2 linguistic form is to some extent influenced by context
3 discourse is a coherent sequence of utterances
4 discourse has linguistic structure, intentional structure, focusstructure, and informational structure
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference
![Page 115: Preparatory course for beginning M.Sc. students ...](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050923/62766825a3e6150cd16327d5/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
What to take home from this lecture . . .
1 meaning is often context-dependent
2 linguistic form is to some extent influenced by context
3 discourse is a coherent sequence of utterances
4 discourse has linguistic structure, intentional structure, focusstructure, and informational structure
Caroline Sporleder [email protected] Pragmatics, Discourse, Reference