Preparation of Standards for Laboratories and Workshopsmoshe.gov.et/files/1562575515438.pdf · Soil...

Preparation of Standards for Laboratories and Workshops

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Draft Report

6/4/18

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Table of Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 General ........................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Approach and Methodology ........................................................................................................ 1

1.3 Scope of the Work ........................................................................................................................ 1

1.5 Report Format ............................................................................................................................... 1

2. A Review of Model Laboratories .................................................................................... 2

2.1 Best Practices from Ethiopia .................................................................................................. 2

2.1.1 Addis Ababa Institute of Technology ................................................................................. 2

2.1.2 Arba Minch University ........................................................................................................ 11

2.1.3 Adama Science and Technology University .................................................................... 14

2.2 International Experience ...................................................................................................... 17

2.2.1 Cairo University ................................................................................................................... 17

2.2.2 University of Sharjah .......................................................................................................... 22

2.2.3 Hong Kong Polytechnic University ................................................................................... 27

3. Proposal for Civil Engineering Program Laboratories and Workshops .................. 34

3.1 Inputs ....................................................................................................................................... 34

3.2 Proposed Structure ................................................................................................................ 35

3.3 Civil Engineering Laboratories and Workshops ................................................................. 35

3.3.1 Infrastructure Requirements ............................................................................................ 35

3.3.2 Facility Requirements ........................................................................................................ 47

4.3.3 Human Resource Requirements ....................................................................................... 82

4.3.4 Safety Manual ...................................................................................................................... 84

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1. Introduction 1.1 General Civil engineering concerns the study of conception, design, construction and maintenance of large public and private projects. Civil engineers build and maintain bridges, highways, railways, tunnels, airports, dams, water treatment and distribution systems and large buildings, along with many other structures. Environmental considerations, such as water supply, pollution control and preservation of soil quality, are also a part of the course of study. With thorough knowledge of both the principles of construction and the possible environmental consequences of a structure, the civil engineer's expertise is one that is essential to our present civilization and one that will become ever more valuable in the future.

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology has entered a contract with the Ethiopian Academy of Sciences (in collaboration with the Ministry of Education) for the task of “Preparation of Standards for Laboratories and Workshops of Undergraduate Science and Engineering Education Programs of Public Universities in Ethiopia”.

As part of this initiative, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, is undertaking the task for civil engineering program. This draft report is part of the effort to establish minimum common standards for civil engineering laboratories across Ethiopia.

1.2 Approach and Methodology The major methods employed in the preparation of this proposal are literature review,

on-site visits and discussions, adaptation of best practices from universities from different parts of the world by means of online research.

1.3Scope of the Work This work is limited to proposing minimum standards for civil engineering laboratories

across Ethiopia. It is imperative to highlight that standards are proposed for a single lab session comprising of 25 students maximum. Further specification of instruments,

laboratory manuals, quality assurance schemes need to be prepared separately.

1.5 Report Format This report is organized in 5 separate chapters. Chapter 2 deals with review of model

laboratories from Ethiopia and the rest of the world. Informal assessments, online research, visitation of university premises were employed to gather the necessary

information. Best practices from different universities for different laboratories has

been summarized.

Chapter 3 is the core of the report. It presents the proposed structure, infrastructure, facility, human resource, safety requirements for minimum standards.

At the end of the report a summary is presented.

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2. A Review of Model Laboratories

2.1 Best Practices from Ethiopia General (informal) assessment was carried out on several public universities of Ethiopia in an effort toevaluate and potentially diffuse best practices already in place. While mostly Addis Ababa Institute of Technology is relatively better positioned to be assessed with more scrutiny, other universities were also part of the assessment.

2.1.1 Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

School of civil and environmental engineering at AAiT administers the following laboratories presently.

A) Material and Structural Laboratory B) Surveying Laboratory C) Geotechnics Laboratory D) Hydraulics Laboratory E) Highway Engineering Laboratory F) Water Treatment Laboratory

A) Material and Structural Laboratory

The materials and structural laboratory for school of civil and environmental engineering is located on the AAU, AAiT campus. It is constructed over an enclosed area of 300 square meters. It’s fully equipped and supported by a highly qualified technical staff to respond to the needs of academic institutions, researchers, and construction industries for testing of concrete, HCB, brick, cement, metals and their related constituents.

Equipment and Instruments

Latest state-of-the-art equipment that is mostly fitted with computerized data collection is used to perform various types of materials and durability testing to the highest standards. Some of these equipment’s include:

Please refer for equipment’s list at AAiT material and structural laboratory in Appendix.

Tests and Services

The following are the tests that may be performed in material and structural laboratory:

Fresh Concrete Testing

• Mix Design

• Workability

• Air Content

• Density

Aggregate, Cement Mortar Testing

• Sampling of Aggregate

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• Silt content of Fine Aggregate

• Unit weight of Aggregates

• Specific Gravity & Water Absorption

• Abrasion of Aggregates

• Particles Size Distribution (Sieve Analysis)

• Flakiness and Elongation Indexes

• Consistency and Setting Time of Cement & Gypsum

• Cement Setting Time and Compressive Strength

• Cement Soundness Test

• Cement Loss of Mass on Ignition

• Fineness of Cement

• Mortar Compressive strength Test

• Mix Design of Mortar

Hardened Concrete Testing

• Permeability

• Flexural Strength

• Compressive Strength

• Indirect Tensile of Concrete

• Density & Water Absorption

• Shrinkage of Concrete

Non-Destructive Testing of Hardened Concrete

• SHMIDT Hammer Testing for Compressive Strength

• Steel Rebar Location & Cover (Cover-meter)

Rock Testing

• Point Load Test

• Unconfined Compression

• Stress-Strain of rocks

HCB and Brick Testing

• Compressivestrength of HCB and brick

Steel Testing

• Tensile strength of steel

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B) Surveying Laboratory

The surveying laboratory at the school of Civil and Environmental Engineering is one of the oldest laboratory in AAiT. This laboratory is used for course given at undergraduate and postgraduate level. Surveying I, Surveying II and Surveying Field Practice courses are undergraduate courses that uses this laboratory. In addition, the newly opened master program in Geodesy and Geomatics uses the service of this laboratory.

The surveying laboratory at AAiT is located at underground floor on the main building. The Laboratory has a floor area of 20 m2 (4 m x 5 m). Since the room is located in basement floor, it has no ventilation system. Commonly, it is difficult to access the laboratory for the first time because of its location.

Most of the laboratory instruments are old which were available since the establishment of the laboratory. In this laboratory, we have instruments like photogrammetric, theodolite, level, total station, and other accessories.

The majority of the instruments in this laboratory are not functional because of long services and lack of maintenance.

Most of the surveying courses at undergraduate level taught by Road and Transport Chair members with Bachelor and Masters Qualifications.

Generally, there is no clear health and safety system for this laboratory. Only safety shoes are provided to Technical Assistance for field practice sessions.

C) Geotechnics Laboratory

The geotechnical laboratory is one of the most important laboratory in the school of civil and environmental engineering at AAU, AAiT campus. The laboratory is fully equipped with modern facilities and machines to meet local and international standards accommodating most laboratory and field soil testing. The laboratory supported by a highly qualified and experienced technical staff, not only meeting the need of quality teaching and research, but also the needs of academic institutes, industries and government agencies.


Major equipment fitted with computerized data collection to perform various soil analysis, the following is a list of the major equipment in the lab:

Please refer for equipment’s list at AAiT Geotechnical Engineering laboratory in appendix.

Tests and Services

Soil strength testing

o Unconsolidated undrained(UU) test

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o Consolidated Drained(CD) test

o Consolidated Undrained(CU) test

o Unconfined Compressive strength test

o Direct Shear Box Test

o Vane shear Test

o Plate load Test

Rock Testing


Soil Consolidation Test

• One-Dimensional Consolidation Test

• Swelling Potential Tests

In-Situ Testing

• Field Density Test

• Manual Subsurface Boring Tests

• Dynamic Cone Penetrometer

Soil Permeability Testing

• Falling Head Permeability

• Constant Head Permeability

Particle Size and Index Properties Testing

• Natural Moisture Content Test

• Specific Gravity

• Free Swell Test

• Grain and Particle Size Determination Sieve and Hydrometer Tests

• Liquid Limit Test

• Plastic Limit Test

• Volumetric Shrinkage Test

• Linear Shrinkage Test

Soil Compaction Test

• Standard & Modified Proctor Tests


Soil and Water Testing

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• Content Test: Organic Matter

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D) Hydraulics Laboratory

Hydraulics engineering laboratory at AAiT is located at back of a main building and having its own room at ground floor. The Laboratory has a floor area of 300 m2 (10 m x 30 m),150m(26mx25m) testing room, 7.5m2(2.5mx3m) techniciansoffice. The room location is on the ground floor, it has a good roof ventilation but no natural lighting system because it has no access at rare side. Most of the laboratory instruments are old which were available since the establishment of the laboratory.

The laboratory is only supporting the class session and it is not undergoing tests services for the society.

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E) Highway Engineering Laboratory

Tests and Services

For Soil, Sub base, Capping, and Base Course

California Bearing Ratio, CBR

Sieve Analysis

Atterberg Limit

Soil Stabilization

Free Swell

Dynamic Cone Penatrometer, DCP

Compaction, Proctor

Filed Density, Using Sand Cone method

Grading Coefficient (Gc)

Shrinkage Product (So)

Linear Shrinkage

For Penetration Graded Bitumen and Cutback asphalt

Test for penetration graded Bitumen Test for Cutback

Ductility Penetration Water Percent Flash and fire point Solubility in Trichloroethylene Loss on Heating Specific gravity Rolling Film Test Penetration of residue Softing Point Ductility of residue Dynamic Shear Reometer, DSR

Kinematic Viscosity Flash and fire point Distillation Specific gravity Penetration of residue Ductility of residue Specific gravity Solubility

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For Asphalt Concrete Binder and Wearing Course

Marshal Mix Design

Maximum Theoretical Density, MTD

Quantitative Extraction

Flow

Stability

Indirect Tensile Strength, ITS

Gyratory compacter

For Coarse aggregate and fine aggregate

Type of test Course aggregate Type of test Fine Aggregate

Aggregate crushing value, ACV 1. Sieve Analysis

Aggregate Impact value, AIV 2. Sodium Sulphate Soundness

Los Angles Abrasion, LAA 3. Magnesium Sulphate soundness Sodium

Sulphate Soundness 4. Specific gravity

Magnesium Sulphate soundness 5. Water Absorption

Flakiness Index 6. Organic Impurity

Elongation Index 7. Sand Equivalent

Sieve Analysis 8. Clay Content

Specific gravity 9. Clay Lump and Friable particles

Water Absorption

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F) Sanitary Laboratory

Sanitary laboratory is one of the oldest laboratories in school of civil and environmental engineering, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University. It is constructed over an enclosed area of 300 square meters. It’s currently used for practical session for undergraduate civil engineering students and research purpose.


No Description Quantity Condition

1 No of lab rooms 8 good

Main Equipments Quantity Condition

2.1 pH meter 2 good

2.2 Conductivity meter 1 good

2.3 DO meter 1 good

2.4 Spectrophotometer 2 good

2.5 Muffle Furnace 1 good

2.6 Oven 1 good

2.8 Bacteriological Incubator 2 good

2.9 Balance, analytical 1 good

2.1 Autoclave 2 good

2.11 Magnetic Stirrer with hot plat 2 good

2.12 Refrigerator, general purpose 2 good

2.14 Centrifuge 1 good

2.16 Flocculator(Jar) 6 good

2.17 Hot Plate 3 good

2.18 Turbidity meter, portable 5 good

2.19 Water bath 2 good

2.20 BOD apparatus 7 good

2.21 Heater 5 good

2.22 Nitrogen Kjeldahl 1 good

2.23 Calorimeter r 2 good

2.24 Water distiller 1 good

2.25 Water bath 2 good

2.26 BOD incubator 2 good

2.27 Gas analyzer 5 good

2.28 Vacuum pump 5 good

2.29 COD meter 5 good

2.30 COD digester 6 good

2.34 portable Incubator 2 good

3 Man power Quantity 3.1 Civil Engineer 2

4 Type of analysis No of parameters

4.1 Physical 4

4.2 Chemical 9

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4.3 Biological 2

2.1.2 Arba Minch University ArbaMich University has been chosen and assessed for its well-established reputation in

water technology teaching and research.

1. IRRIGATION LABORATORY

a. Human Resource

S. N Position Number Educational level Experience

1 Lab. Assistance 4 Diploma & Degree More than 4 years

b. Infrastructure

There are 3 rooms

In terms of ventilation the laboratory is not in an appropriate place

The laboratory has the following facilities:

One demonstration room

One staff room

One store room

c. Laboratory Facilities

S. N Device name Quality Status 1 Rain fall simulator 1 old 2 Duple ring inftrometer 2 new 3 current meter 2 new 4 auger with set<1> new 5 core sampler set<2 new 6 Aqua prb.Ap 700 1 new

7 TDR 1 new 8 Soil moisture probe 1 new 9 water mark 1 new

10 Partial flume 2 old d. Safety Provisions Currently in Place (please circle one)

The laboratory has no safety manual

e. Types of Analysis

S. No Name of the course Lists of Experience

1 Introduction to hydrology Determining infltration capacity of soil

2 Introductory to htdrometery Measuring flow of river

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practice

3 soil phices deterring soil and water relation 2. WATER QUALITY LABORATORY

a. Human Resource

S. No Position number educational level experience

1 Senior TA II 1 MSc 10 years

2 Senior TA I 1 BSc 5 years

3 Senior TA I 2 Bsc 3 years

b. Infrastructure

There are four rooms

In terms of ventilation the laboratory is not in an appropriate place

Thee laboratory has the following facilities:

One demonstration room

One Microbiology room

One store room

Computer room

c. Laboratory facilities

S. No Device name Quantity Status

1 DR/2800 spectrophotometer 1 new

2 Analytical Balance 3 new

3 Flame photometer 1 old

4 fluoride meter 2 old

5 conductivity meter 1 old

6 Ph meter 2 new

7 Digestion apparatus(Kjeldehyde) 2 old

8 Muffle furnace 1 old

9 Dissolved Oxygen meters 1 old

10 spectrophotometer 2 new

11 Turbidity meter 1 old

12 water distillation apparatus 2 old

13 flocculator or Jar tester 2 new

14 Oven dry 1 old

15 COD reactor 2 old

16 BOD incubator 1 old

17 Incubator for bacteria 2 old

d. Safety Provisions Currently in Place (please circle one)

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S. N Name of the course Lists of Experiments

1 Physical water quality analysis Taste, odour, colour, Turbidity, Temprature, solids

2 Chemical water quality analysis TDS, acidity, alkalinity, Hardness, pH,EC, COD ,BOD

3 Micro biological water quality analysis Fecal coli form and total coli form bacteria

4 Wastewater analysis Sewage treatment

3. Hydraulics Laboratory

a. Human Resource

S. No Position number educational level experience

1 Senior TA IV 1 BSc 5 years

2 Senior TA III 1 BSc 4 years

3 Senior TA III 2 Bsc 2 years

b. Infrastructure

There are four rooms

In terms of ventilation the laboratory is in an appropriate place

The laboratory has the following facilities:

Two demonstration room

One staff room

One store room

c. Laboratory facilities

S. No Device name Quantity Status

1 Hydraulic bench 12 New/old

2 Hydrostatic bench 2 old

3 Flow meter demonstration apparatus 1 old

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Multi-purpose teaching flume

5m*0.08m*1.54m 1 old

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Multi-purpose teaching flume

2.5m*0.08m*0.24m 1 old

6 Sediment transport demonstration channel 1 new

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7 Hydrology apparatus 1 new

8 Free and Forced vortex apparatus 2 new

9 Pelt on wheel turbine test rig 2 New/nold

10 Francis turbine test rig 1 old

11 Kaplan turbine test rig 2 New/old

12 Cross flow turbine test rig 1 old

13 River bed modeling 2 new

14 Demonstration infiltration apparatus 2 new

15 Multi pump test rig 1 old

16 Pump impellers 4 old

17 Turbine impellers 4 old

d. Safety Provisions Currently in Place (please circle one)



S. No Name of the course Lists of Experiments

1 Hydraulics-I Fluid property

Study of hydrostatic pressure

Study of stability analysis of

floating body…. etc

2 Hydraulics-II Flow characteristics over different weirs

Study of hydraulic jump…etc

3 Open chanel/Hydraulic structure/Hydraulic

machine/hydrology/River Engineering

Osborne Reynolds study

Study of GVF AND RVF

2.1.3 Adama Science and Technology University

Currently, there are more than 33 universities in Ethiopia. In this draft report, we selected Adama Science and Technology University because of its long tradition in

providing surveying program. The surveying laboratories are now in Geomatics

Engineering Department under the school of Civil Engineering.

Infrastructure and Facility

There are two computer laboratories for GIS and Photogrammetric application. Each lab

has 25 computers with i3 processor. In addition to these, there is one store for surveying

equipment.

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Picture: GIS Computer Laboratory at Adama Science and Technology University

Picture Photogrammetry Computer Laboratory at Adama Science and Technology University

Human Resource

The human resource in this university are used for both Geomatics and Civil Engineering

surveying laboratory.

No Position Quantity

1 MSc 1

2 BSc 5

3 Diploma/Level 4 10

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Instruments

As per our assessment during the visit to Adama Science and Technology University, we

got the following list of available instruments which is for Civil engineering undergraduate as well as Geomatics engineering programs

Surveying Instruments at Addis Ababa Science and Technology University

No Item Amount Condition 1 SOKKIA Total Station 10 New 2 Robotic Total Station 2 New 3 SOKKIA Total Station 10 Old 4 Power Set Total Station 5 Old 5 Differential GPS 6 Old 6 Automatic level 20 Old 7 Digital Level 3 Old 8 Level 6 New 9 Builder Theodolite 9 New

Health and safety systems

There are no clear guidelines set as a standard regarding safety for students at the selected national university but some of the basic rules of safety for students and

instruments are incorporated in the course work.

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2.2 International Experience The following universities from Africa and the rest of the world were selected and assessed based on the following criteria.

Ranking

Data availability

Curriculum resonance

2.2.1 Cairo University

Materials Testing Laboratory Testing Facilities & Consulting Services

The Materials Testing Lab is one of the first labs established in the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University. It was founded in 1927 and occupied, at that time, the current location of the Systems and Bio-Medical Engineering Department. The lab was later developed and expanded and occupied a separate building with a vast hall incorporating various testing machines with different load capacities (ranging from 50 kg up to 400,000 kg) The laboratory carries out different tests on building materials such as bricks, stones, timber, aggregates, cement, concrete in both fresh and hardened stages, reinforcement steel, gypsum, tiles, ceramics, electric cables and wires, electric insulators … etc. The lab incorporates, as well, a workshop for the preparation of standard test specimens and wooden forms. Special rooms for concrete casting, curing, and carrying out some standard tests are also available in the basement of the building.

The academic staff of the laboratory includes five professors, one associate professor, seven lecturers in addition to a number of assistant lecturers and Teaching Assistants, The academic staff is assisted by a crew of experienced technical staff members. They all cooperate for serving the field of quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) of construction work.

The Materials Testing Lab. currently serves different educational and scientific activities. It serves the undergraduate students in the Faculty of Engineering and different research work carried out by staff members and postgraduate students in the Structural Engineering Department, as well as staff and students of other departments and other university faculties. The lab plays a pioneering role in the QC/QA of construction work using its up-to-date facilities which include:

Equipment for standard testing of concrete aggregates

Equipment for standard testing of different types of cement

Regularly calibrated universal, compression and other testing machines with various load capacities ranging from 50 kg up to 400,000 kg that test different building materials under various loading cases (tension, compression, bending, shear, torsion, impact, fatigue, abrasion, creep and hardness)

Equipment for standard testing of concrete in both fresh and hardened stages

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Equipment for non-destructive testing of different elements of existing structures, such as Pundit ultrasonic device, calibrated Schmidt hammer, Windsor probe, Profometer for measuring concrete cover and diameter of steel bars, half-cell apparatus for detecting steel corrosion, in addition to thermal insulation and coating thickness measuring devices

Devices for measuring deformations of loaded specimens including those working by laser and acoustic emission

Core drill machine for extracting cores from concrete and masonry elements and structures

An integrated computer lab serving analyzing test data, current research work, and preparation of technical reports and engineering drawings.

Materials Testing Lab also plays a leading role in serving as a consultant and testing lab for different governmental and private organizations as well as individuals in the following fields:

Laboratory Tests:

Standard testing of different building materials

Concrete mix design

Field sampling of building materials and/or fresh concrete for laboratory testing

Preparation and testing of concrete cores extracted from different existing structures

Calibration of instruments and testing machines belonging to different organizations and other testing labs

Field Tests:

Non-destructive testing for quality assurance

Quality control of concrete mixes by conducting field tests on consistency and workability

Extraction of cores from existing structures

Evaluation of Existing Structures:

Technical inspection of materials and components of existing structures

Investigation, measurement and classification of different cracks with interpretation of causes and recommendation of remedial measures

Execution of non-destructive tests and measurements for the evaluation of degree of safety of different structural and non-structural elements in existing structures

Rendering consultation services for repair of structures made of different building materials and subjected to deterioration and/or local failure

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Technical Inspection of Construction Work:

Technical inspection of construction work in all of their aspects: material storage, batching, preparation of forms, concrete casting, fixing of connections, reinforcement arrangement, material and concrete sampling and testing.

Preparation of Technical Reports:

Preparation of quality control and standard lab test reports

Preparation of technical reports for structure examination and inspection and evaluation of materials status

Preparation of reports for statistical analysis of lab and field data, using computer software.

Preparation of periodical technical reports and follow-up reports on technical inspection of construction works

Preparation of consulting technical reports on construction problems, obstacles and/or risks.

Training and Educational Seminars

Seminars for upgrading the skills and efficiency of:

Construction engineers supervising work sites

Technicians in work sites

Skilled laborers for different activities in construction field

Soil Mechanics and Foundations Research Laboratory

Introduction:

Since its early start in 1933, the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Research Laboratory has been keen in maintaining its leading role in the Civil Engineering research and industry. The first in the Middle East and the third worldwide. The laboratory has its remarkable contribution in all fields of Geotechnical Engineering. The laboratory is located in the north east corner of the Faculty of Engineering Annex, west of the University Street. Its three main halls occupy an area of about 470 m2 for testing equipment, its facilities include a storage room (51m2), 14 offices for faculty staff and supporting personnel, a library, and a computer hall. The laboratory has just completed the architectural and structural drawings for the extension to the workshop buildings. These modification shall add ultimately, four stories to the existing building making it one of the largest soil mechanics and foundations engineering laboratories worldwide.

Human Resources:

The Soil Mechanics and Foundations Research Laboratory currently has 25 full-time faculty members who cover practically all contemporary aspects of the field. This Faculty is assisted by a group of dedicated supporting staff of laboratory engineers, technicians, secretaries, in addition to drilling rig operators.

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Testing, Research, and Technical Capabilities:

Laboratory equipment include manual apparatus as well as sophisticated state-of-the-art testing devices. In the last five years, a total investment of L.E. 3,000,000 was placed in updating and renovating the Laboratory equipment and facilities. Equipment to carry out the following tests are currently available:

Field and In-Situ Tests:

The Laboratory has field and in-situ testing equipment that enable the determination of in-situ soil properties quickly and accurately. These equipment include:

• Mechanical rotary drilling rigs capable of drilling and extracting samples down to depths of 60 m.

• Manual drilling rigs capable of drilling and extracting samples down to depths of 30 m.

• Long-bed trucks and 4-wheel drive vehicle.

• 20-ton Dutch cone set.

• Dilatometer testing set.

• Plate bearing testing sets.

• In-situ vane shear testing set.

• In-situ density testing sets using sand cone method.

• In-situ Speedy Moisture Content apparatus.

• Advanced pile foundation testing system capable of performing Sonic Integrity Testing (SIT), Pile Diving Analysis (PDA), and Dynamic Load Testing (DLT).

• Down hole testing system.

Laboratory Tests:

The Laboratory has the capabilities to carry out the following tests:

• Determination of physical and chemical soil properties: grain size distribution for coarse and fine grained soils, specific gravity, relative density, Atterberg limits, and chemical analyses.

• Soil permeability tests: constant head, falling head, and capillarity-permeability tests.

• Soil compaction tests: standard and modified Proctor compaction tests, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests.

• Soil compressibility and swelling tests: consolidation, collapse compressibility upon partial loading.

• Shear strength tests: pocket penetrometer, laboratory vane, unconfined compression, direct shear, simple shear, and triaxial tests.

• Dynamic soil tests: the laboratory has recently acquired a cyclic triaxial apparatus, resonant column device, cyclic simple shear device, and 1.5×1.5m shaking table.

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Physical Models:

The Laboratory provides equipment and capabilities required to perform model-scale tests to replicate actual soil/foundations conditions. Amongst the model-scale studies carried out are the following:

Deep foundation models

Shallow foundation models

Soil reinforcement

Slope stability

Sand piles

Volumetric soil changes

Soil-Lining system.

Technical Library:

The Laboratory has the largest specialized library in the region. The library is continuously kept up-to-date with the latest periodicals, books, and specialized publications.

Supporting Facilities:

The Laboratory has its own supporting facilities comprising personal computers, laser printers, plotters, and photocopying machines.

Scope of Activities:

The scope of activities of the Laboratory is widely recognized throughout the civil engineering community in Egypt and abroad. Beyond its principal role as a leading educational and research institute, it provides positive input to the engineering practice by offering its consulting services. The following is an elaboration on both wings of activities:

Educational and Research Activities:

The Laboratory is principally an educational facility that aims at preparing civil engineers in the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering field. The Laboratory provides undergraduate and graduate courses to students of Cairo University. The Laboratory plays an active role in advancing geotechnical engineering practice in Egypt and in linking it to the latest advances abroad through seminars and conferences. The following academic activities are provided:

• Undergraduate courses for the third and fourth year Civil Engineering students.

• Undergraduate course for third year Architectural Engineering students.

• Graduate courses in geotechnical engineering up to the Ph.D. level.

• Workshops and seminars related to specific geotechnical applications.

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• International Geotechnical Engineering Conference.

2.2.2 University of Sharjah

Material Laboratory

The materials laboratory for the civil and environmental engineering department is located on the UOS main campus. It is constructed over an enclosed area of 200 square meters. Its fully equipped and supported by a highly qualified technical staff to respond to the needs of academic institutions, researchers, and construction industries for testing of concrete, asphalt, metals and their related constituents.

Equipment and instruments

Latest state-of-the-art equipment that is mostly fitted with computerized data collection is used to perform various types of materials and durability testing to the highest standards. Some of these machines include:

o Abrasion Machine

o BS & ASTM Sieves

o Flakiness & Elongation Gauges

o Blain &Vicat Apparatus

o Concrete Gradient Analyser

o Concrete Mixer

o Compacting & Kelly Ball Apparatus

o Slump and V-B time Apparatus

o Concrete Permeability system

o Fully Automated Compression Machine

o Flexural{Beams} frame

o ISAT

o Bond Tester

o Rebar Location and Cover Meter

o Corrosion Mapping System

o Ultrasonic Concrete System

o Windsor Probe System

o Windsor Pin System

o Microscope for Crack Width Measurement

o Free shrinkage apparatus

o Friction tester

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o Walk in temperature & humidity chamber

o Rapid chloride testing

o Measurement of corrosion activity

o Restrained shrinkage cracking{ring Test}

Tests and Services

The following are the tests that may be performed in UOS Laboratories:

Fresh Concrete Testing

• Mix Design

• Workability

• Air Content

• Density

Aggregate, Cement Mortar Testing

• Sampling of Aggregate

• Specific Gravity & Water Absorption

• Abrasion of Aggregates

• Particles Size Distribution (Sieve Analysis)

• Flakiness and Elongation Indexes

• Consistency and Setting Time of Cement & Gypsum

• Cement Setting Time and Compressive Strength

• Heat of Hydration of Cement

Hardened Concrete Testing

• Permeability

• Flexural Strength

• Compressive Strength

• Indirect Tensile of Concrete

• Density & Water Absorption

• Chloride Penetration

• Shrinkage of Concrete

• Restrained Shrinkage Cracking

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Non-Destructive Testing of Hardened Concrete

• Cracks Detection and Movement, Width Measurement

• SHMIDT Hammer Testing for Compressive Strength

• Ultrasonic Testing for Concrete

• In situ Moisture Content Measurement

• Steel Rebar Location & Cover (Covermeter)

• Chloride Ion Penetration Tester (CIP)

• Free Shrinkage Measurement

• Corrosion Activity of Rebar

Geotechnical Laboratory

The geotechnical laboratory is one of the most important laboratories in the civil and environmental engineering department. The laboratory is fully equipped with modern facilities and machines to meet local and international standards accommodating most laboratory and field soil testing. The laboratory supported by a highly qualified and experienced technical staff, not only meeting the need of quality teaching and research, but also the needs of academic institutes, industries and government agencies.


Major equipment fitted with computerized data collection to perform various soil analysis, the following is a list of the major equipment in the lab:

o Triaxial machine

o Autonomous data acquisition unit(ADU)

o Unconfined compression machine

o Direct/residual shear apparatus

o Consolidation apparatus

o Permeability apparatus

o Compaction and CBR

o Vane shear test apparatus

o Test Sieves{BS & ASTM}

o Hydrometer test apparatus

o Sand cone apparatus

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o Electrical resistivity meter

o Soil chemical test apparatus

Tests and Services

Soil strength testing

o Unconsolidated undrained(UU) test

o Consolidated Drained(CD) test

o Consolidated Undrained(CU) test

o Unconfined Compressive strength test

o Direct and residual Shear box Test

o Vane shear Test

Rock Testing

• Point Load Test


Soil Consolidation Test

• One-Dimensional Consolidation Test

• Measure Consolidation Characteristic

• Soil Permeability Coefficient Determination

• Swell/Collapse Tests

In-Situ Testing


• Manual Subsurface Boring Tests

• Dynamic Cone Pentrometer

• Digital Load Cell Pentrometer

• Insitu and Lab Electrical Resistivity Test

Soil Permeability Testing

• Falling Head Permeability

• Constant Head Permeability

Particle Size and Index Properties Testing

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• Grain and Particle Size Determination Sieve and Hydrometer Tests

• Liquid Limit Test

• Plastic Limit Test

• Shrinkage Limit Test

Soil Compaction Test

• Standard & Modified Proctor Tests


Soil and Water Chemical Testing

• Content Test: Sulfate, Chloride, Carbonate Organic Matter and Gypsum

• Conductivity Test

• pH Measurement Test

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2.2.3 Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Based on availability of more information in the website, Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University was selected to show the

state-of-art surveying laboratory experience at the international level.

Infrastructure and Facility

The Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics has the following key

laboratories:

Cadastre Survey Laboratory

Digital Cartography Laboratory

Laboratory for Geographic Information Systems

Geomatics Computing Laboratory

Hydrographic Surveying Laboratory

Navigation Laboratory

Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Laboratory

Laboratory for Smart City and Spatial Big Data Analytics

Survey Store and Instrumentation Laboratory

Underground Utility Survey Laboratory

Cadastre Survey Laboratory

The Cadastre Survey Laboratory keeps samples various versions of Demarcation District sheets, Survey Sheets and land records of from 1960s up to current epochs. The

Cadastre lab has an A2 scanner and 3D aerial photo viewing device.


The laboratory is equipped with 40 sets of computers and digitizing tablets. Installed

with various GIS, CAD and database software, the laboratory is used mostly for teachings and students' practical works for the subjects of GIS, Cartography and Digital

Mapping

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The Laboratory for Geographic Information Systems serves teaching and research in this

University, related to Geographic Information Science and Systems (GIS), from spatial

data capture, process, query and analysis, to geo-visualization. The Lab is equipped with the following hardware and software:

I. Hardware

There are 10 workstations in the Lab. The workstations are Lenovo Think Centre M93p

PC configured with Intel i7 CPU, 32GB DDR3 RAM, dual 512GB SSDs, and NVIDIA Quadro 410 graphics card. Each workstation is connected to a 27" high quality LED monitor.

These workstations are linked through high-speed network.

II. Software

1. General Software: Microsoft Windows 7 Enterprise Edition, Microsoft Office

Professional, Minitab, Matlab, Star*Net (demo version), Leica GEO Office, and NetBeans IDE

2. GIS: ESRI Arc/Info and ArcGIS, SuperMap, QGIS and IDRISI Taiga Student Lab Kit

3. Remote Sensing: ER Mapper, Erdas, PhotoModeler and Orthmaker

4. BIM: Autodesk Revit and Autodesk Navisworks

5. CAD: MicroStation, AutoCAD, and Bentley InRoads Suite

A number of GIS research projects have been conducted with the support of this Lab,

including,

3D GIS for Smart City. Advanced 3D modelling, together with geo-visualization and query based on a developed Object-oriented 3D GIS model has been realized

on a software prototype. By integrating virtual reality technology, 3D GIS has also

been applied to the field of real estate. Additionally, based on the 3D GIS model, air and light pollution and fire evacuation have been modeled and analyzed.

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Smart city models including underground utility management have been

constructed by employing 3D GIS technology in the Lab.

Uncertainty modelling and quality control for spatial data. Principles of modelling uncertainty in spatial data and spatial analyses have been proposed and

developed. This research has been highly recognized worldwide. This research

has been applied to many areas, including the major project of 1st National Geographic State Monitoring in China; data quality model and data quality

assessment standard for GIS data in Macao and Hong Kong; data quality

assessment solutions for basic LiDAR data and 3D road data extracted from LiDAR in Hong Kong; and also an innovative data quality evaluation method for spatial

big data.

Spatial big data analytics and mining. A variety of spatial monographic studies

have been conducted with strong technical support from emerging spatial big data analytics and mining technology in the Lab. From health care studies to

regional economic analysis, from water mains failures to national geographic

state monitoring, people's livelihoods and national geographic conditions have been analyzed and predicted in space and time, thus providing strong support for

future decision making.

GIS data capture from high resolution satellite images and LiDAR data. Several

new methods in remote sensing technology have been invented for the capture of GIS data. These methods have guaranteed and improved the reliability of output

products ensuring accurate object extraction (road, building and boulder), image

classification and change detection based on high resolution satellite images and automatic 3D road modelling from LiDAR data.



This lab is equipped with 51 sets of Dell Precision 360N workstation for general teaching

and learning in the department. Currently, the workstations are installed with Microsoft

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Windows XP operating system and a diversified surveying and geomatics application

software such as Matlab, Leica Geo Office, Starnet, and ESRI ArcGIS 9.


Hydrographic Survey Laboratory

The Hydrographic Survey Laboratory ("Hydro Laboratory") at the Department of Land

Surveying and Geo-Informatics has evolved into a modern laboratory with a suite of

advanced instruments to meet the various university teaching, research, and consulting requirements. The Hydro Laboratory has a suite of advanced instruments and software

for our teaching, research and consulting services. These include HyPack software package, current meter, DGPS/Beacon single-frequency GPS receiver, digital tide

gauge, dual-frequency Precise Point Positioning (PPP) GPS receiver, dual-frequency

RTK/DGPS GPS receiver, Elac Console multi-beam echo sounder, motion reference unit, portable sound velocity profiler for depth, single-beam echo sounder.

The Hydro Laboratory has provided excellent facilities and data for many undergraduate

students' Final Year Projects (FYP). In partnership with the HyPack Inc., USA, the Hydro

Laboratory organized two short-course training for Hong Kong hydrographic surveying community in 2013 and 2014.

Hydrographic Survey Laboratory

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Navigation Laboratory

This laboratory is jointly set up by Department of Land Surveying and Geo-informatics

(LSGI) and the Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA). There are four main areas of research interest in the laboratory: Integrated Navigation Systems;

GNSS and positioning; and Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and Location Based

services (LBS). Studying low latitude ionosphere behaviors has been an important issue for both satellite navigation and space weather forecasting. This year, we have installed

two GPS scintillation monitors in Hong Kong to monitor ionosphere activities during this

solar active period. A new regional ionospheric model has been proposed to model low latitude ionosphere anomaly to support GNSS positioning in Hong Kong.


The Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Laboratory can be found in the basement

level 2 of Z Block, room ZB218. The Lab occupies a floor area of 104 m2 and houses a 30

seat computing space and a laser scanning and specialist equipment space with a ceiling height of 7.0 m. The computing space is equipped with 10 PCs connected to the LSGI

domain and provide access to ERDAS Imagine 2015, AgisoftPhotoScan, PhotoModeler

2015, and Leica Cyclone v6.0 software. The specialist equipment space houses an Intergraph ImageStation DPW, an Intergraph PhotoScan TD, a dual screen Leica LPS

DPW, a Peiss P3 analytical stereo plotter, and provides a workspace for laser scanning

projects. Additional equipment that can be found in the department's Survey Store includes 3 terrestrial laser scanners, 20 mirror sterero scopes, and a selection of digital

cameras, lenses and flash units.


Laboratory for Smart City and Spatial Big Data Analytics

The Missions of the laboratory:

Developing key technologies for Smart City, including spatial big data analytics

and modeling, smart navigation and mobility, and urban sensing and computing

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Proposing smart city solutions for Hong Kong and Greater Bay Area, covering the

areas smart mobility, smart environment, smart people, and smart governance

Providing consultancy support to Hong Kong SAR Government on strategy and

policy on Smart City development

Research Facilities

Territory-wide 3D Geo-Database Framework

Spatial Big Data Analytics Server

Smart City 3D Analytics and Visualization System

Virtual Reality Visualization Platform

Smart City Laboratory


The Surveying Laboratory and Survey Instrumentation Lab provides service of equipment check-in/out, maintenance and production of special accessories in support of teaching

and research activities in the department. The laboratory has a variety of surveying

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equipment, including total stations, precise level instruments, GPS receivers,

hydrographic surveying systems, laser scanners. A GPS base station has been installed for many years to support student's experiments. Two GPS scintillation monitored have

been installed in Hong Kong this year to monitoring low latitude ionosphere

scintillations during current solar active period.


Underground Utility Survey Laboratory

The Underground Utility Survey Lab in LSGI has been in operation since July 2014. Lab occupies a floor area of 73.3 m2. Scale-down networks and matrix consisting of metallic

& non-metallic fresh & salt water supply pipes, drainage & sewerage pipes connected

with manholes, power cables and gas cables, and valve chambers of various kinds are embedded in a big tank in the lab. These networks of underground utilities and the

back-filled soil serve as a scale-down model comparable to actual field conditions. The

lab provides an indoor and controllable environment where orientations, depths, sizes, material types, coordinates of various utilities networks are carefully designed and

recorded. All these attributes are geo-referenced and integrated into a geographic

information system. The surveys are conducted by a range of utility survey/near-surface geophysical equipment, such as ground penetrating radar, electromagnetic pipe cable

locator, acoustic leak noise correlator, infrared thermography, etc.

Health and safety systems

International experiences show there are a safety rules for students taking surveying courses.

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3. Proposal for Civil Engineering Program Laboratories and Workshops

3.1 Inputs One of the major inputs used for preparation of this standard is the “BSc in Civil Engineering Curriculum”. The laboratory practices required by the curriculum in place has been used as the initial minimum requirements. Furthermore, the graduate profile as outlined in the curriculum has been utilized as an input to further the minimum requirements.

AAiTCivil Engineering Program Graduate Profile

Professional civil engineers need a good grasp of mathematics and design, and the ability to manage and liaise with a wide variety of people. They need to be able to think in all dimensions and communicate ideas effectively. This kind of engineering is suited to people who are practical with a creative characteristic. Hence, the graduate from the Civil Engineering Department has the following profile

The ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science in a specialized area related to civil engineering

The ability to design and conduct laboratory experiments, to critically analyze and interpret data, in major Civil Engineering areas such as , Structural, Geotechnical, Transportation, Water resources, Construction Technology and Management, and Environmental Engineering

The ability to analyze and design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical health and safety, constructability, and sustainability in selected major Civil Engineering areas such as Structural, Geotechnical, Transportation, Water resources, Construction Technology and Management, and Environmental Engineering

The ability to function in multidisciplinary teams

The ability to communicate effectively, orally and in writing

The ability to identify, formulate and solve Civil Engineering problems in recognized major civil engineering areas

An understanding of professional and ethical responsibilities of civil engineers in relation to public and private institutions and in the context of Civil Engineering infrastructure systems

Recognizing the need for professional licensure and life-long learning

Knowledge of contemporary issue

The ability to use the techniques, skills, modern engineering tools and software necessary in selected major Civil Engineering areas, such as Structural, Geotechnical, Transportation, Water resources, Construction Technology and Management, and Environmental Engineering

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An understanding of professional practice issues such as project management and interactions between the development, design, and construction professions

An understanding of business and public policy and administration fundamentals; and

An understanding of leadership principles and attitudes

3.2 Proposed Structure Construction Materials and Structural Laboratory

Geodesy and GeomaticsLaboratory

Geotechnics laboratory

Highway Engineering Laboratory

Hydraulics Laboratory

Water and Waste Water Laboratory

3.3 Civil Engineering Laboratoriesand Workshops

3.3.1 Infrastructure Requirements

3.3.1.1 General

The layout of the laboratory is very important for aspects such as productivity, safety, workflow, ergonomics etc.

Some general minimum requirements for all laboratories are highlighted below.

1. Protection against sunlight

If chemicals or instrumentation that are sensitive to direct sunlight are present in the

laboratory, the design of the building shall minimize all direct sunlight penetration.

2. Floors

(a) All floors in laboratory work areas shall be finished with material, which are:

(i) Smooth.

(ii) Impervious.

(iii) Resistant to chemical used in the laboratory.

(iv) Of adequate mechanical and structural strength.

(v) Compatible with the nature of the laboratory operations and operator comfort.

(vi) Slip resistant.

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(vii) Easy to clean.

(b) Joints in slabs shall be avoided as far as possible but where used shall be

constructed in such a way that they are sealed against penetration by hazardous materials.

(c) Where there is a risk of spillage of hazardous material, the intersection of floors

with walls and pillars shall be covered to facilitate cleaning.

3. Walls

All walls in the laboratory work areas shall be finished with material, which are;

(a) Smooth.

(b) Impervious.

(c) Resistant to chemical used in the laboratory.

(d) Easy to clean.

(e) Non glare.

4. Ceilings

Requirements for ceilings shall be as follows:

(a) Ceilings in laboratory work areas shall be constructed of rigid, smooth faced,

non-absorbent materials, resistant to Chemicals and other hazardious substances and may include fibrous plaster, plaster-board, fibrous cement, cement render or other

approved material painted with a light colour.

(b) Air-

conditionedroomsorareasshallhave3.0metresminimumclearfloortoceilingheight; non-air-conditioned rooms or areas shall have 5.0 metres minimum clear floor to ceiling height.

(c) 3.0 metres minimum clear floor to ceiling height in similar rooms having special

ceiling- mounted fixtures. Higher ceilings may be needed for some types of equipment.

5. Doors

Doors within the laboratory working area shall have vision panels, be self-closing and of the appropriate fire rating.

6. Benches

Benches in laboratories shall comply with the following:

(a) All bench-tops shall be finished with a material which is:

(i) Smooth (free from irregularities)

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(ii) Impervious

(iii) resistanttoChemicals and other hazardous substancesusedinthelaboratory

(iv) scratch-resistant

(v) easy to clean

(vi) anti-static, where appropriate

(vii) non-glare

(viii) Free from joints as far as possible but, where unavoidable, joints shall be sealed to prevent seepages or spillages into the space below the bench-tops. Where there is a wet area,the end of bench-tops shall be sealed to end walls, sinks and similar.

(b) The minimum width of working spaces between benches or floor- positioned

equipment shall be as follows:

No. Working spaces Width

(i) Workers on one side of walkway, no through traffic 1000 mm

(ii) Workers on one side of walkway, plus through traffic 1200 mm

(iii) Workers on both sides of walkway, no through traffic 1350 mm

(iv) Workers on both sides of walkway, plus through traffic 1800 mm.

7. Fixtures, Fittings and Equipment

Fixtures, fittings and equipment including under-bench cupboards shall be supported in such a manner as to facilitate cleaning of the floor surface beneath them.

8. Shelving

All shelving shall be chemically compatible with the goods stored.

9. Fume cupboards and Biosafety Cabinets

Where fume cupboards or biosafety cabinets are provided, they shall be designed, sited,

constructedandinstalledinaccordancewithexistingsafetyrequirementsandthemanufacturer’s instructions.

10. Lunch and Rest Rooms

An area for eating, drinking and rest should be provided for the staff, away from the

laboratory working area.

11. Entrances and exits

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(a) Entrances and exits shall be located such as not to cause disturbances to work

area in the laboratory.

(b) Thereshallbeclearseparationbetweenpublicandlaboratoryworkareas.

(c) Thevisitor’sentranceshallbeadjacenttothepublicarea.

(d) Accesstolaboratoryworkareasisrestrictedtostaffonlyandtherestrictedaccessbeclear

ly signposted.

(e) Theserviceentranceshallbeclosetostorageareas.

(f) Thereshallbeaseparateexitforremovalofwaste.

12. Signs and labels

All civil engineering laboratories shall have proper signages and a proper labelling

system.

13. Hand-washing facilities

(a) Each CE laboratory working area shall have liquid hand disinfectant, washing and sanitary hand dryingfacilities.

(b) Hand-washingfacilitiesshallbeprovidedinotherserviceroomsandinalltoilets.

(c) All hand-washing facilities and sinks for personnel use shall be equipped with

hands free taps to control crossinfections;

14. Toilet facilities

(a) Adequate toilets facilities shall be provided for personnel working in the CE

laboratory.

(b) Thereshallbeseparatetoiletfacilitiesforthepublic.

15. Showering facilities and eye wash station

Adequate showering facilities and eye wash station shall be provided for personnel working in the CE laboratory for emergency as well as for cleaning purpose.

16. Washing room

Each CE laboratory shall have at least one washing room which is equipped with a sink,

sluice, and waste holder and washing equipment.

17. Plumbing

(a) Plumbingfixturesshallbedesignedandinstalledtobeeasilycleanedandmaintained.

(b) Sinks in which utensils and equipment are cleaned shall have double compartments with adequate counter space on both sides. The depth of the sink shall

be dependent on its function.

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(c) All plumbing facilities shall be installed in such a manner as to completely

prevent the possibilityofcrossconnectionsbetweensafeandunsafesuppliesorbacksiphonage.

(d) TheCElaboratoryshallprovidethefollowingaccessories

(i) suitable shelf or equivalent, and mirror at each hand-washing facility in toilet

rooms or lockerrooms;

(ii) toiletpaperholderproperlylocatedateachwatercloset;and

(iii) Suitableprovisionforliquidhanddisinfectantateachwatercloset,sink,andshower.

18. Water supply

(a) TheCElaboratoryshallhaveadequatepotablewatersupply.

(b) The main storage water tank in a CE laboratory shall be adequate to

accommodate therequirementsofthelaboratoryforaminimumoftwodays.

(c) All water tanks within the CE laboratory shall be properly maintained and shall be constructedwithmaterialsapprovedbytherelevantlocalwatersupplyauthority.

19. Sewage and sewerage system

(a) NoexposedsewerlineshallbelocateddirectlyabovetheCElaboratoryworkingarea and

storage area.

(b) Discharge of all CE laboratory waste into the sewerage system must conform to

all existing and relevantauthority.

20. Nature and number of electrical sockets

(a) The type, quantity, location and height of electrical sockets shall be appropriate for the servicestobeperformedandallsocketsshallbeofthegroundingtype.

(b) There shall be an adequate number of properly located sockets. Adaptors,

extension cords, and junction boxes are notpermitted.

21. Lighting

The number, type and location of lighting fixtures shall provide adequate illumination for the functions of each area.

22. Emergency power supply

(a) The CE laboratory shall have adequate emergency electrical generating

equipment with automatic transfer, to essential equipment and areas in case of

interruption to the normal powersupply.

(b) Thereshallbeemergencypowersupplytothefollowing-

(i) exitsigns,exitdirectionalsignsandstaircases

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(ii) generalilluminationandselectedsocketsinthevicinityofgeneratorset

(iv) alarm systems, including fire alarms activated at manual stations, water-flow

alarm devicesofsprinklersystemsifelectricallyoperated,fireandsmokedetectingsystems, and alarms required for non-inflammable medical gas systems; and freezers, incubators,

critical analysers and other criticalequipment

(v) Voltage stabilisers, wherenecessary.

(c) The emergency power shall be in operation immediately after interruption of

normal power supply.

(d) Socketsconnectedtoemergencypowershallbedistinctivelymarked.

(e) Emergency generators shall be operated for a minimum of 30 minutes weekly or as stipulated by the manufacturer including a monthly test under “load” condition and

proper records of tests shall bemaintained.

23. Ventilation

(a) Allroomsandareasshallbeadequatelyventilated.

(b) All CE laboratory working areas may be air conditioned to regulate room

temperature.

(c) All fresh air supply intakes shall be so located as to ensure a source of fresh air away from any source of contaminants orodours.

(d) Exhaust air discharge shall be located to avoid cross circulation to supply air

intakes or windows.

(e) Allworkinvolvingtoxicchemicalsshallbeundertakeninafumecupboard.

3.3.1.2 Laboratory/Workshop Specific

Construction Materials Laboratories

The individual work areas or sections of a laboratory must all form a rational whole. The CML consist of the following areas:

o Sample reception area.

o Sample storage facility.

o Sample preparation area.

o Laboratory where “dirty” tests are carried out (dusty area).

o A section where “noisy” tests are done (such as compaction).

Sample reception area

This area must be fairly large so that large samples may be easily handled and easily accessible to vehicles delivering samples. It should be close to where the samples are to

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be stored prior to testing and also close to the sample preparation area so that it is not necessary to manually transport samples long distances as this can be physically demanding especially where large samples are concerned. It is also a good idea to have some form of mechanical hoist so that large samples or samples in crates may be unloaded from delivery vehicles. This area should also not be situated close to offices as it is often noisy and dusty and the noise generated may be disturbing to office staff.

Sample preparation area

This area should be close to the sample reception area to facilitate sample movement. It should not be situated close to offices or areas that must be kept clean such as the laboratories where delicate testing is done as dust and noise tend to be generated when samples are being processed for testing. This area should also be well ventilated, as the dust created will be a nuisance to the people working there. It may be necessary for the workers to wear dust masks when handling very dusty material.

Testing that creates a lot of dust

There has to be a laboratory where tests such as grading, compaction etc. are carried out as such testing tends to be messy and create dust. It is best to use an area close to the soil preparation area for this purpose, which is also an area that requires seclusion from the rest of the laboratory. It must be easy to clean this area as it becomes very soiled due to the nature of the testing done there. The floor should preferably be of a hard concrete, which is also true of the sample preparation area. Also, only the minimum furniture and equipment should be kept in such a laboratory, as excess furniture and equipment will only gather dust and make cleaning up difficult.

Testing that creates a lot of noise

Some of the work or testing carried out in a laboratory generates a lot of noise (eg compactions, sieve shakers, ball mills etc.) Strong or repeated stimulation from noise can lead to loss of hearing to those working close to the noise source. This is only temporary at first, but after being “deafened” repeatedly some permanent damage may occur. This is called noise deafness, and is brought about by slow but progressive degeneration of a person’s hearing ability. The louder the noise, and the more often it is repeated, the greater the damage to hearing. It is also well known that noise consisting of predominantly high frequencies is more harmful than low frequency noise. Intermittent noise, such as hammering, is more harmful than continuous noise, and a single very loud noise such as a detonation or explosion can damage the ears immediately. Noise intensity (measured in dB) above 85 dB can be considered harmful to hearing. Noise must be isolated either by placing the apparatus in a sound proof room or enclosing in sound proof container or the testing or work must be carried out in an area that is remote from other working areas. Some procedures are so noisy (egg. Reinforcement testing) that the only practical way to curb the sound is to do the work in a sound proof room. Workers in noisy environments must wear personal ear protection (ear muffs or ear plugs) to protect them from the noise. Earplugs give sufficient protection where noise levels are not too high. In very noisy areas (noise levels above 100 dB) earmuffs should be worn. Moving machinery, and motors in operation not only make noise, but also set the structure of the building in vibration. Such vibrations and resonance, and the secondary noises that they set up, can be disturbing throughout the building. For this reason these machines (e.g. compactor,

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Universal Testing Machine, Compression testing Machine) should be mounted on to thick concrete slabs.

Geotechnics Laboratory

The minimum proposed area for the geotechnical and construction material and structural laboratories shall be 200m2 for each respective laboratories and include all necessary functional

arrangements.

Water and Waste Water Laboratory

The water and wastewater laboratory should have sufficient space, proper design, interior furnishing, proper ventilation, proper lighting, temperature control, dust free atmosphere etc. since all these factors influence the quality of analytical data generated in a laboratory and may affect the production of reliable data. Regular and proper supply of some of the essential needs like water and electricity is to be ensured for smooth functioning of the laboratory. In addition to these, other important factors like facilities for preservation of samples, weighing, cleaning of glassware, quality of chemicals, fire-fighting facilities, laboratory safety and first-aid facilities are also an essential requirement.

Water and Wastewater Laboratory Design/Housing/Building

Laboratory design plays a major role for efficient functioning of laboratory activities. Laboratory design should incorporate good spacing, proper ventilation system, well-ventilated stack rooms, store rooms, laboratory hoods, sinks, miscellaneous safety equipment like eye wash fountain, safety showers and arrangement for safe disposal of wastes. Laboratory building must have proper space for carrying out water analysis: Physico-chemical and Biological examination.

All Infrastructural supply and discharge facilities for water, power, gas and air must be easily accessible and serviceable without constructional changes. All materials selected and specified must be of high quality and suitable for their functional end use. Laboratory design, outlay and materials should be selected and specified to minimize maintenance and operational costs of the facilities. It is envisaged that newly assigned tasks to the laboratory or any changes with reference to new instrument/equipment methods, analysts etc. can be easily and fastly accommodated.

A water and wastewater laboratory for civil engineering program in an undergraduate level should maintain the following work areas with adequate instrumentation and infrastructure:

One Bacteriological examination room

One physico-chemical analysis room

Sample receipt room

Staff room

Computer room

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Store room

Field monitoring equipment room

Waste storage room

Bacteriological examination Laboratory

Purpose, scope and staff

This laboratory is designed to carry out bacteriological routine analysis for natural waters, drinking-water, treated wastewater and other effluents. It is equipped to perform the following tests;

total coliforms

feacal coliforms

The membrane filtration method is proposed for undertaking these tests. Although this method is not the cheapest, it has been chosen because of its simplicity, reliability and the speed with which results for both total and faecal coliforms can be obtained.

The laboratory will be staffed with two technician who should be able to teach a maximum of 5 groups having 4 students in each group and carry out all supporting work such as preparing media, sterilizing equipment, etc. The technicians should preferably be assisted by a laboratory attendant.

Space, furniture and fittings

A small room of about 60 m2 is sufficient for this laboratory. It should have adequate lighting, proper ventilation and should be reasonably dust-proof. Three Laboratory benches of a total length of 4 meters each are the minimum required working space. The benches should be 90 cm high, 60 cm deep, with drawers and cupboards underneath. For the benchtops, smooth, resistant, light-duty melamine plastics (e.g. Formica) would be adequate.

A sink of at least 45 x 38 cm with ample adjacent draining area is required. This may be attached to a bench or be a separate unit. The sink should be fitted with 3 taps, one movable swan-neck tap, and 2 taps with removable nozzles (1/2 in.), serrated for hoses.

Five to six electrical plug sockets are necessary for each bench(es), one of them for 2000 W (for the autoclave), the others for a maximum of 1000 W. In addition, there are plug sockets needed on the walls for the water still (2000 W) and the refrigerator (1000 W). No gas fittings are required.

Other recommended furniture includes a small wall-mounted cupboard for chemicals and other materials, a small-sized desk (1.20 m long) with chair, and 25 stools (68 cm high).

Physico - chemical analysis laboratory

Purpose, scope and staff

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This laboratory is designed to carry out basic physical and chemical analysis of natural water, drinking-water, wastewater and effluents. It will also be suitable for the control of water and wastewater treatment processes of small-sized treatment plants, and it will be capable of determining the parameters listed in Table 5. The methods chosen are simple and do not involve expensive or sophisticated equipment.

Two senior technician or technologist, assisted by a laboratory attendant, is enough for staffing the laboratory. The technician should be able to teach a maximum of 5 groups having 4 students in each group and carry out all necessary supporting work (replacing standard solutions, etc. In the initial phase of laboratory operation, however, the technicians will be fully occupied for several weeks preparing the first stock of standard solutions and other reagents.

Basic test variables and methods

VARIABLE VARIABLE METHOD

Alkalinity Titrimetric

BOD Dilution method

COD dichromate reflux method

Chloride titrimetric with mercuric nitrate

Chlorine orthotoludine-arseite method

Conductivity electrometric

Color comparison with glass color standards

Fluoride Alizarin visual method

Hardness, total titrimetric with EDTA

Jar test coagulation/flocculation

Nitrogen, ammonia direct nesslerization, visual

Nitrogen, nitrate + nitrite phenoldisulfonic acid method, visual

Phosphate vanadomolybdic acid method, photometric

Oxygen, dissolved Winkler method, azide modification

pH Electrometric

Solids, suspended gravimetric (non-filtrable residue)

Solids, total dissolved gravimetric (filtrable residue)

Turbidity nephelometric

It is an advantage if this laboratory is set up together with a bacteriological examination laboratory, as described in section 2.1.1. Although the two laboratories should be accommodated in separate rooms, some of their facilities can be used jointly.

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The room for this laboratory should be 60 m2 with adequate lighting and proper ventilation. Three Laboratory benches of a total length of 4 meters each are the minimum required working space. The benches should be 90 cm high, 60 cm deep, and should have drawers and cupboards underneath. They should be covered with an acid-proof plastic surface (such as Formica). Tiles are also suitable, but they are much more expensive.

A sink of approximately 55 x 45 cm with ample adjacent draining area is required; it should be fitted with a movable swan-neck tap and 2 taps with removable nozzles (1/2 in), serrated for hoses. A water heater is optional, and should be mounted near the larger sink, as should be the water still, which is specified in the list of equipment.

A minimum of 6 electrical plug sockets (max. 1000 W) are to be fixed on the benches or the wall behind them. Apart from these, another 3 sockets are needed for the refrigerator, the BOD incubator and the water still (the latter one for 2000 W). No gas fittings are required, and no fume hood is necessary.

Other furniture needed include a cupboard for chemicals and glassware (approximately 1.5 m long, 2 m high, 35 cm deep), a small-sized desk (1.20 m long) with chair, and 25 laboratory stools (68 cm high).

If this laboratory is being set up together with a bacteriological one, the two laboratories should ideally be next to each other, or opposite one another. This will facilitate the joint use of certain equipment. They should not, however, be in the same room because chemical fumes may affect bacteriological work. If a larger room of at least 120 m2 is available, it can be separated by a partition. The door between the two laboratories should be of the swing type, which closes automatically when not used.

Staff room

The staff room must be separate from both bacteriological and physico-chemical analysis

laboratory for the safety of the technicians. Two small rooms of about 12 m2 is sufficient with two tables, two shelves and two chairs for each room.

Field monitoring equipment room

The field monitoring equipment room is dedicated to the storage of equipment used for experiments that must be conducted onsite. A small room of about 12m2 is sufficient. It can be

next to chemical store room or a separate room with adequate ventilation.

Geomatics and Geodesy Laboratory

The standard infrastructure in surveying laboratories are instrument store and computer

laboratory. We propose one computer laboratory with 25 computers.

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Typical instrument store layout

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3.3.2 Facility Requirements

3.3.2.1 Material and Structural Laboratory

Test Significance/Objective of the Test Test In accordance with, 1:1 Normal Consistency of cement.

To determine the amount of water required to prepare a standard paste.

ASTM C187

1:2 Setting Time of Cement

To determine Initial and final setting

time of cement.

ASTM C 191

1.3 Loss on Ignition of Cement

To determine Mass loss of cement due to ignition.

ASTM C 114

1.4 Blaine Fiennes test of Cement To determine the particle size of Portland cement, limes and similar powders expressed in terms of their specific surface.

ASTM C204

1.5 Soundness of Cement

To determine the expansion of cement

EN 196-3

1:6Specific gravity of hydraulic cement.

To determine the specific gravity of hydraulic cement

ASTM C188

2:Tests Aggregates 2:1 Methods for sampling To divide aggregates in to

representative sample increment for testing

EN 932-1,2 BS 812, 1377,1924

ISO 4847-78 ASTM C702

2:2 Determination of particle size distribution. Sieving method

To determine gradation of aggregates

EN 933-1 ASTM C136

2.3 Determination Flakiness & elongation index

Used to determine if aggregate particles are to be considered flaky, i.e. their thickness is less than 0.6 of their nominal size.

EN 933-3 BS 812

2.4 Determination of particle shape. shape index

Used to determine the shape factor of aggregates

DIN 4226 EN 933-4

2.5 Los Angeles abrasion test

To evaluate how the aggregate is sufficiently hard to resist the abrasion effect.

EN 1097.2

ASTM C131

3:5 Determination of aggregate crushing value

To evaluate the resistance of aggregates against a gradually applied load.

BS 812:110

3:6 Determination of aggregate impact value

To determine the aggregate impact value.

BS 812

3:7 Determination of the particle To determine specific gravity and EN 1097-6,

48

density and water absorption

absorption capacity of coarse aggregates

EN 12390-7

BS 812:2

BS 1881:14

3:8 Determination of loose bulk density and voids

To determine bulk density of aggregate

BS 812 EN 1097-3 ISO 6872

3:9Determination of the particle density and water absorption

To determine the particle density of and water absorption.

EN 1097-6 BS 812

ASTM C127-C128

3:10 Determination of Surface moisture of fine aggregate ASTM Method

To determine amount Surface moisture in a fine aggregate

ASTM C70 AASHTO T142

3:11 Determination silt content and bulking of sand

To determine silt content and Bulking of sand

BS 812

`4 :Tests on Mortar 4:1 Preparation of Mortar sample To Mix and prepare sample for testing ASTM C305ASTM C451

EN 196-1

4:2 4.2 Determination of workability of Mortar

To determine the consistency of mortars

ASTM C230

5: Tests on Concrete 5:1Mixing and casting Concrete

sample To Mix and prepare Concrete sample for

testing

5:2 5.2 Slump Test EN 12350-2 ASTM C143

5:3 Compression and Flexural testing

6: Steel test 6.1 6:1 Tensile strength of steel. To determine tensile strength of steel. EN 6892

EN 7500-1

49

1. Vicat test set ASTM method Plastic mould to ASTM/AASHTO 1

1 mm diameter needle 1

Glass base Plate 4

2. Temperature and humidity controlled cabinet

Min. 100litres capacity Temperature range -25 to 70°C. Humidity range from 10 to 95%.

1

3. Muffle furnace

Muffle furnace 1100°C max temperature. 1

4. Platinum Crucible

Max Temperature (degree Celsius): 1000-1500 Crucible Height (mm): 310 Crucible Diameter (mm): 160

15

5.Blaine fineness (air permeability) apparatus

Blaine fineness (air permeability) apparatus to ASTM C204 and AASHTO T153 2

Glass thermometer -10 +50°C 2

Filter paper. Box of 100 circles. 2

Manometer liquid, 250 ml bottle 10

6. Le ChatelierMoulds

Le Chatelier soundness kit

6

Glass plates, 50 mm sq. 6

Le Chatelier water bath, Power 1500 W capable of reaching the boiling points in 30 minutes.

1

7. Le Chatelier flask

250 ml capacity, with graduated neck from 0 to 1 ml and from 18 to 24 ml in 0.1 ml graduation with accuracy of 0.05 ml.

3

Chattaway spatula 3

8. Riffle box Riffle box 30mm slot width c/w three containers 2

Riffle box 50mm slot width c/w three containers 2

9. Large Capacity Sample Splitter

Spare material pan. Weight :2.3 kg

5

10. Shovel

Shovel Weight approx. : 1.6 kg

5

11. Round aluminum scoop

Round aluminum scoop 325 ml cap. 15

Round aluminum scoop 1000 ml cap.

50

Round aluminum scoop 2600 ml cap. 15

12. Trowel

Trowel. Gardeners type, stainless steel blade 15

Trowel. Gauging with steel blade 200 mm long. 15

Float. Plasterer’s type, with steel blade 280 x 115 mm. 15

13. Spatula

100 mm blade with wooden handle. 15

150mm blade with wooden handle. 15

200 mm blade with wooden handle. 15

Chat away spatula.125 mm long. 15

14. Sieves 300 mm dia ISO(BS) sieve op.75mm perf. plate 3

300 mm dia ISO(BS,NF,DIN) sieve op.63mm perf.plate 3 300 mm dia ISO(BS,NF,DIN)sieve op.50mm perf. plate 3 300 mm dia ISO(BS) sieve op.37,5mm perf. plate 3

300 mm dia ISO(BS,NF,DIN)sieve op.28mm perf. plate 3



300 mm dia ISO(BS,NF,DIN)sieve op.10mm perf.plate 3

300 mm dia ISO(BS,NF,DIN)sieve op.6,3mm perf.plate 3


300 mm dia stainless steel 3

200 mm dia ISO (BS) sieve op.3,35 mm 3


200 mm dia ISO (BS,UNI,NF,DIN) sieve op.2,00 mm 3



200 mm dia ISO (BS) sieve op.850 microns 3






200 mm dia ISO (BS,UNI) sieve op.75 microns 3

200 mm dia ISO (BS,UNI,NF,DIN) sieve op.63 microns 3

LID & RECEIVER 200 mm dia stainless steel 3 15. Sieves Brushes

Soft hair brush 3 mm dia. 3

Double ended, brass and nylon bristle 3

Bristle round brush 30 mm dia. 3

Nylon sieve brush 33 mm dia. 3

Double ended nylon sieve brush 3

16.Flakiness index

Bar sieves test set Complete set of 13 aggregate grids including 2.5 - 3.15 - 4.00 - 5.00 - 6.30 - 8.00 -10.00 - 12.5 - 16.00 - 20.00 - 25.00 - 31.50 - 40.00 mm apertures

Weight approx.: 40 kg

2

Flakiness sieves complete set 2

Thickness gaugeWeight approx.:200g 2

51

17.Shape index

Aggregate shape gauge complete with calibration certificate.Dimensions:320x160mmWeight approx.:450 g

3

18. Los Angeles abrasion machine

Los Angeles abrasion machine conforming to EN and ASTM Standard. 230V/50Hz/1ph.Complete with CE cabinet for noise reduction andsafety, fitted with door opening switch. Control panel mounted on the side face of the cabinet.Dimension: 1200x1000x1200mm [W x D x H]

1

Set of 12 abrasive charges ASTM/UNI 2

Set of 12 abrasive charges conforming to EN 1097-2 2

19. Aggregate crushing value apparatus

Standard aggregate crushing value apparatus.150 mm dia. Weight approx.:16.5 kg 2

Standard aggregate crushing value apparatus.75 mm dia. Weight approx.:3.5 kg 2

20. Impact Testing machine Impact testing machine manufactured from plated steel. and provided with an

automatic counter. Complete with cylindrical measure and tamping rod. 1

21. Specific gravity frame Specific gravity frame, water tank including Cradle for holding specimens 1

4500 g cap.x 0.1g resolution, digital top pan balance, 1

22. Bulk density measures

Unit weight measure 1 l cap. 1






Unit weight measure 28 l cap 1

straight edge 1

23. Pyknometers

Pyknometer 500 ml cap. complete with stopper, capillary tube, and funnel

50

sand absorption cone and tamper 6

Digital circulating water bath cover with cooling coil. for connection to main water & have adjustable tray230V,50-60 Hz, 1 ph

1

24. Chapman flask

Chapman flask 4

25. Graduated cylinder

Graduted cylinder com.with cone and rubber seal, 1000 ml cap. 10



26. Automatic Mortar mixers Automatic programmable mortar mixer complete with automatic sand

dispenser complete with Stainless steel mixing bowl 5 l cap. 1

52

Three gang mould 40x40x160 mm to EN 196-1 5

50 mm three gang cube mould 5

27.Flow tables for mortar

Hand operated flow table, conforming to ASTM C230 1

Flow calliper to ASTM C230 1

Brass flow mould to ASTM C230 1

Hardwood tamper 12x25x150 mm to ASTM C230 4

28. Concrete mixer

Pan type mixer. Pan capacity 130l, mixing capacity 90l. 1

29. Vibrator

Vibrating table 600x400 mm with retaining edges. 1

Electric poker vibrator, dia. 25x250 mm, flexible shaft 2000 mm long. 1

30. Moulds

150 mm, two parts, cast iron single cube mould. 15

Steel cylinder mould, dia. 150x300 mm high. 10

Concrete beam mould, 100x100x500 mm. 10

Straightedge 300 mm 1

31. Concrete Curing Tank

Concrete Curing Tank 3

30. Slump cone test sets

Slump cone, sheet steel protected against corrosion, 100 mm top dia. x 200 mm base dia. x 300 mm height. Weight approx. 2 kg.

4

Graduated tamping rod dia. 16x600 mm 4

Metal base plate 400x400 mm 4

31. Automatic compression machine

3000 kN cap. Automatic compression testing machine 1

Splitting tensile test device for Cylinders 1

Compression device test Mortar Specimens 1

Flexural test device for concrete Beams 1

32. Computer controlled universal testing machine

Computer controlled universal testing machine, for tension tests up 1000 kN, and compression tests up to 2000 kN, complete with three set of standard grips, PC, Printer and software.

Flat gripper flat specimen up to 70 x 35 mm and round specimens from 5 to 9 mm dia. Four pieces are required per set. 2

Vee gripper for round specimens from 9-19 mm dia. 2

Vee gripper for round specimens from 19-40 mm dia. 2

Grip liner 9 mm thick. 2

Grip liner 14 mm thick. 2

Graphite grease for grips. 1 kg can 4

PC cabinet for testing systems

Transverse test set.

2

Upper bearer 20 mm dia. 8



53


Gripper for electro welded steel screen 8

Grip for standards from 9.3 to 15.2 mm dia. 2

Aluminum liners with carbonundm grit for test on seven wire cords. 2

33. Extensometer 2

Coaxial electronic extensometer for round specimens from 5 to 11.5 mm dia. 2

Coaxial electronic extensometer for round specimens from 11 to 18 mm dia. 2

Coaxial electronic extensometer for round specimens from 17.5 to 26 mm dia. 2

Coaxial electronic extensometer for round specimens from 25 to 36 mm dia. 2

34. Cut- off machine 4

Cut –off machine. 200-240 V, 50-60 Hz,1-2 ph Weight Approx.: 32 kg Power: 750-800 W Max. blade:Diameter: 225 mm

4

3.3.2.2 Geotechnics Laboratory

Test Significance/Objective of the Test Test In accordance with,

1.1. Moisture content Determination of moisture content of a soil ASTM

1.2. Specific Gravity The specific gravity of a soil is used in the phase relationship of air,water, and solids in a given volume of the soil

ASTM D 854-00

1.3. Grain size Distribution Sieve Analysis The distribution of different grain sizes affects the

engineering properties of soil. Grain size analysis provides the grain size distribution, and it is required in classifying the soil

ASTM D 422-63 – ASTM C 136 – ASTM D 2487

BS 1337-2

Hydrometer Analysis The distribution of different grain sizes affects the engineering properties of soil. Grain size analysis provides the grain size distribution, and it is required in classifying the soil

ASTM D 422-63 – ASTM C 136 – ASTM D 2487

BS 1337-2

1.4. ATTERBERG LIMITS To determine the consistency limit of a soil ASTM D 4318

BS 1337-2

2. Compaction To determine moisture-density relationship ASTM D 698 – ASTM D

1557 BS 1337-4

3.Hydraulic Conductivity(Permeability) of Soils constant head permeability

To determine water passage capacity of a soil ASTM D 2464-68 – ASTM D 5084

BS 1377-5

54

falling head permeabilty

To determine water passage capacity of a soil ASTM D 2464-68 – ASTM D 5084

BS 1377-5

4.One Dimensional Consolidation To determine Primary and Secondary Consolidation

Undisturbed and Remoulded Specimens ASTM D 2435 – ASTM D

4186 BS 1377-5

5.Mechanical(strength) Properties of soils 5.1. Direct shear Test

This test is performed to determine the consolidated-drained shear strength of a sandy to

silty soil

ASTM D 3080 BS 1377-7

5.2 Unconfined Compressive Strength The purpose of this test is to determine the

unconfined compressive strength as well as to know unconsolidated undrained shear strength of the clay

soil.

ASTM D 2166 – ASTM D 5102 – ASTM D 4219 –

ASTM D 7012 BS 1377-7

5.3 Triaxial The purpose of this test is used to determine,

Unconsolidated Undrained (UU),Consolidated Undrained (CU)and Consolidated Drained (CD) shear

strength of a soil

ASTM D 2850 – ASTM D 4767 – ASTM D 7181 –

ASTM D 7012 BS 1377-7 – BS 1377-8

6.0. General Equipments Tools used to conduct various tests ASTM Standards

1. Moisture can

Stainless Steel can Pcs

Stainless Steel Lid Pcs

2.Pycnometer

200ml graduated long nake bottle Pcs



Glass Funnel, 100 mm diameter Pcs

55



Measuring pipette, 5 ml Pcs

Measuring pipette, 10 ml Pcs

3 .Vaccum Pump

Portable vacuum pump, free air displacement 75 l/min, ultimate vacuum 0.1 mbar. 230 V, 50-60 Hz, 1 ph with all accessories

Pcs

4 SEIVES

a)Ø200mm, ASTM stainless steel, wire cloth set of sieves :

b)Ø300mm, ASTM stainless steel, wire cloth set of sieves :

Sieve brushes (2") Pcs

Sieve brushes (3") Pcs

Sample Tray 306*306*38mm Pcs

5 HYDROMETR ANALYSIS TEST

Soil Hydrometer BS 1377 Graduated 0.0995 to 1.030 g/ml Pcs

Soil Hydrometer ASTM/AASHTO Graduated -5 to + 60 g/l Pcs

Soil Hydrometer ASTM D422 Graduated 0.0995 to 1.038 g/ml Pcs

Dispersing Agent /Sodium hexametaphosphate/ Kg

Aluminium Beaker, 500cc Pcs

Beaker, borosilicate glass, 2000 ml capacity Pcs





6. ATTERBERG LIMIT TEST

Liquid limit apparatus comprising removable brass cup and spare roughened cup Pcs

Glass plate 500*500*10mm Pcs

Flexible spatula 100 mm long Pcs

56

Flexible spatula 160 mm long Pcs

Stainless steel grooving tool, ASTM Pcs

Stainless steel Casagrande grooving tool, AASHTO Pcs

Shrinkage dish 45 mm dia.*12.7 mm high. Pcs

Crystallizing dish 57 mm dia.* 31 mm deep. Pcs

Shrinkage prong plate. Manufactured form transparent acrylic and fitted with 3 metal prongs.

Pcs

Shrinkagmould to produce a specimen 140 mm long x 12.5 mm radius. Weight : 300 g.

Pcs

7.Mould and Rammer

Standard Proctor mould, 4” (101.6 mm) dia. Pcs

Modified Proctor mould, 6” (152.4 mm) dia. Pcs

Standard compaction rammer, 50.8 mm dia., weight 2.49 kg Pcs

Modified compaction rammer, 50.8 mm dia., weight 4.54 kg Pcs

8. Constant Head Permeability

Constant head permeability cell, 75 mm dia., 3 pressure points Pcs

Tamping rod 8 mm dia. x 300 mm Pcs

Stand with 3 constant bore tubes and accessories Pcs

Constant level tank complete with inlet, outlet, overflow, tubing and attachment for wall mounting

Pcs

9. Falling Head Permeability

Falling head permeability cell Pcs

Stand with 4 manometer tubes Pcs

Soaking reservoir Pcs

Vacuum control pane Pcs

De-airing tank, 7 liters capacity Pcs

10.One Dimensional Odometer

Overall dimensions: 500x200x750 mm (height less hanger xwidthx length) Pcs

Front loading oedometer Pcs

57

Weight set, 64 kg in total, including: 2x0.250, 1x0.500, 1x1, 1x2, 1x4, 7x8 kg weights.

No.

Dial gauge, 10 mm travel x 0.002 mm divisions, anticlockwise rotation. No.

Linear potentiometric transducer, 10 mm travel No.

Transducer extension cable, 6 m long No.

Transducer extension cable, 12 m long No.

Upper porous disk No.

Lower porous disk No.

Cutting ring No.

Bench for up to three odometers. Overall dimensions: 960x1000x700 (hxlxw) No.

11.Direct Shear Device

Autoshear, direct and residual shear testing machine with automatic built-in data acquisition 100-220 V, 50-60 Hz, 1 ph

Set

Electronic measuring device No

Load cell 5 kN capacity, with adapters Set

Linear potentiometric transducer, 10 mm travel, for vertical deformation, complete with mounting block

No.

Linear potentiometric transducer, 25 mm travel, for horizontal deformation, complete with mounting block

No.

12. Shear box:

loading pad, base plate, 2 plain grid plates, 2 perforated grid plates and 2 sintered bronze porous stone

Set

13. Weight set

Weight set 37.5 kg comprising: 2x0.25, 2x0.5, 2x1, 3x2, 3x4 and 2x8 kg weights No.

Weight set 34 kg comprising: 2x1, 1x2 and 3x10 kg weights No.

14.uniaxial and unconfined tests apparatus

58

digital compression tester , 50 kN capacity with variable speed from 0.1 to 51 mm/min. 230V, 50-60Hz, 1 ph

Set

automatic compression tester, 50 kN capacity, 4 channel built-in data acquisition and variable speed from 0.1 to 51 mm/min. 230V, 50-60Hz, 1 ph

Set

stand-alone automatic compression tester, 50 kN capacity, 4 channel built-in data acquisition for load/displacement controlled testing. Compact version. 230V, 50-60Hz, 1 ph

Set

15. Standard Traxial Apparatus

Data log Set

Triaxial load Frame Set

Volume change measuring device Set

Cell chamber Set

Transducers

ii. Axial displacement transducer No.

iii. Pore water pressure transducer No.

v. Load transducer No.

Control board for pressure Set

Air bladder cylinder Set

Accessories

i. Top cap No.

ii. Porous stone No.

iii. Extruder No.

16.Thermometer

Digital thermometer with 1 m cord and probe. -50 to +150°C, 0.1°C resolution, battery operated

Pcs

Waterproof digital thermometer with probe, -50 to +170°C, 0.1-1° resolution, battery operated

Pcs

Multipurpose digital thermometer, ranges -50 to + 199.9°C and -200 to +1350°C, resolution 0.1/1°C, battery operated,with accessories.

Pcs

59

Laboratory glass thermometer -10 to +110°C, graduation 1°C Pcs

Laboratory glass thermometer 0 to +360°C, graduation 1°C Pcs

Armoured glass thermometer 0 to +60°C, graduation 1°C Pcs

17.Sample Extruder

Universal specimen extruder 50 kN cap Set.

18.Measuring Balance

Electronic Balance, 0.001g sensitivity, 500g capacity No.

Electronic Balance, 0.1g sensitivity, 5kg capacity No.

Electronic Balance, 0.1g sensitivity, 16 kg capacity No.

19.Drying Oven

Medium Capacity Drying Oven/230 liters cap. forced convection oven, digital thermoregulator/indicator. 220 V, 50-60 Hz, 1 ph which can serve for more than 440 oc

No.

20.Mixing Pan and Trowel

Sample Tray 306*306*38mm No.

Steel mixing tray, nesting type, 610x305x50 mm No.

Trowel 60x140 mm No.

Rectangular trowel, 120x250 mm No.

Straight Edge, 300mm long sharp Edge No.

21. Graduated Cylinder

Graduated Cylinder,1000ml, 500ml,250ml,100ml No.

22. Miscellaneous Items

Distilled Water Still Set.

Dimensions 590*530*940 mm

Glass Boiling Chamber

Output 3.5liters/hr

Stainless Steel Sample tubes, 38 mm diameter x 230 mm long Complete with end plastic caps.

Pcs

Allen key Set.

Manual Hydraulic Jack Set.

Digital Vernier calipers, range 0-300 mm x 0.01mm No.

60

Round aluminium scoop, 245x80 mm, 325 ml capacity No.

Flat aluminium scoop, 400x155 mm, 1550 ml capacity No.

Stainless flexible spatula, 100 mm blade length No.




Fine wire brush No.

Soft hair brush, 3 mm dia. (BS 812) No.

Brass sieve brush No.

Double ended brass/nylon sieve brush No.

Round bristle brush, 33 mm dia. No.

Nylon sieve brush 33 mm dia. No.

Double ended nylon sieve brush No.

High temperature resistant gloves, up to 450°C No.

Heat resistant gloves No.

Neoprene gloves No.

Cotton gloves No.

Soft leather gloves No.

Rubber PVC gloves No.

61

3.3.2.3 Hydraulics Laboratory

S.No Hydraulics laboratory facilities

1 electrical current meter

2 flat flume

3 glass wall flume(bigger)

4 smaller glass wall flume(smaller)

5 water hammer analysis

6 head loss measuring device

7 pelten turbine

8 gradiation device

9 smaller flat wall flume for discharge measurement

10 stop watch

11 Renoulds apparatus

12 Summersible pump

62

3.3.2.4 Highway Engineering Laboratory

No Description Num Model Remarks

I. Mixing and Preparation Equipment

1 Glass Marking Pencil 20

2 Metal Thermometer, 0-100°C 1 Length300mm

3 Metal Thermometer, 0-240°C 6 Length300mm

4 Magnet Holder for Dial Indicator 2

5 Battery Filler 1 220V

6 Rectangular Mixing Pans, 600 mm square 2 Stainless steel disc

7 Stainless Steel Mixing Bowl, 300 mm x 250 mm 2 Stainless steel disc

8 Stainless Steel Mixing Bowl, 220 mm x 110 mm 2 Stainless steel disc

9 Round Aluminum Pan, 300 mm x 50 mm 2

10 Square Tin Pan, 500 mm x 350 mm 15 Stainless steel disc

11 Straight Edge, 300 mm 1

12 Ounce Tin Sample Boxes, dozen 3 3 70*38mm

13 Riffle Box with 15 mm slot width with 3 metal containers

1

14 Riffle Box with 25 mm slot width with 3 metal containers

1

15 Wheel Barrow 2

II. Ovens and Hot Plates

1

Stainless Steel Laboratory Oven, 100 liters, with temperature regulating feature

2 101A-2 450*550*550mm,220

V,3.2KW 300℃

63

2 Stainless Steel Laboratory Oven, 240 liters, with temperature regulating feature

2 101A-4 800*800*1000mm,38

0V,9KW 300℃

3 Hot Plate, 6” Square 3 2000W

4 Burner Gas 1

III. Scales and Balances

1 Heavy Duty Solution Balance, 20 Kilogram Capacity ± 1 g

2 JZC-BWED 20KG/1G

2 8-12 Kg Capacity Electronic Balance, ± 0.1 g 1 KD-HN-20 20KG/0.1G

3 5-8 Kg Capacity Electronic Balance, ± 0.1 g 1 KD-HN-10 10KG/0.1G

4 200-300 g Capacity Electronic Balance, ± 0.1 g 2 KD-NEC-3002-

300 300G/0.01G

IV. Classification Equipment

1 Complete Liquid Limit Set 1 ZY-2

2 Plastic Limit Set 1 GYS-3

3 Pocket Penetrometer 1

64

4 Shrinkage Troughs 15

5 Shrinkage Limit (with adequate quantity of mercury)

1 SS-1

V. Specific Gravity Equipment

1 Pycnometer Top and Jar 1 500ml

2 Specific Gravity Bottles, 100ml. 4

3 Specific Gravity Bottles, 220-250 ml 3

VI. Compaction Equipment

1 Modified Hammer, 10 lbs. by 18” Drop 3 4.5kg

2 Standard Hammer, 5 lbs by 12” Drop 2 2.5kg

3 Standard Compaction Mould 2 SmallФ102mm BigФ152mm

4 Ounce Moisture Content Cans, 50 ml 30 50*100mm

5 Dozen Straight Edge, 12” 2 Length30cm

6 12” Ruler Knife 6 Length30cm

7 Vacuum airer 2 Ф300mm

VII. Sample Preparation Equipment

1 Hydraulic Sample Ejector 1 YT200S(30T)

2 Soil Mortar 1

3 Soil Pestle 1 150ml

4 Paraffin Warmer (2 qts.) 1 1000W

5 Sealing Paraffin (50 lbs.) 1

6 Cone Mould and Tamping Rod, set 1

7 Density Basket 1

VIII. Aggregates

1 Flakiness Gauge 2

2 Sodium/Magnesium Sulfate salt, Kg 30 500g/bottle

65

3 Los Angeles Abrasion Machine 1 DM-Ⅱ

4 Organic Impurities Test Set 1

5 Aggregate Crushing Value 1 152*125

IX. Field Density Test

1 I” Steel Chisel 2

2 Large Sand Scoop 2

3 Peg 5

4 Density Pack 2

5 Mixing Trowel 2

6 Rubber Mallet 2

7 Field Density Plate 2

8 Sampling Spoon 2

9 Sand Density Apparatus, complete with plastic jugs, set

2 Ф150mm

10 Plastic Jug 2 500ml

11 One Gallon Field Can 2

12 Steel Hammer, 1 Kg 2

13 Electromagnetic asphalt density meter 2 LM-Ⅳ

14 Cylindrical Container for Sand Calibration, H = 152, dia = 152

1

X. Concrete Testing

1 Concrete Measure ½ (cu. ft). 1 15*15*15cm Mould

for concrete specimens

2 Slump Cone, Set 2

3 Tamping Rod 2

4 Folding Rule, 3 m 1

5 Cubic Moulds, 6” 12 15*15*15cm Mould

for concrete specimens

66

6 250,000 lb. Capacity Testing Machine 1 YE2000C

7 Guard for above tester, Set 1

8 Cubic Specimen Capping Set 1

9 Concrete Curing bottle, with Thermometer 3 SHBY40B

10 Cyclops Concrete Capping Compound - 100 lbs. 1

XI. Sand Equivalent Test

1 Sand Equivalent Test Set 1 SD-Ⅱ

2 Sand Equivalent Stock Solution (8 oz.), Bottle 10

XII . Moisture - Density Test

1 CBR Loading Machine, electrical 1 CBR-Ⅱ

2 Modified Compaction Mould 24

3 CBR Mould 24

4 Slotted Surcharge Weight 2

5 Surcharge Weight 24

6 Filter Screen 2 Diameter30cm,bore

diameter 20mm

7 Trimming Knife, 6” Blade 2

8 Plastic Graduated Cylinder, 100 ml. 2

9 Plastic Graduated Cylinder, 200 ml. 2

10 Plastic Graduated Cylinder, 1000 ml 2

11 Wash Bottle 10

12 Small Sand Scoop 4

13 Flexible Spatula 6”. Blade 1” wide 4

14 Sample Extruder 2 YT200S(30T)

15 Collar, Detachable 3

16 Tripod 3

17 Spacer Disc 2

XIII. Relative Density of Cohesionless Soils for Sand

67

1 Complete Relative Density Set 20/50/1 ph A.C. (0.1and 0.5 cu. ft.)

1 SD-Ⅱ

2 Mixing Pan, 24 x 24 x 3” Deep 1

3 Portable Platform Scale 1 JZC-T 30kg/1g

4 Straight Edge 1

5 Hoist, minimum lifting capacity, 125 kg. 1 YT200S(30T)

XIV. Water

1 Quality of Water Test, Set 1

XV. Sampling Bituminous Materials

1 1Qt. Sample Can 24

2 1 Qt. Small Mouth Can 24

XVI. Specific Gravity of Bituminous Materials

1 Hubbard - Carmick Specific Gravity Bottle 6

XVII. Mechanical Analysis of Soils

1 Hydrometer, ASTM 151 H 1

2 Stopwatch 30 min., 1/5 sec. 4

3 Beaker Glass, 250 ml. 2

4 Graduated Cylinder, 100 ml 6

5 High Speed Stirrer 1 SWFS-400

6 Dispersing Agent, Kg 3

XVIII . Penetration of Bituminous Materials

1 Bitumen Penetrometer (Automatic and Hand Operated)

1 SZR-5

2 Needles-Stainless steel or brass Grade 440c 12

3 Containers-Metal or glass, cylindrical in shape, flat bottom (tin boxes) capacity = 90ml.

24

68

4 Water Bath 1 HWY-30

5 Transfer dish for container 2

6 Thermometers for water bath 2

7 Timing device-stop watch or electric timer 1

8 Heater-oven or hot plate 1 1000W

XXII. Viscosity of Bituminous Materials

1 Kinematic Viscometer (Complete) 1 SYD-265E

2 Thermometers 2

3 Water Bath (Thermostatical) 1

4 Timer 1

XXIII. Asphalt Concrete Testing

1 Bitumen extraction machine (SMM type) 1 DLC-5 3Kg

2 Beakers for above 6 500ml

3 Solvent 10 500ml/bottle

4 Extractors 2

5 Cartridges for extractors 100

6 Bi-metal thermometer (0 – 300 0c) 100 and 300mm 2

7 Digital thermometer (-50 – 950 0c) with penetration probe 120mm, sward probe 500mm long, and surface

2 JDC-3

69

probe

8 0.10m core drilling machine with 12 core drills 1 HZ-20

XXIV. Sampling and Testing Bituminous Materials

1 0.5 lt. Sample Can 12 500ml

2 0.5 lt. Small Mouth Can 12 0.5l

3 Penetro-meter with 5 needles 1 SZR-5

4 Softening point devices including heating 1 SYD-2806F

XXV. Marshall Test

1 Bench Mixer, 15 lt. capacity 1 SDJ-20LD 20L

2 Isomantle heater compatible with the mixer 1

3 Stirring Rod 2

4 Automatic Marshall compaction machine with hammer and pedestal

1 MDJ-ⅡC

5 Marshall compaction moulds complete 12 101.6

6 Filter paper for moulds 50 Diameter150mm

7 Automatic Compression Machine with flow and stability gauges

1 LWD-3C

8 Sample ejecting device 1 YT-200S(30T)

9 Stability Mould 1

70

10 Thermostatically controlled Standard Water Bath to 60 0c.

1 CF-B

XXVI. Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement

1 Scales 1 5kg/0.1g

2 Weights, Set 1 10kg/1g

3 Glass Graduate – 200 or 250 ml capacity 1 250ml

4 Vicat Apparatus 1

XXVII. Aggregate Testing

1 Flakiness Sieves 1

XXVIII. Miscellaneous

1 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (Heavy Duty) 2

2 DCP Spare Standard and Hammer Shaft, Set 1

3 Piezometer 3

4 Settlement gauges 5

5 Timing Device 2

6 ¾” Sample Splitter 1

7 2” Sample Splitter 1

8 Laboratory Thermometer 20

71

9 Armoured Thermometer 6

10 Pair - Asbestos Gloves 10

11 Pair - Rubber Gloves 10

12 Sample Bags 48

13 Trowel, Triangular blade 1

14 Deep Cement Pans, 18” X 18” X 3” 2

15 Concrete Test Hammer 1 ZC3-A

16 Chloride, Alkalinity and Water Hardness, Set 1

17 Extra 200,000 lb 12” Capacity Gauge 1

18 Gas or Kerosene - 3 Burner Stove 1

19 Pocket Calculators, Scientific 3

20 Type 30° and 45° - 12” Triangle, Set 2

21 Each Type 30° and 45° - 6” Triangle, Set 2

22 Rapidograph Lettering Set 2

23 Set English Lettering Template (Plastic) 2

24 Pocket Type Thermometers 25 - 125 F’, Set 1

25 Sieve, 75 mm, 300 mm diam. 2


27 Sieve, 37.5 mm, 300 mm diam. 2





32 Sieve, 6.3 mm, 200 mm diam. 2



35 Sieve, 3.35 mm, 200 mm diam. 2

36 Sieve, 2.36 mm, 200 mm diam. 2

37 Sieve, 2.0 mm, 200 mm diam. 2

38 Sieve, 1.18 mm, 200 mm diam. 2


40 Sieve, 0.600 mm, 200 mm diam. 2

41 Sieve, 0.425 mm, 200 mm diam. 2

42 Sieve, 0.300 mm, 200 mm diam. 2

43 Sieve, 0.150 mm, 200 mm diam. 2

44 Sieve, 0.075 mm, 200 mm diam. 2

72

45 Mechanical Sieve Shaker 1 ZBSX-92A

46 English Ruler 2 30cm

47 Metric Ruler 2 30cm

48 Large Log Book 2

49 Pencil Sharpener 2

50 6” Protractor 2 150mm

51 Assorted French Curve Set 1

52 Claw Hammer 2

53 Hammer for Pull up Nails 2

54 Dish Glass 3 dia 80mm

55 6” X 6” Ground Plate Glass 3

56 Assorted Screwdrivers (Set) 2

57 Fire Extinguisher (Dry Type) 6

58 Flash Light and Battery (Good Quality) 6

59 15” Clip Board 6

60 Cross Section Paper (GraphiquesCanson) - Pad 6

61 Table Brush 6

62 10cm Coring Machine with Extra Bits, Set 1

100mm

63 Vacuum Pump 2 30L

64 Vacuum Pycnometers 12

65 Plastic Tubing for Vacuum Line, meter 1

66 Laboratory Tongs 3 30cm

67 Vernier Caliper 2 0-150

68 Brass or Copper Brush 3

69 Nailbrush (hard bristle) 3

70 Point Brush 20-50 mm 3

71 Point Brush 5-10 mm 1

72 Trolley 1

73 Refuse Bin 3

74 Rain Gauge 1 SJ1-1

75 Shovel 3

76 Spade 3

73

77 Steel hammer, 2 Kg 3

78 Water Still 1

79 Rapid Moisture Apparatus, Set 1 HKC-30

74

4.3.2.5 Water and Waste Water Treatment Laboratory

Bacteriological examination Laboratory

Equipment

The equipment listed in table below has been selected for its low cost and simplicity. The recommended balance, for example, is quite cheap yet sensitive enough for bacteriological analysis purposes and can in addition be used as a "rough balance" for heavier weights. To produce the necessary vacuum for membrane filtration, a portable hand-pump or, if the water pressure permits, a water jet pump can be employed and thus no electric pump is needed. If it is intended to perform only total coliform tests, the thermostatic water bath and the thermometers for the 40 - 70° C range are not required. If, on the other hand, only faecal coliforms are to be determined, the air incubator can be omitted. Moreover, the glassware and additional equipments are listed in table below.

Bacteriological water laboratory: major equipment

NAME DESCRIPTION

Autoclave portable, electr. heated, inner diam. approx. 280mm, depth 250mm

Balance sensitivity 0.05g. max. approx. 2kg (pref. sliding mass)

Hotplate electr. 150 mm diam.

Incubator air, max. 80-100° temp, fluctuation ±0.5°C, 30-40 L, 2 shelves, gravity convection

Membrane filter holder

borosilicate glass, 250-300 ml funnel with suction flask 1 liter

pH meter, portable, accuracy 0.1 pH with combination electrode and spare electrode

Refrigerator general purpose, 140-160 liters

Sterilizer hot air, 200°C, approx. 50 liters, gravity convection, with spare kit

Water bath thermostatic, temp, fluctuation ±0.2°C, approx. 15 L

Water still output approx. 2 L/h, stainless steel or glass condenser with spare heating element

Bacteriological water laboratory; glassware and miscellaneous

NAME DESCRIPTION

Basket of wire for sterilization, 150 mm cube

Beakers borosilicate glass, squat form with spout, 50, 250, 400ml

Bottles reagent, white glass, narrow neck, ground glass

75

stopper, 125, 250,500, 100 ml

Bottle aspirator, plastic, 15-20 L

Box cool, insulated for 8-12 water sampling bottles

Brushes for beakers & bottles, 50mm dia.

Brushes for test tubes, 25 mm dia.

Burner alcohol

Cylinders graduated, glass, 100 ml

Fire extinguisher suitable for electrical and other fires

Flasks conical (Erlenmeyer), narrow neck with screw cap, borosilicate glass, 100, 250 ml

Flasks volumetric, with stopper, 500 ml

Forceps stainless steel, rounded tips 125 mm long

Funnel borosilicate glass, 75 mm dia.

Magnifying lens 2-3X, 50 mm dia.

Petri dishes borosilicate glass, approx 60 x 15 mm

Pipette fillers rubber bulb

Pipettes measuring (graduated), 2, 5, 10 ml

Pipettes, volumetric (bulb),20, 50ml

Rack draining, for wall, approx. 60 x 60 cm

Scissors stainless steel, 150 mm long

Spatula horn, with spoon end, 150 mm long

Spatula stainless steel, 150 mm long

Sterilizing boxes stainless steel, for

Petri dishes (12 dishes each)

Sterilizing box stainless steel, for pipettes, 45.cm long

Stand for 12 pipettes, horizontal

Stirring rods glass, 200 x 7 mm (pack of 10)

Thermometers 300 mm long (0-50°C, 0.5°C and 0-250°C, 1 t divisions)

Thermometers total immersion, 40-70°C in 0.1°C divisions

Tongs crucible, stainless steel, 200 mm long

set Tools various (hammer, pliers, screw drivers)

Vaccuum pump hand operated

76

Washbottles polythene, 600 ml

Waste bin, plastic

Water jet pump (filter pump)

plastic

Weighing scoop nickel, stainless steel or glass

Chemicals

The chemicals necessary to carry out the tests of Table 5 with the methods mentioned are listed in table.

Chemical water laboratory: General Purpose Reagents

S.No NAME and DESCRIPTION

1 Alizarin sodium monosulfate (Alizarin Red S)

2 Aluminium potassium sulfate

3 Ammonia solution, cone.

4 Ammonium chloride

5 Ammonium sulfate

6 Bromocresol green, water soluble

7 Bromophenol blue

8 Buffer tablets pH 4 (pack of 50 for 5 L solution)

9 Buffer tablets pH 7 (pack of 50 for 5 L solution)

10 Calcium chloride, hexahydrate

11 Calcium hydroxide

12 Diphenylcarbazone

13 EDTA, disodium salt

14 Eriochrorae Black T (solochrome black)

15 Ethyl alcohol

16 Ferric chloride solution

17 Hexamethylenetetraraine (hexaraine)

18 Hydrazine sulfate

19 Hydrochloric acid, cone.

20 Magnesium sulfate

21 Manganous sulfate monohydrate

77

22 Mercuric chloride

23 Mercuric iodide

24 Mercuric nitrate

25 Methyl orange

26 Nitric acid, cone.

27 Orthotoludine dihydrochloride

28 Phenoldisulfonic acid

29 Phenolphthalein

30 Potassium chloride

31 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate

32 Potassium iodate

33 Potassium iodide

34 Potassium nitrate

35 Potassium permanganate

36 Potassium sodium tartrate (Rochelle salt

37 Silica gel,

38 Silver Sulfate

39 Sodium

40 arsenite (sodium metaarsenite)

41 Sodium azide

42 Sodium carbonate, anhydrous

43 Sodium chloride

44 Sodium fluoride

45 Sodium hydroxide, pellets

46 Sodium hypochloride solution

47 Sodium thiosulfate

48 Starch, soluble

49 Sulfuric acid, cone.

50 Sulfuric acid, in ampoules for dilution to 0.1 N

51 Zinc sulfate

52 Zirconyl chloride

78

Physico - chemical analysis laboratory Equipment

The equipment needed for the test variables listed in Table above is given in detail in Table below.

Chemical water laboratory: major equipment

NAME DECRIPTION

Balance analytical, max 160g precision 0.1 mg

Balance "rough" sliding mass, sensitivity 0.2g, cap. approx. 2kg, with set of weights

Comparator (colorimeter)

with glass standard discs for chlorine (2 ranges), with square

section cells (5 pairs)

Conductivity bridge mains or battery operated with conductivity cell

Hot plate electric, 150 mm dia.

Nesslerizer with glass colour discs for ammonia (2 ranges), fluoride, colour, with 3 pairs of spare cells

Oven for heating and drying

30 litres max. temp. 200°C

pH meter portable, accuracy 0.1 pH, with 2 combination electrodes

Refrigerator general purpose, 140-160 L

Refrigerator general purpose, 140-160 L, to be converted into a BOD incubator using temperature regulator

Stirring device for jar tests, 6 places, 30-100 rpm

Turbidimeter portable with rechargeable batteries, ranges: 0-1, 0-10, 0-100 NTU

Water or steam bath electric heated, 6 places, with spare heating element

Water still output approx. 2 L/h, stainless steel or glass condenser, with spare heating element

Table 7: Basic chemical water laboratory: glassware and miscellaneous

Beakers borosilicate glass, squat form with spout 50,100,200, 400,600, 1000 and 2000 ml capacity

Bottles wide neck, glass stoppered, white glass, 250 and 500ml

Bottle aspirator, plastic, 15-20 liters

79

Bottles polythene, narrow mouth 1000, 2500 and 5000 ml capacity

Bottles dropping, 50 ml, white glass

Bottles reagent, narrow neck, amber glass 250, 500 and 1000ml capacity

Bottles reagent, narrow neck, white glass 125, 250, 500 and 1000 ml capacity

Bottles for BOD glass stoppered, 300 ml

Brushes for beakers and bottles, 50 mm dia.

Brushes for test tubes, 25 mm dia.

Burettes 25 ml. div. 0.1 ml

Burette stands for 2 burettes

Cylinders measuring, graduated 10, 25,100,500, 1000 ml capacity

Desiccator approximately 270 mm dia.

Dishes for evaporating, round bottoms, approximately 90 mm

Eye shield plastic

Filters (100) glass fibre, Whatman GF/C, 70 mm

Filter paper (100) soft texture, Whatman No.41, 12.50cm

Filter paper (100), hardened, Whatman Nr.50,12.50 cm

Fire extinguisher suitable for electrical and other fires

First aid cabinet

Flasks conical (Erlenmeyer), narrow neck.100 and 500ml capacity

Flasks conical (Erlenmeyer), wide neck 250, 500ml capacity

Flask, suction (Buchner filter flask) 1000 ml

Flasks Volumetric 100, 250, 500 and 1000 ml capacity

Funnels polypropylene or polythene 40, 115 and 210 mm capacity

Funnel for glass filter discs, Hartleg, 7 cm

Funnel stand double, hardwood

Mortar with pestle, porcelain, approx. 100 mm

Nessler tubes tall, 100 ml

Nessler tube stand PVC, for 6 tubes, 100 ml

80

Pipette fillers

Pipettes, graduated,2, 5 and 10 ml capacity

Pipettes, volumetric (bulb),25, 50 and 100 ml capacity

Rack draining, for wall, approx. 60 x 60 cm

Scissors stainless steel, 150 mm

Spatula horn, with spoon end, 150 mm

Spatula stainless steel, 150 mm

Stand for approx. 25 pipettes

vertical

Stirring rods glass, 200 x 7 mm

Stirring rods glass, 300 x 8 mm

Stoppers rubber (pack of assorted sizes)

Thermometers 300 mm long (0-50°C, 0-5°C and 0-250 °C, 1 °C division)

Tongs and crucible 200 mm

Tools various (hammer, pliers, screw driver)

Vaccuum pump hand operated

Wash bottles Polythene 600 and 250 ml capacity

Waste bin plastic

Water jet pump (filter pump)

plastic

Watch glasses 5 mm dia.

Watch glasses 10 inn dia.

Wax pencils for writing on glass

81

4.3.2.6 Geomatics and Geodesy Laboratory

The minimum required instruments for running civil engineering undergraduate

programs are summarized in Table below. A maximum of 50 Students for a section is

assumed in this assumption. When students are taking laboratory exercises this section will divided in two groups

of 25 students. One surveying instrument is assumed to serve 5 students.

Standard Instrument for Surveying Laboratory

No Description Unit Amount Remark 1 Steel Tape No 10 2 Fiber Glass Tape No 10 3 Automatic/Digital Level No 10 4 Digital Theodolite No 5 5 Total Station No 5 6 Dual Frequency Receiver: Base No 5 7 Dual Frequency Receiver: Rover No 5 8 Stereoscopic Instrument No 5 9 Walkie Tokie Radio No 10 The surveying courses given at undergraduate program have a number of practical

exercises. Practical exercises with a proposed instruments are listed below.

List of Practical Exercises with instruments required

No Exercises Instruments required Remark 1 Taping Tapes, arrows, range poles, pegs

2 Leveling Level, staff, tape 3 Angle measurement Theodolite/Total Station, Tape,

Reflector/Staff

4 Total Station measurement

Total Station, Reflector

5 Traversing Total station, Reflector

6 Topographic surveying Total station, reflector, tape

7 Setting out survey: Horizontal curve Setting out

Theodolite, tape, total station, reflector

8 Photogrammetric Surveying

Statoscope, Parallax measuring bar, aerial photographs

9 GPS surveying GPS, GPS processing software 10 GIS Lab Introduction to ArcGIS software,

ArcGIS software

82

4.3.3 Human Resource Requirements

Concrete Materials and Structures Laboratory

S. No. Position Number Minimum qualification Experience

1 Laboratory Head 1 MSc in Structural/Construction Engineering

More than 5 years

1 Assistant

Laboratory Head

1 MSc in Structural/Construction

Engineering

More than 3 years

2 Senior Technical

Assistant

1 BSc in Civil Engineering More than 2 years

3 Technical Assistant 1 Diploma in Construction Eng. More than 2 years

4 Laboratory helper 1 High school complete

5 Cleaner/Janitor 1 Basic skills

Geotechnics Laboratory

S. No. Position Number Minimum qualification Experience

1 Laboratory Head 1 MSc in Geotechnical Engineering More than 7 years

1 Assistant

Laboratory Head

1 MSc in Geotechnical Engineering More than 3 years

2 Senior Technical

Assistant

1 BSc in Civil Engineering More than 2 years

3 Technical Assistant 1 Diploma in Construction Eng. More than 2 years

4 Laboratory helper 1 High school complete

5 Cleaner/Janitor 1 Basic skills


No Position Qualification Experience Quantity

1 Laboratory Head MSc in Geodesy and Geomatics

More than 2 years

1

2 Assistant Lab Head BSc in Surveying More than 2 years

2

3 Technical Assistant Diploma/Level 4 in Surveying

More than 2 years

2

Highway Engineering Laboratory


1 Laboratory Head MSc in Road and Transport Engineering

More than 5 years

1

2 Assistant Lab Head BSc in Civil Engineering More than 3 years

1

3 Technical Assistant Diploma in Construction Technology

More than 2 years

2

4 Laboratory helper High school complete More than 2 years

1

5 Cleaner/Janitor Basic skills More than 2 years

1

83

Hydraulics Laboratory


1 Laboratory Head M.Sc in Civil/Hydraulic Engineering

More than 5 years

1

2 Assistant Lab head M.Sc in Civil/Hydraulic Engineering

More than 3 years

1

3 Senior Technical Assistant

B.Sc Civil/Hydraulic Engineering

More than 2 years

1

4 Technical Assistant Diploma in Civil/Hydraulic Engineering

More than 2 years

1

Water and Wastewater laboratory


1 Laboratory Head MSc in water supply and environmental engineering and related field

More than 2 years

1

2 Assistant Lab Head BSc in Chemistry More than 2 years

1

3 Assistant Lab Head Bsc in Biology More than 2 years

1

3 Laboratory attendant Diploma in chemistry/biology

More than 2 years

2

84

4.3.4Safety Manual

4.3.4.1 General Safety Provisions

1 Introduction All laboratory procedures cover some elements of danger. Safe working conducts are needed in experimental work. Good housekeeping, using the right tools for the right jobs, avoiding hazards, keeping the lab area clean - all contribute to safe operation. Accidents should be reported as soon as possible to a Faculty member. 2 Scope TheLaboratory Safety Manual describes policies, procedures, equipment, personal protective equipment, and work practices that are capable of protecting students and all users (including visitors) of CE department laboratories. This manual is applicable to:

o students, o teaching assistants, o visitors, o any individual entering spaces assigned to above lab.

This manual covers all activities inside/outside the lab:

o field work / in-room experiment o handling testing equipment/tools o taking readings during/after lab session o storing materials, tools and equipment o performing basic maintenance tasks o housekeeping

3 Responsibility It is the responsibility of the faculty teaching the course to ensure that the procedures described in this document are implemented by the lab instructors. 3.1 Lab Instructor responsibility: 3.1.1 Duty of Instruction This task includes adequate instruction before laboratory activities (preferably in writing) that:

o Is accurate; is appropriate to the situation, setting, and maturity of the audience; and addresses reasonably foreseeable dangers.

o Identifies and clarifies any specific risk involved, explains proper procedures/techniques to be used, and presents comments concerning appropriate/inappropriate conduct in the lab.

o Instruction must follow professional and district guidelines. Teachers who set bad examples by not following proper laboratory procedures may be sued if injury results from students following the teacher’s bad examples.

3.1.2 Duty of supervision It includes adequate supervision as defined by professional, legal, and district guidelines to ensure students behave properly in light of any foreseeable dangers. Points to remember:

o Misbehavior of any type must not be tolerated.

85

o Failure to act or improper action is grounds for liability. o The greater the degree of danger, the higher the level of supervision should

be. o The younger the age of students or the greater the degree of inclusion of

special population students, the greater the level of supervision should be. o Students must never be left unattended, except in an emergency where the

potential harm is greater than the perceived risk to students. Even then, risk should be minimized, or responsibility transferred to another authorized person if the situation allows.

3.1.3 Duty of Maintenance It includes ensuring a safe environment for students and teachers. This requires that

the lab instructor:

o Never use defective equipment for any reason. o File written reports for maintenance/correction of hazardous conditions or

defective equipment with responsible administrators. o Establish regular inspection schedules and procedures for checking safety and

first-aid equipment. o Follow all safety guidelines concerning proper labelling, storage, and disposal

of chemicals. o By keeping files of all hazard notifications and maintenance inspections,

instructor liability in the event of an accident is minimized in cases where no corrective actions were subsequently made.

3.2 Instructions for Students: o SUPERVISION Never work in the lab without the supervision of a teacher o ATTENTION Always pay attention to the work don’t fool around in the lab o FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS Always perform experiments precisely as directed by

the teacher o EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS Know what to do in the event of an emergency o LABELING Check labels to verify substances before using them. Label

Containers o APPAREL Always wear appropriate protective equipment and apparel o BRAINS Use them—Safety begins with you

3.3 Commitment to safety Prior to the students performing any activities in the laboratory, it is the

responsibility of the lab instructor(s) to:

1) Provide a copy of this document to the students 2) Allow a 15 minutes safety guidance at the beginning of the semester, which should include a discussion of each of the procedures listed below as well as any other course-specific safety procedures 3) Ensure that each student signs and dates this statement.

86

The lab instructor should then collect the signed papers (document below) and keep them for the duration of the semester.

Students must read this document carefully and thoroughly before attempting any

laboratory activities. The lab instructor(s) will describe each procedure and address

any questions that you may have. The student should print their name, sign and date at the end of this document to prove that you have received the safety orientation

and that you understand the procedures outlined in the safety orientation given by

the instructor, as well the procedures in this document. The following statement should be signed.

Hereby state that I have read and understand the content of this Lab Safety

Procedure statement and that the lab instructor(s) has (have) clarified all the

procedures outlined. I agree to comply with the procedures listed in this statement.

Department: ____________Civil Engineering________________

Course Number: __________________________________________________

Lab Instructor Name: ______________________________________________

Date: ___________________________________________________________

Student Name (print): ______________________________________________

Signature: ______________________________________________________

4 Workplace Hazard Assessment for CE labs For civil engineering labs, a three-step activity-based hazard assessment is followed: 4.1 Hazard identification: 1. To understand the nature of the potential hazard to meet in lab activities. For this purpose, an inventory of the lab work activities form is established. In future, inspection checklists, filed incident/accident report forms, past records may give a relevant feedback for the process of hazard identification.

INVENTORY OF WORK ACTIVITIES

Workplace: Date:

Form No.

Process / Location Work Activities

87

2.Risk assessment: Risk assessment involves examining and evaluating the likelihood and severity (or consequence) of the potential risks associated with each of the hazards identified during previous step in order to rank risks for control step.

ACTIVITY- BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM

Workplace: Conducted by:

Process / Location:

(Name/ Signature /

Date)

Approved by Project Supervisor/ PI:

(Name/ Signature / Date)

Last Review Date:

Next Review Date:

1. Hazard Identification

2. Risk Evaluation

3. Risk control

1a.

1b. 1c. 1d.

2a.

2b.

2c.

2d

3a. 3b

3c.

3d

3e. 3f.

No.

Work

Activi

ty

Hazard

Possible

Accident

/ III

Health

&Persons-

at-Risk

Existing

Risk

Contr

ol (if

any)

*S

*L

*R

Addition

al Risk

Control

*S

*L

*R

Follo

w-up

by

(nam

e) & date

Remarks

*S – Severity, *L–Likelihood, *R–Risk Level, R=LxS

88

• Likelihood: 5 – frequent; 4 – moderate, 3 – occasional, 2 – remote, 1 – unlikely. • Severity: 1 – negligible, 2 – marginal, 3 – serious, 4 – very serious, 5 – critical • Risk Level: 1 – 6 Low, 7 – 10 medium, 11 – 15 warning, 16 and above is considered

HIGH

4.2 Risk control This step provides a means by which risks can be systematically evaluated against a set of control options (the hierarchy of controls). The risk control considers ranked

risks from the highest to the least weighty.

The hierarchy of controls is as follows: - Eliminate the hazard. - Substitute with a lesser hazard. - Use engineering controls to reduce hazard. - Administrative controls such as workplace procedures. - Personal Protective Equipment.

4.3 Review Through review step, risk management is kept current and effective, as new hazards

and those overlooked in the original process are identified and controlled. Monitoring and review involves the systematic re-implementation of the original safety program

steps of hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control.

5 General safety rules The concerned body for Security and Safety whose mission is to develop General Safety Procedures in all working spaces inside the Laboratories. Lab responsible body (manager) defines specific safety procedures. General safety rules include the following:

o Food, drink and related utensils shall not be brought into, stored in or consumed in a laboratory.

o Smoking is prohibited during lab sessions. o Shoes that provide full coverage of the feet, and appropriate personal clothing

shall be worn in laboratories. o Appropriate eye protection shall be worn, when using toxic chemicals or

operating mechanical equipment. o Lab users shall be familiar with the locations and operation of safety and

emergency equipment such as fire extinguishers, first aid kits, emergency eyewash stations and emergency showers, emergency power off, emergency telephones, and emergency exits.

o Learn and know what to do in an emergency. o Unauthorized person(s) shall not be allowed in a laboratory. o 'Authorized' students or any other individuals have to be under immediate and

direct supervision of a qualified authorized person at all times. o Laboratory shall remain locked other than office hours. o Never open (remove cover) of any equipment in the laboratories. o Report all problems to the CE lab responsible

5.1 Dress Guidelines Apparel in the Laboratory should abide the following guidelines:

89

o Always wear appropriate eye protection (i.e., chemical splash goggles) in the laboratory.

o Wear disposable gloves, as provided in the laboratory, when handling hazardous materials. Remove the gloves before exiting the laboratory.

o Wear a full-length, long-sleeved laboratory coat or chemical-resistant apron. o Wear shoes that adequately cover the whole foot; low-heeled shoes with non-

slip soles are preferable. Do not wear sandals, open-toed shoes, open-backed shoes, or high-heeled shoes in the laboratory.

o Avoid wearing shirts exposing the torso, shorts, or short skirts; long pants that completely cover the legs are preferable.

o Secure long hair and loose clothing (especially loose long sleeves, neckties, or scarves).

o Remove jewellery (especially dangling jewellery). o Synthetic fingernails are not recommended in the laboratory; they are made

of extremely flammable polymers that can burn to completion and are not easily extinguished.

5.2 Electrical safety 5.2.1 Electrical hazards The major hazards associated with electricity are: - Electric shock: an abrupt physical stimulation when human body is crossed by electrical current. - Arc: the light and heat released from an electrical breakdown that is due to electrical current ionizing gases in the air. - Blast: an explosive or rapid expansion of air with great pressure and temperature, which is caused by arcs sometimes. Factors affecting electrical shock are: o The amount of current is a critical factor in determining the o severity of electrical shock. o The voltage is also a factor. o The current pathway and its resistance in the human body o Power (P) = Voltage x Current = V x I ≠ 0 o The duration of current flow.

What matters the most is the amount of energy transferred from the electric power source to human body. o Zone 1 up to 0.5 mA no effect at all duration of the contact. The value of 0.5

mA is considered as the “threshold of perception”; o Zone 2 from 0.5 to 30 mA no harmful effects even if it is perceived, the value

of 10 mA is considered as “danger threshold” and is defined as “release current”,

o Zone 2 from 30 to 200 mA harmful effects are closely related to the duration of contact, such as with current of 50 mA is a permissible contact period of not more than 0.1 s, the time of tolerability of the current decreases with increasing of the current;

o Zone 3 from 200 to 500 mA, the contact always causes harmful effects whatever the duration, you can have tetanisation, difficulty breathing, increased

90

blood pressure, minor burns, light heart disease, especially if the current flows through the heart;

o Zone 4 over 500 mA, the contact always causes severe burns and ventricular fibrillation.

5.2.2 Preventing electrical hazards Good practice encourages all your personal equipment (e.g. laptops) to be tested and tagged as well – ask your supervisor o Switch off all electrical equipment when not in use. o Do not attempt to do any electrical repairs or investigations - refer your problem

to the appropriate qualified staff. o If equipment is to be left on for a specific reason then a ‘LEAVE ON’ sign needs to

be displayed, with name and date. o All equipment should undergo regular electrical testing. o Report to the lab instructor any items dysfunction for appropriate action to be

undertaken.

5.2.3 Water-Related Safety Precautions and Procedures o Keep water away from electrical outlets. o Keep water away from all electronic equipment.

o If water is boiled for an experiment involving heat, make sure it is never left unattended. Remember, too,

that the hot plate will stay hot well after it is unplugged or turned off.

o Keep water away from electrical outlets.

o Keep water away from all electronic equipment.

5.2.4 Safety Precautions and Procedures Related to Electrical Equipment o Never short the terminal on a power supply, battery, or other voltage source unless

instructed to do so.

o Be sure to use wire leads and patch cords that have sufficient insulation when creating electrical circuits.

o Avoid using high current (greater than 1 A) in any application for which high current is not prescribed.

o Never test battery voltage and capacity using anything other than a voltage sensor or voltmeter.

5.3 Computing resources Security/safety 5.3.1 Security Computers in the lab are secured using a combination of physical and software-based method to ensure the safety and security of our students, faculty, staff, and

equipment and computer network.

Restriction of computer access

To prevent unauthorized use of computing resources.

Physical security :

Equipment is placed in a manner to limit access to physical ports on the CPU.

91

Software based security and prevention of installation of malicious software

In addition to the standard anti-virus and anti-spyware clients installed on each computer, all lab computers are further protected either through group policy, security software, or a combination of the two to prevent malicious software from being installed and executed. As a further security measure, all campus computers require a unique, authorized login for authentication before granting network access.

Following conducts regarding copyright laws must be obeyed: o Copying Software – Unauthorized copying of licensed software from the lab

hard disks is a violation of copyright laws. o Saving Files – Anything saved on the computer hard drive will be deleted.

Data files created in the lab should be saved directly on a storage media. o Changing Hardware and Software Configurations – Changing hardware and

software configurations in the computers is prohibited. This includes modifications of the settings, configurations of printers and modification of system software.

Safe use & ergonomics To escape aching muscles and tired eyes while working at a desk or a computer, try the following:

o Check your posture o Take short breaks regularly – try the exercises on the next page. o Adjust the chair height so that your arms are approximately parallel with the

floor o If the front of the chair is causing pressure on the back of your thighs or

behind your knees, readjust the chair. o Adjust the chair backrest to support the lower back while you sit in the typing

posture o Locate the computer screen approximately one full arm’s length away and

position it so that your line of sight to the screen is slightly below horizontal. o Relax those muscles! o As muscles tire from holding the keying posture they need to relax regularly

during the day. 2-3 minute breaks are recommended every 15-20 minutes o A total of 4 hours (not including breaks) of intensive keyboard work is the

maximum time recommended each day.

4.3.4.2 Lab Specific Safety Provisions


1 Specific safety rules for Surveying laboratory

1.1 Surveying lab hazards

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Surveying lab includes many fieldwork activities, such as those involving isolated or remote locations; extreme weather conditions; hazardous terrain; harmful wildlife;

or lack of ready access to emergency services, can expose students to significant

risks to their health, safety or well-being, at locations outside the direct supervisory control of the University.

Traffic-related hazards

Include

• Collision risk

• Working in areas of poor visibility

Potential collision locations are:

- Intersections and bottleneck areas around driveways and entrances

- ‘blind’ or convex corners where vehicles work close to other vehicles or

pedestrians

Environmental hazards

Include:

• Hot environment (e.g. high UV, heat stress, dehydration, sunburn)

• Cold environment (e.g. frost bite, hypothermia)

• Heavy rainfall, flooding

• Bites & stings (e.g. snakes, leeches, spiders, bees)

• Unstable, uneven, soft or slippery surfaces/soils

• Concealed holes

• Dust conditions

Other hazards

Include:

• Exposure to laser beam of total stations

• Facing sun with optical components of the some surveying equipment.

Surveying equipment damage hazards

Surveying equipment are made for extreme field conditions. Nevertheless, the mechanical and electronic components of precision instruments can be damaged.

• Careless acts or inattention to procedures for the use, maintenance and

adjustment of instruments

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• Playing/tampering with lab tools

• Bad transporting/handling conditions

• Unstable setups in hard/soft surfaces

1.2 Care for surveying equipment

Surveying instruments are made of the mechanical components and electronics of precision instruments. Basic maintenance operations (checking machined surfaces,

faces of the lenses and mirrors, cleaning, storing, casing…) should be undertaken

with great care. More specific maintenance procedures are listed below:

Total stations • Transport and store instruments in positions that are consistent with their carrying case design. Protect the instruments from excessive vibrations by

carrying them in their shipping cases.

• Instruments should be removed from the case with both hands.

Generally, instruments are equipped with a carrying handle; use one hand to grip the

handle and the other to support the base. Use one hand to continually support the instrument until the tribrach lock is engaged or the tripod fixing screw is secured.

• In most cases, total stations and other instruments should be removed and

recased for transportation to a new point.

• The instrument should not be placed on the ground since dust or dirt can

accumulate on the threads and the base plate.

• As feasible, protect the instrument from moisture.

• Never carry the instrument on the tripod.

• Turn the instrument off prior to removing the battery.

• Remove the battery from the instrument before the instrument is placed in its carrying case.

• Never use a total station for a solar observation unless an approved solar filter

is used. This will destroy an element in the EDM, plus damaging the eye of the observer.

Compasses

• Check the prism pole bubble prior to each day’s use. A quick check

by fixing the rod in a tripod and rotating it 180 degrees will verify the adjustment.

• Check the bull’s-eye bubble on the telescoping range pole using the

“Hold A Pole”.

• Prism assemblies and prisms should be transported in suitable carrying

cases.

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LevellingInstruments

• Do not spin or bounce pendulum levels, as such movement can damage the Compensator

• Check adjustment of the bull’s-eye bubble. Make certain it remains centered

when the level is rotated 180 degrees. Proper adjustment reduces the possibility of

compensator hang-up.

• To check for compensator hang-up, lightly tap the telescope or lightly press on a tripod leg. If the instrument has a push-button release, use it. If the compensator

is malfunctioning, send the instrument for repair.

Tripods

• Maintain firm snugness in all metal fittings, but never tighten them to the point

where they will unduly compress or injure the wood, strip threads, or twist off bolts or screws.

• Tighten leg hinges only enough for each leg to just sustain its own

weight when legs are spread out in their normal working position.

• Keep metal tripod shoes tight.

• Keep wooden parts of tripods well painted or varnished to reducemoisture

absorption and swelling or drying out and shrinking.

• Replace the top caps on tripods when they are not in use or store thetripods such

that the tops are not damaged.

• The most damage occurs to tripods when being placed into or takenout of survey vehicles. The life and usefulness of tripods can besignificantly extended if

compartments are constructed such that the tripod is not riding on or against other equipment.

• Wet tripods should not be stored with the leg extensions clamped.

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