Preparation of Solutions (cont.) Procedure Checklist 6-1: Procedure Checklist 6-1: Calculating by...
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Preparation of Solutions (cont.)
Procedure Checklist 6-1:Procedure Checklist 6-1: Calculating by the Proportion Method
1. Write a conversion factor with the • units needed in the numerator or
before the colon;
• units converting from in the denominator or after the colon.
Preparation of Solutions (cont.)
Procedure Checklist 6-1: Procedure Checklist 6-1: (cont.)(cont.)
2. Write a factor • with the unknown, “X,” in the numerator or
before the colon .
• with the number to convert in the denominator or after the colon.
X/B or X:B
Procedure Checklist 6-1:Procedure Checklist 6-1: (cont.)(cont.)
3. Set the two factors up as a proportion.
4. Cancel units.
5. Cross-multiply or multiply the means and extremes and solve for the unknown value.
Using Conversion Factors: Proportion Method (cont.)
X/B = C/D or X:B = C:D
Preparation of Solutions (cont.)
Calculate the amount of NaCl needed for for 250 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride.
0.9 g NaCl in 100 mL solution
Step A Convert
No conversion is needed.
ExampleExample
Preparation of Solutions (cont.)
0.9 g NaCl in 100 mL solution
Step B Calculate using the proportion method.
0.9 g /100 mL = X/250 mL
0.9 g x 250 = 100 x X
225 g/100 = 100X/100
2.25 g NaCl = X
ExampleExample
Preparation of Solutions (cont.)
Step C Think!...Is It Reasonable?
Since there is 0.9 g of NaCl in 100 mL, there should be more than 2 times that amount in 250 mL, so 2.25 g is a reasonable answer.
ExampleExample
Preparation of Solutions (cont.)
Procedure Checklist 6-2:Procedure Checklist 6-2: Calculating by Dimensional Analysis
1. Write the unknown “X” on one side of the equation.
X =
Preparation of Solutions (cont.)
Procedure Checklist 6-2Procedure Checklist 6-2 (cont.)(cont.)
2. On the other side of the equation, write a conversion factor with the units of measure for the answer on top and the units you are converting from on the bottom.
mL
g. x
100
90
Preparation of Solutions (cont.)
Procedure Checklist 6-2 Procedure Checklist 6-2 (cont.)(cont.)
3. Multiply the numerator of the conversion factor by the number that is being converted divided by 1.
1
250
100
90 mLX
mL
g.x
Preparation of Solutions (cont.)
Procedure Checklist 6-2 Procedure Checklist 6-2 (cont.) (cont.)
4. Cancel units.
1
250
100
90 mLX
mL
g.x
Preparation of Solutions (cont.)
Procedure Checklist 6-2:Procedure Checklist 6-2:5. Solve the equation.
gX
100
225
g.X 252
Preparation of Solutions (cont.)
Step C Think! … Is It Reasonable?
Regardless of the method used, we find that 2.25 g of NaCl is needed to prepare 250 mL of a 0.9% solution.
ExampleExample
Preparation of Solutions (cont.)
Write the recipe for 250 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution.
ExampleExample
0.9% Sodium Chloride Solution
NaCl 2.25 g
Water qsad 250 mL
Practice
Write a recipe for preparing 50 g if a 10% zinc oxide ointment using zinc oxide powder and petrolatum jelly.
ANSWER:
10% Zinc Oxide Ointment
Zinc oxide powder 5g
Petroleum jelly 45 g
Preparing a Dilution from a Concentrate
• When preparing a solution from two solutions of different concentration, know
– Solvent – less concentrated solution
– Solute – more concentrated solution
• To calculate, use
– Formula method
– Alligation
Preparing a Dilution from a Concentrate (cont.)
Procedure Checklist 16-1 Procedure Checklist 16-1 Formula Method
1. Identify information needed:
a. V = volume of solution needed
b. C = concentration of solution needed
c. St = amount of solute
d. Sv = amount of solvent
Preparing a Dilution from a Concentrate (cont.)
Procedure Checklist 16-1 Procedure Checklist 16-1 (cont.)
2. Insert values into formula:
C x V = St
3. Determine the amount of solvent by subtracting the solute from the total volume:
V – St = Sv
Preparing a Dilution from a Concentrate (cont.)
Ordered: 1 oz of ¼ strength hydrogen peroxide in normal saline for wound care TID for 2 days. Write the recipe.
Step A = Convert ounces to mL.
1 oz TID x 2 day = 6 oz
1oz/30 mL = 6 oz/ X
180 mL = X
ExampleExample
Preparing a Dilution from a Concentrate (cont.)
Step B Calculate.
V = 180 mL, C = ¼
C x V = St ¼ x 180 mL = 45 mL of the solute (hydrogen peroxide)
V – St = Sv
180 mL – 45 mL = 135 mL of the solvent (normal saline)
ExampleExample
Preparing a Dilution from a Concentrate (cont.)
The recipe is:
Step C
Since 45 is one fourth of the total volume of solution (180 mL) and 135 + 45 = 180 mL, this answer is reasonable.
ExampleExample
¼ strength Hydrogen Peroxide – 180 mL
H2O2 45 mL
NS 135 mL