Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
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Transcript of Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
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Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCEEARTH SCIENCE
Tarbuck Lutgens
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Chapter
22Minerals
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Elements and the Periodic Table
2.1 Matter
Elements are the basic building blocks of minerals.
Over 100 elements are known.
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Atoms
Smallest particles of matter
2.1 Matter
Have all the characteristics of an element
• neutrons, which have neutral electrical charges
The nucleus is the central part of an atom and contains• protons, which have positive electrical charges
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Atoms
2.1 Matter
Energy levels, or shells• surround the nucleus
• contain electrons—negatively charged particles
The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
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Model of an Atom
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Isotopes
Many isotopes are radioactive and emit energy and particles.
Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons.
Have different mass numbers: the sum of the
neutrons plus protons
2.1 Matter
The mass number is the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom.
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Why Atoms Bond
• A compound consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined in specific proportions.
When an atom’s outermost energy level does not contain the maximum number of electrons, the atom is likely to form a chemical bond with one or more atoms.
2.1 Matter
• An ion is an atom that gains or loses electrons.
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Types of Chemical Bonds 1. Ionic bonds form between positive and
negative ions.
2.1 Matter
2. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons.
3. Metallic bonds form when metal ions share electrons.
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Definition of a Mineral
2.2 Minerals
1. Naturally occurring
2. Solid substance
3. Orderly crystalline structure
4. Definite chemical composition
5. Generally considered inorganic
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How Minerals Form
2.2 Minerals
1. Crystallization from magma
2. Precipitation
3. Pressure and temperature
4. Hydrothermal solutions
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Minerals Formed as a Result of Crystallization of Magma
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Mineral Groups Can be classified based on their
composition
2.2 Minerals
1. Silicates• Silicon and oxygen combine to form a structure
called the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. This silicon-oxygen tetrahedron provides the framework of every silicate mineral.
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The Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron
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Silicon-Oxygen Chains, Sheets, and Three-Dimensional Networks
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Mineral Groups
2.2 Minerals
2. Carbonates• Minerals that contain the elements carbon,
oxygen, and one or more other metallic elements
3. Oxides• Minerals that contain oxygen and one or more
other elements, which are usually metals
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Mineral Groups
2.2 Minerals
4. Sulfates and Sulfides• Minerals that contain the element sulfur
5. Halides• Minerals that contain a halogen ion plus one or
more other elements
6. Native elements• Minerals that exist in relatively pure form
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Sulfides
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Native Copper
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Color
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Small amounts of different elements can give the same mineral different colors.
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Streak
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Streak is the color of a mineral in its powdered form.
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Luster
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Luster is used to describe how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral.
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Pyrite (Fool’s Gold) Displays Metallic Luster.
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Crystal Form
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Crystal form is the visible expression of a mineral’s internal arrangement of atoms.
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Quartz Often Exhibits Good Crystal Form.
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Hardness
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a mineral to being scratched.
Mohs scale consists of 10 minerals arranged from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest).
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Mohs Scale of Hardness
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Cleavage
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to cleave, or break, along flat, even surfaces.
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Mica Has Cleavage in One Direction
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Fracture
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Minerals that do not show cleavage when broken are said to fracture.
Fracture—the uneven breakage of a mineral
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Conchoidal Fracture
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Density
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Density is a property of all matter that is the ratio of an object’s mass to its volume.
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Distinctive Properties of Minerals
2.3 Properties of Minerals
Some minerals can be recognized by other distinctive properties.