Preliminary Study on WLL-Type Telecenter … On the Job Training ... UNITECH Papua New Guinea...

Preliminary Study on

WLL-Type Telecenter development

in Papua New Guinea

Study Report

March 2006

Engineering and Consulting Firms Association, Japan

Tokyo Electric Power Company

Japan Radio Communications

Preliminary Study on WLL-type Telecenter development in Papua New Guinea

i

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Purpose of this project .............................................................................................. 2 1.3 Outline of the study................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER 2 STATUS OF PNG............................................................................................. 8 2.1 Investigation for status of the society foundation ..................................................... 8 2.2 Stakeholder analysis................................................................................................11 2.3 Investigation of ICT status .......................................................................................15

CHAPTER 3 DEMAND ANALYSIS......................................................................................24

3.1 Preliminary demand analysis...................................................................................24 3.2 Social Development Demand Investigation.............................................................25 3.3 The solution utilizing ICT .........................................................................................33

CHAPTER 4 STUDY ON ICT ...............................................................................................35 4.1 Examination of the Basic WLL System....................................................................35 4.2 Detailed Survey on ICT Technology ........................................................................39 4.3 Verification of Local ICT Technology .......................................................................48

CHAPTER 5 BEST PRACTICE............................................................................................51 5.1 Case in Japan (TEPCO) ..........................................................................................51 5.2 Case of Cambodia ...................................................................................................56 5.3 Case of Municipality (Japan) ...................................................................................63

CHAPTER 6 ICT SOLUTION ...............................................................................................70 6.1 The Analysis of the Social Development Benefit.....................................................70 6.2 Financial and Economical Prospect ........................................................................77 6.3 Sustainability Analysis .............................................................................................78

CHAPTER 7 PROPOSED PROJECT FOR ODA FUNDING...............................................86

Appendices Appendix A List of Interviewees Appendix B The Scope of Works for the Proposed Projects Appendix C Reference


ii

FIGURES

1.3.1 Project organization .......................................................................................................4 2.2.1 Stakeholders-Health Care ........................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Stakeholders-Education ............................................................................................... 13 2.2.3 Stakeholders-Agriculture ............................................................................................. 14 2.3.1 Organization structure for Ministry ........................................................................... 15 2.3.2 Organization structure for PANGTEL ........................................................................ 16 3.2.1 The image of the Medical Health Service Radio Network ........................................ 27 3.2.2 The image of the past trial ........................................................................................... 28 3.2.4 The image of loan application ...................................................................................... 31 3.3.1 Stakeholder map ........................................................................................................... 34 4.1.1 Structure o WLL System ............................................................................................. 37 4.1.2 Configuration of WLL System ..................................................................................... 38 4.3.1 System Diagram for Field Test .................................................................................... 49 5.1.1 System Configuration .................................................................................................. 53 5.2.1 System Configuration .................................................................................................. 59 5.3.1 Regional Information Network .................................................................................... 63 5.3.2 Interference Signals in Wireless LAN ........................................................................ 67 5.3.3 Locations of Municipal Office and Public Establishments ........................................ 68 5.3.4 Network configuration of Kansai-shi Information Network ..................................... 69 6.3.1 Breakdown of revenue source and expenditure ......................................................... 84 6.3.2 The image of the business model ................................................................................ 85

PICTURES

2.3.1 Telecommunication Facility (1) ................................................................................... 22 2.3.2 Telecommunication Facility (2) ................................................................................... 23 2.3.3 Telecommunication Facility (3) ................................................................................... 23 3.2.1 Interview with healthcare center officers ................................................................... 25 4.3.1 Seine of Field ................................................................................................................ 49 4.3.2 Wireless LAN ................................................................................................................ 49 5.1.1 Installment ................................................................................................................... 51 5.1.2 Access Point .................................................................................................................. 51 5.1.3 Antenna ......................................................................................................................... 51 5.1.4 Antenna ......................................................................................................................... 53 5.1.5 Access Point .................................................................................................................. 53 5.2.1 Scene(1) ......................................................................................................................... 60 5.2.2 Scene(2) ......................................................................................................................... 61


iii

5.2.3 Scene(3) ......................................................................................................................... 62 5.3.1 Kansai-shi Municipal Office ........................................................................................ 63 5.3.2 PC Room in a school ..................................................................................................... 64 5.3.3 Adapter-type Wireless LAN ....................................................................................... 65 5.3.4 Antenna Integrated Wireless LAN ............................................................................ 65 5.3.5 Adapter-type Wireless LAN ....................................................................................... 65 5.3.6 PC Card-type Wireless LAN ...................................................................................... 65 5.3.7 Patch Antenna ............................................................................................................ 66 5.3.8 Co-linear Antenna ...................................................................................................... 66 5.3.9 8-element Yagi Antenna ............................................................................................. 66 5.3.10 27-element Yagi Antenna ......................................................................................... 66 5.3.11 Grid Parabolic Antenna ............................................................................................ 66 6.1.1 Workshop ....................................................................................................................... 70

TABLES

1.3.1 Detailed schedule ...........................................................................................................3 2.1.1 Economy and Industry ....................................................................................................8 2.1.2 Transportation and Communication ..............................................................................9 2.1.3 Education and Health Care ......................................................................................... 10 2.3.3 Services of Carriers ...................................................................................................... 18 3.1.1 Social Development Demand: Health Care ................................................................ 24 3.1.2 Social Development Demand: Education .................................................................. 24 3.1.3 Social Development Demand: Agriculture .............................................................. 24 3.1.34Social Development Demand: Tourism .................................................................. 24 3.3.1 Main public service provided by telecenter system ................................................... 33 3.3.2 Organization framework .............................................................................................. 34 4.1.1 WLL specification ......................................................................................................... 35 4.2.1 System Classification ................................................................................................... 39 4.2.2 Capacity of Optical Fiber ............................................................................................. 40 4.2.3 WLL Systems using Digital Cordless ......................................................................... 41 4.2.4 WLL Systems using mobile phone .............................................................................. 42 4.2.5 Assignment of Frequency ............................................................................................. 44 4.2.6 VSAT System ................................................................................................................ 45 4.2.7 Typical specification for Wireless LAN ..................................................................... 46 4.2.8 Specification for Wireless LAN .................................................................................. 47 4.3.1 Field Test ..................................................................................................................... 48 5.2.1 Schedule for MCT ......................................................................................................... 57 5.3.1 Link Distance and Antennas applied .......................................................................... 66 6.1.1 Benefit by telecenter solution: Common ..................................................................... 71


iv

6.1.2 Benefit by telecenter solution: Health Care ............................................................... 71 6.1.3 Benefit by telecenter solution: Education ................................................................... 72 6.1.4 Benefit by telecenter solution: Agriculture ................................................................. 73 6.1.5 Benefit by telecenter solution: Banking ..................................................................... 73 6.1.6 Comparison: Common .................................................................................................. 74 6.1.7 Comparison: Health Care ............................................................................................ 75 6.1.8 Comparison: Education ................................................................................................ 76 6.2.1 Benefit cost prospect .................................................................................................... 77


ABBREVIATIONS

ADSL Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line AES Advanced Encryption Standard AMPS Analog Mobile Phone Services BSP Bank of South Pacific CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CIA Central Intelligence Agency DECT Digital enhanced Cordless Telephone DOE Department of Education DOH Department of Health DORD Department of Rural Development DSEI Department of State Enterprises and Information FTTH Fiber to the Home FWA Fixed Wireless Access FXO Foreign Exchange Office GDP Gross Domestic Product GSM Global System for Mobile Communication HC Health Center HDSL High-Bit-Rate Digital Subscriber Line HF High Frequency HO Health Office ICCC Independent Consumer and Competition Commission ICT Information and Communication Technology IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IP Internet protocol ITD International Trunk Dialing ITU International Telecommunication Union ISDN Integrated Services digital Network ISM Industrial Scientific and Medical Band ISP Internet Service Provider LAN Local Area Network Mbps Mega-bits per second MCI Ministry of Communication and Information MCT Multi-purpose Community Telecenter MOU Memorandum of Understanding MPTC The ministry f posts and Telecommunications MTDS Medium Term Development Strategy NARI National Agriculture Research Institute NDAL National Department of Agriculture and Livestock


NGO Non Governmental Organizations OJT On the Job Training ORD Office Rural Development PACS Personal Access Communication System PANGTEL Papua New Guinea Radiocommunication and Telecommunication

Authority PCM Pulse Code Modulation PDC Personal Digital cellular PDM Project Design Matrix PHS Personal Handy phone System PPP Public Private Partnership PRC People’s Republic of China PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network RDB Rural Development Bank ROC The Republic of China SIM Subscriber Identity Module STD Subscriber Trunk Dialing TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TLC Telecenter UHF Ultra High Frequency UNITECH Papua New Guinea University of Technology UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply VHF Very High Frequency VLAN Virtual local Area Network VoIP Voice over IP VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal WDM Wavelength Division multiplexing WLL Wireless Local Loop


1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Papua New Guinea (PNG) is one of the leading states in the Pacific island countries,

which has the widest land in the area, much populations and natural resources as well.

However, because the diffusion of telephone and Internet are delayed except for urban

area, the digital divide occurs not only against developed countries, but also between

urban and rural area in the country. (Telephone diffusion rate 1.37％ for 2003) This

fact is obstruction for not only economic growth, but also for improving life standard in

the country.

Under the Medium Term Development Strategy (MTDS) 2005-2010, the priority 7

fields for PNG social development are defined, which are Health, HIV/AIDS, Basic

Education, development Oriented Informal Adult Education, Income Earning

Opportunities, Low and Justice and Transport Infrastructure. MTDS also states that

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is essential to achieve PNG

government’s goal in all these fields.

It said in detail that the services such as communication network and Internet etc.,

can strongly contribute to the economic growth, the promotion for development of

society and the solution of digital divide in rural area, which is isolated from the town.

That importance is well recognized, therefore the Department of State Enterprises and

Information (DSEI) is established to manage the information and telecommunication

system in PNG in 2003, and the building of telecommunication network is proceeding.

Although the cost for building of telecommunication network is lower than before due

to both keen international competition of telecommunication equipments and rapid

progress of technology development in recent years, PNG couldn’t realize low-cost

system in a part of the country. Therefore, PNG government is hoping for realization of

low-cost telecommunication system even by asking the support of the international

development partners.


2

1.2 Purpose of this project

ITU (International Telecommunication Union) proposes the establishment of

Telecenter as an appropriate system for telecommunication infrastructure in rural area.

(ITU-D FG7 Final Report, 2000) This is the reason that the construction cost of

telecenter is much lower than ones of ordinary telephone diffusion to each household in

rural area, where it is difficult to build infrastructure and a fare receipts for

communication services couldn’t be expected very much.

In PNG, joint study on wireless Local Loop (WLL) has started, which is conducting by

Papua New Guinea Radiocommunication and Telecommunication Authority

(PANGTEL) and Papua New Guinea University of Technology (UNITECH). This study

is for the development on telecommunication system such as a telecenter using

wireless technology in rural area. The WLL is the most suitable technology for

development of telecenter in PNG because it is not only an actual result in Japan but

also cost effectively and friendly to natural environment in the country.

As for the development of Telecenter using WLL, the failure examples that diffusion

didn’t proceed are confirmed in the other country before because executing agency

focused only to the building infrastructure and neither need on the user side nor raising

maintenance engineers was taken account of the actual condition very much.

Therefore, this study emphasizes on identifying firm ICT need and its actual effect in

PNG. The subject both aspect of hardware and software such as operation and

maintenance will be solved. Finally we’ll propose the project of development of

Telecenter having sustainability in this study. And also it aims at contribution to

economic growth and promotion of society development in PNG.


3

1.3 Outline of the study

1.3.1 Study period

Field visit

Oct.22.2005 – Nov.4.2005 (Detailed schedule Table.1.3.1)

Table 1.3.1 Detailed schedule

Day Date Activity Place

1 Oct. 23 Sun. Leave Tokyo, Japan Port Moresbyby air

(QF060/QF379)Tokyo 21:55Cairns 05:55

2 Oct. 24 Mon.Arrive at Port Moresby

Port Moresby by airCairns 07:00

Port Moresby 08:25

3 Oct. 25 TueMeeting with PANGTEL ,Telikom PNG ,andDSEI

Port Moresby

4 Oct. 26 WedDemand Interview -1Health careVisit Japanese Embassy and JICA

Port Moresby

5 Oct. 27 Thu Start Filed Test (Equipment installation) Port Moresby

6 Oct. 28 Fri Demand Interview -2Agriculture

Port Moresby

7 Oct. 29 SatVisit Pilot site -1Cimbu Province

Kundiawa,Cimbu Prov.

by air Port Moresby - Cimbu

8 Oct. 30 SunVisit Pilot site -1Cimbu Province

SinasinaCimbu Prov

by air Cimbu - Port Moresby

9 Oct. 31 MonDemand Interview -3Education

Port Moresby

10 Nov.1 TueVisit Pilot site -2Central Province

Veifa,Central Prov.

by land Prot Moresby - Central

11 Nov.2 WedComplete Field Test andimplement survey

Port Moresby

12 Nov.3 Thu Workshop (PANGTEL) Port Moresby

13 Nov.4 Fri Meeting with Japanese embassy and JICA Port Moresby

14 Nov.5 Sat Return to Tokyo, Japan Tokyoby air

QF384/QF167Port Moresby 09:30

Cairns 10:55Cairns 12:05Tokyo 18:45

Transportation


4

1.3.2 Organization

The study was jointly conducted by PANGTEL and Japanese Consultant Team. The

Japanese Consultant Team received support from their background organizations,

TEPCO and JRC. The counterpart of this study is PANGTEL.

Hideo Shimizu : Project Manager, Telecommunication Expert, TEPCO

Shuzo Miura : ITC Expert, JRC

Atsumasa Sakai: Social Analyst, TEPCO

Figure 1.3.1 Project organization

PANGTEL

Japanese Consultant Team

Supporting Staff

TEPCO

n Electronic & Telecommunication Dept.

n International Affairs Dept.

JRC

n System Electronics Division


5

1.3.3 Study items

1.3.3.1 Information gathering

Before doing field study in PNG, the collection of following information was done to

clear the investigation points.

(1) Investigation for status of the society foundation regarding agriculture, medicine,

and education etc. in PNG. Collect the following information by literatures, the

Internet, and so on:

･Basic information related to PNG (Geography, etc.)

･Present status of economy and industry (agriculture, etc)

･Community information (population, age group etc. )

(2) Analysis of related sectors

･Select related sectors as assumed benefit receivers from the information

gathered.

･Evaluate the business accomplishment ability of estimated sectors such as

Telikom PNG etc.

･ Study the possibility of project formation by PPP(Public Private

Partnership)

(3) Investigation of ICT status

In order to gather the following information, interviewing for the person who are

of PANGTEL etc. was conducted:

･ Current status of communication network and services

(fixed telephone, cellular phone, and Internet )

･ Conformity of communication policy and telecenter project

(4) Study on the basic structure of WLL-type telecenter system

･Based on the data and information collected, the basic structure of

WLL-type telecenter system will be designed.

･ Select the candidate areas of field test.

(5) Preparation for interview in PNG

･ Select the interviewees from sectors of several fields

･ Provide the questionnaires in advance.


6

1.3.3.2 Field study in PNG

(1).Needs investigation for development of society

･ Interview the officials of related central government ministries and

provincial government to investigate the present status of services in the

fields of agriculture , medicine, and education.

Research the requirement of telecommunication infrastructure for

e-services.

･ Hold the workshop in which the effect of telecenter will be discussed.

･ Report the results to the government persons concerned and discuss a plan

in the future.

(2).Investigation of ICT status

･ Interview the persons related to ICT technology from concerned ministries

and university etc.

･ Exchange the information about sustainability with the persons which are

in charge of management or maintenance from expected organization.

(3).Field test

In order to conduct the following, experimental system using high speed wireless

LAN(IEEE802.11b) was set.

･ Hold demonstration and carry out a questionnaire to evaluate the

effectiveness of WLL system

1.3.3.3 Analysis

(1) Benefit analysis

Based on the data and information collected, develop a project design matrix (PDM)

according to PCM methodology, and design a roadmap to implement the telecenter

development project. Much focus will be placed on how to create ownership feeling

among users.

(2) Financial and economical analysis

Conduct benefit-cost analysis in WLL-type telecenter development in PNG both in

financial and economical aspects.

(3)Sustainability analysis

In order to let the telecenter welcomed by users for good, the following items was

studied:


7

･ Technology transfer of telecenter technology and designing methodology.

Study on effective training system.

･ Business model of operating telecenter. The way to recover the

investment cost will be investigated.

･ Interface used for telecenter. As lessons learned from the past

experience show, local language interface is generally welcomed by

telecenter users. The study will also investigates such necessity and

effect.

･Asset management. Propose the operation and maintenance measure of

the telecenter equipments.

(4)Project estimate

Estimate the scale of the actual project. List the items to be studied further in

implementing the project.

(5)Final report development

Develop the final report summarizing the finding and propose the appropriate

telecenter project.


8

2. STATUS OF PNG

2.1 Investigation for status of the society foundation

2.1.1 Economy and Industry

In the financial aspect, PNG has the dual economic structure that is mixed with

self-sufficiency economy and the money economy. The main industries are mining,

agriculture, forestry and sightseeing. Japan is the second trading partner for PNG,

imports copper stone, lumber, marine products and exports the machinery. As for the

main aid nation as an economic cooperation, Japan is also located in the next of

Australia and New Zealand.

Main products in the agriculture field are palm oil, rubber, coffee, vanilla, cocoa and

marine products for example lobster and tuna. In PNG where 87％ of the land is rural,

Improvement of productivity in the agriculture field is thought that it could not only

promote the economic growth but also improve the quality of life greatly. PNG also want

to ensure the firm position as a supplier of the vegetables or fruits for Australia.

The followings is brief summary of PNG profiles regarding economy and industry:

（Sources : The World Fact Book 2005, CIA, U.S ）

Table 2.1.1 Economy and Industry

GDP (official exchange rate) $4.199 billion (2005 est.)

GDP - real growth rate 1.1% (2005 est.)

Agriculture 35.2%

Industry 38.3%

GDP - composition by sector

Services 26.4% (2005 est.)

Population below poverty line 37% (2002 est.)

Agriculture -products coffee, cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels, tea, rubber,

sweet potatoes, fruit, vegetables, poultry, pork

Industries copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood

production, wood chip production; mining of gold,

silver, and copper; crude oil production;

construction, tourism

Electricity -production 1.592 billion kWh (2003)


9

2.1.2 Transportation and Communication

Due to abundance of mountainous land, an aircraft and vessel are means for

long-distance transportation in PNG. The establishment of the road network to other

main cities from the capital Port Moresby. However, the long-distance road which

connects the cities in highland, Madang and Lae of Pacific coastal cities in north New

Guinea. In the communication field, because the diffusion of telephone and Internet are

delayed except for urban area, the digital divide occurs not only against developed

countries, but also between urban and rural area in the country. (Telephone diffusion

rate 1.37％ for 2003).

The followings is brief summary of PNG profiles regarding transportation and

communication: （Sources : The World Fact Book 2005, CIA, U.S ）

Table 2.1.2 Transportation and Communication

Total 19,600 km

Paved 686 km

Highways

Unpaved 18,914 km (1999 est.)

Waterways 10,940 km (2003)

571 (2004 est.)

- with paved runways total: 21

Airports

- with unpaved runways total: 550

Telephones - main lines in use 62,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular 15,000 (2002)

Internet hosts 389 (2003)

Internet users 75,000 (2002)

2.1.3 Education and Health Care

The new educational system is being introduced in PNG at present. The system

provides elementary school for 3 years, primary school for 6 years, secondary school for

4 years and university for 4 years respectively. Because the mountain area and distant

islands occupy the most part of the country, many small-scale schools are dotted. In

rural area, especially, there is a shortage of quality and quantity for educational


10

facilities and teachers. Therefore, the remote education program using a television was

being advanced.

The followings is brief summary of PNG profiles regarding Education and health

Care: （Sources : The World Fact Book 2005, CIA, U.S ）

Table 2.1.3 Education and Health Care

Definition age 15 and over can read

and write Total Population

64.6%

Male 71.1%

Literacy

Female 57.7% (2002)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS 16,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths 600 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases degree of risk: very high

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and

protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid

fever

Vector borne diseases dengue fever and malaria are high risks in

some locations(2004)


11

2.2 Stakeholder analysis

The mission analysed the related stakeholders, who are specified mainly in PNG’s

MediumTerm Development Strategy 2005 –2010 (hereinafter, MTDS). The result is

summarized in Figure 2.2.1 to 2.2.3. The players in ICT area are described below.

a. Government organizations

i. Papua New Guinea Radiocommunications and Telecommunication Technical

Authority (PANGTEL)

PANGTEL is in charge of matters regarding technical standard and

telecommunication license in Papua New Guinea. The section 2.3 describes the role

in detail.

ii. Independent Consumer and Competition Commission (ICCC )

ICCC is in charge of matters regarding economy market and consumers. It also

regulates spectrum for telecommunications like satellite.

iii. DSEI (Dept. of State Enterprises and Information)

Newly established, DSEI plays the main role in developing ICT policy described in

MTDS. The department is preparing the new ICT policy, which will replace the

National Policy on Information Communication developed in 1994, with related

organizations (*). The new policy also mentions telecenter project.

＊：Communication Sector Group. The main entities are PANGTEL, Telikom

PNG, and Pacific Mobile..

b. Telecommunication companies

i. Telikom PNG Ltd.

The company is the sole state-owned telecommunication service provider in PNG.

Pacific Mobile Communications is its subsidiary mobile phone company.


12

Figure 2.2.1 Stakeholders-Health Care

Community

Training Institutes

Donor

Hospital

Government Secondary

Provincial hospital

AusAID Health sector

JICA

Japanese embassy

Patients & residents

Higher

Support organizations

PNG Univ. Dept. of Medical

WHO

National Medical Research Institute

Primary

PMGH

Health Center

PNG Univ. Medical Dept.

Nursing training school

CHAS

Aid Post

Base hospital

National

Dept. of Health

Local

Provincial Dept. of Health

District Dept. of Health Churches

NGOs

Technology

Dept.. of Works

Telikom PNG

Dissemination of disease prevention information


13

Figure 2.2.2 Stakeholders-Education

Schools

Government

National Local

Dept. of Education

Media Center

Support organizations

PNG Uni.v e-learning researcher

Donor AusAID Education sector

JICA Japanese embassy

ADB WB

Primary teacher’s training schools

Secondary teacher’s training (Goroka)

Higher education office

Community

Students & Residents

Church

NGO Private schools

Public schools

Distance college

University

Vocational school

Primary schools

Secondary schools

Pre schools

Technical

Dept. or Works

Telikom PNG

Training of teachers

School Report Curriculum update

Provincial Dept. of Education

District Government


14

Figure 2.2.3 Stakeholders-Agriculture

Farmers

Government

National Local

Provincial Dept. of Agriculture & Livestock Dept. of

Agriculture & livestock

Community

Residents

Church

NGO

Rice farmers Nucleus estates

Small holders

Plantation farmers

Donor

AusAID Agriculture Sector

JICA

Japanese embassy

ADB WB

Technical

Dept. or Works

Telikom PNG

ROC PRC

Support organization

NARI Rice Development Center

(training center) UNITECH

Farming advice

District government

Technology partnership


15

2.3 Investigation of ICT status

2.3.1 Government Organization

Ministry of Communication & Information (MCI) is the authority for the electric

communication in PNG. The Papua New Guinea Radiocommunication

Telecommunication Technical Authorityｙ (PANGTEL) is in charge of regulation and

management of radio frequency. The organization of MCI is shown in the following:

Figure 2.3.1 Organizational structure for Ministry

PANGTEL is established in Jan. 1997 in accordance with Telecommunication

Act1996. There are following roles:

Monitoring、control, inspection and regulation of telecommunications

(including broadcasting) and radio communication industry

Implementation for government policies relating to telecommunications

(including broadcasting ) and radio communication

Establishing Technical and performance standards

National Executive Council- NEC

（National of all National Ministers & Chaired by the Prime

Ministry of Communication & Information Technology

TELIKOM PNG

LIMITED

Carrier

100% state owned

PANGTEL

Regulator

National Broadcasting

Commission

Broadcaster

100% State owner


16

Advising the Minster in the formulation of Nation Policies

Monitoring radio communication service on ship and aircrafts

Grating of telecommunications, broadcasting (radio and television) Cable

television

The organization of PANGTEL is shown in the following:

Figure 2.3.2 Organization structure for PANGTEL

2.3.2 Legal System Outlines

There are statutes of following related to the telecommunication in PNG:

Telecommunications Act1996

Radio Spectrum Act 1996

Telecommunications Industry Act 2002 （T1 Act）

Independent Consumer and Competition Commission Act 2002 ( ICCC Act)

2.3.3 Telecommunications Carriers

2.3.3.1 TELIKOM PNG LIMITED

TELIKOM PNG is a 100% government-financed company which provides fixed and

international telecommunications services around the country. The company was

Board

1 chairman & 5 Board Members

Director General

Mr. Chales PUNAHA

Operations

Engineering

&

Standards

Regulatory

&

External Affairs

Corporate

Service


17

privatized in 2002.

Number of employees: 244 clerical workers and 1357 technical workers

2.3.3.2 Pacific Mobile Communication Limited

Pacific Mobile Communication was established in 1995 as a subsidiary of TELIKOM

PNG. The company provides mobile phone and Internet Gateway Services. In 1996,

Pacific Mobile Communication started analog mobile phone service (AMPS) in Port

Moresby and Lae, which was terminated in 2003 following the launching of GSM

(Global System for Mobile Communications) mobile phone service in 1998. At present,

the company is experiencing a surge in the subscriber base to its GSM mobile phone

service.

2.3.4 Telecommunications Facilities

Satellite earth station: The satellite earth station set up in Gerhu, Port Moresby,

enables constant links to 162 countries around the world.

Backbone Lines: Composed of microwave multiple radio units, backbone lines

are connected in tandem via mountaintop repeater stations,

comprising more than 81 lines.

Switchboards: The telephone network is supported by 43 switchboards across

the country.

Switchboards with more than 5,000 subscribers: Port Moresby, Lae,

Mt. Hagen, Goroka, and Madang

Switchboards with about 2,000 subscribers: Alotau, Wewak, Tabubil, Kimbe,

Tomavatur, Rabaul, and Kavieng

HF (High Frequency) Radio System: Telephone services based on the HF radio system

are provided for subscribers outside the microwave radio

area.The HF radio system is used for communication with

vessels at sea.

Local network: Two subscriber lines connect the central telephone office with

subscribers. The maximum distance of subscriber lines is 7

kilometers, but 90% of subscriber lines are shorter than 5


18

kilometers. Under the current plan, the maximum distance is

designed to be shorter, at 3 kilometers.

2.3.5 Condition of Telecommunications Services

Two companies, TELIKOM PNG and Pacific Mobile Communication, monopolize the

local, national, international and mobile telephone market in Papua New Guinea.Also,

fixed leased lines for Internet services are retailed to local Internet Service Providers.

The relation between Carriers and services is shown in the following:

Table 2.3.3. Services of Carriers

There are communication services in PNG as following:

Touch Phone

Digital Key telephone

PABX

Facsimile

Card and Coin Phone

Radio paging

Packet Switched Data network

International

Long

distance

Fixed

Phone

Local

TELIKOM PNG LIMITED

http://www.telikompng.com.pg/

Mobile Phone ＰａｃｉｆｉｃＭｏｂｉｌｅＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎＬｉｍｉｔｅｄ

http://www.pacificmobile.com.pg/

Internet Gateway ＰａｃｉｆｉｃＭｏｂｉｌｅＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎＬｉｍｉｔｅｄ

Datec (PNG) Ltd

http://www.datec.net.pg

Daltron Electronics Ltd

http://www.daltron.com.pg

Global Technologies Ltd

http://www.global.net.pg

Internet Service Provider

Online South Pacific

http://www.online.net.pg


19

Analogue Data service

International Trunk Dialing (IDD)

Subscriber Trunk Dialing (STD)

180 Toll Free

HF, VHF and UHF services0

Satellite services (Domsat and Inmarsat)

2 4hour Operator Assistance service

Call centres

2.3.5.1 Fixed Telephone Service

In Papua New Guinea, the fixed telephone subscribership is 70,000, equivalent to

1.36% of its population of 5.1 million. Almost all subscribers are concentrated in the

cities. In rural areas, only a fraction of the residents – 0.05% -- have a fixed telephone.

Fixed telephones are not available in villages located 10 kilometers or further away

from Port Moresby, the capital.

Fixed Telephone Charges

Initial Fee: 70.00 kina (2660 yen)

Basic Monthly Charge: 9.50 kina (361 yen)

Calling Rates:

Local 0.30 kina per call (11 yen)

Same zone 0.30 kina per minute ( 11 yen)

Neighboring zone 0.60 kina per minute (22 yen)

Long-distance 0.90 kina per minute (33 yen)

（conversion 1kina= 37yen）

Public Telephone

Public telephones are installed at the airport, hotels, TELIKOM offices and other

locations in Port Moresby. The conventional coin-type pay phone has been switched to

new types that accept a prepaid telephone card called Telikad. The Telikad phone has

eliminated the need to use specialized coin-type phones and the work of recovering coins.

As a drawback of the Telikad, the caller must press the 12-digit card number in addition

to the telephone number.

One can make a call using the Telikad by dialing 123 first, and then pressing the

12-digit card number, followed by the telephone number and the button after each

recorded message.

The caller is notified of the remaining prepaid amount prior to making a call.


20

The Telikad is available in domains of K2, K5, K10, and K50, and can be purchased at

supermarkets and other outlets. K10 is worth about 380 Japanese yen.

2.3.5.2 Mobile Telephone Service

Mobile phone service is provided by Pacific Mobile Communication Limited. The

company offers GSM mobile phone service only in Port Moresby, the capital, and major

cities of Lae, Madang, Goroka, Mt. Hagen and Wewak. Mobile phones go out of service

and cannot be used in the suburbs of Port Moresby.

The subscribership of mobile phones is expanding rapidly. At 80,000, it is currently

larger than that of fixed phones.

The most common billing method is the prepaid format, with the most popular

prepaid product being the B-mobile. Anyone who has a GSM mobile phone can use the

service by purchasing a starter kit at 150 kina (about 5,600 yen), replacing the SIM

CARD and allowing one day for the registration to be completed.

2.3.5.3 International Telephone Communication

Switchboards for international calls are installed in Port Moresby and Lae, enabling

automatic connection with overseas via Australia’s Aussat 3 satellite.

2.3.5.4 Internet Service

Internet gateway service is provided by Pacific Mobile Communication Limited. Its

gateway is connected by submarine cables to Telstra Australia at the transmission

capacity of 6 Mbps. (Mbps : Mega bits per second: unit of data speed)

Four Internet Service Providers (ISP) – Datec, DALTRON, GOBAL, and ON LINE –

are in operation in the country. Dial-up modem connection remains the most popular

option since broadband Internet connection is not yet common.

In addition to two Internet cafes in Port Moresby, Internet access is available at

business centers at major hotels in the city.

Prepaid Internet Card

Internet Service Providers have tied up with hotels to offer a prepaid Internet card,

which enables Internet access from a computer with dial-up modem. The card costs 75

kina (about 2850 yen) for ten hours of access.


21

The card, which can be connected from a hotel phone or ordinary phone, carries the

server’s telephone number, user name and password. The connection speed is about

24Kbps. Due to the system’s low reliability, however, it is sometimes difficult to secure

connection. The number of personal computers owned by the local people in Papua New

Guinea stands at 320,000, with 400 Internet hosts. The number of Internet users is

estimated at 75,000 (according to World ICT Visual Data Book issued by The ITU

Association of Japan, Inc.).

PC shops in Port Moresby carry limited models of mostly generic personal computers,

leaving customers with little choice. A pamphlet obtained at a computer shop in the

city is shown in the section below. A generic desktop computer costs 2699 kina (about

100,000 yen), which is very expensive for local people. A computer user must have a

UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) unit to guard against the unreliable commercial

power supply.

2.3.6 Conditions of Communications in Rural Areas

We conducted a field test of communications conditions in Kundiawa Town, Chimbu

Province and Beraina Town, Central Province. In Papua New Guinea, roads linking

major cities are poor or sometimes nonexistent. We had to ride a plane and car to

reach Kundiawa Town, and take a three-hour drive on an unpaved road to get to

Beraina Town. Moving from one place to another requires much time in Papua New

Guinea due to the underdeveloped transport network.

2.3.6.1 Kundiawa Town, Chimbu Province

Kundiawa Town has a TELIKOM office, which is connected to GOROKA via multiple

lines. The office has VSAT backup lines and a switchboard for about 1,000 subscribers.

Subscriber lines are connected to each terminal not by overhead cables but by

underground cables. For power supply, the office has its own power generator, which

is in operation 24 hours a day.

Communications facilities in Kundiawa Town at first glance seemed satisfactory. As

a result of hearing survey, however, the reliability of communication lines was found to

be very low. Local calls got through with little problems, but it was very difficult to

make an out-of-town call because the line was busy much of the time. Several calls

made to Port Moresby from TELIKOM office in town failed to connect because the


22

switchboard was busy.

The problem lies with the unreliable power supply at repeater stations on the

multiple lines connected to GOROKA. Also, a theft of the solar system at a repeater

station has put the line out of service for an extended period of time.

Power supply in the town remains poor, with power failures occurring several times

each day. A PC shop owner in Kundiawa put the reliability of communication lines at

about 10% and that of power supply at 70%. The town suffers from major problems in

the operation and maintenance of telecommunications facilities and power supply.

1.5GHzband Micro Radio system VSAT Back-up Line

Capacity ４ｘ E1

Capacity 1000 Subscribers Digital Terminal

PCM-３０

Picure 2.3.1 Telecommunication Facility (1)


23

Power Generation Tower 10m

Picture 2.3.2 Telecommunication Facility (2)

2.3.6.2 Beraina Town, Central Province

The power generator in Beraina Town broke down in 2000 and has not been fixed

since, leaving the town without power or any means of telecommunications. For both

power supply and telecommunications, prospects for recovery remain dim due to a

shortage of financial resources, presenting a big question in terms of sustainability.

House for Equipments

(No working due to malfunction of generation) TOWER

Picture 2.3.3 Telecommunication Facility (3)


24

3. DEMAND ANALYSIS The mission first reviewed the existing study report and other materials on PNG. Based on the demand found there, the mission conducted interview with stakeholders in PNG to finalise the demand priority. In the conlusion, the mission proposed the soulution with information and communication technology. 3.1 Preliminary demand analysis Here, the anaylsis is implemented based on the material such as the past study report,PNG’s MTDS, and multilatelal banks’ country report. In summary, the mission team found strong demand like the shown below.

ü Health care: On-demand information dessemination ü Education: ICT education ü Agriculture: Remote instruction

The interview with stakeholders was implemented based on the above demand. The detailedfinding is summarized in Table 3.1.1 to 3.1.4.

Table 3.1.1 Social Development Demand: Healthcare Issues/ Demand

1. The lack of doctors at healthcare centers (MTDS also places high priority on the development of front-line.)

2. The demand toward the improvement of medical training in both quality and quantity aspects.

3. The lack of doctors with high level skills

Table 3.1.2 Social Development Demand:Education Issues/ Demand

1. Improvement of employment rate through the increase in ICT literary rate. 2. High expenditure in upper education. 3. Enhancement on education facilities in rural areas. 4. Re-training of teachers. 5. The potential lack of primary school teachers.

Table 3.1.3 Social Development Demand:Agriculture

Issues/ Demand 1. Asssistance in the smallholders’s self dependence. 2. Remote training for nucleus estate. 3. Access to the latest market price.

Table 3.1.4 Social Development Demand:Tourism

Issues/ Demand 1. The establishment of training facility for tourism, operated by government.


25

3.2 Social Developmnet Demand Investigation 3.2.1 The public service in PNG and its issues

Figure 3.2.1 Interview with healthcare center officers

Based on the preliminary study with document and materials in the previsou section, the mission conducted the interview with the stakeholders. The list of the interviewees is attached in Appendix B. 3.2.1.1 ICT Demand

The major demand on ICT area in PNG is summarized below. ・ Access to the latest information ・ Multi-media type communication (voice, image, and text) ・ Two-way real-time communication

Around the eighty percent of PNG residents live in rural areas where is characterized as the place with no electricity, no telephone, and unpaved road. As such, they face the difficulty with information access. When the mission interviewd the two sample provincial governments for the demand investigation, the both governments place as high priority on the development of ICT infrastructure as others such as healthcare, education, and road. Considering the low rate of paved road there, it could be said that the economic stagnation attributes to the incomplete telecommunication network.

Circumstance on the low teledencity During the site-visit and interview, the mission team found that there are telephones but not in-service. The reason of in-service varies, e.g. the damage by bandits, and the default of telephone payment. As such, healthcare workers face difficulty in emergency like deliberance – mothers could reach serious status without appropriate treatment when they have trouble during the deliberance because the workers at HC have limited medical skill and they do not have telephone or other communication tools to ask the appropriate medication.


26

3.2.1.2 Demand and issuses in Healthcare service

The demand and issues below have been found through the interview with healthcare service stakeholders such as University of PNG, Department of Health, and healthcare centers. The noteworthy point is that most people place higher priority on disease prevention than medication. The mission members rarely heard the demand of remote medical care in advanced medicine area. 1) Enhancement of healthcare education to residents

a. Health promotion b. Health prevention

e.g. Seminar to educate residents in preventing outbreak of infection like HIV/AIDS. Dissemination of basic information of disease such as bird-flu and tuburculosis.

2) Enhancement of training for healthcare workers

The mission also found that there are mainly two reasons why rural residents need multimedia type communication tool. One is the problem of literacy and slow postal delivery system.

ü Difficulty in literacy e.g. Healthcare cneter officers wish to receive health prevention information by

image, preferably movie, because there are some residents who have difficulty in literacy.

ü Slow postal delibery system e.g. The average delibery period is 3days from provincial capital to a

districtinthesample province of Simbu and Central. During the period, nine persons in average would be infected by disease.

“The spread of disease could be prevented if healthcare center receive appropriate information on the disease on time as well as by means of image or movie because it is easy for HC officer to explain to residents who might have difficulty with raeding documents.”

The following are the issues collected regarding healthcare service: ・ Some province lacks doctors. The serious problem is that most doctors are

reluctant to live in inconvenient rural areas, though most PNG people live in rural areas.

・ Most rural areas with HC are not electrified. The major electricity generator is solar power. HC needs electricity because it stores vaccines in its refrigerator.

・ Health Extention Officers, the major wowrk force of HC, go to provincial capital or Port Moresby for training. The number of such officers, however, is limited because of the limited budget.

・ Most HCs are connected with provincial hospitals via 2-way radio network system (*), which has been installed under the joint program between DoH and AUSAid. Still, some aid posts located on the top of mountain are not connected with such communication system.


27

*: Medical Health Service Radio Network by Health Services SupportProgram

・ Outline: Established under 5 year project assisted by Austraian

government. Department of Health (DoH) operates the network. The network is appointed to each provincial level, and the province controls its own network. There are around 1,000 stations nationwide.

・ Objective: To inquire doctors at provincial hospitals whether tosend HC’s patients to the hospital.

・ Coverage: The section between a provincial hospital and health centers (HC) in districs.

・ Function: Voice communication only.

Provincial Hospital HC ○－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－●

2way radio

Figure 3.2.1 The image of the Medical Health Service Radio Network ・ Maintenance: When something wroing with the facilities, they

willbesend to Department of Health at PortMoresby of provincial capital to be repaired. When the damage is severe, DoH will send technitican to the center. It usually takes a month for the repair because the delivery measure sometimes could be by canoue or on foot. DoH will be in charge of the expenditure. There have been, however, few reports of repair request. This may be because of the long life cycle of equipments: batteries works for 10 years, and 10 years for solar panel, and 15 years for antenna.

・ Operator training: Trainees receive training program at DoH in province.

・ Operators: Mainly consists of Health Officers(HO). ・ Disadvantage: 1) There are only one channel to call the other.

2) The system transmits only voice, not image.


28

3.2.1.3 Demand and issuses in Education The interview was conducted mainly to Department of Education (DOE), Secondary School, and JICAexperts. The noteworthy point was that most demand targets indirect approach, such as the improvement of teachers’ work environment and the way to distribute curriculum and texts. The mission team hardly heard about the demand toward direct approach like remote education and ICT education. Considering the fact such as lack of teachers and the neccessidty of teachers’ re-training, the demand sounds realistic approach. 1) More opportunity of training and learning for teachers ü More and more teachers should have chance to receive re-training and

consultationl. e-learning could solve the issue. Ex. Current situation: Because it costs around 1,400 Kina (about US500

dollars) to fly from some district to Port Moresby for seminar, only limited number of teachers can join the seminar. Even distance learning would not differ so much from the participation to the seminar because it still costs some for the delibery of texts. “The fact in some island areas is that teachers go all the way to DOE in provincial capital only to ask questions they want to know. The tragedy is that the visit results in class cancel because the teachers can obtain answers during office hours only.”

ü Although the education curriculum reform has been undergoing, there are confusion in some classes.

Past trial of rural communication and the barriers There were once a trial to establish the similar approach in the past (Figure

3.2.2). The trial did not work well mainly because the team did not ask other stakeholders like PANGTEL to join the trial. One of the interviewees says that the key to succed this kind of trial is cooperation among stakeholders. Case 1: Remote medicine (medical advice to health centers)

Ex. A health officer at HC sends X-ray pictures to the specialists at the hospital asking for their medical advice.

Port Moresby General Hospital/ HC Univ. of PNG Medical School

□-----------------------------------------------→○ Doctor/ Health Officer/

Lecturer trainees sent from the hospital

Figure 3.2.2 The image of the past trial


29

Ex. Something wrong with curriculum. Some lecturers could teach their students incorrectly.

2) Issues related to texts and materials

ü Some part of contents in texts have been obsolete for a while. ü Some curriculum andtexts are not delibered to schools on time.

Ex. Trial of resolution: Remote Communication Trial by DOE and AusAID In order to solve the issues, the trial plans to establish system like the following: - Deliber CD with curriculum and/or texts to province capital. The

electronic contentsinthe CD will be distributed to schools via wireless LAN which connects the capital and the schools. The system would be more effective if it be combined with the telecenter approach.

ü Monthly activity report sometimes does not reach school coordinators at district/ provincial government on time. The report is important for schools because the report will be the base for the government to deside the amount ofsubsididy to schools. The main reasons of such delay attribute to limited transportationoptions and the transportation cost including fuel cost.

3) Expansion of distance learning by ICT Some interviewees say that there are several factors which degrades the education quality. ü Most teachers are reluctant to teach in rural areas. Once teachers earn degree at

city, they will not want to back to rural areas with no electricity and no telephone. ü Some elementary students drop out schools due to financial reasons including

transportation fee. Distance learning by ICT could enable the learning at students’ own village, even at home.

*: There are other reasons of drop-out. Some interviewees say that what childrenstudy at elemental school is not enough to survive their society. Graduation of secondary schools could give students ways to survive by themselves.

3.2.1.4 Demand and issuses in Agriculture

After the interview with National Department of Agriculture and Livestock (NDAL) and provincial agriculture advisors, demand toward information access has turned out to be high in this area. In particular, the demand from farmers in highland area is much high because of relatively inconvenient transportation measures and the dispered residence. 1) Access to market information ü Since many farmers have little clue to know the trading price of products at

markets in cities, they sometimes have to sell their products at low price. Ex. Vanilla cultivation

Although the business with Vanilla was good in late ‘90s, the global trading price has dropped because of the growth of product amount


30

in Madagascar Ex. 2 Beatle nuts in Gulf Province

The price of this commodity tends to fluctuate in nature, and this character sometimes cause the trajedy like the following: Some farmers in Gulf Province takes several days all the way to market at Port Moresby without knowing the trading price there. Even if the trading price there is lower than they expected, they have to sell their product at the price due to the quality expiration reason. If there were way for them to monitor the price in advance, they could adjust the selling time to obtain higher price.

“If agriculture advisors keep up on the latest global market price information, they could advise their neibouring farmers to switch product to more profitable product, which would result in income increase as a whole village.”

2) Access to cutting-edge technique and technology

ü ICT could achieve the system which quickly disseminate cultivation method of disease resistantproduct to farmers who suffer from severe disease and disaster like draught.

Ex. Southern part of PNG sometime suffer from draught. In such circumstance, farmers could survive with productwhich could survive long-period draughtlike a half year. The effect will be extended to the increase of national product amount, which will contribute to national food security.

Ex2. Anyone can read how to culturei trout and Tirapia in internet with no charge. Because internet is not available in resident area, some farmer come all the way to city only to obtain the method of coconut downstream processing, which described in two pages.

Note: 1) Some interviewees say that the ITC literacy will not matter so much because their children studies how to use personal computer and internet at school these days.

2) some interviewee advised that past projects featureing remote instruction to farmers in rural areas have not been cost effective mainly because of expensive temperature sensors and other equipment. The key to success would be simple instruction, not supervising the condition like temperature.

As reference, the below shows the typical character of agriculture in PNG. ü Most farmers are smallholders. The product amount satisfies for own

consumption, and not many are left for commercial purpose. ü The idea of nucleus estate is relatively new, but the government promotes the

transition to the estate from small holders. ü There are no mutual aid system like agricultural association among smallholders.

Wantoks system does not apply to farming.


31

3.2.1.5 Other Demand and issuses 1) The lack of branch offices – Rural Development Bank

The mission conducted interview with Rural Development Bank (RDB), which accomodatefarmers with a loan for cultivation such as cocoa and palm oil. The bank’s issue is the smaller number of branch offices compared with its rival bank, Bank of South Pacific (BSP), which has more than one branch office in every 89 districts nationwide. The bank afraid that it has lost its income opportunity. Futher the more serious problem is that farmers have lost the opportunity to obtain loan from RDB, whose loan condition is superior to that of BSP, e.g. the lower rate and milder application examination. TLC application could accomplish the bank’s needs.

Rural area Request for loan → RDB

[TLC]--------------------------------------------- [Head quarter] Borrower ← Application reply Application officer

Figure 3.2.4 The image of loan application

Department of Rural Development (DORD) have gave the following demand utilizing ICT: 2) Access to stock market information

The deregulation of stock market is under planning. Business person would utilize the market information, which would lead to the active economy.

3) Access to fishery product market

To monitor domestic as well as overseas fishery product market including fish andshellfish.

Ex. 1) the system could makes it easier for fishery advisors to disseminate the fishery ban information announced by the government efficiently to fisherman.

2) Fisherman could decide by themselves whether to go fishing based on the market trend.

3) Fishery advisors could teach fisherman whether to go fishing also based on the market trend.

4) Contribution to the reduction of drifting from rural to cities

If people can obtain necessary information in their neighbourhood, they do not have to go into cities, which would result in the improvement of low and order in cities.

5) Sustainable banking system

National and provincial treasury offices operate banking system using fax. The problemthere is that the system face trouble because of the running out of papers and/or toner. Online system is free from such trouble.

In summary, the mission members confirmed more demand and issues than expected.


32

3.2.2 Unique aspects in PNG During the study, the mission team found the following unique aspects in PNG:

1) Majority of population reside rural areas The character fo the rural is as follows:

a. Inconvenient transportation - paved road rate: under 5% b. slow and costly postal service resulted from such transportaion

infrastructure. c. Low rate of electricity ( less than 15%) and telephone ( less than 5%)

2) Land tenure system This system sometimes interfere the infrastructure development and raised as one of the major obstacles for project implementation.

3) Law and order Telecommunication facilities on the top of mountains tend to sufferfrom bundits, resulting in system down. This also raises the increase of maintenance cost.

4) Telephone monopoly Telikom PNGltd. is the sole telecommunication provider in PNG. There are issues resulted from such situation. The liberalization of telecommunication market is planned to commence in 2007.


33

3.3 The solution utilizing ICT 3.3.1 Service model Based on the demand and issues found in the study, the mission team proposes the solution utilizing ICT like the following:

ü Objective: To empower rural, specifically district areas by providing access tool to information outside of the area.

ü Service: Public service operated by District Administration. The main services are shown in Table 3.3.1.

ü System: Multi-purpose type telecenter. ü Sample: Provincial hospital sends disease prevention information to district

healthcare centers through telecenter system. Healthcare officers at the center print out the information and disseminate the document to local communities or hold a meeting for announcement purpose.

Table 3.3.1 Main public service provided by telecenter system

Sector Service Healthcare ・ Two major information dissemination：

Ø Disease prevention Ø Health promotion

Ex. Maternal and childe care and malaria ・ Training of healthcare officers

Education ・ Communication tool for teachers, e.g. Q&A ・ Rehabilitation training for teachers ・ Update of text and curriculum

Agriculture ・ Dissemination of market information ・ Technical instruction

Others ・ Locan application (bank) ・ Communication among central governments and district government

3.3.2 Organizational structure Past reseach concludes that the key to telecenter success is cooperation among stakeholders. The major four key stakeholders are as follows:

i. Local community (beneficiary) ii. Telecenter (TLC) operator iii. Telephone company iv. Support agency assisting technical, business, and logistic aspects.

The main support agencies of each sector could be the following: a. Healthcare: Department of Health, University of PNG, and research center. b. Education: Department of Education and Univ. of PNG. c. Agriculture: Department of Agriculture and Livestock, and National Agriculture

Research center.


34

Table 3.3.2 Organizational framework Potential player Role 1. Local

community a) Users ・ Residents ・ NGO ・ Church b) Public service workers ・ Healthcare center workers ・ Agriculture advisors ・ Teachers

a) Users ・ To participate in the design of

telecenter project. ・ To feedback demand and other

request. ・ Serucity and fund ・ Mutual cooperation b) Public service workers ・ To disseminate information via

telecenters to local community 2. TLC operator ・ District Government ・ To operate TLC, bearing the

running cost 3. Support agency a) PANGTEL

b) Provincial Government c) DoH, DOE, NDAL, and

DORD d) International donors

a) To organize the TLC project steering committee

b) To assist TLC operator in sustainabiliry aspect.

c) To disseminate useful information to local community in rural areas via TLC.

d) To bear initial investment 4. Telephone

company ・ Telikom PNG ltd. ・ Entrants

・ To conncet telecenter and public switching telephonenetwork (PSTN)

・ To assist TLC operator in technical aspect

Figure 3.3.1 Stakeholder map

2. TLC

operator

3. Support

agency

4.Telco

1. Local

community


35

4. Study on ICT

4.1 Examination of the Basic WLL System

Computerized information network of villages in the rural area would involve the

establishment of telecenters at the region’s District Administration. Since much of the

areas are not covered by the telephone network, however, one needs to extend lines from

the nearest TELIKOM office to launch the two essential services of telephone and

Internet. The line may be extended either by a wired or wireless system.

In this instance, a low-maintenance wireless system called WLL (Wireless Local

Loop) that can be built with low-cost telecommunications equipment will be adopted.

The WLL system refers to wireless voice and data service sometimes referred to as FWA

(Fix Wireless Access) in Japan. Summary specifications of WLL in different formats

including the frequency and transmission capacity are shown in the section below.

Table 4.1.1. WLL Specification

Frequency 2.4GHz 4.9/5GHz 5.2GHz 22/26/38GHz 257/27GHz 60G

Usage Wireless LAN

and Access

Home Link

Wireless

Access

Wireless LAN FWA Wireless LAN

and Access

Home Link

Wireless LAN

and Access

Home Link

Standard IEEE802.11b/g IEEE802.11J

HiSWANa

IEEE802.11a

HisWANa

- HiSWANb -

Outdoor ○ ○ ｘ ○ ○ ○

License

（Japan）

Not Necessary Station

-Necessary

Terminal

-Case by Case

Not Necessary Necessary Not Necessary Necessary

for Fixed use

Band

Width

100MHz １００MHz １００MHｚ２８８０MHｚ１０００MHｚ７０００MHｚ

Max

Speed

１１/５４Mbps 54Mbps 54Mbps Upto １５６Mbps 数１００Mｂｐｓ数１００Mbps


36

Because of the properties of the radio wave, lower frequency waves reach longer and

cover a wider area. Radio wave frequencies exceeding 10GHz are affected by rain as

their transmission quality deteriorates in rainy conditions. The 2.4GHz band wireless

LAN system is best suited to the rural areas of Papua New Guinea due to its range and

resistance to rain.

The rectilinear property of 2.4GHz wave calls for good visibility because the wave

cannot work around trees, building, or other obstacles. Therefore, it is important to

take this in consideration in designing the wireless routes from TELIKOM office to each

telecenter.

Procedures for Building a Wireless System

The alternative systems for setting up wireless system lines, some of which may be

combined, are shown in the section below. The system must be designed in accordance

with the placement of telecenter and TELIKOM office.

l Point to point system

l Point to Multi Point system

l Repeater system

Basic structure and System configuration are shown in the following:


37

Figure 4.1.1 Structure of WLL System

TELIKOM TELIKOM TELECENTER

TELECENTER

TELECENTER

TELECENTER

Point to Point system Point to Multi-Point system

Repeater system

TELIKOM TELECENTER REPEATER REPEATER


38

PSTN

ISP

2.4 GHz Wireless LAN

VoIP Gateway

PC(Note Book)

Router

Telecenterー（Repeater）

VoIP Gateway

INTERNET PC(Note Book)

VoIP Gateway

SW HUB

VoIPGateway


Telecenter

servers

TELIKOM

Telecenter

Figure 4.1.2 Configuration of WLL System


39

4.2 Detailed Survey on ICT Technology

In order to fill the telecommunications needs in rural villages, it is usually necessary

to construct telecommunications facilities in areas ranging from a few kilometers away

to a few hundred kilometers away from the central telephone office (exchange).

The different systems available to fill this need may be classified roughly into two:

backbone lines (long distance and large capacity) and access lines (short distance and

small capacity). From a different point of view, the system may be classified into wired

and wireless lines, or into telephone and IP lines in terms of transmission system. The

system classification table is shown below:

Table 4.2.1 System Classification

Backbone

Network

Access

Network

Telephone IP

Local Cable

wire

○ ○ ○

ADSL、DSL

Optical Fiber

wire

○ ○ ○STM-1/4/16 ○G bps、T bps

Digital Cordless

WLL System

― ○

○

―

Mobile Phone

WLL System

― ○ ○ ○ -2Mbps

Point to Multi-Point ― ○ ○ ○ ６４ｋｂｐｓ

128／２５６ｋｂｐｓ

Point to Point ○ △ ○2/8/34Mbps

１５４/６００Mbps

○10/100Mbps

VSAT System ― ○ ○ ○10ｋ-2Mbps

Wireless LAN ― ○ ― ○

Wired LAN ― ○ ― ○

4.2.1 Local Cable

The central telephone office (exchange) is connected to terminal stations by a double


40

copper cable, forming a star topology network. The distance of the cable for ordinary

subscriber phones will be 5-7 kilometers at maximum. The Internet connection may be

secured by dial-up modem, ISDN, ADSL or HSDL, each of which has different

maximum distance. The cables may be laid overhead or underground.

4.2.2 Optical Fiber

Optical fiber is often used for backbone lines that connect telephone offices

(switchboard). The loop network is used in urban areas due to its reliability, and

tandem multistage connection is used in rural areas. Optical fiber is also used in

submarine cables. Due to recent cost reduction and ease in construction, optical fiber is

now being used in access lines that link telephone offices with terminal stations to

enable broadband Internet connection. This system is also called FTTH .

The latest technology of WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) enables the user

to transmit a large volume of data by simultaneously processing optical signals of

different wavelength on one optical fiber cable. The section below shows the optical

fiber systems used in backbone lines and their transmission capacity.

Table 4.2.2 Capacity of Optical Fiber

SONET SDH SPEED

OC-1 - 51.840Mbps

OC-3 STM-1 155.520Mbps

OC-9 - 466.560Mbps

OC-12 STM-4 622.080Mbps

OC-18 - 933.120Mbps

OC-24 - 1,244.160Mbps

OC-36 - 1,866.240Mbps

OC-48 STM-16 2,488.320Mbps

OC-192 STM-64 9,953.280Mbps


41

4.2.3 WLL (Wireless Local Loop) System based on Digital Cordless System

To introduce the above system, the telephone office needs to be equipped with a base

station radio unit, controller, and antenna to cover terminal stations within a radius of

several kilometers from the telephone office. The terminal station must be equipped

with a radio unit, antenna, and commercial power supply, among others. The most

common frequency used is the 1.9GHz band. Systems available on the market include

the PHS-WLL and DECT-WLL. The low transmission capacity per channel, at 32Kbps,

however, does not make this alternative suited to Internet access.

Table 4.2.3 WLL Systems using Digital Cordless

System CT-2-WLL DECT-WLL PACS-WLL PHS-WLL

Frequency

band 864.1 – 868.1 MHz 1.88 –1.9 GHz

1.93 – 1.99 GHz

1.85 – 1.91GHz 1.895 – 1.918 GHz

Radio access FDMA TDD TDMA TDD TDMA TDD TDMA TDD

Caller Calling only (public) Send + receive calls Send + receive calls Send + receive calls

Speech coding 32kbps

ADPCM

32kbps

ADPCM

32kbps

ADPCM

32kbps

ADPCM

No. of TDMA

multiplexed

circuits

1 12 8/16/32 4

Bit rate 72 Kb/s 1.15 Mb/s 384Kb/s 384 Kb/s

Frame

duration 2 ms 10 ms 2.5 ms 5 ms

Peak power

(average) 10 mW (5 mW) 250 mW (10 mW) 200mW (25mW) 80 mW (10 mW)

Network

Interface n x E1 E1 T1/E1

G964/G965

GR303/PSTN

Service Area

Radius 0.1 – 2.0 km 5 km - 5 km

Main area of

application Public areas Business Business

Public areas /

Business / Home


42

4.2.4 WLL (Wireless Local Loop) System based on Mobile Phone System

As with the digital cordless system, the telephone office needs to be equipped with a

base station radio unit, controller, and antenna to cover terminal stations in an area

within a radius of several dozen-50 kilometers from the telephone office. The terminal

station must be equipped with a radio unit, antenna, and commercial power supply,

among others. The most common frequency used is the 800/900MHz band. Systems

available on the market include the GSM-WLL and CDMA-WLL. The CDMA-WLL, in

particular, has a high transmission capacity, at 2Mbps maximum, enabling broadband

services.

Table 4.2.4 WLL Systems using mobile phone

D-AMPS

-WLL

CdmaOne

-WLL GSM-WLL PDC-WLL

Frequency

Band (MHz)

869 – 894

824 – 849

869 – 894

824 – 849

1,850 – 1,990

935 – 960

890 – 915

1,805 – 1,880

1,710 – 1,785

800

1500

Access TDMA CDMA TDMA TDMA

Service Area

Radius (km) Several tens 0.1 – 30 0.1 – 30 0.1 – 30

Voice Coding

Scheme

IS-54

IS-136

QCELP

13.2kbps

HR 5.6kbps

FR,EFR 13kbps

VSELP 6.7kbps

Ｐｓｉ-CELP

3.45kbs

Numbers of

Carriers 832 10 124 1600

Network

Interface T1/E1 T1/E1 E1 V5.1,V5.2 PSTN

4.2.5 Point to Multipoint System

The above system, referred to as the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), is able to

serve terminal stations within a radius of about 30 kilometers, and extend its service


43

area to cover up to 500 kilometer range by setting up repeater stations.

The transmission speed available in some of these systems is 64Kbps (30ch/60ch). The

frequency bands of 1.5GHz, 2.4GHz, 3.5GHz and 10GHz are allotted by the ITU

(International Telecommunications Union). As the latest move in technology, many

overseas manufacturers are focusing on the development of and introducing a new, IEE

802.16 product called Wi-MAX. Its main specifications include the frequency band of

3GH-10GHz and maximum transmission speed of 70Mbps. The system supports “no

line of sight” communication.


44

4.2.6 Point to Point System

The above system, termed multiple radio units, enables communication at a distance

of 30-35 kilometers using microwave band equipment. By setting up multistage

repeater stations, it is possible to construct backbone lines extending several thousands

of kilometers. The transmission capacity varies according to units from 2Mps to

600Mbps. In recent years, the Point to Point System is often used for access lines after

optical fiber has become the mainstream in backbone lines.

The interface comes in 2Mbps, 8Mbps, 34Mbps, 54Mbps, 154Mbps and 600Mbps.

Multiple radio units that employ the latest technology have an IP interface of

10/100Base-T, enabling direct connection with the IP network. The frequency bands are

standardized by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) as shown in the

table below.

Table 4.2.5. Assignment of Frequency

Band(GHz) Lower

Frequency

(MHz)

Upper

Frequency

(MHz)

Point to Point

System

Pinot to Multi-

Point System

3.5 3,400 3,600 ○ ○

L6 5,925 6,425 ○

U6 6,425 7,100 ○

7 7,125 7,900 ○

8 8,200 8,500 ○

10 10,150 10,680 ○ ○

11 10,700 11,700 ○

13 12,750 13,250 ○

15 14,500 15,350 ○

18 17,700 19,700 ○

23 21,200 23,600 ○

26 24,500 26,500 ○ ○

38 37,000 39,500 ○ ○


45

4.2.7 VSAT System

Comprising a satellite earth station, terminal station and satellite transponder, the

VSAT system can cover a wide area of up to about 1,000 kilometers. The transmission

speed can be assigned flexibly between several Kbps and several Mbps.

The ability to serve a broad area makes the system suited to isolated villages in

mountainous areas, remote islands, and other distant locations. As an example of the

VSAT system, the specifications of the IPSTAR Satellite Terminal that employs the

latest technology are shown in the section below. This system covers Asia and the

Oceania region.

Table 4.2.6. VSAT System

IDU Specification

Parameter Value

Supported protocol IP/UDP/TCP

Interface 10/100Mbpss Ethernet (RJ45)

Receive Data Rate Gateway managed up to 4Mbps/per terminal

Transmit Data Rate Gateway managed up to 4Mbps/per terminal

ODU Specification

Ａｎｔｅｎｎａ 0.75m 1.0m 1.2m selected

Output power 30dBm(1W) 33dBm(2W)

RF Output frequency 14.0-14.5GHz

RF Input frequency 12.25-12.75GHz

4.2.8 Wireless LAN

The wired Ethernet is commonly used to connect more than one personal computer,

whereas the wireless version to achieve the same objective is based on the wireless LAN.

Its interface has a wired Ethernet connector, and can be connected directly with a

computer or hub via LAN cable. The wireless LAN unit, normally placed inside an

office or home, enables communication between the access point and terminal. The

transmission speed comes in 11Mbps and 54Mbps, using the frequency bands of 2.4GHz

and 5GHz. The communication distance of units for interior use is dozens of meters.

Hotspot Internet connection that uses wireless LAN is popular at railway stations,

airports, coffee shops and other locations.


46

The use of high-gain antenna enables connections out of doors. By securing visibility,

the point to point system can reach up to about 10 kilometers, while point-multi-point

system can cover an area up to several kilometers, and the service area can be extended

further by adding repeater stations.

The wireless LAN system is standardized by the IEEE802 (Institute of Electrical and

Electronic Engineers 802 Community). The summary standardization specifications

are shown in the table below.

Table4.2.7 Typical specification for Wireless LAN

Standard

IEEE

802.11 802.11a 802.11b 802.11b

Frequency 2.4-2.4835GHz 5.15-5.35GHz

5.725-5.825GHz

2.4-2.4835GHz 2.4-2.4835GHz

Modulation DSSS FHSS OFDM DSSS DSSS OFDM

Data rate DSSS

2Mbps: DQPSK

1Mbps: DBPSK

FHSS

2Mbps: 4GFSK

1Mbps: 2GFSK

OFDM

6Mbps:BPSK

9Mbps:BPSK

12Mbps:QPSK

18Mbps:QPSK

24Mbps:16QAM

36Mbps:16QAM

48Mbps:64QAM

54Mbps:64QAM

DSSS

1Mbps:BPSK

2Mbps:QPSK

5.5Mbps:QPSK

/CCK

11Mbps:QPSK

/CCK

DSSS

1Mbps:BPSK

2Mbps:QPSK

5.5,11,22,33Mbps

QPSK/CCK

6,9,12,18,24,36,48,

54Mbps OFDM

6,9,12,18,24,36,48,

54Mbps OFDM/CCK

4.2.9 Wired LAN

Wired LAN is generally used to connect personal computers indoors, most commonly

by 10Base-T/100Base-T cables. The maximum connecting distance is 100 meters.

The LAN connection can be split or merged by using a switching hub. The Gigabit

Ethernet can produce transmission speed of more than 100Mbps.

While a number of systems may be feasible in rural areas, the applicability of a

system must be examined fully. Any plan to develop an ICT network should take into

consideration the region’s geographic conditions, existing telecommunications network,

demand forecast, and other factors.


47

Table4.2.8. specification for Wireless LAN

INTERFACE Speed Distance Media

10BASE-T 10Mbps 100m Cable

100BASE-TX 100Mbps 100m CAT5 cable

100BASE-FX 100Mbps 2km MMF multi-mode Fiber

1000BASE-T 1000Mｂｐｓ 100m CAT5 cable

1000BASE－LX 1000Mｂｐｓ 5km SMF single-mode Fiber

1000BASE－SX 1000Mｂｐｓ 5km MMF Multi-mode Fiber

The rapid proliferation of the Internet has dramatically transformed ICT

(Information Communication Technology).

Telecommunications carriers are shifting to IP protocol-based network from the

telephone line exchange/connection on which the past growth in communication was

based. In a move away from the fixed telecommunications network, the mobile phone

subscribership has exceeded that of fixed phones. With the rapid expansion in the

number of Internet users, broadband Internet has become the norm around the world.

4.2.10 ICT Projects in Papua New Guinea

Two projects to establish telecenters using wireless LAN system are currently under

way in Papua New Guinea. One is the “TeleHausline ICT Pilot Project” planned by

Papua New Guinea Radio Communication and Telecommunication Technical Authority

(PANGTEL), and the other is “Findings Recommendations from VOIP Consultancy

services for DoE” planned by the Department of Education. PANGTEL’s project is

designed for the local government to build a system that links the community, police

station, school, hospital, health center, and other locations by wireless LAN. The

existing telephone network of TELIKOM PNG will be used as the backbone.

PANGTEL has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the pilot

provinces of Simbu and Central, and is now working on the project. The project by the

Department of Education, on the other hand, is designed to build an independent

network linking schools. Using a satellite circuit for the backbone, the system

connects rural areas with Port Moresby, and from the rural area nodes, wireless LAN is

used to connect schools. The project is in the basic planning stage.


48

4.3 Verification of Local ICT Technology

A field test was conducted with the cooperation of PANGTEL and TELIKOM PNG,

using a wireless LAN unit, VoIP unit and network camera brought in from Japan. In

the WLL-based field test, the workshop room at TELIKOM PNG was connected with

the conference room at ORD (Office Rural Development) in Port Moresby, Papua New

Guinea with 2.4GHz wireless LAN to survey the local situation. To evaluate the test,

workshop participants were asked to view and operate the units after hearing a

presentation on the wireless LAN-based WLL system, and fill in a questionnaire later,

which was used to formulate an opinion assessment.

Table 4.3.1 Field Test

Duration Oct.27.2005 ― Nov.3.2005

Place Port Moresby, PNG

Between TELIKOM Rumana and ORD(Office Rural Development)

Around 400m

2.4GHz Wireless LAN 1 set

2.4GHz Wireless LAN 2 sets

OMNI Antenna 1 set

VoIP Gateway 2 sets

Network Camera 1 set

PC 1 set

Switching HUB 2 sets

ＬＡＮ Cable 1set

Equipments

Power Cable 1set

WLL System 2.4GHz Wireless LAN System

Application VoIP, Network Camera


49

Picture 4.3.1 Seine of Field Picture 4.3.2 Wireless LAN

Figure 4.3.1 System Diagram for Field Test

Distance about 400m

Line of sight

SYSTEM DIAGRAM for FILED TEST

VoIP

GATEWAY

Network Camera

Telephone set

2.4GHz

Wireless LAN

JRL-710SU

VoIP

GATEWAY

Telephone set

2.4GHz

Wireless LAN

JRL-710Ｓｅｒｉｅｓ

Meeting room at

ＯＲＤＷｏｒｋshop ｒｏｏｍ

At TELIKOM

Distance about 50m

Line of sight

2.4GHz

Wireless LAN

JRL-710Ｓｅｒｉｅｓ

Omni

Antenna


50

Results of Assessment

The workshop conducted on November 3 at TELIKOM RUMANA confirmed the

stable operation of the field test system. After handling the VoIP telephone, camera

and other devices, participants gave high marks for the wireless LAN system. Some 18

participants out of 50 responded to the questionnaire. The participants rated each of

the 2.4GHz Wireless LAN, VoIP telephone and Network Camera (IP) in five grades

(Very good, Good, Fair, Poor, and Very Poor) as shown below.

2.4GHz Wireless LAN ｓｙｓｔｅｍ

５０％

VERY GOOD

３３％

GOOD

１７％

FIAR

VoIP Telephone system

６１％

VERY GOOD

３9％

GOOD

Network Camera (IP)

22％

VERY GOOD

56％

GOOD

１７％

FIAR

5%

POOR

Also, many participants wrote in the questionnaire that they thought the system was

a good one that would be very effective in rural areas. There were high expectations

for the wireless LAN system among the participants. Furthermore, wireless LAN

units are suited to rural areas due to its small size, light weight, and low power

consumption.


51

5. BEST PRACTICE

5.1 Case in Japan (TEPCO)

5.1.1 Background

In the recent years, as a result of the IT policy such as e-JAPAN Strategy, the

domestic Internet infrastructure has been developed along with the rapid penetration of

high-speed Internet access lines such as ADSL and FTTH in Japan. At the same time,

the problem of Digital Divide is growing particularly for the areas such service is not

available including the existing apartment houses. In order to solve the problem, FWA

(Fixed Wireless Access) service using 2.4GHz band is offered by some telecom

businesses.

In such a background, TEPCO also started the FWA service using 2.4GHz in 2001,

and as a next step, developed a wireless access system, based on the architecture of

general-use 5GHz high-speed wireless LAN, having suitable functions (fairness, load

sharing, network functions, etc) for use by corporations and telecom businesses. New

service also started in 2004.

5.1.2 2.4GHz FWA service

The Internet access service of transfer rate 1.5bps was started in some region of

Kanto area for which 2.4GHz radio was adopted as a connection form, on May,2001.

Picture 5.1.3 Antenna

Picture 5.1.2 Access Point

Picture 5.1.1 Installment


52

The number of subscribers exceeded 30,000, and this proved that the FWA system

was effective solution to the area where the broad band access by cable is difficult to be

served.

5.1.3 5GHz FWA service

5.1.3.1 Background

High-speed wireless access system using 5GHz band is standardized by IEEE as

802.11a, being used all over the world as indoor LAN or hot spots. In Japan, this

bandwidth (5GHz band) has been limited to fixed micro telecommunication or satellite

communication, not permitted for outdoor use.

The deregulation in 2002 released the bandwidth of 4.9~5.0GHz and 5.030~5.091GHz

to telecommunication businesses. This makes the access system a promising one.

As a 5GHz band wireless access system, wireless LAN products conforming to the

above IEEE802.11a standard are in the market, yet the functions and performance are

insufficient for the use in corporation offices and business purposes. Therefore, TEPCO

developed a wireless access system, based on the architecture of general-use 5GHz

high-speed wireless LAN, having suitable functions (fairness, load sharing, network

functions, etc) for use by corporations and telecom businesses. The new service was

started on December, 2003. IP telephone service also started on June, 2004. A system

configuration and developed equipments are shown in Figure5.1.1.

5.1.3.2 Outline of the system

The developed system consists of a base station, terminal, and network management

system (NMS).

(1) Base Station and Terminal

A base station is installed at the top of outdoor poles or on the roof of buildings,

functioning as a parent station of a number of terminals. The station mainly consists of

a wireless transceiver, L2SW, media converter (M/C) and power source as one

component, and is connected to the upper network via M/C.

Terminals are installed at veranda or on the roof of apartment houses, conducting

5GHz band wireless access between the base stations. The station mainly consists of a

radio device, indoor device, and power adaptor, of which only the radio device is

installed outdoors equipped with a directional antenna.


53

Base stationIndoorunit

AC Poweradapter

Joint box

AC100V

Power over ethernet

5GHz

User

HUB

VoIP-GW

Optical fiber

Antenna

5GHzDetached house

Apartment house

Terminal unit

Internet

Optical fiber

Antenna

Power over ethernet

PC

Joint box

Indoorunit

PC AC Poweradapter

User

Figure 5.1.1 System Configuration

Picture 5.1.4 Antenna Picture 5.1.5 Access Point


54

(2) NMS

NMS is equipped with the functions below for remotely monitoring base and

terminals and supporting operation and maintenance works:

・Monitor ：function for monitoring devices for early discovery of fault

・Control ：function for controlling for problem investigation

・Setting ：function for remotely conducting the setting of devices

・Statistics：function for collecting and displaying statistics for operation

conditions

・Reference：function for collecting the current device information in the case of

setting confirmation, F/W upgrading, and problem investigation, etc

・ F/W upgrade: Function for upgrading F/W of the device

(3)System features

Realization of stable high-speed wireless transmission

For both uplink and downlink, an effective throughput of max 30Mbps (transmission

mode 54Mbps) has been realized, and the base station can cover a wide area of 300 m in

radius in view. (Transmission mode 36Mbps) Stable, high-speed telecommunication is

ensured by using 5GHz band with little interference.

Equipped with fairness function

As a multiple access method, IEEE802.11a adopts CSMA/CA. By means of carrier

sense and back-off algorithm, efficient wireless resource allocation between the base

and terminals is done, though in some cases, the throughput bias between terminals

has been a problem. For example, if one terminal often exchanges large data files, such

a station dominates the wireless transmission capacity, affecting the traffic of other

stations. Or, in case there are many terminals connected, the allocation of wireless band

pass between uplink and downlink becomes unbalanced. To solve this problem, a system

has been developed which controls the data transmission opportunities by dynamically

changing the CSMA/CA parameter for each terminal depending on the number of

stations and their transmission mode. This system has not only realized the fairness of

data transmission of each terminal, but ensured the communication with terminals

adopting the conventional access method. It also accomplished the preferential control

function of the voice data (VoIP) in the wireless sections


55

Equipped with load sharing

Conventionally, in case a number of base stations exist, a terminal has selected one

base station depending on the wave strength only. For this reason, in the event a

number of terminals are set up in one area, their connection is concentrated on one base

station, imposing more load on it, decreasing the transmission speed for each terminal

as well. In a system recently developed, a base station notifies a terminal ready to

connect the number of terminals already connected, so that the terminal can select the

optimum base station for connection, thus lightening the load on one base station. Also,

when a bias is observed in the number of terminals connected to one base station, the

station can forcibly switch the connection to another station.

Others

The following is the introduction of other distinctive system functions:

・Security function

A comprehensive security measure has been taken by combining packet filtering at

base and terminal bases, encryption by AES method in wireless sections, user

verification, VLAN and so on.

・Channel selection function

This function selects, at the startup of the base station, the channel of best

communication conditions by scanning available frequencies and then prioritizing the

used channels. 5.1.4 Application to Rural Area

Because the 2.4GHz and 5GHz systems can be built simply, more diffusion is expected

in the future. Moreover, the both systems are promising technology as digital divide

solution in rural area of developing countries due to this simplicity. The know-how in

this technological and operational aspects can be expected to greatly contribute to the

promotion of establishment on Telecenter in PNG.


56

5.2 Case of Cambodia

5.2.１. Pilot project for MCT (Multi-purpose Community Tele-center)

5.2.1.1 Background

In developing countries Digital Divide is remarkable in a city and a farm village area.

It is not the situation which a gap becomes remarkable in respect of a social

infrastructure, social service, and information, and can not necessarily carry out equal

access of the national people about information acquisition.

In order to improve the saturation level of a telephone in developing countries

In the Phnom Penh in Cambodia, the information booth which contained Telephone,

Fax and the Internet terminal was installed.

It investigated about the following item by employment for two months.

• Installation and performance test for Wireless LAN

• Maintenance operation.

• User Trend

• Impact for Community

Basic Information in Kingdom Cambodia (1998 Census)

Number of Province: 24 Number of district: 183

Number of communes: 1,609 Number of Village: 13,409

Total Population: 11,437,656 Areas: 181,035km2

Density of Population/km2: 64

% of Urban population: 15.7%

Annual population growth rate: 2.49%

Total number of households: 2,188,633

5.2.1.2 Service situation of telecommunication in Cambodia

The rate of city household concentration in Cambodia is 15%.The subscriber of a

fixed-line telephone and a cellular phone is 357,000. The telephone saturation level per

100 persons belongs to low grade also in 2.56 and the late-coming developing country.

The fixed-line telephone is about 35000 sets, and the cellular phone is Phnom Penh 10


57

times the fixed-line telephone. The cellular-phone service by the civilian enterprise

company caught needs to communication of Cambodia, and is extended steadily.

5.2.1.3 Schedule

Work is divided into selection of MCT (Multi-purpose Community Tele-center)

installation place, supply of the materials containing a local content, construction, and

use trend investigation research.

1. Sep. 2002: Survey in Cambodia (1 week)

2. Jan. 2003: Construction for MCT (2weeks)

3. 31st Jan 2003: Opening ceremony

4. 1st Feb 2003: Service in

5. Feb. and May 2003: Use trend and investigation research

Table 5.2.1 Schedule for MCT

Nov. Dec. Jan.

Shipping

Consigned Operation

Constructio

Feb. Mar. 2003

ñService in

2002 Oct. Sep.

Survey

Product Equipment

Design


58

5.2.1.4 System Configuration

This system has adopted wireless LAN as a radio transmission way.

We was installed wireless LAN , Router and VoIP gateway at Angkor Telecom Center in

Phnom Penh. And installed Wireless LAN, VoIP gateway in Barku Center.

Since Barku center did not have supply of commercial electric power, wind power

equipment and the solar cell system were installed.

The total amount of investment: US$65,800

Items

Power supply equipment: US$26,892

Transportation, Installation and Test: US$11,408

Wireless LAN SYSTEM US$11,792

Transportation, Installation and Test: US$15,708

Cost of Operation and Maintenance US$345/month

(Personnel expenses, a rental for house, an article of consumption)


59

Figure 5.2.1 System Configuration

5.2.1.5 Barku Village Province Kandal

Address of MCT: Savy Ming Village Barku Commue Kandal Province

Distance form Angkor tele-center in Phnom Phen : 18.2km

Barku area consists of seven villages(Barku, khonot, Veal kandal, Phon Doh, Tbong

Kadai, Svay Ming, Ou Andoung).

There is the total 4544 population of a barku area and the number of households is

967 households. Population rate of increase 2-3% is presumed. The public telephone

which used the cellular phone near the market of a village is managed by the private.

(1) The saturation level of a commercial power supply

The saturation level of a commercial power supply is 10% of a resident. 90% of

Wind Power Generator

PSTN

ISP

Solar & Wind Hybrid

Power Supply System


18.2km

VoIP Gateway PC(Note Book)

400W

(1.08Kwh)

L.E.

Modem

2.4 GHz Wireless LAN: 1 set

Router with Dial-Up Modem: 1 set

VoIP Gateway ４FXO: 1 set

Router

2.4 GHz Wireless LAN : 1 set

VoIP Gateway ４FXS : 1 set

Telephone set : 1 set

Fax machine : 1 set

Notebook PC : 1 set

Solar & Wind Hybrid Power Supply System:

1 set

Wireless LAN 2w

2w

(

VoIP

Gateway

)Angkor Center

Barku Center


60

resident is using the battery or the candle.

(2) Number of school

There are an elementary school and one junior high school, respectively.

(3) The saturation level of consumer goods

Motor bike : 100%

Car: 3%

Radio: 100%

TV: 80%

Picture 5.2.1 Scene (1)

5.2.1.6 Installation at MCT Barku Center

Construction work was completed in two weeks based on cooperation of MPTC (The

Ministry of Posts And Telecommunications)

Wireless LAN system

2.4GHz Wireless LAN ODU and IDU

Antenna System


61

Antenna Pole 20mH

Power supply system

Solar panel : 135W x 6sets

Wind generator : 400W 1set

Battery : 12V 100AH x 4sets

Controller : 1 set

Inverter DC24V/AC220V : 1 set

MCT (Multi purpose Tele-center)

We was installed IDU(Indoor door unit)

for Wireless LAN , VoIP gateway, Fax,

Telephone set

and Personal computer at 1st floor.

The solar cell was installed in the roof.

The fan for wind power was

fixed to the pole of 14m of ground level.

The size of an information booth is

28m2 (7m x 4m).

This size is respond to future extension enough.

The size of roof top is 220m2(11m x 22m)


5.2.1.7 use actual condition of an information booth

• The number of average users on one day was about 30 persons.

• As for 30-50% of the number of users, the family has a cellular phone.

• 90% of the number of users lives within 3km from the information booth.

• 90% of the number of users, The price of household economy income is less than

50 dollars.


62

• The number of times of use of a telephone is 1-2 times at one week.

• Most users do not have the knowledge about facsimile and internet.

• 99% of user was a telephone and use of facsimile was zero.

5.2.1.8 Conclusion

When installing an information booth in a rural area, it is necessary to take the

following items into consideration.

• In a rural area, use of a telephone service occupies most.

• 3000 or more residents are required for the scale of a village.

• Since the user does not have the knowledge over the Internet, he needs

training.



63

5.3 Case of Municipality (Japan)

5.3.1 Introduction

5.3.1.1 Background

Under the circumstance of unprecedented growth of Internet, the Regional Information

Networks in Japan are being swiftly modernized. Most of Japanese Local Governments,

stimulated by ‘e-Japan Policy’ are demanding not only the LAN connection at the Municipal

Office, but also the deployment of overall regional information network among the public

establishments including Elementary and Junior High Schools, Community Centers,

Libraries and so on.

A city, Kasai-shi in Hyogo Prefecture, for example, has recently established an advanced

Information Network partly large based on Wireless LAN technology of JRC.

This document introduces the Kasai-shi Information Network as a typical application of

outdoor high-speed Wireless LAN system.

5.3.1.2 City of Kasai

Kasai-shi, or City of Kasai, is located in Hyogo Prefecture situated in the western part of

Honshu Island. The size of city is 12.4km in the east and west, 19.8km in the north and

south, and its area is 150.44 km².

In 2001, new Information Network to connect the public establishments in the city as

shown in Figure 1-1 with wireless and wired circuits has been achieved under the conduct of

Administration Information Center organized in the Information Promotion Office of

Kasai-shi Municipal Office.

Picture 5.3.1 Kasai-shi Municipal Office Figure 5.3.1 Regional Information Network

MunicipalOffice

Hospital

Elementary SchoolsJunior High Schools

(16)Kindergarten

(11)

Firehouses (3)

CommunityCenters (3)

Citizen Hall

Sport WelfareEstablishments (24)

ResidencesEnterprises

Library


64

The Regional Information Network is classified into two; one is ‘Administration

Information Network’ and the other is ‘School Network of LAN and Internet Connection’.

5.3.1.3 Administration Information Network

60 places of the public establishments such as Municipal Office, Community Center,

Library, Hospital and so forth including 16 Elementary and Junior High Schools are

connected as ‘Administration Information Network’, which is the basis for the administrative

office works and the information sharing as well as for the non-stop 24-hour administrative

services to the citizen. In the future, various administrative processes will be integrated

into the network, in which the citizen can make various applications to the Municipal Office

through Internet e-mail by PC at home or terminals placed at the public establishments, and

can be provided the services

Providing and exchanging of information including image pictures is also being planned.

By this provision, services such as ‘Delivery of various certificates and download of

application forms’, ‘Consultation about elderly person care, child care, health care and so on’,

‘Guidance and reservation of the public facilities, sport establishments, adult learning

classrooms and so on’ will be commenced one after another shortly.

5.3.1.4 School Network of LAN and Internet Connection

16 Primary and Junior High Schools in the city have set up the school LAN which is

connecting with various rooms such as PC room (Figure 2-1), classrooms, library and

teacher’s room. Internet connection and e-mail exchanges as well as sharing of files and

printers are applied. The PCs between pupil and teacher are connected through ‘L3 Switch’,

which allows only the necessary communications and keeps the network security.

The PCs in each school are connected to the Education Training Center of Hyogo

Prefecture and Internet through the City Education

Committee Office. The Wireless LAN of 11Mbps is

implemented in the links between each of schools and the

City Education Committee Office. Leased line of telecom

carrier is also applied to the links between the City

Education Committee Office and the Education Training

Center. By those connections, the performance of network

became comfortable for the users.

Picture 5.3.2 PC Room in a school


65

5.3.2 Wireless LAN applied in Kasai-shi Information Network

5.3.2.1 Outline

JRC Wireless LAN Products (JRL-600 Series) are the elements to convert the wired circuit

of LAN Standard (i.e. Ethernet) to the 11Mbps wireless circuit. In Ethernet, packet data are

transported, and the elements of Wireless LAN treat the packet data as they are, so that it is

possible to connect any kind of terminals, or PC, being installed any kind of OS.

The advantages of Wireless LAN, in comparison with ordinary wired LAN, are as follows;

(1) No need of the installation cost for LAN cable.

(2) Running cost only for Electric Power Consumption is low.

(3) Wireless LAN can be set up in the places where it is impossible to install the LAN

cable such as in historical buildings or tenant buildings.

(4) LAN Bridge between buildings across public roads can be easily implemented.

The main products of JRC Wireless LAN system, applied in Kasai-shi Information Network,

are shown in Figures.

Picture 5.3.6 PC Card-type Wireless LAN: JRL-600PC

Picture 5.3.3 Adaptor-type Wireless LAN: JRL-600AP

Picture 5.3.5 Adaptor-type Wireless LAN: JRL-600ST

Picture 5.3.4 Antenna Integrated Wireless LAN: JRL-600SU


66

For the outdoor application of Wireless LAN, the installation of antenna is a key issue to

establish the reliable connection. Figures 3-6 to 3-9 show the view of antennas and their

installation.

Picture 5.3.10 27-element Yagi Antenna [NZA-660]: 19dBi

Picture 5.3.11 Grid Parabolic Antenna [NZA-666]: 21 dBi

Picture 5.3.9 8-element Yagi Antenna [NZA-663]: 12 dBi

Picture 5.3.7 Patch Antenna [NZA-640]: 9 dBi

Antenna Type applied to Link Distance

Up to 1 km: NZA-653

Up to 2 km: NXA-640

Up to 2 km: NZA-663

Up to 5 km: NZA-660

Up to 10 km: NZA-666

Picture 5.3.8 Co-linear Antenna: NZA-653 5 dBi

Table 5.3.1 Link Distance and Antennas applied


67

5.3.3.2 Remarks on the Installation of 2.4GHz Wireless LAN

Wireless LAN is treated as unlicensed operation and no need of qualified radio operator,

because of its low transmitting power. Anybody can use the Wireless LAN of the 2.4GHz

band called ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) radio band. Thus, it is more likely for

Wireless LAN system to encounter the interference from other equipment using same

frequency band than the licensed systems that are allocated the dedicated frequency bands.

It is highly recommended to establish a robust link against interference by means of a

high-performance antenna to condense the beam and to increase the receiving level as high as

possible. Furthermore, it is essential to arrange the back-up way for the failure of link,

especially when the network failure would cause intensive life injury or property damage.

(1) Potential Interference Sources

Interference sources in 2.4GHz band to Wireless LAN are considered as the following

equipment. When that equipment exist nearby, it is necessary to separate the antenna well

from the interference sources if the interference is recognized.

(1) ISM equipment (Microwave oven, Medical machine: 2,450+-50MHz)

(2) Radiolocation system (2,427 – 2,471 MHz)

(3) Amateur Radio (2,400 – 2,450 MHz)

(4) Bluetooth (2,400 – 2,483.5 MHz)

The situation of Interference for the desired Wireless LAN (here referred to DSSS [Direct

Sequence Spread Spectrum] system) from other Wireless LAN (other DSSS and FHSS

[Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum]) is depicted in Figure below.

Around10dB

Around40dB

Frequency

Rec

eivi

ng

Lev

el

Desired Wave(DSSS WLAN)

Out BandInterference(narrowband)

[e.g. FHSS WLAN]

RequiredPowerRatio

In BandInterference(narrowband)

[e.g. FHSS WLAN]

In BandInterference(widewband)

[e.g. DSSS WLAN]

Out BandInterference

(wideband)[e.g. DSSS WLAN]

Figure 5.3.2 Interference Signals in Wireless LAN


68

5.3.3.3 Wireless LAN Links in Kasai-shi Information Network

The city public establishments to be connected with the Municipal Office by Wireless LAN are

located as shown in Figure. For the long range more than 2km, Yagi Antenna with Gain of

12dBi is applied and for the shorter range, Patch or Co-linear Antennas are used.

Network configuration of Kasai-shi Information Network with Wireless LAN Links is

shown in the next page. In the network, the Wireless LAN elements, in conjunction with

network equipment such as Level-3 Switch, Hub, Router and others, connect all of schools

and some public establishments in the city.

MunicipalOffice

Elementary School

Junior High School

Junior High School

Elementary School

2.3km

5.1km

2.5km

1.6km

4.4km

1.5km

Kasai-shiHospital

Elementary School

Citzen Hall

Obserbation Platform(Repeater Station)

Elementary School

Firehouse

2.5km1.2km

300m

3.0km

900m

250m

Elementary School

Junior High SchoolElementary School

Junior High School

Elementary SchoolJunior High School0 2000ｍ15001000500

Figure 5.3.3 Locations of Municipal Office and Public Establishments


69

W

HUB

W

W

W

L3SW

W

W

HUB

W

W

W

W

HUBW

L3SWW W

School-1

Citizen Hall

W

W

W

W

W

W

1.5 km

2.3 km

L3SW

W W

W

2.8 km

1.5 km

2.5 km

4.3 km 0.9 km

2.5 km

1.2 km

1.6 km

0.5 km

0.5 km

0.3 km

0.5 km

0.3 km

4.3 km

4.3 km

2.8 km

0.3 km

R

R

DA128R

R DA128

INSNet

1500(NTT)

LANin

MunicipalOffice

UpperLayerCircuit

HUB

R

Wireless LAN

Wireless LinkDistance (km)

Router

Layer 3 Switch

Switching Hub

Municipal Office Repeater Station

Sw

itch

in M

unic

ipal

Offi

ce

L3SW

WL3SW

School-2

School-3

Repeater Station

L3SW

W

School-5

L3SW

W

School-6

L3SWW

School-7

WL3SWW

School-8

WL3SW

W

School-9

WL3SW

W

Branch Office

L3SW

School-15

L3SW

School-16

L3SW

W

School-14

L3SWW

School-13

L3SW

W

School-10

L3SW

W

School-11

L3SW

W

School-12

W

xx km

L3SW

Legends

School-4

Figure 5.3.4 Network configuration of Kasai-shi Information Network


70

6. ICT SOLUTION

6.1 The Analysis of the Social Development Benefit

6.1.1 The approach of benefit anaylysis

The study followed the Planning Method by Citizen Participation, one of the PCM method:

stakeholder analysis in Chapter 2, problem and objective analysis as well as project

selection in Chapter 3. This chapter analysed the benefit of the selected ICT project,

specifically the following points:

- How will the telecenter project be effective to the demand and issues

which rural communityhave.

- Is there be any alternative to obtain the same or better benefit than the

ICT solution?

6.1.2 The expected social development benefit

The following summarises the main social development benefit by sector:

Agriculture: Increase of income opportunity

Healthcare: Healthier life. Cost saving for training participation.

Education: The improvement of education standard

Bank: Cost and time saving for loan application.

In order to delve into the actual benefit, the mission team conducted interview

tostakeholders in sample provinces, namely Central Province (coastal area) and Simbu

Province (mountainous area). Table 6.1.1 to 6.1.5 summarises the result.

Picture 6.1.1 Workshop


71

Table 6.1.1 Benefit by telecenter solution: Common

Issues Solution by telecneter Benefit 1. insufficient

public service in rural area

Information resource center by district government

・ Saving of cost and time for transportation ・ Improvement of living standard

2. Undevelopled transportation infrastructure

Information resource center by district government

・ Information resource center by district government ・ To enable district government response the emergency more quickly than the current, e.g.

resulting in the decrease of infant mortarity.

Table 6.1.2 Benefit by telecenter solution: Healthcare

Issues Solution by telecneter Benefit 1. Enhancement

on residents educationi of healthcare

Dissemination of information: ü Disease prevensioin ü Health promotion

・ Healthier life ・ The spread of disease could be prevented if healthcare center receive appropriate

information on the disease on time as well as by means of image or movie because it is easy for HC officer to explain to residents who might have difficulty with raeding documents.

2. Problem in training quality and quantity for healthcare officers

Dissemination of training program by means of not only text but also image and movie.

・ Cost and time saving for healthcare center officers to attend training. ・ HC officers can study when they want to.


72

Table 6.1.3 Benefit by telecenter solution: Education

Issues Solution by telecneter Benefit 1. ・ Rehabilitation of

teachers ・ Education

quality ・ Lack of teachers

Remote training via telecenter.

・ Improvement of education standards – teachers’ quality and cancelled class Ex. Teachers go all the way to DoE in provincial capital only to ask questions they want to

know. The tragedy is that the visit results in class cancel because the teachers can obtain answers during office hours only.

・ Cost and time saving for training pariticipation. ・ Provision of high quality and uniform education

2. Obsolete contents of texts

Text update ICT would updated the contents on-demand.

3. Class cansellation caused by teachers visit to cities

Providion of communication tool for teachers

To enable teachers easily communicate with national and provincial Department of Education andother authorities.

4. Need to go outside of the village in some case

Consultaion opportunity to some knowlegable person via telecenter

No need to visit outside.

5. Limited interaction with outside, caused by transportation infrastructure

Development of website which introduce own school

To be able to send message to outside.


73

Table 6.1.4 Benefit by telecenter solution: Agriculture

Issues Solution by telecneter Benefit

1. Access to market information

Establishment of market information dissemination system (the information includes price, quality standard, demand, and cultivation method.)

・ Increase in income opportunity and resulting smallholders’ self-dependenc in terms of economy. ・ If agriculture advisors keep up on the latest global market price information, they could advise

their neibouring farmers to switch product to more profitable product, which would result in income increase as a whole village.

・ The same story applies to the quality standard of products.

2. Technical instruction to smallholders

Skill up of smallholders though technical advice by agriculture advisor via telecneter.

・ Farmers could sell the surplus resulted from the skilled up cultivation method to urban and overseas market, ,which would result in the increase of income.

・ Southern part of PNG sometime suffer from draught. In such circumstance, farmers could survive with productwhich could survive long-period draughtlike a half year. The effect will be extended to the increase of national product amount, which will contribute to national food security.

・ Consumers in urban areas as well as overseas enjoy stable suppoly of various types or crops. ・ National opportunity to increase the foreign currency reservers.

3. others Workshop via telecenter ・ Material is unnecessary. ・ Cost saving for docuemnet print-out. ・ Easy to update compared with hard copy.

Table 6.1.5 Benefit by telecenter solution: Banking

Issues Solution by telecneter Benefit 1. Small number of

branche offices

・ Online loan application service

・ Education of finance

・ Saving of cost and time of transportation and delibery taken for loan application ・ Reduction in remuneration of bank.


74

6.1.3 Comparison with alternatives

This section analysed whether the ICT infrastructure is the best solution to satisfy the demand requestd by rural areas, comparing with the potential alternatives. Table 6.1.6 to 6.1.8 shows the result.

Table 6.1.6 Comparison: Common

Solution via

telecenter Benefit Alternative Result Reason

1. Information resource center by district government

・ Saving of cost and time for transportation

・ Improvement of living standard

1) Postal service 2) VSAT 3) Existing

medical 2way radio communication system

TLC 1) Due to the bad condition of road infrastructure, delibery takes long. Further, postmen do not deliber the packet to each house, but keep them at postal offices. Therefore people have to visit the office taking several days sometime.

2) Due to the high initial cost and expensive leased circuit, the possibility of realization is little.

3) Due to the configuration that there is only one channel for call, sharing the system with other sectors is difficult, except in an emergency like disaster.


75

Table 6.1.7 Comparison: healthcare

Solution via telecenter Benefit Alternative Result Reason 1. Dissemination of

information: ü Disease prevensioin ü Health promotion

・ Healthier life ・ The spread of disease

could be prevented if healthcare center receive appropriate information on the disease on time as well as by means of image or movie because it is easy for HC officer to explain to residents who might have difficulty with raeding documents.

2. Disseminate training program by means of not only text but also image and movie.

・ Cost and time saving for healthcare center officers to attend training.

・ HC officers can study when they want to.

1) Broadcast like radio

2) Newspaper 3) Mobile clinic 4) Current 2way radio

communication system

5) Telephone 6) PC network for

treasury office

TLC 1) HC officers find it difficult to listen to radio during daytime because they are busy with work then. In the past, also, National Broadcast company tried the similar thing – sending message regarding healthcare promotion. The impact is, however, low. The reason is said to come from the difficulty with language and hearing. The countermeasure could be sending visual image.

2) The subscription rate in rural is low. Even nationwide, the rate is around 1%.

3) Due to bad road condition and not good law and order, the cost could be high finally.

4) Some demand could be satisfied by voice communication, but the others could not be.

5) Same reasons as the one in 4). Further, public telephone network sometime suffer from bandit and payment default, which results in out-of-service.

6) Major obstacles there is financing for the backbone development which would be composed of VSAT system


76

Table 6.1.8 Comparison: Education

Solution via

telecenter Benefit Alternative Result Reason

1.

・ Rehabilitation of teachers

・ Education quality

・ Lack of teachers

Remote training via telecenter.

2. Obsolete contents of texts

Text update

3. Class cansellation caused by teachers visit

Provision of communication tool for teachers

4. Need to go outside of the village in some case

Consultaion opportunity to some knowlegable person via telecenter

5. Limited interaction with outside, caused by transportation infrastructure

Development of website which introduce own school

1) Remote education via TV

2) Postal service 3) Current HF

radio communication

TLC 1) Financing for power generator set-up 2) People should not expect the quick

delivery. Ex. The average delivery frequency is every

another week in gournd transportation, and once every three months for islands.

3) A secondary school use HF radiowave for communication with headquarter church in PortMoresby. However, the transmission capacity is not enough for data transmission like report submission.


77

6.1.4 Issues to be investigated further

The following shows the issues to be investigated further:

1) Sustainable Power source

2) Security measure for computers and telecommunication equipments

3) Cooperation among stakeholders

4) Custamry land tenure system

5) Reliable telecommunication backbone network

6) Severe emvironment for computers

7) Recovery of running cost

8) Method to monitor the impact

9) Law and order

10) Smallholders’ capability of crop changeover

6.2 Financial and Economical Prospect

Based on the cost data obtained from the intereview, Table 6.2.1 shows the benefit cost

prospect by introducing the telecenter approach. Further analysis could be done with

more detailed cost data.

Table 6.2.1 Benefit cost prospcet

Benefit Cost

・ Cost to be saved by telecenter project

Ø Training participation fee

Ø Transportation fee, including fuel

cost

・ Cost to be incurred for the project

Ø Initial investment

Ø Running cost


78

6.3 Sustainability Analysis

6.3.1 Suggestion of technology transfer and operation organization

6.3.1.1 Technology transfer

In order to transfer the technology adequately for raising effectiveness and durability

of the project, the transfer methods must be considered in accordance with the concept

of“Capacity Development”as follows;

･ To solve the development subject of the country independently by PNG itself with

support of Japan.

･ To develop the ability of various levels which contain not only individual and sector,

but also low, policy and social system.

(1) Independence

A cooperative process by participation of concerned members on PNG side is much

important for raising the ownership. This is because it is expected to promote the

incentive and motive that would make the project succeeded to the business. Therefore,

on the all development processes which include studying, planning, designing and

building step, the cooperation with all persons concerned this project could be necessary

to realize a precise technology transfer. In other words, first of all, PNG and Japan must

confirm the task of working sharing in each process. Especially, it is necessary for PNG

side to carry out the principal technical study by itself through the OJT with assist of

Japan. As for this project, we would like to strongly suggest that the field examination

and the telecommunication planning, which contains traffic capacity estimating,

required quality clarification, circuit design and access point arrangement, could be

conducted by PNG side itself.

(2) Various levels

As for the sectors in charge of conducting the technical study in PNG, PANGTEL

which is a technical regulator for radio communications and telecommunications, and

TELIKOM PNG which is main operator are appropriate. Considering the deregulation

of telecommunication in the future, the sectors which plan to enter the

telecommunication market, also could be put in candidate. Although it doesn’t have a

direct relation, the participation of UNITECH would be more desirable for the future

human resource cultivation.


79

Moreover, it is important to consider the impact to low, policy and social system.

Therefore, the setting workshop on would be effective in order to exchange several

opinions from the officials of central or local government, who are in charge of

agriculture, health care, and education even if no direct relation to ICT technology.

Related local residents should take part in the workshop, too. The in dispensable sector

with no direct relation to the project, for example the owner of land for the relay station

installment, would be suggested participation.

The usage of equipments using 2.4GHz radio is already allowed without a license in

some developed countries. However, a problem such as an electric wave interference

often occurs. Therefore, Although a license is thought to be necessary due to importance

of publicity for this project, the simple procedure and cheap license fees is desirable for

telecom sector. On the other hand, the strict regulation of law or pre-negotiation for

using 2.4GHz radio by the third party around the telecenter is needed to avoid the

interference.

In this field study, the workshop in which related persons and interviewee ware

invited was conducted in PNG in order to summarize the results of the research. The

workshop was named “Workshop on WLL-type Telecenter Development in PNG”and

the open discussion entitled “Empower rural society with information access”was

carried out in the workshop. It was the most suitable as a place of various opinion

exchanges.

Finally, to avoid only one point technology transfer, the next project such as a study of

high-speed and long-distance transmission technology is necessary to plan in advance in

order to secure the accumulation of the technology in PNG. Especially, the government

should start the pre-study on anti-cyber crime caused by the diffusion of the Internet in

cooperation with private sector.

6.3.1.2 opertion organization

TELIKOM PNG should provide this telecommunication service as a main telecom

sector, and the district administration also should operate the telecenter respectively.

However, needless to say, the full support of provincial government and local community

which will get the benefit from the service is indispensable.

(1) Human support

In aspect of human support, ICT specialist should be posted to each telecenter. The

users of the telecenter will be villagers who aren’t so familiar to computer and Internet.


80

The purpose of usage will be wide and variety in several fields that are education,

health care and agriculture etc. Therefore, it is important to arrange the talented

person who can support the operation of telecenter. This ICT specialist must also

shoulder the duty of maintenance of telecenter. On this field study in PNG, the actual

case that the telephone system couldn’t work due to no maintenance was founded in

some rural area. Moreover, because there is some information such as a theft of the

equipments, it is necessary for ICT specialist to give security against such an

occurrence.

(2) Financial support

The personal expenses concerned with the employment of ICT specialist and the cost

of operation such as communication expense, electric charge and rental fee for

equipments and space should be burdened on each district administration, operator of

telecenter. Considering the possibility of reducing the budget by using telecenter, The

provincial government has to raise the fond for the support to share the these expense

positively.

Furthermore, because of strong demand for financial self-sufficiency, the local

community should also shoulder a part of operation cost by paying the fee for the usage

of telecenter as possible. Therefore, the telecenter could be absolutely requested to

provide the indispensable application for local community.


81

6.3.2 Recommendations for Interface and Other System Requirements

We recommend the 2.4GHz wireless LAN system based on the latest ICT technology

for the construction of a telecenter system to establish village telecommunications bases

in rural areas for the reasons described in the section below.

As the interface for connection with external network, we recommend analog

subscriber line connection with TELIKOM switchboard for the telephone, and for

Internet connection, dialup modem connection with TELIKOM switchboard via Internet

Service Provider.

At the same time, due to the low reliability posed by the very poor power supply

situation in rural areas, we recommend a solar battery system or a hybrid

power-generation system that combines solar battery with wind power generation for

the stable operation of the telecenter system.

The guidance function by the pictures and the icon that anyone knows is necessary to

operate the system easily because of the long-term practical use maintenance and

service provision.

Reasons for the Recommendations

(1) Internet connection, which was in high demand among the functions of the

telecenter, can be set up with ease using wireless LAN that enables direct

transmission of IP protocol and requires little additional equipment. The

system facilitates the introduction of broadband services.

(2) Given the very poor power supply situation, units with small power consumption

such as wireless LAN would be effective in rural areas. Wireless LAN can be

operated with a solar battery system or a hybrid system of solar battery and

wind power generation.

(3) The advanced standardization of wireless LAN makes it easy to obtain similar

product worldwide. The price of wireless LAN units is lower than that of

conventional wireless units used in telecommunications network.

(4) Due to its wireless property, wireless LAN is easy to maintain and can be

constructed in a shorter time compared with wired systems.

(5) Because rural areas have a small number of telephones and high demand for

telephones, connection to the existing telephone network is essential. The VoIP

FXO unit is used as the interface for connection with the existing telephone

network.


82

(6) The practical interface for securing Internet connection in rural areas is highly

feasible by employing the dialup modem or dedicated data line at 64Kbps.

(7) The official language of PNG is English and an English class is being held from

elementary school. However, as many small tribes are independent, there are

more than 800 local languages. Therefore, the guidance function by the pictures

and the icon except English is indispensable for simple operation of the system.


83

6.3.3 Business Model

This section analysed the cost recovery model. 6.3.3.1 Proposed Business Model

There are various models regardingtelecenter project implemented other nations. Considering the several unique condition in PNG as described in 3.2.2, the mission team concluded that realistic option is that District Administration operates a telecenter. The following shows the detail. Ø TLC operator: District Administration Ø Support agencies: Related governments (PANGTEL, DoH, DoE, DAL) Ø Telco: Telikom PNG Ø Beneficiary: District community including health officers, teachers, and

agricultural advisors. Ø Service outline: Public service by means of internet communication.

6.3.3.2 Revenue Sources

The main revenue for the telecenter operation is supposed to come from the budget of

district and provincial government. Beside the source, the followings are the potential

revenue sources:

1) Cost sharing among stakeholders

The scheme of cost sharing amoung government and other stakeholders under

Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) has been utilized for large-scale project in

PNG. Some interviewees also say that the telecenter cost should be covered among

multi-sectors because of limited budget.

Ex1. Mining Project

The cost is shared among executing entity, land owner, and government

underMOU.

Ex2. Water supply project

Provincial government and water and sewer commission shared the cost under

MOU.

2) Business revenue

Some service such as print-out, photocopy and telephone could be provided with

charge.


84

3) Fund raising by local community

There is a possibility in PNG that local community voluntarily raise fund for the

telecenteroperation once they realize that the telecenter is essential to their life.

Ex. Fund raising for satellite class

Parents of students voluntarily raise fund to recover the operating cost such as

maintenance cost and fuel cost of power generator.

4) Other fund

There are various fund to expand best practices nationwide. One of such funds is

Member of Parliament Electrate Funds, supported by government budget.

Figure 6.3.1 summarises the breakdown of revenue source and expenditure. Figure 6.3.2

shows the image of the model.

Revenue International donors 1) Government budget (incl. Cost

saved by ICT solution)

2) Charge for someservice

3) Fund by local community

4) Other fund

Expenditure Fixed cost

・ Telecom

equipment

ü Modem

ü telephone

ü Antenna

・ Other equipemnt

ü computer

ü printer

Variable cost

・ public network connection fee

・ Supplies expense (paper, toner)

・ Maintenance cost for repair

Figure 6.3.1 Breakdown of revenue source and expenditure

Stage Prepare Investment Operation


85

○Legend

TLC

Local community

Benefit

Prov. Gov’t

TLC operator

District Gov’t

Fund

1)

3), 4)

2)

Figure 6.3.2 The image of the business model

: service flow

: revenue flow

1)

Telco

Info..

Tech

Teachers HC

workers

Agri-

advisor

Support

agency


86

7. PROPOSED PROJECT FOR ODA FUNDING 7.1 Project scale analysis 1) Titile

Empowerment of Rural Community with ICT Solution. 2) Objective

PNG government plans the liberalization of telecommunication market from year 2007. Rural areas are expected to be the main place where the competition among telecommunicaiton companies will be severe because of the low teledencity there. The potential entrant could be an existing bank. Because the rural areas, specifically district areas lack sufficient quality of public service such as healthcare and agriculture, the liberalization is expected to empower such rural residents.

3) Period 5 years (from Year 2006 to 2010)

4) Executing agency PANGTEL

5) Related organizations Provincial and district governments

6) Outline of Scope of Work

1. Basic Study 1) Market scale study 2) Information and telecommunication sector study 3) Energy sector study

2. Pilot project 1) TLC facility development planning

a) ITC infrastructure b) Power resource

2) Sustainability analysis a) Desingn of TLC magement (e.g. budget) b) Design of O&M system (e.g maintenance contract) c) IT Training d) Design of information dissemination system (e.g. web designing)

3) Benefit monitoring and evaluation 4) Financial and economic analysis

7) Total Estimate

10 million USD.


87

8) Next step Considering the current economical circumstance as well as past development experience, the appropriate approach would be to conduct pilot study which aims mainly capacity building regarding the telecenter system operation. As for the implementation, because this development concept bring about benefit over multiple sectors, it is preferable to establish a implementation committee which comprises of reparesentatives from multiple sectors. The investment as well as budget would be planned in the committee as the prject would result in the foreign currency acquisition and human resource development, which lead to the international comopetence as a whole nation. It is advisable for this project first to start from capacity building on telecenter operation through pilot scheme like Technical Cooperation Projects. After the activity, it would be appropriate to develop the master plan of rural empowerement with ITC solutioin. The project would be expected to proceed with the master plan shared by the related sector representatives.

Appendix A

List of Interviewees

Appendix A

Appendix A. The list of interviewees

Date Interviewee

Oct. 24, 2005 Oct. 25, 2005 Kick-off Meeting

PNG Radiocommunication & Telecommunications Technical Authority (PANGTEL) • Mr. Charles S. Punaha (Director General) • Mr. Erry Tara (Executive Officer/ Board Secretary) • Mr. James Ofu (Manager, Telecommunication Branch, Engineering &

Standards Dept.) • Mr. Daniel Hahembe (Acting Manager, Radio Communicatoin,

Operations Dept.) • Mr. Carl Paonga • Mr. Joseph Kim (Manager, Licensing) • Mr. Kennedy Waia (Manager, Radiocommunications, Engineering &

Standards Dept.) • Mr. Mathew Wari • Mr. Vlado Doncevski • Mr. Franklyn Artihulawa • Mr. Gabriel Nakau • Mr. Panny Yokope

Telikom PNG ltd., • Mr. Yaki Kopaloye (Secretary ) • Mr. Johin Dresok (General Manager, Network Serices) • Mr. Wiliam Yurus (Executive Manager, Network Planning & Design

Dept.) • Ticker Hayka (Manager, Transmission Branch, Network Planning &

Design Dept.) • Mr. Wency Noruka (Business Operations) • Mr. Nicholas Paliou ( Project Manager (GSM), Pacific Mobile

Communicaitons Co. Ltd)

Dept. of State Enterprises & Information • Mr. John Kulala (Deputy Secretary – Corporate Agencies) •

Oct. 26, 2005 Demand Interview-1: Healthcare

University of Papua New Guinea • Dr. Andrew Masta (Deputy Dean, School of Medicine & Health

Sciences/ Senior Lecturer, Molecular Genetics) • Prof. Mathias Sapuri ( Executive Dean, School of Medicine & Health

Sciences/ President, Medical Society of Papua New Guinea) Dept. of Health

• Mr. Stephen Groves (National Health Services Radio Coordinator, Health Services Support Program)

• Ms. Diane Dagam Dept. of Health

• Mr. Martin Evoa (Principal Advisor, Medical Information & Telehealth System, Health Facilities Branch)

Appendix A

Health Center H.Q. of National Capital District • Mr. Samson Kove (Principal Health Office, NCD)

Embassy of Japan • Mr. Koki Okawa (First Secretary)

JICA • Mr. Yusuke Kitamura (Resident Representative) • Mr. Hiroshi Itoyama (Assistant Resident Representative) • Mr. Masato Koinuma (Assistant Resident Representative) • Mr. Hiroto Nagai (JICA Projet Formulation Advisor, Health Sector) • Mr. Kazumi Nakayama (JICA Projet Formulation Advisor, Rice Plant

Sector) Oct. 27, 2005

Field Test Set-up

Field Test Toby Max Wanahau (Radio Inspector & Marine radio Surveyor, Operations Dept. PANGTEL)

Oct. 28, 2005 Demand Interview-2*

Agriculture

Central Province Government • Mr. Raphael Yibmaramba (Provincial Administrator, Central Province) • Mr. Gei Raga • Mr. Martin Giyomatala

Dept. of Agriculture & Livestock • Mr. Joachim Solien (Director, Agricultural Information Branch) • Mr. Kumba Wap • Mr. Charlie Arua

Rural Development Bank Ltd. • Mr. Richard Maru (Managing Director) • Mr. Rodney Hoffmann (Executive Manager, Lending Division) • Mr. Jeremy Ningiga (Management Information System Project

Manager,

Oct. 29, 2005 Site Visit –1 Kundiawa District, Simbu Province/ Open Discussion

Simbu Province 1. Simbu Representatives • Joe Kunda Naur (Acting Provincial Administrator) • Mr. Jim (Provincial Police Commander (PPC)) • Rev. Tom Sine (Headmaster Kundiawa Lutheran Day High School) • Mr. Mark Tola (Chairman Kundiawa Lutheran Day High School) • Pastor Samuel Sipa (PNG Bible Church) • Mr. Joe Mek Teine (President Chamber of Commerce, Simbu.) • Bonny Wau (Public Servant) • Andy Kaman (Building Manager Simbu Provincial Government) 2. Other Parties 2.1 PANGTEL Representatives • Mr. Samson Wena (Principal Project Engineer) • Mr. Carl Paonga (Principal Engineer Terrestrial System) • Mr. Lionel Loilai (Manager Technical Services Radio) • Mr. Eddy Tara (Board Secretary, Office of Director General) 2.2 Telikom PNG Ltd

Appendix A

• Mr. Bonny Talis (Regional Manager) • Mr. Miria (Manager Customer Services – Highlands) • Mr. Samson Huvaing (Operations Manager Mt. Hagen

(Transmission Core Network Branch)) • Mr.Tony (Transmission Technician) Kundiawa District, Simbu Province • Sister (Simbu Provincial General Hospital) • Police officer (Simbu Police Office H.Q.)

Oct. 30, 2005 Site Visit –2 Sina Sina District, Simbu Province,

Kundiawa District, Simbu Provnce • Mr. Nichlais Namsu (Kundiawana commercial office, PNG Power Ltd.) • Mr. Arnold Andiken (Principal Advisor, Dept. of Agriculture, Simbu

Province) Sina Sina District, Simbu Province • Mr. Sie Kawage (District Education Officer, Kantai station) • Nursing officers (Koge Health Center)

Oct. 31, 2005 Demand Interview-3: Education

Dept. of Education • Mr. John Volmer (Education Capacity Building Program, Aus AID) • Mr. Murray Bates (ICT and Data Management Adviser, Education

Capacity Building Program, Aus AID) • Mr. Tonny Pedersen ( Communication Consultant, Datec (PNG) Ltd.)

Dept. of Rural Development • Mr. Kelly Lohoru (Assistant Director, Policy & Planning) • Mr. Francis Ko’ou (Regional Manager, NGI) • Mr. Samuel Tulipot (Regional Manager, Highlands) • Mr. Iamo Ila (Regional Manager, Papoa) • Mr. Yambi Simbak (Regional Manager, Momase)

Nov. 1, 2005 Site Visit Central Province

Kairuku District, Central Province • Mr. Kalamo Raga (Deputy District Administrator) • Mr. Barry Nenai (Casual Employee, Development planning) • Mr. Gabriel Opa (Principal, Mainohana Catholic Secondary School) • Mr. Hassan (Deputy Principal, Mainohana Catholic Secondary School) Veifa town, Central Province • Ms. Aoae Rose (Registered nursing officer, St. Gerard’s Hospital) • Mr. Paul I. Aoae (Community health worker, St. Gerard’s Hospital) Wima town, Cenral Province • Mr. Iramu Ume (Commander, Waima Rural Police)

Nov. 2, 2005 Statistics data collection

National Statistics Office National Map Bureau

Nov. 3, 2005

Work Shop

Almost all the 50 same interviewees as those interviewed during this mission were invited.

Appendix A

Nov. 4, 2005 Embassy of Japan • Mr. Koki Okawa (First Secretary)

Report of finding JICA • Mr. Yusuke Kitamura (Resident Representative) • Mr. Hiroshi Itoyama (Assistant Resident Representative)

Nov. 5, 2005

Appendix B

The Scope of Works for the Proposed Projects


Appendix B

Appendix B. The Scope of Work for the Proposed Project Project Design Matrix Project title: Empowerment of Rural Community with ICT Solution in PNG. Period: 5 years (2006-2010) Group：PANGTEL Area: Rural areas in PNG

Project summary Indicator Measurement Externality Upper goal/ Development plan MTDS ’05-15：“Empowered whole nation resulted from the empowered rural areas.”

GNI National Statistics Bureau

Project goal ・ Empowered rural areas

・GNI per district ・ Annual No. of patients per ・ Annual academic ability

National Statistics Bureau

Output ・ TLC is operated appropriately ・ Rural community obtain necessary information when necessary.

Rural community satisfaction level

Interview with rural community

・ Neither robbery nor bandit is worsen.

Activity: TOR 1. Preliminary Study

1) Market scale study 2) Information and telecommunication sector study 3) Energy sector study

2. Pilot project 1) TLC facility development planning

a) ITC infrastructure b) Power resource

2) Sustainability analysis a) Desingn of TLC magement (e.g. budget) b) Design of O&M system (e.g maintenance contract) c) IT Training d) Design of information dissemination system (e.g. web designing)

3) Benefit monitoring and evaluation 4) Financial and economic analysis

Input Japan

Experts ・ IT and telecommunication

expert ・ Social development expert ・ Renewable energy expert ・ Financial expert Equipments ・ Pilot equipement Training ・ TLC operators

PNG

Facilities ・ Study Office ・ Communication ・ Transportation

Related projects ・ World Bank: Rural

Energy Fund Assumption ・ Counterpart is

secured. ・ Government as well

as local community has strong demand on the project and realize the great benefit.


Appendix B

Activity Plan

2006 2007 2008 - 2010 FS Pilot Project Liberaliztion of telecommunication market

Appendix C

Reference

Appendix C Reference

Title Publisher1 A basic research about the public private pertnership

introduction support in the development work of thedeveloping country

JICA 2005

2 Summary report of JICA-SONY PARTNERSHIPPROJECT:Papua New Guiena Distance Education by Utilizing LiveRecording of Classroom

Sony Corporatioin 2005

3 The challenge and view of the ICT infrastructure buildingof the Asian developing country

Overseas electronic comminication 2005

4 2005 National Curriculum Reform Conference PNG Dept. of Education 20055 The Medium Term Development Strategy 2005-2010 PNG Department of National Planning and

Monitoring2004

6 An international ICT policy seminar「Information andtelecommunication sector reform and a localcommunication tnfrastructure」

EBRD, JICA, IDRC, Keio University SFC 2004

7 Country Strategy and Program Update 2004-2006 PapuaNew Guinea

Asian Development Bank 2004

8 A materials repair plan pilot suvey report for Gorokauniversity education, PNG

JICA 2003

9 Final report - Small scale famer rice growing progressplan investigation , PNG

JICA 2002

10 An Overview of Education Development in Papua NewGuinea

JICA 2001

11 An Overview of the Agriculture and Livestock Sector inPapua New Guinea

JICA 2001

12 Papua New Guinea Country Assistance Evaluation World Bank 200013 The agriculture and forestry industly of PNG : the

present condition and subjectInternational agriculture and forestryindustry cooperation society

2000

14 Developing countryeconomic cooperation series thefourth edition, PNG

International cooperation promotionchurch

1999

15 National Policy on Information and Communication ofPapua New Guinea Annex1

Ministry of Inforamtion andCommunication Services

1993

16 A local hospital improvement plan (phase 2) basic designinquiry of investigation documents, PNG

JICA 1991

17 Papua New Guinea Overseas vocational training association 199118 Appraisal of the Third Rural Health Services Project in

Papua New GuineaAsian Development Bank 1991

19 A local telephone network repair plan investigation JICA 198920 Development partner business: the cooperation of

21 Papua New Guinea 5 Year Tourism Development Plan1990-1994

PNG Dept. of Culture and Tourism

22 Handbook Health Statistics Papua New Guinear 198923 National Health Plan 1991-199524 Growth of Education Since Independence 1975-1985 PNG Dept. of Education

パプアニューギニア国における

WLLを用いたテレセンター整備に

関する予備調査

和文要約


1

パプアニューギニア国における WLL を用いたテレセンター整備

に関する予備調査（要約）

第 1章調査の概要 1.1 調査の背景パプアニューギニア国は、太平洋島嶼国中最も広い国土と多数の人口を有し、かつ資源にも

恵まれ、域内における中心的国家の一つである。しかし、同国では、都市部を除き、電話網自体の整備が遅れ（全電話普及率 1.37％ 2003 年）やインターネット普及が遅れており、国際間のみならず、国内における都市部とルーラル地域での地域間デジタル・デバイド（情報格差）が発生している。この事が同国の経済成長を妨げているだけでなく、国民の生活水準向上への大きな阻害となっている。

パプアニューギニア国の開発政策全体における位置付けを明記している「中期開発戦略2005-2010」（MTDS）では、優先政策分野として、保健分野、HIV-AIDS 予防、基礎教育分野、成人教育分野、民間セクターの政策推進、法整備および、運輸インフラの７分野をあげているが、情報通信技術（ICT）はこれら全ての分野を進める上で不可欠な分野として位置付けられている。

具体的には、通信ネットワークやインターネット等のサービスがパプアニューギニア国の経済成長および社会開発の促進および同国の隔絶されたルーラル地域デジタルデバイドの解消に大いに貢献できるとし、その重要性を認識して、2003 年に国内の情報通信システム統括する国家事業情報省(DSEI)を設立し、通信ネットワークの構築を進めている。しかしながら、近年の通信機器の国際的な競争と技術開発により、通信ネットワークの構築

のコストは低減しているにも拘わらず、パプアニューギニア国の一部地域では、低コスト化が実現できていない。この為、政府は国際的な開発パートナーの支援を求める事も含め、より低コストな通信ネットワーク構築の実現を望んでいる。 1.2 調査の目的 ITU（国際通信連合）はルーラル地域での情報通信インフラ普及の方法として、テレセンター

の整備を提案している（ITU-D フォーカスグループ７最終報告書、2000 年）。ルーラル地域のようなインフラ建設に難があり料金収入もあまり期待出来ない地域では、個々の世帯への電話普及よりも、建設コストが安く効率も良いからである。

パプアニューギニア国でもルーラル地域の通信手段のソリューションとして、現在パプアニューギニア無線通信技術局（PANGTEL）とパプアニューギニア工科大学にて、テレセンター構築を考慮した、無線アクセス技術（WLL＊１）の共同研究が進んでいる。

この WLL 技術は日本において実績のある技術である他、安価で簡易に構築でき、且つパプアニューギニア国の豊かな自然環境への影響が最小限となる利点を具備している為、同国のテレセンター構築には最適な技術であると考える。

＊１WLL(Wireless Local Loop): 加入者線路を構成する無線による音声・データ通信サービスの方式。日本では、FWA(Fixed Wireless Access)と呼ぶこともある


2

WLL を用いたテレセンター整備事業は、インフラ整備のみに傾倒して、需要側のニーズ把握

や保守技術者の育成など当地の実情を考慮しなかったために普及が進まなかったなどの失敗例が、他国で過去に確認されている。本案件は、そうした失敗例等を教訓に、現地のニーズと得られる効果を明確にし、費用・技術といったハード面と維持管理などのソフト面の双方の課題を解決してサステナビリティを実現するテレセンター整備のプロジェクトを提案して、より一層のルーラル地域での、電話やインターネット接続の普及、及びこれらを用いた e-servicesの拡大普及を図り、もってパプアニューギニア国の経済成長および社会開発の促進に寄与することを目的としている。 1.3 調査の概要 1.3.1 調査団の編成

団長：清水英夫専門（IT専門家）東京電力株式会社電子通信部通信技術企画グループ（課長）

団員：三浦周三専門（IT専門家）日本無線株式会社システム機器事業部 SEグループ（課長）

団員：酒井敦正専門（社会開発専門家）東京電力株式会社国際部海外コンサルティンググループ（主任）

1.3.2 調査期間

【現地調査】平成 17年 10月 22 日～17 年 11 月 4日【国内調査】平成 17年 8月～17年 10月

平成 17年 11 月～18年 1 月


3

第2章調査対象地域の現況およびニーズ調査 2.1 関係者分析各セクターの関係者を示す。表2.1【保健・医療分野】

地域コミュニティ

医療教育機関

ドナー

現場（実施主体）

政府第2次

州総合病院

AusAID 保健セクター

JICA事務所

日本大使館

患者・住民

第3次

支援団体

PNG大学医学部長

WHO

国立医学研究所

第1次

PMGH ヘルスケア･センタ

PNG大学医学部／CHAS

看護学校

保健員トレーニング機関

エイド・ポスト

基幹病院

中央政府

国家計画監理省

PNG保健省

地方政府

××州保健局

××州政府助役

××地区保健局教会

NGO

技術関係者

公共事業省

Telikom PNG

ADB WB

病気予防情報配信


4

表2.2【教育分野】


政府

中央政府地方政府

××州政府助役 PNG教育省

メディアセンター

支援団体

PNG大学教育研究者

ドナー AusAID 教育セクター

JICA事務所（教育専門家）

日本大使館

ADB WB

Primary教員養成校 Secondary教員養成校 (Goroka)

計画地方開発省

高等教育局


生徒・住民

教会

NGO 私立校

公立校

通信教育大学

大学

職業訓練校

初等学校

中等学校

基礎学校

技術関係者

公共事業省

Telikom PNG

××州教育局

△△地区政府

カリキュラム更新

スクール・レポート提出

教員養成


5

表2.3【農業分野】


政府

中央政府地方政府

××州農業畜産局

××州政府助役

△△地区農業畜産局

PNG農業畜産省


住民

教会

NGO

稲作農家中核農園

小規模農家

プランテーション農園

ドナー

AusAID 教育セクター

JICA事務所（農業専門家）

日本大使館

ADB WB

技術関係者

公共事業省

Telikom PNG

台湾中国

支援団体

国立農業研究所 (NARI)

稲作開発センター（研修機関）

PNG工科大学 (UNITECH)

技術協力

農業アドバイス


6

2.2 ニーズ調査文献調査ならびに現地ヒアリングをもとに調査したニーズと、ICT技術による解決策及びその効果を示す。

表2.1 TLC導入による効果：【共通】

課題 TLC を用いたｿﾘｭｰｼｮﾝ具体的な効果 1. 地方における公

共サービス不足・地区政府における情報受発信。

・移動にかける時間とコストの節約。・生活水準の向上。

2. 不便な交通事情（例：ガルフ州は60km を歩いてケルマ・マダン）

・地区政府における情報受発信。・移動に要する時間とコストを節約できる。・政府の緊急時にようるす反応時間を縮小できる。結果、乳幼児死亡率の低下などにつながる。

表2.2 TLC導入による効果：【保健・医療】

課題 TLC を用いたｿﾘｭｰｼｮﾝ具体的な効果 1. 住民への保険教

育の充実

・病気予防を目的とした第一線現場への情報配信（例：伝染病情報）

・より健康的な生活。・流行している病気の予防情報が早く村落のヘルス･センターへ伝達されれば、且つ文字や音声

ではなく、識字率の低い村落住民に説明しやすい絵や動画の形で配信されれば、感染の拡大を防ぐことができる。

2. 医療教育機関の養成内容が量的・質的に問題が多い

・テレセンターを用いた中央の良質な教育プログラムを全国均一に提供する（第 2次医療機関から第 1次医療関係者へ）。

・構成機器もウェブ・カメラ、電話程度でＯＫ。

・ヘルス･センター要員の研修参加のための移動費用節約（含む、ガソリン代）。・保健員は自分の好きな時間に勉強できる（例：今流行している疾病の情報）。


7

表2.3 TLC導入による効果：【教育】

課題 TLC を用いたｿﾘｭｰｼｮﾝ具体的な効果 1. ・教員の再トレー

ニング・教育レベルの質

向上・教員不足

・テレセンターを用いた教員の遠隔指導・研修。

・教育水準の向上（例：教師の質向上。学級閉鎖の解消）。現在、島嶼部などでは先生自身が抱える質問を相談する為に、州都の教育省など相談できる場所へ

でかけている。問題はオフィス･アワーに出かけないといけないため、結果、授業が休みなることである。研修費用並びに研修施設への交通費節約（参考：現状：研修でポートモレスビーに行くのに1,400Kinaかかるので、限られた数の先生しか参加できない。仮に資料を郵送する通信教育タイプにしたとしても、郵送料はかかる。）・均一な質の高い教育の提供

2. 実情にそぐわないテキスト内容

・テキストの更新。・現在のテキストは内容が古くなっているので、ICTが実現すれば、アップデートが早くできる。

3. 学級閉鎖（質問など教師都合による）

・ TLC に配備したファックスやEメールなどリアルタイムの通信手段を充実させたい。

国、州それぞれの教育省とのコミュニケーション(*)が容易になる。・＊：スクール・レポートなどに用いる。

4. 交通事情の制約で限られた交流範囲

・ウェブサイトを開設して情報を発信し、海外の学校などと交流する機会をつくる。

文化活動を他校や海外へ紹介・発信できる。

5. 学習内容によっては出張しなければならない

・実践的な知識を「ここ」で学ぶことができる。

わざわざ他の大学(college)まで通う必要がなくなる。


8

表2.4 TLC導入による効果：【農業】

課題 TLC を用いたｿﾘｭｰｼｮﾝ具体的な効果 1. 市況情報へのア

クセス

テレセンターをインフラとした市場価格情報(*)提供システムの構築。＊：価格、品質基準、需要、栽培方法など。

・収入機会の向上とその結果もたらされる小規模農園の自立振興。・世界市場で利益率の高い作物の情報を村落政府の農業アドバイザーが遅滞無く知ることができれ

ば、地域の小規模農家へ知らせて、作物の転換を即すことができ、結果、村落の平均収入の増加を期待できる。

・どの程度の品質が市場で認められるレベルなのかわかれば効率的な栽培や技術取得が可能になり、コスト抑制につながる。

2. 小規模農園への技術指導

TLC を用いた農業アドバイザーの技術指導による効率的な農民の技術レベルアップ。新種開発の普及・振興。

・栽培方法の向上で得た余剰作物を都市や海外へ販売することによって、収入増が期待できる。・南部地域に多いかんばつなどの自然災害に強い品種の栽培方法をタイムリーにより多くの農家へ

効率的に伝達できるので、農家にとっては安定した収入を、国にとっては国内生産の増加や輸入依存量の削減を期待できる。

・都市・海外の消費者にとっては、多用な品種の野菜や作物が安定して、場合によっては安価に、入手できるようになる。

・国全体の外貨獲得機会の拡大。

3. その他 TLC を用いたワークショップの開催。

・マテリアルもなし。・資料のプリント代もない。資料をなくすリスクもない。・情報もハードならoutdatedされるものだが、オンラインならupdateも簡単だ。

表2.5 TLC導入による効果：【その他：銀行】

課題 TLC を用いたｿﾘｭｰｼｮﾝ具体的な効果 1. ・少ない支店数

・人件費／支店とのバランス

・テレセンターを用いたオンラインのローン審査サービス。

・金融知識の教育。

審査を受けるために郵送や移動なおに要していた時間とコストを節約できる。小規模農家がローン審査を受ける方法をオンラインにしたら効率が良い。支店をわざわざ87地区へ設置する必要がなくなる。審査などはオンラインで済む。インターネット接続費は交通費よりも安い。


9

2.3 代替案との比較本当にニーズを達成する手段としてICTインフラ整備がベストなのか、代替案では不十分なのかについて比較検討を行った。結果を表6.6から6.9に示す。

表2.6 共通

TLC を用いたソリューション

効果代替案比較結果

理由

1. 地区政府における情報受発信

・移動にかける時間とコストの節約。

・生活水準の向上。

1) 郵便 2) VSAT（衛星） 3) 既存医療無線シ

ステム

TLC 1) PNG 国の郵便事情はよくない。道路事情などの理由で日数がかかる他に、郵送が各戸への配達をせず、局どまりになっているため、郵便局へ取りに行かなければならないシステムになっているからである。

2) 既存のTelikom PNGよりも信頼度の高い通信基幹網の構築が可能だろうが、初期投資コストや高額な回線使用料などの運用費について具体的な検討がなく、実現度に難がある。

3) 医療目的外の利用を検討したこともあったが、制御チャンネル（呼び出しチャンネル）が１チャンネルしかないという制約があるため、利用は断念した。「緊急時のみ」災害センターとして活用する方針になった。


10

表2.7 【保健・医療】


効果代替案比較結果理由

1. ・病気予防を目的とした第一線現場への情報配信（例：伝染病情報）

・より健康的な生活。・流行している病気の予

防情報が早く村落のヘルス･センターへ伝達されれば、且つ文字や音声ではなく、識字率の低い村落住民に説明しやすい絵や動画の形で配信されれば、感染の拡大を防ぐことができる。

2. ・テレセンターを用いた中央の良質な教育プログラムを全国均一に提供する（第 2次医療機関から第 1次医療関係者へ）。

・構成機器もウェブ・カメラ、電話程度でＯＫ

・ヘルス･センター要員の研修参加のための移動費用節約（含む、ガソリン代）。

・保健員は自分の好きな時間に勉強できる（例：今流行している疾病の情報）。

1) ラジオなどの放送

2) 新聞 3) 移動病院 4) 既存医療無線シ

ステム 5) 電話 6) 財務省 PC ネッ

トワーク

TLC 1) 放送時間は日中が多いが、ひとは外出しているなど必ずしも聴くことはできない。また過去に国営放送(NBC)が健康情報をラジオを通して流したことがあったが効果は薄かった。主な理由は、言葉やヒアリングに難があったからと推測されている。対策として映像による情報配信が効果的と期待されている。

2) ルーラル地方の新聞普及率は低い。新聞自体、全国で6万世帯程度の購買数である。

3) 道路の整備状況がよくなく、また治安の課題もあるためセキュリティなどのコスト高な結果になる。

4) 音声による伝達目的だけであれば十分足りるが、今回のような効果の最大化を図る目的には、映像を送れない本方式は不十分である。

5) 4)と理由は同じである。更に公衆電話網は、盗賊などによる中継局の破壊・窃盗や、電話代滞納による回線停止などの理由により電話はあっても不通の場合も散見される。

6) 一部 ADB 資金で構築途中にあるが、バックボーン回線となるVSAT 回線構築のための資金調達がネックになっている。


11

表2.8 【教育】


効果代替案比較結果

理由

1.

テレセンターを用いた教員の遠隔研修

・教育水準の向上（例：教師の質向上。学級閉鎖の解消）。現在、島嶼部などでは先生自身が抱える質問を相談する為に、州都の教育省など相談できる場所へでかけている。問題はオフィス･アワーに出かけないといけないため、結果、授業が休みなることである。

・研修費用並びに研修施設への交通費節約。・均一な質の高い教育の提供。

4. テキストの更新現在のテキストは内容が古くなっているので、ICTシステムが構築されれば、アップデートが迅速にできるようになる。

5. ファックスやeメールなどリアルタイムの通信手段を充実させたい

国、州それぞれの教育省とのコミュニケーション(*)が容易になる。＊：スクール・レポートなどに用いる。

6. 交流文化活動を他校や海外へ紹介・発信できる。

7. 実践的な知識を学ぶために出張する必要がなくなる

わざわざ他の大学(college)まで通う必要がなくなる。

1) TV 教育 2) 郵送 3) 既存通信システム

TLC 1) 電化率の低いルーラルでは電源の確保並びに関連する資金調達が制約になる。

2) タイムリーな情報取得は期待できない。例）平均配達時間は、内陸部で 2 週間に 1度、島嶼部では 3ヶ月に 1度である。

3) サンプルのセントラル州の高校では短波無線(HF)を用いてポートモレスビーの教会と通信をしているが、テキストやスクールレポートの送付などデータ通信には帯域不足で必ずしも満足しない。


12

第3章 3.1 WLL 基本システムの検討ルーラル地域の村落情報化整備のためのテレセンター整備する対象は、地方の村落役場（District

Administration）である。しかし未電話地域が多く、もよりのTELIKOM PNG Ltdの電話局から回線を延長する必要がある。サービスとして電話、インターネットが必要である。回線延長の方法として、有線方式と無線方式と2種類の方法がある。通信設備構築が安価で、メンテナンスが容易なWLLとよばれる無線システム方式を採用する。

WLL(Wireless Local Loop)は、無線による音声・データサービスの方式で、日本では、FWA(Fix wireless Access)と呼ばれることもある。周波数や伝送容量により、各種の方式があり、下記のWLLの概略の仕様一覧を示す。表3.1 WLLの仕様一覧周波数帯 2.4GHz 4.9/5GHz 5.2GHz 22/26/38GHz 257/27GHz 60G

用途無線LAN

無線アクセス

ホームリンク

無線アクセス無線LAN FWA 無線LAN

無線アクセス

ホームリンク

無線LAN

無線アクセス

ホームリンク

標準化 IEEE802.11b/g IEEE802.11J

HiSWANa

IEEE802.11a

HisWANa

なし HiSWANb

屋外使用 ○ ○ × ○ ○ ○

無線免許（日本）

不要基地局必要

単発局必要ま

たは不要

不要必要不要固定は必要

帯域幅 100 MHz 100 MHz 100 MHｚ 2880 MHｚ 1000 MHｚ 7000 MHｚ

最大伝送速度

11/54 Mbps 54 Mbps 54 Mbps Upto 156 Mbps 数100 Mbps 数100 Mbps

電波の性質から、より低い周波数のほうが、到達距離が伸び、サービスエリアが広がる。また、10GHz

以上の周波数は降雨の影響があり、降雨で、伝送品質が劣化する。パプアニューギニアのルーラル地域では、到達距離、と降雨の影響のない、2.4GHz帯Wireless LAN シ

ステムが最適である。 2.4GHz電波の直進性から、見通しが必要で、あり、途中に木や建物の障害物があると、電波は届かない。

したがって、TELIKOM PNG Ltdの電話局から、各テレセンターまで、無線ルートの設計が重要である。


13

回線構築方法無線システムの回線構築の方法として下記の方法がある。これらのシステムの組み合わせも可能である。 TELIKOM PNG Ltdの電話局とテレセンターの局配置の応じて、システム設計を行う必要がある。 l 対向システム Point to point system l 多方向システム Point to Multi Point system l 中継システム Repeater system

TELIKOM TELIKOM TELECENTER

TELECENTER

TELECENTER

TELECENTER

Point to Point system Point to Multi-Point system

Repeater system

TELIKOM TELECENTER REPEATER REPEATER


14

図3.1 回線構築方法 WLLのシステム構成例を下記に示す。

既存電話網

ISP


VoIP Gateway

PC(Note Book)

Router

テレセンター（中継局）

VoIP Gateway

INTERNET PC(Note Book)

VoIP Gateway

SW HUB

VoIPGateway


テレセンター

各種サービス用サーバー

TELIKOM

テレセンター

図3.2 システム構成例

日本における事例（東京電力）近年、日本では e-JAPAN構想などの IT 政策などにより、国内のインターネット通信

のインフラ整備が進められ、ADSLやFTTH 等の高速インターネットアクセス回線が急速に普及してきた。しかし一方で、既存の集合住宅など、高速インターネットサービスが受けられない地域がありデジタルデバイドが発生しつつある。この様な問題を解決すべく、2.4GHz帯の無線を使ったＦＷＡ（Fixed Wireless Access）サービスが一部の通信事業者よって提供が開始されていった。東京電力においては、上記背景のもと 2.4GHz 無線アクセスサービスを開始し、引き続いて5GH 無線アクセスサービスを併せて開始した


15

第 4章サステナビリティ分析

4.1 技術移転・運用体制の提言

4.1.1 技術移転

事業の有効性と持続性を高めるため、適確な技術移転を行うには、キャパシティディベロプ

メント（CD）の次の考えに立ち、その手法を検討する必要がある。

①日本のサポートの下、パプアニューギニア国の主体性に基づいて自国の開発課題を解決

する事

②課題対処能力を個人や組織だけでなく、制度や政策、社会システムなどを含む多様なレ

べルの能力を養う事

(1) 主体性を考慮した技術移転

オーナーシップの育成のため、パプアニューギニア国側の関係者の参加による共同作業プ

ロセスが重要である。事業を発展・継承させていこうとするインセンティブや動機を一層高め

る事が期待されるからである。同国の主体性を適確な技術移転を実現すべく、システム構築の

過程において、調査、計画、設計及び施工の全てのステップに、当該関係者全てと協調して進

める必要がある。即ち、各過程において日本とパプアニューギニア国の作業分担を明確にし、

特に基礎となる技術検討は日本の支援のもと、OJT を通してパプアニューギニア国側自身で実

施する事が必要である。今回のシステムでは、フィールド試験や通信ネットワーク計画（トラ

フィック容量算出、要求品質明確化、回線設計、基地局配置等）については、パプアニュー

ギニア国側で実施することを提言したい。

(2) 多様なレベルへの技術移転

技術検討の実施担当箇所としては、同国内の通信システムを統括する PANGTEL とシス

テムを構築する TELICOM PNG の他、通信事業の自由化を指向して同事業参入の可能性のあ

るセクター（例えば南太平洋銀行など）も候補に入れるべきである。直接利害関係は無いが将

来の人材育成のために、パプアニューギニア工科大学（UNITECH）や工業専門学校の参画も

望ましい。

更に個人や組織への技術移転に止まらず、制度・社会への影響を考慮して、技術検討過程

においては、ICT 技術に直接関係のない農業、医療及び教育分野などの中央政府や地方自治体

の職員および地域住民が参画するワークショップ等を開催する事も重要と考える。また恩恵を

受けないが、システム構築には協力が不可欠なセクター（例えば中継局設置場所のオーナー

等）についても参加を促すことが必要である。

2.4GHz 帯を使った無線アクセス機器の使用は、先進国では既に免許不要で自由に使う事が

できる。しかしながらそれ故、電波干渉などの問題が発生している。今回のシステムはテレセ


16

ンターという公共性の高いものであるため、免許が必要であると考えるが、通信事業者に対し

ては、簡易な手続きと安価な免許料が望ましい反面、テレセンター周辺での第三者による

2.4GHz 帯無線の利用に対しては規制や事前調整を設ける等の法制度が必要であると考える。

今回の現地での事前調査において、調査のまとめとして関係者や各ヒアリング対象者を招い

て、ワークショップ「Workshop on WLL-type Telecenter Development in Papua New

Guinea」を開催した。その中で、「Empower rural society with Information access」と題し

てオープンディスカッションを実施した。様々な意見交換の場として最適であったと考える。

また、一過的な技術移転で終わらせる事無く、本技術を継続・発展させるためにも、次プロ

ジェクト（高速、長距離伝送化等）の展開計画を併せて検討する事も必要である。

特に、インターネットの普及に伴うサイバー犯罪を想定したセキュリティ対策を政府及び民

間は協力して検討を開始すべきである。

4.1.2 運用体制

システム構築後、本サービスを提供するのは、TELICOM PNG であり、運用を行うのは、

地方の村落役場（District Administration）と考えるが、恩恵を受ける地方自治体（Provincial

Government）や地域コミュニティの人的、経済的サボートが不可欠である。

(1) 人的サポート

人的サポートの面では、各テレセンターに ICT 専門家を配置する必要がある。テレセンター

を利用する者は主に村人であり、一般的にパソコンやインターネットをこれまで利用したこと

が無い他、その利用目的は、教育、医療、農業など幅広いものになると考えられる。従って、

テレセンターの操作支援を行う事ができる人材を配することが重要である。また、この ICT 専

門家は、テレセンターの保守・管理の責務を担う必要がある。

今回訪問したルーラル地域（Veifa, Central Prov.）でも、電話回線において故障が発生した

後、復旧されずに、ほとんど運用されていないケースも見られた。また機器の盗難などの情報

もあるため、操作支援のみならずテレセンターの保守・管理を ICT 専門家が行うことが必要で

ある。

(2) 経済的サポート

システムを継続的に運用するために、上記 ICT 専門家の雇用に係わる人件費やテレセンター

の運営費（通信費、電気料金、機材や場所のレンタル費等）は、運用者である個々の村落役

場が負担すべきであるが、恩恵を受ける地方自治体などは、テレセンターにより削減可能とな

った予算（例えば出張旅費等）を本費用に積極的に捻出すべきである。また、地域コミュニテ

ィにも可能な限り、テレセンターの使用料として継続的な費用の協力を担う事が望ましい。そ

のためにも、本テレセンターが地域コミュニティにおいて絶対不可欠なものと思われる様なア

プリケーションの提供が必要である。個々の地域でシステムを維持管理する独立採算性が強く


17

望まれる。

今回の事前調査において、農業、医療および教育の分野でのテレセンターに対する具体的な

ニーズを収集することができたが、今後費用対効果など更に地域個別の詳細なアプリケーショ

ンの調査・検討が必要であると考える。

4.2 ビジネスモデル提言

サステナビリティの内、資金回収の仕組みについて検討を行った。世界各国では様々なビジ

ネスモデルが提案されているが、PNG 国の固有環境を考慮すると、地区政府(District

Administration)による運営が、事業の持続性という点で現実的な選択肢であると結論付けた。

ビジネスモデルの検討に当たっては、TLC の運用管理者のタイプなど様々な角度から選択肢を挙げられるが、文献調査及び現地ヒアリングの結果から、以下のモデルを基本とすることとした。 Ø TLC 運用者：地区政府(District Administration) Ø 支援団体：関係中央官庁・団体（PANGTEL、保健省、教育省、農林畜産省など） Ø 電話会社：Telikom PNG Ø ユーザ：関連機関（ヘルスケア･センター員、教員、農業アドバイザーなど） Ø サービス内容：インターネット設備を活用した公共サービスの提供

表 4.1 TLC で提供する主な公共サービス

分野サービス内容

医療・ 2 大情報の発信：

Ø 病気予防

Ø 健康促進

情報例：母子健康、養育、風土病（マラリア等）

・無医村の HC 勤務者のトレーニング

教育・ルーラルの教員のコミュニケーション・ツールとして（例：質問受付,診断）

・教員の再トレーニング

・テキストの内容更新

農業・市況情報発受信

・技術指導

その他・ローン審査（銀行）

・政府間の連携（地方－中央間）

資金を回収する仕組みとして、基本的には、TLC の運用者兼受益者となる地区政府が省政府の

サポートの下、年間予算を運用費にまわす仕組みだが、それ以外にも以下の多様な収入源を調

査結果から得た。


18

1) 関係者間のコストシェア

MOU（協定書）の下、省政府が関連サービス提供事業者と予算を負担しあう方式が PNG 国

では見られる。他に、ヒアリングした関係者からも、初期投資や運営などの費用は農業や医

療など複数のセクター間で負担されるべきだという意見も受けた。

2) 一部有料サービスの導入

プリントアウトやコピー用紙代の徴収や公衆電話サービスなど、一部サービスを有料化す

ることで、収入源の多様化を図る。

3) 地元コミュニティによる基金創設

過去の事例から、住民が必要性を感じるとサステナビリティが確保される傾向がある。

例）TV を用いた遠隔教育でも、その効果を認めた教育熱心な親たちが自発的に募金を出

し合って電源の燃料代や機材代をまかなっている。

4) その他基金の活用

PNG 国では事業を全国展開する際に用いる資金調達スキームが様々ある。Member of

Parliament Electrate Funds もそのひとつであり、政府予算から割り当てられる。こう

した基金の活用も選択肢のひとつとして挙げられる。

図 4.1 にコスト回収をまとめる。

図 4.1 コスト回収モデル

収入・国際ドナー 1) 地区政府及び州政府の予算

2) 一部サービスの有料化（プリント・アウ

トの紙代など）

3) 基金

4) （ITC によって節約したコスト）

支出固定費

・通信機器

ü モデム

ü アンテナ

・ OA 機器

ü パソコン

ü プリンター

可変費

・電話接続費

・プリンター関連費（トナー、用紙）

・修繕費（トラブル対応）

準備初期投資運用


19

TLC

農業ア

ドバイ

ザー

HC 所

員

教員

地元コミュニティ

受益

省政府

TLC 運用者

地区政府

基金

1)

3), 4)

2)

図 4.2 ビジネスモデルの構成イメージ

：サービスの流れ

：資金の流れ

○凡例

1)

支援団体

電話会社

情報提供

技術支援


20

過去の研究、実績から、テレセンター事業成功の鍵は、関係者間の協力であることがわかっている。

i. TLC を支援する効果的な地元コミュニティ組織 ii. 効率的で革新的な TLC 運用者 iii. 電話サービス会社 iv. 技術、ビジネス、ロジの各面で TLC 管理者を支援する TLC 支援団体

今回の調査から TLC 事業に関係する関係者を割り出した。その結果、PNG では関係者を表

4.2 のようにグループ分けされることがわかった。この内、支援団代は更に、PNG 国の中期計画で示されている重点分野別（アプリケーション別）に区分けすると以下のようになる。 a. 医療：保健省（国、地方）、大学医学部、医学研究所、ドナー b. 教育：教育省（国、地方）、大学教育学部、ドナー c. 農業：農業畜産省（国、地方）、国立農業研究所、ドナー

表 4.2 実施体制

対象役割 1. 地元コミュニテ

ィ、NGO a) 利用者・住民・ NGO ・協会 b) 公共サービス従事者・ HC 所員・農業アドバイザー・教職員

a) 利用者・公聴会設置

→TLC管理者の支援を実施：・地元のニーズや求めるサービスの抽

出・相互協力 b) 公共サービス従事者・ TLC 経由で得た情報を地元コミュニ

ティへ配布する。

2. TLC 運用者・ District 政府・資金面の継続性という点で不可欠。 3. 支援団体 a) PANGTEL

b) 省政府 c) 国の各省庁（保健省な

ど） d) 国際ドナー

a) TLC 事業運営委員会を総括する。 b) TLC 運用者（地区政府）をサステナビ

リティ面で支援する。 c) 有益な情報を村落コミュニティへ

TLC 経由で配信する。 d) 初期設備投資を提供する。

4. 地方の電話会社・ Telikom PNG ・新規参入通信事業者

・公衆網と TLC を接続する。・技術支援。

図 4.3 関係者図

2. TLC

管理者

3.サポート

団体

4.電話会社

1.地域住民


21

第5章プロジェクト提案

1) 提案件名

PNG国情報化による村落活性化事業

2) プロジェクト期間

5年間(2007年度-2011年度)

3) 実施機関

PANGTEL

4) 関連機関

省政府、地区政府

5) 背景

国土の大半が島嶼や山脈地帯から成るPNG国では交通インフラや電話インフラの整備も遅々と

して進まない為、国民の大半のこうした地方の村落に住む住民達は外部の情報取得という面で、

収入機会など様々な生活レベル向上に資するような機会を失ってきた。

本調査で、国政府や州・村落政府、村落の公共サービス機関をヒアリングした結果、外部との

伝達手段に制約がある環境下にある村落住民達の中には、情報取得への強いニーズと情報取得に

よる高い効果があることが確認できた。

一方、通信規制官庁であるPNG国無線規制局（通称、PANGTEL）の計画では2007年度に通信市

場の自由化が実施される予定であり、主戦場は電話普及が遅れているルーラルエリアになること

が見込まれている。実際、2007年には既存銀行を母体とした第2電電がライバルとして設立され

ていることをPANGTELは想定している。同エリアは情報弱者である村落住民（District地区住民）

が住み、本自由化は結果的にこうした村落の情報基盤整備につながる。

以上のことから、ユーザと政府の思惑が一致している本整備事業には、双方の強い熱意が感じ

られ、実現性が高いと判断した。

6) 内容

既存の電電公社であるTelikom PNG Ltdが運営する電話網を延長する形で、村落地域へインタ

ーネット回線を延長する。回線を延長した村落地区には「テレセンター」と呼ばれる、モデム付

のパソコンやプリンターを装備した部屋を設置し、病気予防情報や農作物の市況情報、教員の質

問受付などの様々な公共サービスの発信基地とする。

テレセンターを配置するターゲットとしては、未電話地域が多く情報取得に難のある地区政府

レベル(District Administration)を想定している。

具体的にはまず採算性を支援する程度の補助金予算を、無償資金などで支援・確保する。次に、

村落情報基盤整備事業について、各州ごとに競争入札を実施する。落札の目安は整備事業実施の

為に要求する補助金の額が少ない点とする。以下に業務実施項目を示す。


22

【業務実施項目案】

１．基礎調査

1.1 市場規模調査

1.2 情報技術セクター調査

1.3 エネルギーセクター調査

２．パイロット調査

2.1 テレセンター設備開発計画

a. ITCインフラ計画

b. 電力資源開発調査

2.2 サステナビリティ分析

a. テレセンター運営システム設計

b. テレセンター運用・保守システム設計

c. ITC研修

d. 情報伝達システム設計（ウェブデザインなど）

2.3 便益のモニターと評価

2.4 財務経済分析

プロジェクト事業費：10億円

7) 今後のステップ

開発資金については、パプアニューギニアの国家財政は、経済が回復基調にあるとはいえ全国

レベルの新たな公共投資を行う余裕はいまのところないと思われる。したがって、テレセンター

事業の内、設備費用分については政府も国際援助を希望している。しかしながら、現時点のカン

トリー･リスクが大きいこと、我国からの借款も現時点では追加枠の余裕がないこと、また無償資

金については大規模事業での成功例が少ない国であることなど以上を考慮すると、技術移転をメ

インにしたパイロット的な事業を行うことが望ましい開発の方向性であると言える。

実施体制については、マルチ･セクターで便益をもたらす効率的な開発コンセプトであることか

ら、各セクター関係者から成る事業コミッティーの設立が要になる。長期的にも外貨獲得、人材

育成など国全体の国際競争力を高めるといった便益が期待されることから、開発･運営予算につい

てもその中で検討・確保される。実現化するためにはまだ事業実施体制の青写真を描く必要があ

ることから、まずJICAの技術協力のような、パイロット的なスキームで、体制整備などの方面で

サステナビリティに関する技術移転をはかりながら、「ITC 導入による村落活性化マスタープラ

ン」を作成し、それを関係省庁で共有・推進していくが望ましいと考える。

This work was subsidized by the Japan Keirin Association through its

Promotion funds from KEIRIN RACE.

Preliminary Study on WLL-Type Telecenter … On the Job Training ... UNITECH Papua New Guinea...

Documents

Transcript of Preliminary Study on WLL-Type Telecenter … On the Job Training ... UNITECH Papua New Guinea...