Preliminary Results On Current Practice
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Transcript of Preliminary Results On Current Practice
Brussels, 9 June 2004Brussels, 9 June 2004 PTMaurits van der HoofdMaurits van der Hoofd11
Preliminary Results On Current PracticePreliminary Results On Current Practice
Maurits van der Hoofd Urs Springer
Miguel Carmona Stefan Suter
Eduardo Pires Paavo Moilanen
Brussels, 9 June 2004Brussels, 9 June 2004 PTMaurits van der HoofdMaurits van der Hoofd22
Review of current practice and classification of Review of current practice and classification of pricing and revenue allocation schemespricing and revenue allocation schemes
Objectives
• Dimensions and criteria for the description of pricing and revenue allocation schemes
• Pricing and revenue allocation schemes digest
• To what extent are current practices conistent with theory?
Brussels, 9 June 2004Brussels, 9 June 2004 PTMaurits van der HoofdMaurits van der Hoofd33
Fact sheets: scopeFact sheets: scope
• DoW: “This task will review and identify the ways in which revenues are collected and assigned across Europe”
• “to make a general survey of current practices of revenue use in the EU”
• Awaiting input from Work Package 2
Therefore: focus lies on pricing schemes for now
The results are preliminary as the investigation is still continuing.
Countries described are EU15 minus Luxembourg plus Switzerland.
Brussels, 9 June 2004Brussels, 9 June 2004 PTMaurits van der HoofdMaurits van der Hoofd44
Modes consideredModes considered
Pricing schemes were investigated for the following modes:
• Road – especially motorways
• Rail – infrastructure charges
• Urban PT – bus, tram and metro
• Air – landing charges and other purely aeronautical charges
• Inland waterways
• Maritime – port dues
Brussels, 9 June 2004Brussels, 9 June 2004 PTMaurits van der HoofdMaurits van der Hoofd55
Aspects consideredAspects considered
• Pricing schemes
• Earmarking of funds
Revenue allocation schemes (to be developed):
• Design and allocation rules
• Forms of co-operation between the public and private sector
• Role of the institutions in the decision-making process
Brussels, 9 June 2004Brussels, 9 June 2004 PTMaurits van der HoofdMaurits van der Hoofd66
General approachGeneral approachTransport pricing
Design
Pricing principle
Pricing instrument
Earmarking of revenues for transport sector
No earmarkingof revenues for transport sector
Design, rule
Reasoning
Uni-modal Multi-modal
Maintenance
TEN
MotorwaysMain roadsLocal roads
Service
TEN
MotorwaysMain roadsLocal roads
Construction
TEN
MotorwaysMain roadsLocal roads
Planning
TEN
MotorwaysMain roadsLocal roads
Maintenance
TEN
MotorwaysMain roadsLocal roads
Service
TEN
MotorwaysMain roadsLocal roads
Construction
TEN
MotorwaysMain roadsLocal roads
Planning
TEN
MotorwaysMain roadsLocal roads
Maintenance
Private trsp.Public Trsp.Slow trsp.
Road RailService
Private trsp.Public Trsp.Slow trsp.
Road RailConstruction
Private trsp.Public Trsp.Slow trsp.
Road RailPlanning
Private trsp.Public Trsp.Slow trsp.
Road Rail
Maintenance
Private trsp.Public Trsp.Slow trsp.
Road RailService
Private trsp.Public Trsp.Slow trsp.
Road RailConstruction
Private trsp.Public Trsp.Slow trsp.
Road RailPlanning
Private trsp.Public Trsp.Slow trsp.
Road Rail
Revenue allocation rules
Organisational solution
Institutional solution and decision-making process
Design
Revenue allocation scheme
Brussels, 9 June 2004Brussels, 9 June 2004 PTMaurits van der HoofdMaurits van der Hoofd77
Pricing principlesPricing principles
• Pure social marginal cost pricing:
Price = marginal resource cost + marginal external cost
• Marginal cost pricing
Price = marginal resource cost
• Second best solutions
such as multi-part tariffs, Ramsey pricing, SRMCP + mark-ups
• Target-oriented price schemes
No differentiation between user type, time of day etc. (eg ACP)
Brussels, 9 June 2004Brussels, 9 June 2004 PTMaurits van der HoofdMaurits van der Hoofd88
Pricing instrumentsPricing instruments
• Charge: A payment that is directly linked to a particular service from a public or private provider.
• Infrastructure access charges
• Road tolls
• Bridge/tunnel charges
• Tax: A levy that must be paid to the government without any clearly related service.
• Vehicle registration taxes
• Fuel taxes
• VAT
Brussels, 9 June 2004Brussels, 9 June 2004 PTMaurits van der HoofdMaurits van der Hoofd99
Ro
ad m
od
e: pricin
g sch
emes
Ro
ad m
od
e: pricin
g sch
emes
??
??
??
TT
T+C: 2T+C: 2ndnd best best
T+C: 2T+C: 2ndnd best best
T+C: 2T+C: 2ndnd best best
T+C: 2T+C: 2ndnd best best
T+C: 2T+C: 2ndnd best best
T+C: 2T+C: 2ndnd best best
T+C: 2T+C: 2ndnd best best
T+C: 2T+C: 2ndnd best best
T+C: 2T+C: 2ndnd best bestTT
T+C: 2T+C: 2ndnd best best
Brussels, 9 June 2004Brussels, 9 June 2004 PTMaurits van der HoofdMaurits van der Hoofd1010
Rail m
od
e: pricin
g sch
emes
Rail m
od
e: pricin
g sch
emes
NoneNone
??
??
??
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
None*None*
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
Brussels, 9 June 2004Brussels, 9 June 2004 PTMaurits van der HoofdMaurits van der Hoofd1111
Air m
od
e: pricin
g sch
emes
Air m
od
e: pricin
g sch
emes
??
??
??
T+C: 2T+C: 2ndnd best best
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
T+ C: 2T+ C: 2ndnd best best
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
T+C: 2T+C: 2ndnd best bestC: 2C: 2ndnd best best
??
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
Brussels, 9 June 2004Brussels, 9 June 2004 PTMaurits van der HoofdMaurits van der Hoofd1212
Inlan
d w
aterways m
od
e: pricin
g
Inlan
d w
aterways m
od
e: pricin
g
schem
essch
emes
??
??
??
??
C: T- OC: T- O??
??
??NoneNone
C: T- OC: T- O
NoneNoneC: T- OC: T- O
C: T- OC: T- O
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
??
Brussels, 9 June 2004Brussels, 9 June 2004 PTMaurits van der HoofdMaurits van der Hoofd1313
Maritim
e mo
de: p
ricing
M
aritime m
od
e: pricin
g
schem
essch
emes
??
??
??
??
??
C: T- OC: T- O
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
C: T- OC: T- O
??
C: 2C: 2ndnd best best
Brussels, 9 June 2004Brussels, 9 June 2004 PTMaurits van der HoofdMaurits van der Hoofd1414
Earm
arking
of reven
ues?
Earm
arking
of reven
ues?
??
58% of road to 58% of road to tunnelstunnels
2.5% of electricity 2.5% of electricity tax to urban PTtax to urban PT
??
??
??
NoNo
NoNo
100% of HGV to 100% of HGV to infrainfra
Part of fuel tax to Part of fuel tax to regional infraregional infra
67% of HGV to rail 67% of HGV to rail infra, 33% to infra, 33% to regional road infraregional road infra
Some air tax to Some air tax to noise abatementnoise abatement
Some air tax to Some air tax to noise abatementnoise abatement
??
Some municipal tax Some municipal tax from urban companies from urban companies to urban PTto urban PT
Electricity tax to Electricity tax to inland waterwaysinland waterways
NoNo
NoNo
??
Brussels, 9 June 2004Brussels, 9 June 2004 PTMaurits van der HoofdMaurits van der Hoofd1515
Preliminary ObservationsPreliminary Observations
• SMCP not observed, but internalisation occurs more than before
• Roads and railways: where 2nd best solutions are more used
• No specific pricing schemes for urban PT except France
• Aviation charges (aeronautical) constrained by IATA, often multi-part tariff or another second-best scheme
• Very few examples of the application of taxes and charges in inland waterways
• Ports least regulated, often operate without govt. funding
Brussels, 9 June 2004Brussels, 9 June 2004 PTMaurits van der HoofdMaurits van der Hoofd1616
Pricing and revenue allocation schemes digest Pricing and revenue allocation schemes digest
• To be done after completion of the fact sheets
• To cover following aspects:
– Pricing regimes (principles/instruments)
– Earmarking of revenues from transport pricing schemes
– Revenue allocation rules
– Objectives and design of the revenue allocation schemes:
• Subsidies and cross-subsidisation
• Legal framework and institutional settlement
• Transport funds
• PPP
• Institutional solutions
Brussels, 9 June 2004Brussels, 9 June 2004 PTMaurits van der HoofdMaurits van der Hoofd1717
To what extent are current practicesTo what extent are current practices consistent with the theory? consistent with the theory?
• Pricing doctrines
• Revenue allocation schemes
• Preliminary assessment to be carried out after the conclusion of the fact sheets.