OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION STUDY

(NOIDA CITY)

Department of Environmental EngineeringSCHOOL OF ENGINEERINGGautam Buddha University

• While large-scale industrialization increases the production of materialgoods and urbanization creates mega cities, the ill effects of theseactivities are reflected in the form of various environmental problems.

• Air pollution occurs when there is presence in or introduction into the airof a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects. It is theintroduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other harmfulmaterials into the Earth's atmosphere.

• Among the different types of air pollutants (Solid, Liquid, Gases),suspended particulate matter (SPM), especially Respirable SuspendedParticulate Matter (RSPM), is recognized as the most important in terms ofhealth effects.

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INTRODUCTION

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Pollutant Sources Properties Effects

Sox Volcanoes & hot springs. Coal combustion, ore refining, chemical manufacturing.

S02 is a colorless gas with a pungent,

irritating odor & taste.

Irritates the throat and lungs, can damage a person's respiratory

system.

Nox Bacterial processes, biological growth and decay & forest fires.

Burning of fossil fuels.

Reddish-brown gas with a pungent odor. Absorbs

light & leads to the yellow-brown haze.

Can damage sensitive lung tissue. Respiratory diseases-emphysema or

bronchitis.

SPM Automobiles, soil dust, woodstoves, power plants, etc.

Present in the atmosphere both as

solid particles and liquid droplets.

Causing shortness of breath, Straining the

heart.

RSPM Contain dust from roads &industries as well as particles formed under combustion.

Has a 50 percent penetration at 10

micron aerodynamic diameter (IS 4169).

Can lodge in the trachea (upper throat) or in the

bronchi.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Author Year INFERENCES

Cropper, et al. 1997 Examined the dose-response relationship between arise in air pollution (in terms of total suspendedparticulates) and an increase in mortality rates inDelhi, India.

Cicek, et al. 2001 In addition to exerting a harmful effect on the humanbeing and his assets, SO2 causes damage tovegetation. It can be transported to longer distanceand have a negative impact on biotic and abioticenvironment.

Lim Ling L. 2005 In most urban areas, emissions from traffic are a major contributor of harmful pollutants such as Nox, particulate matter (PM) & Sox.

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CPCB 2009 CPCB has been executing a nation-wide National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) programme of ambient air quality monitoring. It consist of 329 operating stations covering 121 cities.

R. Ravi Krishna 2012 One of the most commonly used method to collect PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0 is the gravimetric method using a high or low volume sampler which intercepts the desired size PM on a filter medium.

Janhavi Nilekani&

Rohini Pande(EPW)

2015 Estimates from the WHO suggest that 13 of the 20cities in the world with the worst fine particulate(PM2.5) air pollution are in India, including Delhi, theworst-ranked city.

Michael Greenstone

(EPW)

2015 660 million people, over half of India’s population, livein areas that exceed the Indian National Ambient AirQuality Standard for fine particulate pollution.

The principal objective of this study is to determine status of ambient air inthe Noida city.

To ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality standards areviolated.

To obtain the knowledge and understanding necessary for developingpreventive and corrective measures.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

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• Sample must be representative in terms of time, location, and conditionsto be studied.

• Sample must be large enough for accurate analysis.

• The sampling rate must be such as to provide maximum efficiency ofcollection.

• Continuous sampling is preferred.

• Pollutants must not be altered or modified during collection.

Number of stations

• Minimum number is three.

• Location should be finalized depending upon the wind speed & nearbysources.

• More than three stations can also be established depending upon the areaof coverage.

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BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE

STUDY

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Selection of sampling location• The sampling point should be as far as possible from any disturbing influence, such as

elbows, bends, transition pieces, baffles.

• The sampling point, wherever possible should be at a distance of 5-10 m. down-streamfrom any obstruction and 3-5 m. up-stream from similar disturbance.

Particulate Monitoring• Particulate monitoring is usually accomplished with manual measurements and

subsequent laboratory analysis.

• A particulate matter measurement uses gravimetric principles. Gravimetric analysis refers to the quantitative chemical analysis of weighing a sample, usually of a separated and dried precipitate.

• In this method, a filter-based high-volume sampler (a vacuum- type device that drawsair through a filter or absorbing substrate) retains atmospheric pollutants for futurelaboratory weighing and chemical analysis.

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• Particles are trapped or collected on filters, and the filters are weighed to determine the volume of the pollutant. The weight of the filter with collected pollutants minus the weight of a clean filter gives the amount of particulate matter in a given volume of air.

• Chemical analysis can be done by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), atomicfluorescence spectrometry (AFS), inductively couple plasma (ICP) spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy.

Gaseous pollutant monitoring• Gaseous pollutant monitoring can be accomplished using various measurement

principles.

• Some of the most common techniques to analyze gaseous pollutants include -Spectrophotometry, Chemiluminescence, etc.

• The primary quality control measure is calibration.

• Calibration checks the accuracy of a measurement by establishing the relationshipbetween the output of a measurement process and a known input.

Sampling Stations:

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METHODS OF MONITORING

The methods prescribed for the gas SO2:

WEST AND GAEKE METHOD (CPCB Recommended)• In this method Sulphur dioxide from air is absorbed in a solution of potassium

tetrachloromercurate (TCM).

• The complex is made to react with pararosaniline and formaldehyde to form the intensely colored pararosaniline methylsulphonic acid. The absorbance of the solution is measured by means of a suitable spectrophotometer.

ReagentsSulphamic Acid, Formaldehyde, Stock Iodine Solution, Starch Indicator Solution, Stock Sodium Thiosulfate Solution, Sodium Thiosulphate Titrant, Purified Pararosaniline Stock Solution

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• Concentration of Sulphite Solution

• The Concentration of SO2 in μg/cu-m in the sample is calculated as follows:

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Advantages of West- Gaeke Method• Low Sox concentrations can be calculated.• A dichlorosulphitomercurate complex, which resists oxidation by the oxygen in

the air.• Stable to strong oxidants such as ozone and oxides of nitrogen.• It is not subjected to interference from acidic or basic gases or solids.• It is a reference method.

Limitations of West- Gaeke Method• The fairly rapid fading of the developed color.• Interference of oxides of nitrogen and ozone—concentrations of interfering

oxidants should be less than that of SO2, i.e., up to about 2 ppm.• Large amount of heavy metal may interfere in the chemical process.• Modifications are required in the calibration curves if high Nitrogen oxide is

present.

OTHER METHODS: Hydrogen Peroxide Method (sensitive to pH of the solutions) & UV Fluorescence (Automated Method).

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The methods prescribed for the gase NO2:

JACOB AND HOCHHEISER METHOD (CPCB Recommended)

• Ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is collected by bubbling air through asolution of sodium hydroxide and sodium arsenite.

• The concentration of nitrite ion (NO2) produced during sampling isdetermined colorimetrically by reacting the nitrite ion with phosphoric acid,sulfanilamide, and N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NEDA)and measuring the absorbance of the highly colored azodye at 540 n m.

Reagents: Sodium Arsenite, Sulfanilamide, N-(1-Naphthyl)-ethylenediamine Di-hydrochloride (NEDA), Hydrogen Peroxide, Phosphoric Acid

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NO2 Concentration in Air Sample - Calculate as μg of NO2 per cubic meter of air as follows:

Advantages of JACOB AND HOCHHEISER METHOD:• Potential interference from sulfur dioxide (SO2) is eliminated by converting any SO2

to sulfate with hydrogen peroxide during analysis.• Negative Interference of CO2 can be avoided.• This method is relatively inexpensive to measure the concentration of NO2

prescribed in the national standards.• It is a reference Method.

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Limitations of JACOB AND HOCHHEISER METHOD:• This method has some deficiencies, including a variable collection efficiency for

nitrogen dioxide.• Long duration sampling is required.• Correction factors to be applied for various deficiencies. • Absorption efficiency is lower (65 percent).

OTHER METHODS: TGS-ANSA Method by US EPA (not recommended by CPCB) and the other method is chemiluminescence method (Automated method).

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The methods prescribed for SPM & PM (10) :

GRAVIMETRIC METHOD (CPCB RECOMMENDED):

• Particles with aerodynamic diameters less than the cut-point of the inlet arecollected by the filter. The mass of these particles is determined by the differencein filter weights prior to and after sampling.

• The concentration of suspended particulate matter in the designated size range is calculated by dividing the weight gain of the filter by the volume of air sampled.

• Air is drawn through a size-selective inlet and through a 20.3 X 25.4 cm (8 X 10 in) filter at flow rate which is typically 1132 L/min (40 ft3 /min).

FILTERS: The choice of filter type results from a compromise among the following filter attributes:(i) mechanical stability (ii) chemical stability (iii) particle sampling efficiency(iv) flow resistance (v) clogging level (vi) blank values (vii) artifact formation(viii) cost and availability.

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The most appropriate filter media for high volume sampling are cellulose fiber, glassfiber, quartz fiber, Teflon coated glass fiber, and Teflon membrane. None of thesematerials is perfect for all purposes.

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Advantages of Gravimetric Method:• A wide range of particulate matter concentration can be calculated 1 to 150 µg/m3.• It is simple and inexpensive.• It is an absolute method; it involves direct measurement without any form of

calibration being required.• Gravimetric methods provides very little room for instrumental error and does not

require a series of standards for calculation of an unknown.

Limitations of Gravimetric Method:• Filter clogging can happen.• Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, nitric acid & organic vapors can be absorbed on the

filter medium along with the suspended particles thereby causing positive biases.• Filter conditioning environments can result in different mass measurements as a

function of relative humidity (RH).• Particle loss during transport occurs when filters are heavily loaded with large dry

aerosols.

OTHER METHODS:Beta attenuation monitoring- employing the absorption of beta radiation by solid particles extracted from air flow. Krypton Gas is required.

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EXCECUTION PLAN FOR THE STUDY

Preparation of the Reagents

Fresh Reagents, if required

Sample CollectionDrawing of

Calibration Curves

Chemical Analysis &

Concentration Calculation

Comparing Results with the CPCP Standards and Recommendations

• Ambient Air Quality Standards (CPCB):

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EXPECTED OUTCOMES

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Air pollution data from World Health Organization (NOIDA CITY)

PM10 133

PM2.5 58

PM10 Pollution Level: Very High