Preliminary Design Review Group 9001
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Transcript of Preliminary Design Review Group 9001
Preliminary Design ReviewGroup 9001
Robert Zwecker – StructuralNick Meeker – Fluid SystemsChad English – FoundationKevin Argabright – ArchitecturalNathan Netsch – Building thermal SystemsTenzin Seldon – Solar Thermal Systems
Bellingham Washingtono36” of precipitation per yearoMiami – 57”, NYC – 43”, Boston
– 42”oTemperatureoAverage in July - 72°F High and
53°F LowoAverage in Jan. - 43°F High and
31°F LowoAverage of 71 sunny, 93
Partly Cloudy, and 201 cloudy days
http://web03.bestplaces.net/city/Bellingham_WA.gif
Source: http://www.bellingham.org/index.php/visitors/weather
Bellingham WashingtonBellingham Building Codes
oSeismic Zone: D1 oWind Speed: 90 mph (three-second gust) oExposure B* oSnow Load: 25 lbs/ft²-Ground and Roof oRain: 2”/hour for roof drainage design oSoils: Per IRC Table R405.1, IBC Section 1804 oFrost Depth: 18” oMaximum Allowable Soil Bearing Capacity: 2000
lbs/ft² oSoil Classification Type: Group IV
Source: http://www.cob.org/services/permits/construction-codes.aspx
Foundation Analysis
Axial Loading Calculations
Wall thickness, t = 8”
L = 44’
W = 35’A=W*L – (W-2t)*(L-2t)
A = 52.22ft2 or 7520in2
Axial Loading Calculations cont.
psiin
lb
A
F50.21
7520
1617002
Weight of House40lb/ft2 x (44’x35’x2) = 123200lb
Snow Load (per Building Code)25lb/ft2 x (44’x35’) = 38500lb
Total load Weight of House + Snow Load = 161700lb
Photo courtesy of http://www.crowson.com/images/house/120598_new_house_foundation2.jpg
Axial Loading Calculations cont.•Approximate material strength at 3500psi
16250.21
3500
max
psi
psin material
Bending Stress Calculations
•Model soil as a fluid•Frost line at 18” (per Building Code)
15o
Total Height = 11’
35’
19.5”
Bending Stress Calculations cont.
Fsoil = 351384lb
Rc = 117128lb
Rf = 234256lb
σbend = 5.63psi
I
cMbend
maxdyWyFD
soil 0
Radon Gas Infiltration
•EPA maximum 4.0 pCi/L
•Bellingham, WA levels <2.0
References• http://www.bayarearetrofit.com/RetrofitDesign/RetrofitEngineering/retrofitengineeri
ng.html• EDGE• http://www.epa.gov/radon/• http://www.keystonewalls.com/media/technote.pdfs/soil_dens.pdf
Structural – Roof Truss Analysis
Options to Consider1. Roof truss spacing
Begin analysis with .6096 m(2 ft) spacing and work way down to .3048 m(1 ft) spacing if required to support loading
2. Roof truss materials and size Ponderosa Pine Douglas Fir Wood
3. Method of Ventilation4. Type of Truss
Storage Truss Fink Truss
Images: http://www.ufpi.com/product/rooftrusses/images/trusses/fink.jpg, http://www.ufpi.com/product/rooftrusses/images/trusses/attic.jpg
Storage Truss Fink Truss
Applicable Local Codes/Loading
1. Wind speed of 90 mph – converts to 1018 N/m2
2. Snow Load: 25 lb/ft2 – converts to 1197 N/m2
Each flat plate collector is approximately 500 N
To ensure conservatism, a load of 2500 N/m2
will be considered for analysis.
http://www.cob.org/documents/planning/permit-center/publications/adopted-codes.pdf
http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview/id/346834.html
Storage Truss Modeled using CAD
Analysis Method
1. Use ANSYS to determine stress in elements of simple truss and compare ANSYS results to analytical results.
2. Once ANSYS is confirmed as reliable, use ANSYS to complete rest of analyses on more complicated storage truss.
Assume a roof load of 2500 N/m2, yielding 1524 N/m per truss. Truss span is 11.89 m, yielding 18120 N roof load
Simple Truss Analysis
Improvements to be made1. Use more complicated truss2. Possibly reduce truss spacing, to be determined after further analyses.3. Leaning toward 2 x 6” but need to perform more analyses
Factor of Safety
Wood Size Compression Shear
American Ponderosa Pine
2 x 4 '" 1.65 < 1
2 x 6" 2.59 < 1
Douglas Fir 2 x 4 '" 1.18 < 1
2 x 6" 1.86 < 1
Architectural Analysis
Floor PlanFirst Floor
Main House: 44’ x 35’ (13.4 m x 10.7 m) Garage: 26’ x 35’ (7.9 m x 10.7 m)
All floor plans created at http://www.floorplanner.com/
Second Floor
Fluids Analysis
Solar Collector Assumptions•Use Skyline 20-01 Glazed Flat-Plate Collector
•Flow Rate = 0.63 gpm = 0.0397 L/s•ΔP = 18.72 in = 475mm of H20
•AFlat-Plate = 20.08 ft2 = 1.86m2
•No. of Collectors = 4•Atotal = 80.32 ft2 = 7.44m2
• Total Flow Rate = 2.52gpm = 0.159L/s
Possible Pipe Sizes
(in) (mm) (ft/s) (ft/100) (m/100)
1/2 12.7 3 0.92 9 2.753/4 19.1 2 0.61 3 0.921 25.4 1 1/2 0.46 0.6 0.18
Pipe Size (in) Velocity Head
Using Figure1:
Figure 1 – Pipe Sizing
Source: Directory of SRCC Certified Solar Collector Ratings (November, 15 2006)
Pipe ComparisonsMaterial
Diamater (in,mm) ID (in) Max P (psi)
Price ($)
Copper (Low P) 1/2 (13mm) 0.569 741 44.50
3/4 (19mm) 0.811 611 43.36
1 (25.5mm) 1.055 506 149.60
Steel 1/2 (13mm) 0.84 19.07
3/4 (19mm) 1.05 23.81
1 (25.5mm) 1.315 32.28
PVC 1/2 (13mm) 0.602 300 6.35
3/4 (19mm) 0.804 240.00 7.30
1 (25.5mm) 1.029 220.00 7.80
Source: http://www.mcmaster.com/
Copper
Pros
• Very high pressure ratings
• Thinner pipes (less mass)
• Unaffected by UV• Various joint options
Cons
• Expensive• Connections using
soldering• Corrodes
Sources: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-advantages-of-copper-plumbing.htmhttp://www.articlesbase.com/home-improvement-articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-pvc-for-plumbing-uses-902814.htmlhttp://www.steelpipespe.co.za/tubing.htm
Steel PVCPros
• Resists Corrosion• Unaffected by UV• Resists Fire• Provides clean water
supply
Cons
• Expensive• Connections using
soldering
Pros
• inexpensive• Connections made
easily without soldering
• Flexible
Cons
• Easily affected by UV light
• Poor insulator• Susceptible to
freezing• Gives off chemicals
in fire
Hot Water Storage
Hot Water Tanks w/ HX Hot Water Tanks and Separate HX
Component Size (gal)
Cooling Cap
(Btu/Hr) Price ($)
Water Tank w/ HX80
(300L)
15,000 (4.5kW) 1,434.00
120 (450L)
1500(4.5kW) 1,631.00
ComponentSize (gal)
Cooling Cap
(Btu/Hr) Price ($)
HX
16,000 (3.5kW) 1,474.0024,000
(8.8 kW) 1,628.00
Water Tank80
(300L) 705.90120
(450L) 864.50
Sources: http://www.mcmaster.com/ http://solar.altestore.com/ http://www.solartubs.com/
80 gal Water Tank and HXAlternate Energy
Technologies’ 80 Gal Storage Tank w/ 15,00
Btu/hr HX
80 Gal American Water
Heater Company Solar
Storage Tank
$1,400 $2,200
+
Heliodyne CounterFlow
Heat Exchanger–
16,000 Btu/Hr (4.7KW)
Source: http://solar.altestore.com/
$1,600 • $2,500
+
120 gal Water Tank and HX
Alternate Energy Technologies’ 120 Gal Storage Tank
w/ 15,00 Btu/hr HX
120 Gal American Water
Heater Company Solar Storage
Tank
Heliodyne CounterFlow
Heat Exchanger–
16,000 Btu/Hr (4.7KW)
Source: http://solar.altestore.com/
Building Thermal Analysis
Climate
Source: http://www.wunderground.com Source: http://www.city-data.com
CTAverage
CMinLowAverage
CMaxHighAverage
oYear 29.
4..
25..
Heat Transfer AnalysisThermal Resistivity
measured by R in terms of K/(m2 K)
Heat Transfer Coefficient, U is defined by
Total heat lost-
Heat loss is total (Q) is total amount of energy lost through convection & conduction.
The higher the R-value the better
RU
1
)( TUAQ
Example of cross-sectional view of wallSource: http://
www.devsantimberframehomes.ie/what_is_timber_frame.php
Total House R-Value
*These recommendations are cost-effective levels of insulation based on the best available information on local fuel and materials costs and weather conditions.
Source: US Department to Energy
Source: US Department to Energy R-Values listed in F-ft2-h/Btu
Location R-Value Km2/W
Attic 6.7-10.6
Wall Cavity 2.3-2.6
Wall Insulation Sheathing 0.44-1.1
Floor 4.4-5.3
BtuFfthWmK o /678.5/1 22
According to U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), in a marine climate one should use:
1. R-19 friction fit, kraft-faced fiberglass insulation
2. blown-in cellulose insulation
Vapor barriers must be utilized for
moisture control: polystyrene sheeting and latex paint
Vinyl Exterior will be used: more durable in high moisture areas and has been requested by customer
2X6 framing is recommended by DOE and will be used.
Insulation
Source: US Department of Energy
Source: http://www.houleinsulation.com/
InsulationCriteria Kraft-Faced Fiberglass Blown-In Cellulose
Performance R-value depends on thickness of material
R-Value depends on thickness of material. R-Value is typically 2-3 inches thinner of same R-Value of Fiberglass
Ease of Installation Must be hand installed. Must be cut for electrical wire fitting and other obstacles in the wall.
Blown-in, easily gets around obstructions and fills odd shaped cavities.
Effectiveness in Marine Climate
Allows moisture to pass through fibers, but if proper control is not used, material can adsorb moisture and reduce R-value
More chemically resistant to moisture. Proper moisture control still must be utilized, to prevent damage and to keep dry to preserve R-value.
Source: Superseal Construction Products, US Department of Energy
WindowsWindows historically have been
the greatest source of heat lost.Originally single pane window have
been the norm, but are illegal today by some building codes.
Today we have double and triple pane windows.Spacing between panes create additional thermal
barrier. Spacing can be filled with air, or with Argon or Krypton gas for higher thermal resistance.
Many windows today qualify for Federal Tax Credit
Source: http://www.accentcountryhomes.com/
Source: http://www.energystar.gov
WindowsType of Window Pros Cons
Single Pane(Illegal based on codes)
Basic protection Lowest resistance to heat lost. One thermal layer.
Double Pane (Air)
3 thermal barriers. Two panes of glass and 1 space of dead air.
Air is effective but inert gas has much higher R-value.
Double Pane (Argon/ Krypton)
3 thermal barriers.Two panes of glass and 1 space of dead gas, which has higher thermal resistance than air.
Slightly more expensive than regular air filled double pane.
Triple Pane (Air or Inert Gas)
Highest R-value of all., with 5 thermal barriers. Three panes of glass and 2 spaces of dead air/gas.
Very expensive. Unaffordable to average consumer.
Wood vs. Vinyl Vinyl is rot resistant and requires little maintenance.
Wood can rot due to moisture
Sources: http://www.jeld-wen.com/, http://www.andersenwindows.com/ , US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Doors
Type of Door Pros Cons
Wood Classic look Durable
Could rot in marine climateR-value not as high
Steel High R-value Can RustCan dent depending on quality of construction,Not easy to paint
Fiberglass High R-valueRust resistantPaintableDurableStronger than some steel doors
Can not be in direct sun-light which weakens the door material
Sources: http://www.jeld-wen.com/, http://www.andersenwindows.com/ , US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Solar Thermal Analysis
Quick facts
• A typical U.S. household consumes about 11,000 kWh per year, costing an average of $1,034 annually.
• A medium (80-gallon) storage tank works well for three to four people for hot water usage.
• Slope of the collector should roughly equal the latitude of the location.
• List of providers: ACR Solar International (CA), Heliodyne, Inc. (CA), Radco Products, Inc. (CA), Sealed air corporation (CA), SunBank Solar (CA), SunEarth, Inc.(CA),
• Liquid based flat-plate collectors are preferred since it’s more efficient than air based ones.
• Glazed preferred over unglazed due to its higher generating capability.
Comparison of glazed flat-plate liquid type collectors
PerformanceMJ/m^2*d
Durability Cost Weight Warranty Over-all rating
Coll. 1 11-6-1 1103 kPa
$57.5/ft^2
20.5 kg 10 years
4
Coll. 2 30-17-5 1034 kPa
$30.2/ft^2
69.3 kg 5 years 2
Coll. 3 36-20-5 1103 kPa
$ 76.6 kg 5F:10L years
1
Coll. 4 18-11-3 1103 kPa
$29.58/ft^2
39.2 kg 10 years
3
Coll. 5 11-6-1 1103 kPa
$ 19.08 kg
5F:20 L years
5
1: Skyline 20-01; 2:GOBI 410; 3:Radco 412C-HP; 4: SunEarth EC 24; 5: Sunbank SB20
F-Chart Analysis
F-Chart Analysis
Economics SummaryFirst Year Fuel Cost $65First Year Fuel Savings $ 75Initial Investment $ 2001Life Cycle Savings $ 314Life Cycle CostsFuel $ 1445Equipment $ 1341Total $ 2786Breakdown of Equipment CostsExpensesDown Payment $ 2001Mortgage $ 0Maint. & Ins. $ 0Property Tax $ 889CreditsInterest $ 0Depreciation $ 0Resale $ 429Tax Credits $ 1121
Solar Heat Dhw Aux f [GJ] [GJ] [GJ] [GJ] [ ]
Jan 2.055 0.753 1.277 1.561 0.231Feb 3.148 0.681 1.158 0.892 0.515Mar 3.196 0.793 1.277 1.163 0.438Apr 5.501 0.438 1.221 0.161 0.903May 5.348 0.362 1.241 0.203 0.874Jun 5.235 0.218 1.182 0.124 0.912Jul 5.833 0.145 1.203 0.034 0.975Aug 5.729 0.122 1.197 0.026 0.981Sep 3.105 0.271 1.164 0.626 0.564Oct 2.620 0.495 1.218 1.046 0.390Nov 1.248 0.692 1.199 1.828 0.034Dec 1.465 0.706 1.258 1.786 0.090Year 44.482 5.675 14.594 9.448 0.534
Bibliography
• U.S. Department of Energy: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. 2009. 20 Oct. 2009. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/consumer/tips/appliances.html>
• SunMaxx: Flat Plate Collectors. 2008. 20 Oct. 2009. <http://solarhotwater.siliconsolar.com/pdfs/shw-pcs-005-flat-plate.pdf>
• Directory of SRCC Certified Solar Collector Ratings. 2006. 23 Oct. 2009. <https://edge.rit.edu/content/Resources/public/SRCCDocuments/OG100DIRFULL_20061115.pdf>
Questions/Comments?