Prejudice. 2 What is the difference between: Race? Ethnicity? Minority Group?
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Transcript of Prejudice. 2 What is the difference between: Race? Ethnicity? Minority Group?
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Race Different characteristics are physical,
innate, and biologically inherited Classifications are socially defined
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Ethnic Group Different characteristics are cultural
Language, food, values, religion, art, music, etc.
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Minority Group Disadvantaged: Members excluded
from full participation in society Held in low esteem: Socially isolated Membership is involuntary, ascribed Self-conscious: See themselves as set
apart
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A Sociological View of A Sociological View of Intergroup RelationsIntergroup Relations Amalgamation
Melting pot; new cultural/genetic blend
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A Sociological View of A Sociological View of Intergroup RelationsIntergroup Relations Assimilation
Racial and ethnic minorities absorbed into the culture; differences disappear
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A Sociological View of A Sociological View of Intergroup RelationsIntergroup Relations Pluralism
Racial and ethnic groups maintain distinct identity; participate jointly in politics and economy
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A Sociological View of A Sociological View of Intergroup RelationsIntergroup Relations Exploitation
Racial and ethnic differences used to rationalize exploitation
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A Sociological View of A Sociological View of Intergroup RelationsIntergroup Relations Ethnic Conflict
Ethnocentrism combined with struggle for resources
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We categorize othersWe categorize others In-Group
Social group to which a person belongs (“us”) We care about others’ welfare, cooperate with We feel we are alike
Out-Group Social group to which a person does not
belong (“them”) We don’t care about group members’ welfare We feel we are very different
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CategorizationCategorization Assimilation
Differences within a category are minimized
Contrast Differences between categories are exaggerated
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PrejudicePrejudice Positive or negative attitude towards
individuals based on their membership in a particular social group
Prejudgment
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Prejudice is an Prejudice is an AttitudeAttitude Affect
Behavioral Tendencies Inclination to act according to prejudice Discrimination: Positive or negative
behavior directed toward the persons or groups who are targets of prejudice
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Institutional DiscriminationInstitutional Discrimination Systematic discrimination against a
group of people (includes racism, sexism)
Not necessarily the result of prejudice!
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Institutional DiscriminationInstitutional Discrimination Children of alumni receive preference for
admission into some private colleges. Employees of a particular university are
allowed free tuition, as are their spouses. A public hearing is held on the third floor
of building without elevators. A fire department requires that applicants
for the position of firefighter be 5'8" or taller.
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Prejudice is an Prejudice is an AttitudeAttitude Affect
Behavioral Tendencies
Cognition Thoughts and beliefs Stereotypes: A cognitive framework
that generalizes certain characteristics to all members of a specific social group
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StereotypesStereotypes Often work as mental shortcuts
Implicit stereotyping can ‘prime’ relevant behavior and attitudes (Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996)
Media stereotypes: Cumulative effect over time
Stereotype threat:Stereotype threat: Anxiety that behavior might confirm a
negative stereotype; hampers performance
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Racial PrejudiceRacial Prejudice Overt racial prejudice and
discrimination are have declined significantly in the last 60 years
Subtle prejudice: Non-obvious, arises when it’s ‘safe’ to express
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Racial PrejudiceRacial Prejudice Study: Applying stereotyping and
prejudice to an ambiguous behavior Participants observe a videotape of a
man lightly shoving another man during conversation
White man
Black man
13%
Black man
White man
73%
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Gender PrejudiceGender Prejudice Stereotypes of men and women Overt gender bias has been declining Subtle gender bias still exists
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Where does prejudice come Where does prejudice come from?from? Social Sources Emotional Sources Cognitive Sources
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Social Sources of PrejudiceSocial Sources of Prejudice Social inequalitiesSocial inequalities
Self-fulfilling prophecy Study 1:
Do Whites treat African Americans and Whites differently?
Participants interviewed a confederate for a job
Confederate: African American or White
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Social Sources of PrejudiceSocial Sources of Prejudice Social inequalitiesSocial inequalities
Self-fulfilling prophecy Results: Study 1
Interview length: AA < WDistance: AA > WEye contact: AA < WSpeech dysfluencies: AA > W
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Social Sources of PrejudiceSocial Sources of Prejudice Social inequalitiesSocial inequalities
Self-fulfilling prophecy Study 2
Does differential treatment influence behavior?
Confederates interviewed participant for job
Treated participant like African Americans or Whites were treated in Study 1
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Social Sources of PrejudiceSocial Sources of Prejudice Social inequalitiesSocial inequalities
Self-fulfilling prophecy Results Study 2:
Participants treated like African Americans performed worse than participants treated like Whites
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Social Sources of PrejudiceSocial Sources of Prejudice Social inequalities In-Group BiasIn-Group Bias
Viewing our in-group positively helps us feel good about ourselves
Natural tendency to view out-group negatively
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Social Sources of PrejudiceSocial Sources of Prejudice Social inequalities In-Group Bias Institutional SupportsInstitutional Supports
Reflect a culture’s assumptions Reinforce culture’s attitudes and
stereotypes
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Emotional Sources of Emotional Sources of PrejudicePrejudice Realistic Group Conflict TheoryRealistic Group Conflict Theory
Frustration brings out hostility When cause of frustration is vague,
hostility can be redirected Competing for resources brings out
frustration and hostility Scapegoating: Group blamed for
problems
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Emotional Sources of Emotional Sources of PrejudicePrejudice
Realistic Group Conflict Theory Authoritarian Personality TheoryAuthoritarian Personality Theory
Authoritarian submissionAuthoritarian submission A high degree of submission to authorities who are
perceived to be established and legitimate Authoritarian aggressionAuthoritarian aggression
A general aggressiveness, directed against various persons, that is perceived to be sanctioned by established authorities.
ConventionalismConventionalism A high degree of adherence to the social conventions
that are perceived to be endorsed by society and its established authorities.
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Cognitive Sources of Cognitive Sources of PrejudicePrejudice CategorizationCategorization
In-Groups and Out-Groups The Minimal Group Paradigm
Out-Group Homogeneity EffectOut-Group Homogeneity Effect Members of an out-group perceived as
similar
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Cognitive Sources of Cognitive Sources of PrejudicePrejudice Categorization DistinctivenessDistinctiveness
Distinctive occurrences, vivid examples are easily remembered
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Cognitive Sources of Cognitive Sources of PrejudicePrejudice Categorization Distinctiveness AttributionAttribution
Fundamental Attribution Error and Group-Serving Bias
Just-World Phenomenon