MEDICINE IN MIDDLE AGES Assist.Prof.Dr. Mehmet KARATAŞ Department of History of Medicine and Ethics.
PREHISTORIC AND PRIMITIVE MEDICINE Assist.Prof.Dr. Mehmet KARATAŞ Department of History of Medicine...
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Transcript of PREHISTORIC AND PRIMITIVE MEDICINE Assist.Prof.Dr. Mehmet KARATAŞ Department of History of Medicine...
PREHISTORIC AND PRIMITIVE MEDICINE
Assist.Prof.Dr. Mehmet KARATAŞ Department of History of Medicine and
Ethics
Findings/Evidences
Human mummy Human skeleton Statuary Wall / stone figures
USA, Kyphosis
Harelip/Stroke
France, 15.000-10.000 BC
Branches of Science
Archeology Paleontology Paleopathology Physical anthropology
Findings/Evidences
Evidences of infectious diseases, tuberculosis and parasitic infestations have been found in the tissues of mummies in Ancient Egypt
Evidences in teeth and bones; osteomyelitis, incorrect fracture union, trauma, spinal tuberculosis, bone tm
Decalcification, bone thickness, the bone growth
USA, Gold Teeth
Findings/Evidences
Bone deformities caused by syphilis Signs of rickets in northern regions Bile/kidney stones, congenital
anomalies Evidences of arteriosclerosis,
pneumonia, stones (kidney), parasites in Ancient Egyptian mummies
Lack of Evidences
There isn't enough information about prehistoric medicine
No evidence before 4000 BC
Spain, Fetus in the womb
Spain, Fetus in the womb
Life Span
Women live shorter than men(more birth, less food)
Men live longer than women
Çatalhöyük, 6500-5700 BC
Aztec Goddess (while giving birth)
The Basis of the Medical Practises
Diseases: A foreign power or a spirit takes control of the body with magic
Supernatural powers A combination of religion, magic and
medical treatment
USA, warts (verru)
USA, Statue of Elephantiasis
Prehistoric Treatment Methods
Fighting against diseases with magic(Appease the evil spirit or expelling)
Herbal treatment; fever reducers, diuretics, analgesics, sedatives, stimulants (curare, opium, cannabis, coca)
Massage Water vapor treatment Craniotomy, circumcision
Aztec Steam Bath
Trepanation in Neolithic Period in France
Expelling the evil spirit A real surgical intervention
France, Trepanation
USA, Trepanation
Trepanation
Europe Anatolia Caucasus Iran, Israel regions North Pacific islands South America
Trepanation Tools
Flint Volcanic obsidian Animal bones
Medical Applications
Various dances were performed in order to appease or expel the evil spirit
Masks, animal skins, drums… were used for this procedure
Absorption (snake bite), bottle drawing, blood flow, smoking
Finding guilty objects (Indians)
Medical Applications
Tourniquet to stop the bleeding, pressuring, cauterization
Amputation (usually/more for offerings)
Suture with sewing needles made of bone and tendon
Reduction of dislocations Fracture treatment (wooden hanger,
animal skin)
Medical Applications
Handicapped people were killed/protection
Mentally ill people were killed/excluded (Because it was the expression of the evil spirit)
The killing of the elderly in order to lighten their loads
Eskimos left their mother/father on ice
Medical People
Having mental illness is enough to be shaman in Amerindians and Siberians
Medicine, from father to son There also some female physicians Physicians protect from bad weather
conditions, loss of herd, bad harvest and all types of disaster
Their social political status is high Surgeries only do trepanation, blood
streaming, wound drainage. They don’t do other treatments.
Medical People
American Indian physician (expert magicians, snake bite, injury, herbal therapy)
Professional magicians in the Congo Siberian shaman has drum, hat,
mask and he intermediates spirits, predicts future events, says magical words
Konuyla İlgili SORU/CEVAP
Soru 1: Tarih öncesi dönemdeki tıbbi uygulamalara ait bulgular nereden elde edilmektedir?
Cevap 1: Mumyalaşmış cesetler, insan iskeletleri, figürler, duvar resimleri, heykeller
Soru 2: Tarih öncesi dönemde hastalıkların tedavisinde kullanılan yöntemler nelerdi?
Cevap 2: Büyü, bitkiler, masaj, su buharı, kraniyotomi, sünnet
References
A. Selim ATAY, İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, translation
Tolga GÜVEN, Marmara Üniversitesi Tıp Tarihi ve Etik AD ders notları
Ali Haydar BAYAT, Tıp Tarihi Emine ATABEK, Şefik GÖRKEY, Başlangıcından
Rönesansa Kadar Tıp Tarihi Çağlar Boyu Tıp, Roche Yayınları http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page