Preface ix Preface - Antimicrobe › atv-toc.pdf · Preface ix Preface The first edition of...
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Preface ix
Preface The first edition of Antimicrobial Therapy and Vaccines, published in 1998, was designed to be the most comprehensive review of antimicrobial therapies and vaccines ever written for the practicing clinician. Given the voluminous explosion of infor-mation, the second edition of Antimicrobial Therapy and Vaccines has been divided into two volumes: Volume I: Microbes and Volume II: Antimicrobial Agents. The volume you are reading is the second edition of Volume I: Microbes. Volume II: Antimi-crobial Agents will be released in 2003. Volume II: Antimicrobial Agents will cover individual antimi-crobial agents including pharmacologic features and clinical indications. The second edition of Volume I: Microbes has several new additions: new chapters for unusual and rarer microbes, a new Parasite Section, and an expanded section on therapy for HIV. Every chapter in the second edition has been rewritten with many organisms having completely new recommendations for drugs of choice since the first edition! Finally, capsule summaries on microbiology, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and pathogenesis have been added. Although we antici-pate that our readers will find these new capsule sum-maries useful as a background, this is not the main focus of this textbook, since other infectious disease textbooks also cover these topics. One only needs to compare the therapy sec-tions of the leading textbooks of infectious diseases to Antimicrobial Therapy and Vaccines to see what a magnificent effort the authors have made in provid-ing this critically important information. Not only are the drugs of choice discussed, but alternative therapies are discussed in comprehensive detail. Without this textbook, the best option for the clini-cian may be Medline. But the Medline searches are erratic and more importantly, not screened, such that references are of questionable quality and relevance are included and other more important references are missed. The experts writing our chapters are authori-ties in their field and they have screened hundreds of anecdotal case reports for credibility and practical-ity.
A deliberate attempt was made to solicit ar-ticles from the top authorities regardless of country of origin. The international breadth of editors and authors will continue to increase in future editions. Antimicrobial Therapy and Vaccines offers decision-making information – a rare feature in text-books since the shelf life of a textbook is about every three to four years. Given the exponential growth of information in therapeutics, a companion website, www.antimicrobe.org has been created to comple-ment this textbook. The website will ensure that the information on therapy is kept up-to-date. Moreover, a sophisticated and clever Pubmed search mecha-nism incorporated into our website allows readers to retrieve new information that has not been reviewed in either the textbook or the website. A notable ad-vantage of the website is the speed and efficiency at which the information is retrieved using an innova-tive search mechanism that is derived from artificial intelligence approaches in medical informatics; the searches are not based on keywords as is the standard approach. We have anticipated the questions which clinicians would most likely ask and introduced a new approach for information retrieval that is not only rapid, but uncannily accurate. For more informa-tion on accessing the website, www.antimicrobe.org, please contact me at [email protected]. We would appreciate criticisms and com-ments from the readers. In most clinical situations, there is no undisputed right approach; thus the chap-ter authors were instructed to give their opinion as to the drug of choice because controlled randomized, double blind trials are a rarity for determining the therapy for most microorganisms. Therefore, dif-ferent points of opinion can exist for many of the therapies described in this textbook. We encourage individuals who have strong disagreement with rec-ommended therapies and supporting data for their position to email me. Their opinions may not only be taken into consideration, but may be displayed on the website as a second opinion. If any of the readers wish to recommend qualified authors for microor-ganisms not discussed in this textbook, please e-mail me.
x Preface Contributors xi
Numerous individuals have made major con-tributions to this integrated textbook and website. We thank Yu-sen Eason Lin, Ph.D., MBA, and Linda Sadej for their expertise in website and editorial support. We thank Lawrence M. Fagan (Stanford University) and Daniel K. Kim for contributions to website design. Dr. Dickson Despommier and his colleagues, Sonia Alexandra Balsky and Steven Xingjie Chen, published the textbook under the aegis of Apple Trees Productions, LLC. Kai-Ming Yu and Apple
Trees Productions designed the striking cover of this textbook. Please note that although all dosages and routes of administration for the drugs have been checked and double checked, errors can still occur. So, the reader should confirm each dose and route of administration for each drug prior to its prescription. We look forward to hearing from you.
Victor L. YuEditor-in-Chief
Contents xxv
Contents
SECTION I
Bacteria ..................................... 1
Achromobacter (Alcaligenes) species 3 Sally A. Roberts, MBChB,FRACP, FRCPA
Acinetobacter species 11Eugenie Bergogne-Berezin, M.D.
Actinobacillus species 19Susan L. Taylor,MBChB, FRCPASelwyn D.R. Lang, MBChB, FRACP, FRCPA
Actinomyces species (Actinomycoses) 29Michael N. McNeil, MD, MPHDr. med. habil., Klaus P. Schaal
Aerococcus urinae 41Jens Jorgen Christensen, M.D., DMScRobert Skov, M.D.
Aeromonas species 45Wen-Chien Ko, M.D.
Anaerobic Bacteria 55Maria Hedberg, Ph.D.Carl Erik Nord, M.D., Ph.D.
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum 63Juan-Ignacio Alos, Ph.D.
Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) 67Arthur M. Friedlander, M.D.Henry Heine, M.D.
Bacillus species 73Carmelita U. Tuazon, M.D., MPH
Bacteroides species 81David W. Hecht, M.D.
Bordetella pertussis (Whooping Cough) and other species 93
Jussi Mertsola, M.D.Qiushui He, M.D.
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease) 103Eugene D. Shapiro, M.D.David L. Coleman, M.D.
Borrelia species (Relapsing Fever) 117Teshale Seboxa, M.D., MScDaniel Fekade, M.D.
Brucella species (Brucellosis) 121Edward J. Young, M.D.
Burkholderia cepacia complex 141David A. Pegues, M.D.
Burkholderia pseudomallei ( Melioidosis ) and B. mallei (Glanders) 149
Nicholas J. White, M.D.Andrew J.H. Simpson, M.D.
Campylobacter species 157Ban Mishu Allos, M.D.Martin J. Blaser, M.D.
Capnocytophaga species 169Hillar Vellend, M.D.
Cardiobacterium hominis 173Selwyn R.Lang, MBChB, FRACP, FRCPAArthur J. Morris, BSc, M.D., Dip ABMM, FRCPA
Chromobacterium violaceum 179Dragana Drinkovic, M.D.Arthur J. Morris, BSc, M.D., Dip ABMM, FRCPA
Chryseobacterium and Myroides species 187M. Cecilia Di Pentima, M.D., MPH, FAAP
Citrobacter species 203Shan-Chwen Chang, M.D., Ph.D.
species 19
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Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) 209Cindy P. Dougherty, Pharm.D.Meena H. Seenivasan, M.D.
Clostridium difficile 213Stuart Johnson, M.D.Dale N. Gerding, M.D.
Clostridium species 223Itzhak Brook, M.D., MSc
Clostridium tetani (Tetanus) 227James Campbell, AIBMSJeremy Farrar, BSc, MB, BS. MCRP, D.Phil
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diptheria) 235Christine C. Chiou, M.D.
Edwardsiella tarda 243David J. Holland, MB, ChB, FRACP, FRCPA, Ph.D.
Eikenella corrodens 247Ellie J.C. Goldstein, M.D., Michael L. Towns, M.D.Cassey Chen, D.D.S., Ph.D.
Enterobacter species 255Maria Virginia Villegas, M.D.John P. Quinn, M.D.
Enterococcus species 265Joseph W. Chow, M.D.Louis B. Rice, M.D.Robert R. Muder, M.D.
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 281Annette C. Reboli, M.D.
Escherichia coli 285Allen C. Cheng, MB, BS, FRACPNathan M. Thielman, MD, MPHRichard L. Guerrant, M.D.
Francisella tularenesis (Tularemia) 301Richard F. Jacobs, M.D.
Gemella species 309William Riebel, M.D.
Haemophilus ducreyi (Chancroid) 315Pierre J. Plourde, M.D., FRCPC
Haemophilus influenzae 319Mark A. HerbertRichard E. Moxon
Helicobacter pylori Infection 337Maria Pina Dore, M.D., Ph.D.David Y. Graham, M.D.
Kingella species 355Michael Towns, M.D.
Klebsiella granulomatous (Granuloma inguinale) 361John Richens, M.D.
Klebsiella species 367David L. Paterson, M.D.
Lactococci 391William Riebel, M.D.
Legionella species (Legionnaires’ disease) 395Miguel Sabria, M.D.Victor L. Yu, M.D.
Leptospira species (Leptospirosis) 419Solly Faine, M.D., Ph.D., FRCPA
Leuconstoc species 425William Riebel, M.D.
Listeria monocytogenes (Listeriosis) 429Bennett Lorber, M.D., DSc (Hon)
Moraxella catarrhalis 437Armando Meza, M.D.Abraham Verghese, M.D.Steven L. Berk, M.D.
Morganella species 449Vivek Kak, M.D.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 457John S. Moran, M.D., MPHH. Hunter Handsfield, M.D.
Neisseria meningitides 471Ke Keith Cartwright, MA, BM, FRCPath
Nocardia species (Nocardiosis) 481Michael M. McNeil, M.D.June M. Brown, M.D.
Oerskovia species 501John D. Rihs
Pasteurella multocida and Other Pasteurella species 505
Sharon Hunt Gerardo, Ph.D.Ellie J.C. Goldstein, M.D.
Pediococci 523William Riebel, M.D.
Plesiomonas shigelloides 527David Murdoch, MB, ChB, DTM&H, FRACP, FRCPASelwyn D.R. Lang, MBChB, FRACP, FRCPA
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Propionibacterium acnes 533Itzhak Brook, M.D. MSc
Proteus species 537Dora SzaboDavid L. Paterson, M.D.
Providencia species 545Robert R. Muder, M.D.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 549Ashish Acharya, M.D.David L. Paterson, M.D.
Rhodococcus equi infections 563Patricia Munoz, M.D.
Roseomonas species 575John D. Rihs
Rothia dentocariosa 579R. Zbinden, M.D., MSc
Salmonella typhi (Typhoid Fever) and S. paratyphi (Paratyphoid Fever) 583
Nicholas J. White, D.Sc., M.D., FRCP
Serratia marcesens Celine Herra, M.Sc. 605
Frederick R. Falkiner, B.A., Ph.D., FTCD
Shigella species (Shigellosis) 615Shai Ashkenazi, M.D., M.Sc.
Sphingomonas paucimobilis 623Adeel A. Butt, M.D.
Spirillium minus (Rat bite fever) 627Mark E. Rupp, M.D.
Staphylococcus aureus 631John Turnidge, M.D.Feng-Yee Chang, M.D.Vance G. Fowler, M.D.Nalini Rao, M.D.
Staphylococcus epidermidis and other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci 659
Ross J. Davidson, Ph.D.Donale E. Low, M.D., FRCP
Staphylococcus lugdunensis 675Meena H. Seenivasan, M.D.
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 679Robert R. Muder, M.D.
Streptobacillus moniliformis (Rat bite fever) 685Mark E. Rupp, M.D.
Streptococcus Group B 691Russell W. Steele, M.D.
Streptococcus pneumoniae 703Ian R. Friedland, M.D.Keith P. Klugman, M.D., Ph.D.
Streptococcus pyogenes 719(Group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus)
Dennis L. Stevens, Ph.D., M.D.
Streptococcus species (Group G and Group C Streptococci, Viridans Group, Nutritionally Variant Streptococci) 735
James S. Tan, M.D., MACPThomas M. File, M.D., FACP
Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) 749Lori E. Fantry, M.D., MPHEdmund C. Tramont, M.D, FACP
Treponema pertenue, Treponema carateum, Treponema endemicum (Yaws, Pinta, Bejel) 759
Meena H. Seenivasan, M.D.
Vibrio cholerae (Cholera) 763Carlos Seas, M.D.Eduardo Gotuzzo, M.D.
Vibrio vulnificus 773Yin-Ching Chuang, M.D.Kun-Yen Huang, M.D., Ph.D.
Yersinia enterocolitica 779Maurice R. Scavizzi, M.D.
Yersinia pestis (Plague) and Y. pseudotuberculosis 789
Thomas Butler, M.D.
SECTION II
Mycobacterial Species ............... 795
Group II. Scotochromogenic Mycobacterium (M. scrofulaceum, M. szulgai, M. gordonae) 797
Michael D. Iseman, M.D.Charles W. Atwood, Jr., M.D.
Group IV: Rapid Growing Mycobacteria (RGM) 801
Michael D. Iseman, M.D.
Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) 807Joyce Korvick, M.D., MPH
xxviii Contents Contents xxix
Mycobacteria kansaii 821David E. Griffith, M.D.Richard J. Wallace, Jr., M.D.
Mycobacteria leprae (Leprosy) 829Christian Lienhardt, M.D., DTM, MScKeith P.W.J. McAdam, MA, MBBChair, FRCP, FWACP
Mycobacteria marinum 837David E. Griffith, M.D.Richard J. Wallace, Jr., M.D.
M. tuberculosis Complex (Tuberculosis) 841Charles L. Daley, M.D.Henry F. Chambers, M.D.
SECTION III
Rickettsiae ................................ 867
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) 869 Thomas J. Marrie, M.D.
Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species (Ehrlichoses) 875Johan S. Bakken, M.D., FACPJ. Stephen Dumler, M.D.
Orientia tsutsugamushi (Scrub Typhus) 883Philippe Parola, M.D., Ph.D.Philippe Brouqui, M.D, Ph.D.
Rickettsia akari (Rickettsialpox) 889Didier Raoult, M.D., Ph.D.Max Maurin, M.D., Ph.D.
Rickettsia prowazekii (Epidemic Typhus and Brill-Zinsser Disease) 893
Max Maurin, M.D., Ph.D.Didier Raoult, M.D., Ph.D.
Rickettsia rickettsia (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) 899
David H. Walker, M.D.Daniel J. Sexton, M.D.
Rickettsia typhi (Murine typhus) 907Max Maurin, M.D., Ph.D.Didier Raoult, M.D., Ph.D.
Rickettsia species 913Didier Raoult, M.D., Ph.D.Max Maurin, M.D., Ph.D.
SECTION IV
Miscellaneous ........................ 923
Bartonella species 925Jane E. Koehler, M.D.David A. Relman, M.D.
Chlamydia pneumoniae 933Lisa A. Jackson, M.D., MPHJ. Thomas Grayston, M.D.
Chlamydia psittaci (Psittacosis) 939David Schlossberg, M.D., FACP
Chlamydia trachomatis 943Julius Schachter, Ph.D.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae 949Julia A. McMillan, M.D.
Mycoplasma species (M. hominis, M. genitalium, M. fermentans) 955
Christiane Bebear, M.D.Cecile M. Bebear, M.D., Ph.D.Michel Dupon, M.D.
Tropheryma whippelii (Whipple’s Disease) 963David N. Fredricks, M.D.David A. Relman, M.D.
SECTION V
Fungi ...................................... 971
Aspergillus species (Aspergillosis) 973David L. Paterson, M.D.
Blastomyces dermatidis (Blastomycosis) 995Peter G. Pappas, M.D.
Candida Infections (Candidiasis) 1001John H. Rex, M.D.Jack D. Sobel, M.D.William G. Powderly, M.D.
Coccidioides immitis (Coccidioidomycosis) 1033Neil M. Ampel, M.D.Paul L. Williams, M.D.
Cryptococcus neoformans (Cryptococcosis) 1045M. Hong Nguyen, M.D.Cornelius J. Clancy, M.D.Shahid Husain, M.D.
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Dematiaceous fungi: (Chromoblastomycosis, Mycetoma, Phaeohyphomycosis) 1059
Cornelius J. Clancy, M.D.Nina Singh, M.D.
Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis) 1069L. Joseph Wheat, M.D.
Hyalohyphomycosis 1081Elias N. Kiwan, M.D.Elias J. Anaissie, M.D.
Malassezia furfur 1089Gerard R. Barber, R.Ph., MPHKent Sepkowitz, M.D.
Paracoccidioidomycosis brasiliensis 1097(Paracoccidioidomycosis)
Ricardo Negroni, M.D.
Penicillium marneffei(Pencillosis) 1107Bertrand Dupont, M.D.
Pneumocystis carinii 1111Catherine F. Decker, M.D.Henry Masur, M.D.
Sporothrix schenckii (Sporotrichosis) 1123Carol A. Kauffman, M.D.
Zygomycetes (Mucormycoses) 1127Corina E. Gonzalez, M.D.Thomas J. Walsh, M.D., FACP, FCCP
SECTION VI
Viruses ................................. 1137
Adenovirus: Enteric 1139Dorsey M. Bass, M.D.Harry B. Greenberg, M.D.
Astroviruses 1141Dorsey M. Bass, M.D.Harry B. Greenberg, M.D.
Calciviruses (Norwalk virus) 1143Dorsey M. Bass, M.D.Harry B. Greenberg, M.D.
Cytomegalovirus 1145Stephen A. Spector, M.D.Janet L. Davis, M.D.
Enteroviruses (Polioviruses, Coxsackieviruses, Echoviruses and Numbered Enteroviruses) 1167
Jose R. Romero, M.D., FAAPJason G. Newland, M.D.
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections 1177Sankar Swaminathan, M.D.Frederick C.S. Wang, M.D.
GB Virus (Hepatitis G virus) 1185Kendo Kiyosawa, M.D.
Hepatitis A Virus 1189Raymond S. Koff, M.D.
Hepatitis B Virus 1195David Durantel, Ph.D.Beatrice Seigneres, Ph.D.Fabien Zoulim, M.D., Ph.D.
Hepatitis C Virus 1221Adeel A. Butt, M.D.Steven K. Herrine, M.D.
Hepatitis E Virus 1231Raymond S. Koff, M.D.
Human Herpes Virus-6 (HHV-6) 1235Nina Singh, M.D.Donald R. Carrigan, Ph.D.
Human Herpes Virus-7 (HHV-7) 1241Nina Singh, M.D.Donald R. Carrigan, Ph.D.
Human HerpesVirus 8 (HHV-8) 1243Harutaka Katano, DDS, Ph.D.Tetsutaro Sata, M.D., Ph.D.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 1249Eric S. Daar, M.D.; Joseph J. Eron, M.D.;Joel E. Gallant, M.D., Ph.D.; Robert M. Grant, M.D., MPH; Mark Holodniy, M.D.; David A. Katzenstein, M.D.; Janell Kobayashi, Pharm.D.; Michael J. Louie, M.D.; Martin Markowitz, M.D.; JoCarol McNabb, Pharm.D.; Robert W. Shafer, M.D.; Cheryl Walker, M.D.; Andrew R. Zolopa, M.D.
Influenza virus 1315John Treanor, M.D.
Measles Virus (Rubeola) 1335Sophie Chabot, Ph.D.Brian J. Ward, MDCM
Mumps 1345Blaise L. Congeni, M.D.
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Papillomaviruses 1349William Bonnez, M.D.
Parainfluenza Virus 1375John Treanor, M.D.
Rabies Virus 1379Cherie L. Drenzek, DVM, MSCharles E. Rupprecht, VMD, MS, PhD
Respiratory Syncytial Virus 1389Edward E. Walsh, M.D.Ann R. Falsey, M.D.
Rhinoviruses 1399Ronald B. Turner, M.D.
Rotaviruses 1405Dorsey M. Bass, M.D.Harry B. Greenberg, M.D.
Rubella Virus (German Measles) 1413Shigetaka Katow, Ph.D.
Varicella Zoster Virus 1423Ann M. Arvin, M.D.Martin J. Wood, M.D.
SECTION VII
Parasites ............................... 1435
Acanthamoeba species 1437Stan Deresinski, M.D.
Angiostrongylus species 1441Michael Martin, M.D., MPH, DTM&HHelmut Albrecht, M.D., DTM&H
Anisakis and Pseudoterranova species (Anisakiasis) 1445
Carlos Franco-Paredes, M.D.Helmut Albrecht, M.D., DTM&H
Ascaris lumbricoides (Ascariasis) 1447Ore Samuel Asaolu, Ph.D.Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie, Ph..D.Ogbonna Cyprian Onyeji, Ph.D.
Babesia species (Babesiosis) 1455Charles Thompson, M.D.Peter J. Krause, M.D.David M. Persing, M.D.
Balamuthia species 1459Stan Deresinski, M.D.
Balantidium coli (Balantidiasis) 1461Paul Kelly, M.D.
Baylisacarris procyonis 1463Helmut Albrecht, M.D., DTM&HMichael Martin, M.D., MPH, DTM&H
Blastocystis hominis 1467David R. Shlim, M.D.Charles W. Hoge, M.D.
Capillaria species 1471John H. Cross, Ph.D.
Cryptosporidium parvum 1475(Cryptosporidiosis)
A. Clinton White, Jr., M.D.Meena H. Seenivasan, M.D.
Cutaneous Larva Migrans 1483Helmut Albrecht, M.D., DTM&HCarlos Franco-Paredes, M.D.
Cyclospora cayetanensis 1487Charles W. Hoge, M.D.David R. Shlim, M.D.
Dientamoeba fragilis 1491Paul Kelly, M.D.
Dirofilaria immitis (Dirofilariasis) 1493Helmut Albrecht, M.D., DTM&HRobin Hampton, M.D., Ph.D.
Dracunculus medinensis (Dracunculiasis) 1495Pascul Magnussen
Echinococcosis species (Echinocossosis) 1497Dominique Angele Vuitton, M.D., Ph.D.Isabelle Beurton, M.D.Said Harraga, Ph.D.Gilles Paintaud, M.D., Ph.D.
Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis) 1513Eric Houpt, M.D.William Petri, Jr., M.D., Ph.D.
Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm) 1519David I. Grove, M.D.
Giardia lamblia (Giardiasis) 1523Jeannine F.J.B. Nellen, M.D.Joost O.M. Zaat, M.D, Ph.D.Peter Speelman, M.D., Ph.D.
Gnathostoma species (Gnathostomiasis) 1539Robin Hampton, M.D., Ph.D.Helmut Albrecht, M.D., DTM&H
xxx Contents Contents xxxi
Hookworms (Ancyclostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) 1543
Reshad Dobardzic, M.D., Ph.D.Peter J. Hotez, M.D., Ph.D.Azra Dobardzic, M.D., Ph.D.
Isospora belli 1551David S. Lindsay, Ph.D.Louis M. Weiss, M.D., MPH
Leishmania species (Leishmaniasis) 1555Piet A. Kager, M.D.
Loa loa (Loiasis) 1581Amy D. Klion, M.D.
Microsporidia (Microsporidiosis) 1585Rainer Weber, M.D.
Naegleria fowleri 1595Stan Deresinski, M.D.
Onchocerca volvulus (Onchocerciasis) 1597Michel Boussinesq, M.D., Ph.D.
Paragonimus species (Paragonimiasis) 1605Kittipong Maneechotesuwan, M.D.Suchai Charoenratanakul, M.D., FRCP
Plasmodium species (Malaria) 1609Nicholas J. White
Schistosoma species (Schistosomiasis) 1635Adel F. Mahmoud, M.D., Ph.D.
Spirometra species 1639John H. Cross, Ph.D.
Strongyloides stercoralis (Strongyloidosis) 1641David I. Grove, M.D.
Taenia solium (Cysticercosis) 1651Hector H. Garcia, M.D., Ph.D.Julio Sotelo, M.D.
Taenia species (T. multiceps, T. serialis, T. brauni) 1657
John H. Cross, Ph.D.
Tapeworms (Taenia saginata, Hymenolopsis species, Dipylidium species, Diphyllobothrium, Bertiella species, Inermacapsifer madaascariensis, Railleitina species) 1659
Alasdair FraserPhilip S. Craig
Toxocara species (Toxocariasis) 1669Jean-Francois Magnaval, M.D., Dr.Sc.Philippe Dorchies, VMDLawrence T. Glickman, VMD, Ph.D.
Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis) 1679Jacques CouvreurCatherine Leport
Trichinella spiralis (Trichinellosis) 1695George Watt
Trichomonas vaginalis (Trichomoniasis) 1699Joseph G. Pastorek, II, M.D., FACOG, FACS
Trichostrongylus species 1705David I. Grove, M.D.
Trichuris Trichiura 1709Ore Samuel Asaolu, Ph.D.Ogbonna Cyprian Onyeji, Ph.D.Ifeanyi Emmanuel Ofoezie, Ph..D.
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (African Trypanosomiasis) 1713
Jacques Pepin, M.D., FRCPC, MSc
Trypanosoma cruzi (American Trypanosomiasis or Chagas Disease) 1723
Louis V. Kirchhoff, M.D., MPH