Training Program on

DISASTER RESILIENT BUILDINGS: USE OF PREFABRICATED/LIGHT WEIGHT/GREEN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Venue: YMCA Campus, New Delhi; Date: June 25-29, 2018

Organized by:

National Institute of Disaster Management (Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India)

NDCC-II, A-Wing, 4th Floor, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110001 www.nidm.gov.in

Resilient India: Disaster free India

Page 1 of 12

Click for Nomination Form Click for Pamphlet

DISASTER RESILIENT BUILDINGS: USE OF PREFABRICATED/LIGHT WEIGHT/GREEN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Introduction Factors like light weight properties, faster construction, Prefab construction, 3D printing, floatable concrete, energy savings due to superior insulation properties, easy workability, bendable concrete, transparent concrete, high fire resistance and eco-friendly nature propels AAC (Aerated Autoclaved Concrete) blocks as the most superior walling material. Dimensional accuracy, strict adherence to consistent quality parameters and superior service levels are hall marks of AAC blocks. Today more and more stake holders are specifying AAC Blocks in their projects. Green building rating agencies like IGBC and GRIHA are also actively involved in propagating such products which are eco-friendly, cheaper and less labour intensive, to name a few. 3D printing will become a common or even standard feature in the fabrication process. The timeline and details remain uncertain. For almost a decade now, researchers have been investigating and refining techniques for 3D printing, or additive manufacturing, in construction. Several specialist companies have emerged, and several large established companies—not just construction firms but also manufacturers of building materials—have started investing in earnest. There is a strong sense of anticipation. But several issues first need to be resolved: how ready the market really is; how ready the industry is to embrace rather than resist the creative-disruptive force that 3D printing represents; how ready the technology itself is; and how companies should best leverage the technology and adapt to it. Mission Housing for all by 2022

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), launched in June 2015, with two components; Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) (PMAY-U) for the urban poor and Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana (Gramin) (PMAY-G and also PMAY-R) for the rural poor. It is an initiative in which affordable housing will be provided to the urban poor with a target of building 20 million affordable houses by 31 March 2022, at the time that Nation complete 75yrs after freedom. This Mission has four components viz., In-situ Slum Redevelopment with private sector participation using land as resource, Affordable Housing through Credit Linked Subsidy, Affordable Housing in Partnership with private and public sector and Beneficiary led house construction/enhancement.

As of 25 April 2016, the government has identified 2,508 cities and towns in 26 states for beginning construction of houses for urban poor. A Technology Sub-mission under the Mission is being set up to facilitate adoption of modern, innovative and green technologies and building material for faster and quality construction of houses. The Technology Sub-Mission is to facilitate preparation and adoption of layout designs and building plans suitable for various geo-climatic zones. In addition this Tech mission is to assist States/Cities in deploying disaster resistant and environment friendly technologies. The Technology Sub-Mission is to work on the following aspects: i) Design & Planning ii) Innovative technologies & materials iii) Green

Page 2 of 12

buildings using natural resources and iv) Earthquake and other disaster resistant technologies and designs.

Housing Mission Objectives

• All 4041 statutory towns as per Census 2011 with focus on 500 Class I cities would be covered in three phases as follows:

• Phase I (April 2015 - March 2017) to cover 100 Cities selected from States/UTs as per their willingness.

• Phase II (April 2017 - March 2019) to cover additional 200 Cities • Phase III (April 2019 - March 2022) to cover all other remaining Cities

Ministry, however, will have flexibility regarding inclusion of additional cities in earlier phases in case there is a resource backed demand from States/UTs.

• The mission will support construction of houses upto 30 square meter carpet area with basic civic infrastructure. States/UTs will have flexibility in terms of determining the size of house and other facilities at the state level in consultation with the Ministry but without any enhanced financial assistance from Centre. Slum redevelopment projects and Affordable Housing projects in partnership should have basic civic infrastructure like water, sanitation, sewerage, road, electricity etc. Urban Local Bodies (ULB) should ensure that individual houses under credit linked interest subsidy and beneficiary led construction should have provision for these basic civic services.

• The minimum size of houses constructed under the mission under each component should conform to the standards provided in National Building Code (NBC). If available area of land, however, does not permit building of such minimum size of houses as per NBC and if beneficiary consent is available for reduced size of house, a suitable decision on area may be taken by State/UTs with the approval of SLSMC. All houses built or expanded under the Mission should essentially have toilet facility.

• The houses under the mission should be designed and constructed to meet the requirements of structural safety against earthquake, flood, cyclone, landslides etc. conforming to the National Building Code and other relevant Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) codes.

• The houses constructed/acquired with central assistance under the mission should be in the name of the female head of the household or in the joint name of the male head of the household and his wife, and only in cases when there is no adult female member in the family, the house can be in the name of male member of the household.

• State/UT Government and Implementing Agencies should encourage formation of associations of beneficiaries under the scheme like Resident Welfare Association etc. to take care of maintenance of houses being built under the mission.

• The houses constructed/acquired with central assistance under the mission should be in the name of the female head of the household or in the joint name of the male head of the household and his wife, and only in cases when there is no adult female member in the family, the dwelling unit/house can be in the name of male member of the household.

Page 3 of 12

Implementation Methodology

The Mission will be implemented through four verticals giving option to beneficiaries, ULBs and State Governments. These four verticals are as below.

What is Prefab Technology?

Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located. The term is used to distinguish this process from the more conventional construction practice of transporting the basic materials to the construction site where all assembly is carried out. It is not generally used to refer to electrical or electronic components of a machine, or mechanical parts such as pumps, gearboxes and compressors which are usually supplied as separate items, but to sections of the body of the machine which in the past were fabricated with the whole machine. Prefabricated parts of the body of the machine may be called 'sub-assemblies' to distinguish them from the other components.

What is 3D printing technology for housing

Construction 3D Printing (c3Dp) or 3D Construction Printing (3DCP) refers to various technologies that use 3D printing as a core method to fabricate buildings or construction components. Alternative terms are also in use, such as Large scale Additive Manufacturing (LSAM), or Freeform construction (FC), also to refer to sub-groups, such as '3D Concrete', used to refer to concrete extrusion technologies.

The building-on-demand (BOD) by 3DPrinthuset, a small office hotel building, with a 3D printed wall and foundation structure. The first building of its kind in Europe. There are a variety of 3D printing methods used at construction scale, these include the following main methods: extrusion

Page 4 of 12

(concrete/cement, wax, foam, polymers), powder bonding (polymer bond, reactive bond, sintering) and additive welding. 3D printing at a construction scale will have a wide variety of applications within the private, commercial, industrial and public sectors. Potential advantages of these technologies include faster construction, lower labor costs, increased complexity and/or accuracy, greater integration of function and less waste produced.

What is Light Weight Housing Technology Light material is most ideal and cost effective where time and financial budget is a constraint. This material saves time of construction due to light weight, handling is easier, needs less labour and sizes are large than conventional blocks and which needs less mortar as well. Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) is conventional concrete, where natural aggregate (gravel) is exchanged for the best insulation medium available, namely air, embedded in organic and bio-degradable foam that offers no chemical reaction but solely serves as wrapping material for the air. Consequently CLC behaves, like conventional concrete, in particular concerning curing, hardening and most important “ageing “. CLC infinitely increases its strength by hydration (forming of crystals in cement) as long as exposed to humidity in the atmosphere.

Green Building

Page 5 of 12

Since independence, India has experienced enormous growth in the construction industry. Since the last two decades, this growth has multiplied several times. Growing construction activity means a growing requirement of land, energy and materials. Construction of buildings requires various raw materials which leaves an additional burden on limited natural resources of earth. In addition, constructed buildings also have energy and other resource requirements in its lifetime. To enable the construction industry to be environmentally friendly, Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) has established the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC). Green buildings are environmentally sustainable buildings that use minimum resources and contribute in lesser waste generation. Whether Green buildings are really green is to be decided against the predefined rating systems. There are three primary Rating systems in India- (1) GRIHA, (2) IGBC and (3) BEE. IGBC rating system is the most dominant rating system in India. However, IGBC rating systems are for new buildings and leaves existing building untouched for such ratings. To address existing buildings to be rated for green building rating systems; IGBC has launched exclusive ‘IGBC Green Existing Building O&M Rating in April 2013. By applying IGBC Green Existing Building O&M criteria, existing buildings can be sustainable over the life cycle of the building. By using these new criteria, the building owner and developer can apply green concepts to reduce the environmental impacts and measure the outcome. As per IGBC, existing building can reduce water & energy consumption by around 15 – 30 % and also reduce waste and contribute in

pollution reduction. This in turn provides better health & higher satisfaction levels for occupants. IGBC Green Existing Building O&M Rating will be governed by Green Existing Buildings O&M Committee. The committee includes facility managers, corporate, government, builders, developers, architects, consultants, manufacturers and industry representatives. Every year, the rating system will be reviewed by the committee. This will ensure that it is updated and contemporary. Key important points about IGBC Green Existing Building O&M Rating;

IGBC Green Existing Buildings O&M Rating System is voluntary.

1. The rating is designed to suit all building types in all climatic zones and is for both air-conditioned and non-air conditioned buildings.

2. The pilot version of IGBC Existing Buildings O&M rating system is applicable for all types of non-residential buildings e.g. office buildings, IT Parks, BPOs, shopping malls, hotels, hospitals, airports, banks, etc.

3. Residential and Factory buildings will not be eligible. They can use other existing rating systems. However, Buildings which are 80% occupied with respect to the carpet area and operational for a minimum of one year are eligible for certification under IGBC Existing Buildings O&M rating. In addition, Projects already certified and operational for more than 1 year are also eligible

4. Campus projects having multiple buildings can be considered as one single project for registration and certification. However each building has to individually conform to the energy, water and fresh air mandatory requirements.

5. Unlike other available rating system, this new rating systems will have very less documentation requirement.

Page 6 of 12

6. Water management has maximum weightage in rating. For energy related aspects, following standards are recommended to use – Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) or the Energy Performance Index (EPI) by BEE.

7. Levels of certification are (1) Certified for Best Practices, (2) Silver rating for outstanding performance (3) Gold rating for national excellence (4) Platinum rating for global leadership.

8. IGBC Existing Buildings O&M rating will be valid for a period of 3 years from the date of issue of the certification.

National Building Code of India 2016

The National Building Code of India (NBC) provides guidelines for regulating the building construction activities across the country. It serves as a Model Code for adoption by all agencies involved in building construction works. The Code mainly contains administrative regulations, development control rules and general building requirements; fire safety requirements; stipulations regarding materials, structural design and construction (including safety); building and plumbing services; approach to sustainability; and asset and facility management. The Code was first published in 1970 at the instance of Planning Commission and then first revised in 1983. Thereafter three major amendments were issued to the 1983 version, two in 1987 and the third in 1997. The second revision of the Code was in 2005, to which two amendments were issued in 2015. The revised Code has been brought out in 2016 as National Building Code of India 2016 reflecting the state-of-the-art and contemporary applicable international practices.

The comprehensive NBC 2016 contains 12 Parts some of which are further divided into Sections totaling 33 chapters. The salient features of the revised NBC include, apart from other changes made, the changes specially in regard to further enhancing our response to meet the challenges posed by natural calamities. The NBC 2016 contains chapters on development control rules and general building requirements, fire and life safety, building materials, structural design, construction management, practices and safety and building services besides others.

Page 7 of 12

Objectives • Familiarize with Mission Housing for all by 2022 by Govt. of India • To enhance professional capacity of engineers, architect and town planners the country on

the aspects of innovation in building materials and construction technologies • To make aware of the fallacies in the ongoing construction practices in the country, pros

and cons of building permit process and familiarize with correctives measure against impending hazards

• Familiarize with prefab construction, 3D printing, Building Information Management, Digital surveillance in the project sites, etc.

Capacity building framework • Awareness: Create awareness about disaster risk reduction and preparedness among

individuals and communities through electronic, print and folk media • Education: Include disaster management education in curriculum of schools and

professional courses • Training: Train disaster managers at all levels to equip them with necessary knowledge

and skills • Retraining: Upgrade knowledge and skills through periodic training and exercises

• Sensitization: Sensitize policy and decision makers at national and provincial levels

• Building health & environics: To familiarize with geo-pathic stress and correcting measures for Mobile/Wi-Fi induced health hazards

• Technology Improvisation: Upgrade with current trends and feasibility of adopting the same for PM mission for housing by 2022

Target Group

This programme is primarily designed for people across the humanitarian to development spectrum, who may in some capacity be involved in light-weight and Prefabricated construction activities at different levels. The programme will be useful for architects, engineers, planners, administrators, and teaching faculties involved in teaching and research in this area. Classroom lectures by experts

• Mission Housing for all by 2022: scope and current update vis-à-vis with modern technology

• Prefab technology – state of the art • 3D printing in construction and scope for PMAY-U &R • Introduction to Civic facilities, infrastructures developments, past disaster events and their

impact on national/state/local economy • Familiarity with building bye-laws and National Building Code - 2016

• Sharing Lessons from Construction industries and demonstration/showcase of various technique

Page 8 of 12

The programme will commence on Monday, June 25, 2018 and will conclude on Friday June 29, 2018 at NIDM, 4th Floor, NDCC-II, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110001.

Registration

The participants of the programme will assemble at NIDM and register themselves on Monday, June 25, 2018, at 9.00 a.m. onwards. NIDM Team will assist them in Registration.

Programme Details

The training programme schedule, list of participants, faculty involved and the Programme Staff assisting this programme are included.

Faculty for the Programme

Besides NIDM, faculty from various leading organizations working in the area of building construction will be invited for interaction with the participants of the programme.

Evaluation of the Programme

The final session of the programme will be devoted to panel discussion, evaluation of the course content and valediction, practical demonstration of prefab house and light weight housing technologies. The participants will be supplied with an evaluation proforma, which may be completed and handed over to the Programme staff.

Certificate

A Certificate of participation will be awarded to each participant on successful completion of the programme.

Page 9 of 12

Schedule (tentative)

Hrs

Monday (June 25)

Tuesday (June 26)

Wednesday (June 27)

Thursday (June 28)

Friday (June 29)

9:00 Registration Inauguration

Recapitulation – 1st day

Recapitulation – 2nd day

Recapitulation – 3rd day

Recapitulation – 4th day

10:00-10:15 10:15-11:30

Expectations, Experience Sharing & Ground Rules - CG, AAK

Engineering Approaches for achieving Housing for all by 2022 - Shailesh Kr Agarwal, BMTPC

Making 10 storey building in 48 hrs: Case study – Mr Harpal Singh Saggu, Chandigarh

Light weight disaster resistant construction in Hilly terrain - CG, NIDM

Green Building Rating system – case study - Prem C. Jain, IGBC

11:30 Tea Break Tea Break Tea Break Tea Break Tea Break

11:45-13:00

Mission Housing for all by 2022 : Overview -CG/AAK, NIDM

SOA of Prefab Technology - Mr N K

Sharma, Hindustan Prefab, Delhi

Healthy Living in homes & industries - Ajay/Pranab

Poddar, Environics Ltd., Delhi

Earthquake proof housing – a myth or reality (use of Base Isolation technology) - Ratish

Jain/CG

3D Printing Technology in Construction – an overview - CG, NIDM

13:00 Lunch break Lunch break Lunch break Lunch break Lunch break 13:45-15:15

Innovations Building Materials and Codal perspectives - Chandan

Ghosh (CG), NIDM

Prefab Construction & Green Building Materials/Exhibition - N K Sharma

& team

Tsunami Reconstruction – case studies - Dr Pawan Kumar, TCPO

Innovative Building materials – current trends

- Raheel Raza, KeraKoll

Use of geosynthetics for disaster safe living - Raghav

Vohra, Terrain Infratech

15:15 Tea break Tea break Tea break Tea break Tea break 15:30-17:00

Use of Flyash & AAC block in light weight construction - Sanjeev K. Jindal, Modcrete Blox

National Building Code -2016 - Sanjay Pant/

Arun Kumar, BIS

Field Visit to Modcrete Blox Factory, NOIDA - CG, AAK

e-Homes & prefab technology - CG, AAK

Training evaluation exercises Valedictory Function

17:00-17:15

Summary of 1st day’s program

Summary of 2nd day’s program

Summary of 3rd day’s program

Summary of 4th day’s program

Page 10 of 12

Faculty for the Programme

NIDM Faculty

Name Address Shri B. H. Anil Kumar, IAS Executive Director, NIDM Dr. Chandan Ghosh (CG), Professor & Head, Geohazards Division

Course Director, NIDM, cghosh24@gmail.com

Dr. Amir Ali Khan (AAK), Assistant Professor NIDM, alikhanamir@gmail.com

External Resource Persons

Name Address 1. Sanjeev Kumar Jindal,

Managing Director Modcrete Blox, Ashtech Buildpro India Pvt Ltd, NOIDA

2. Sanjay Pant, Director & Head Civil Engg Divn. /Arun Kumar (Sc. C) /Madhurima Madhav (Sc. C)

Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi-110002, India

3. Mr Harpal Singh Saggu, Managing Director

Synergy Group, Chandigarh, India

4. Shri N K Sharma, Project Manager (C)

(A Govt. of India Enterprise) Jangpura, New Delhi – 110014 India

5. Raghav Vohra, Director Terrain Infratech, #507, 5th Floor, Sohna Road, Gurgaon, email: raghav@terrainonfratech.in

6. Dr Pawan Kumar, TCPO, Delhi

Assistant Town Planner, TCPO, Ministry of Urban Development, Govt. of India

7. Ajay/Pranab Poddar, Managing Director

Environics, 133-A,2nd Floor, Lane No.01,Westend Marg, Saidulajab, New Delhi-110030.

8. Raheel Reza, Manager KeraKoll India, Green Building Company, Jasola 120, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110076

9. Dr Prem C. Jain, Chairman, CII- IGBC

Chairman AECOM

Contact Address: Dr Chandan GHOSH, Ph.D.(IIT-K), Dr.Engg.(Ibaraki Univ., Japan) Professor & Head [GeoHazards] National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India 4th Floor,, NDCC-II, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110 001, INDIA Tel: +91 11 2343 8297(direct), Cell +91 99686 68503 Web: www.nidm.gov.in Location Map: (https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Ministry+of+Home+Affairs+(MHA)/@28.6285649,77.2117732,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x5bab46b0895abf9f!8m2!3d28.6276122!4d77.2144407?hl=en ) .

Page 11 of 12

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT (NIDM)

Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India Nomination Form

Name of the Program: National Level Training Course on “DISASTER RESILIENT BUILDINGS: PREFABRICATED/LIGHT WEIGHT/GREEN CONSTRUCTION

TECHNOLOGY” Date & Venue: 25-29 June 2018 at NIDM, New Delhi

Name of the Nominee:

Designation: Age:

Name and Address of the Organisation:

Residential Address:

Telephone: STD Code:

Office: Residence:

Mobile:

Fax:

Email:

Expectation from the Course: Have you attended any NIDM course earlier: Yes/No, If yes may please mention the name & dates In what way do you think that this training will be useful for you? Accommodation requirement during training (Required/Not required)

Date: _________________

Name and Designation of the Nominating Authority (with Seal)

(Please fill all the details in Nomination form for NIDM data base record)

Address: NIDM, A-Wing, 4th Floor, NDCC-II Building, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi-110001, Phone: 011 – 23438297, Fax: 011-23438290/8288 Email: cghosh24@gmail.com

Page 12 of 12

Schedule (tentative)

Disaster Resilient Buildings: Use of Prefabricated/Light Weight/Green Technology Venue: NIDM campus, New Delhi 110001, Date: June 25-29, 2018

Hrs

Monday (June 25)

Tuesday (June 26)

Wednesday (June 27)

Thursday (June 28)

Friday (June 29)

9:00 Registration Inauguration

Recapitulation – 1st day

Recapitulation – 2nd day

Recapitulation – 3rd day

Recapitulation – 4th day

10:00-10:15 10:15-11:30

Expectations, Experience Sharing & Ground Rules - CG, AAK

Engineering Approaches for achieving Housing for all by 2022 - Shailesh Kr Agarwal, BMTPC

Making 10 storey building in 48 hrs: Case study – Mr Harpal Singh Saggu, Chandigarh

Light weight disaster resistant construction in Hilly terrain - CG, NIDM

Green Building Rating system – case study - Prem C. Jain, IGBC

11:30 Tea Break Tea Break Tea Break Tea Break Tea Break

11:45-13:00

Mission Housing for all by 2022 : Overview -CG/AAK, NIDM

3D Printing Technology in Construction – an overview

Healthy Living in homes & industries - Ajay/Pranab

Poddar, Environics Ltd., Delhi

Earthquake proof housing – a myth or reality (use of Base Isolation technology) - Ratish

Jain/CG

Green building materials and technologies

13:00 Lunch break Lunch break Lunch break Lunch break Lunch break 13:45-15:15

Innovations in Building Materials and Codal perspectives - Chandan

Ghosh (CG), NIDM

Prefab Construction & Green Building Materials/Exhibition - Mr N K

Sharma, Hindustan Prefab, Delhi

Innovative Building materials & technologies - A.K Mullick, Former DG, NCCBM

Innovative Building materials – current trends

- Raheel Raza, KeraKoll

Use of geosynthetics for disaster safe living - Raghav

Vohra, Terrain Infratech

15:15 Tea break Tea break Tea break Tea break Tea break 15:30-17:00

Use of Flyash & AAC block in light weight construction - Sanjeev K. Jindal, Modcrete Blox

National Building Code -2016 – provision for Innovation - Sanjay Pant/

Arun Kumar, BIS

Field Visit to Modcrete Blox Factory, NOIDA - SK Jindal /CG, AAK

Prefabricated low cost Rural house (PMAY-G) technology - D. Datta, INSDAG, Kolkata

Training evaluation exercises Valedictory Function

17:00-17:15

Summary of 1st day’s program

Summary of 2nd day’s program

Summary of 3rd day’s program

Summary of 4th day’s program

Training Program on

DISASTER RESILIENT BUILDINGS: USE OF PREFABRICATED/LIGHT WEIGHT/GREEN

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY Venue: YMCA Campus, New Delhi 110001

Date: June 25-29, 2018

KEYWORDS: Prefab, light weight, 3D printing, SCC, Geo-polymer concrete, EPS, Green building, AAC, Flyash bricks, Nanotechnology & biomimicry, foamcrete, GRIHA, LEED, BEE, IGBC, confined masonry, FRP, retrofitting, base isolation, earthquake resistant, solar power, IoT, e-Homes,…

Organized by:

National Institute of Disaster Management (Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India)

NDCC-II, A-Wing, 4th Floor, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110001 www.nidm.gov.in

Introduction Factors like light weight properties, faster construction, Prefab construction, 3D printing, floatable concrete, energy savings due to superior insulation properties, easy workability, bendable concrete, transparent concrete, high fire resistance and eco-friendly nature propels AAC (Aerated Autoclaved Concrete) blocks as the most superior walling material. Dimensional accuracy, strict adherence to consistent quality parameters and superior service levels are hall marks of AAC blocks. Today more and more stake holders are specifying AAC Blocks in their projects. Green building rating agencies like IGBC and GRIHA are also actively involved in propagating such products which are eco-friendly, cheaper and less labour intensive, to name a few. 3D printing will become a common or even standard feature in the fabrication process. The timeline and details remain uncertain. For almost a decade now, researchers have been investigating and refining techniques for 3D printing, or additive manufacturing, in construction. Several specialist companies have emerged, and several large established companies—not just construction firms but also manufacturers of building materials—have started investing in earnest. There is a strong sense of anticipation. But several issues first need to be resolved: how ready the market really is; how ready the industry is to embrace rather than resist the creative-disruptive force that 3D printing represents; how ready the technology itself is; and how companies should best leverage the technology and adapt to it. Mission Housing for all by 2022 Since independence, India has experienced enormous growth in the construction industry. Since the last two decades, this growth has multiplied several times. Growing construction activity means a growing requirement of land, energy and materials. Construction of buildings requires various raw materials which leaves an additional burden on limited natural resources of earth. In addition, constructed buildings also have energy and other resource requirements in its lifetime. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), launched in June 2015, with two components; Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) (PMAY-U) for the urban poor and Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana (Gramin) (PMAY-G and also PMAY-R) for the rural poor. It is an initiative in which affordable housing will be provided to the urban poor with a target of building 20 million affordable houses by 31 March 2022, at the time that Nation complete 75yrs after freedom. This Mission has four components viz., In-situ Slum Redevelopment with private sector participation using land as resource, Affordable Housing through Credit Linked Subsidy, Affordable Housing in Partnership with private and public sector and Beneficiary led house construction/enhancement. As of 25 April 2016, the government has identified 2,508 cities and towns in 26 states for beginning construction of houses for urban poor. A Technology Sub-mission under the Mission is

being set up to facilitate adoption of modern, innovative and green technologies and building material for faster and quality construction of houses. The Technology Sub-Mission is to facilitate preparation and adoption of layout designs and building plans suitable for various geo-climatic zones. In addition this Tech mission is to assist States/Cities in deploying disaster resistant and environment friendly technologies. The Technology Sub-Mission is to work on the following aspects: i) Design & Planning ii) Innovative technologies & materials iii) Green buildings using natural resources and iv) Earthquake and other disaster resistant technologies and designs. Prefabricated Construction Technology? Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located. The term is used to distinguish this process from the more conventional construction practice of transporting the basic materials to the construction site where all assembly is carried out. It is not generally used to refer to electrical or electronic components of a machine, or mechanical parts such as pumps, gearboxes and compressors which are usually supplied as separate items, but to sections of the body of the machine which in the past were fabricated with the whole machine. Prefabricated parts of the body of the machine may be called 'sub-assemblies' to distinguish them from the other components. 3D printing technology for housing Construction 3D Printing (c3Dp) or 3D Construction Printing (3DCP) refers to various technologies that use 3D printing as a core method to fabricate buildings or construction components. Alternative terms are also in use, such as Large scale Additive Manufacturing (LSAM), or Freeform construction (FC), also to refer to sub-groups, such as '3D Concrete', used to refer to concrete extrusion technologies.

The building-on-demand (BOD) by 3D Printhuset, a small office hotel building, with a 3D printed wall and foundation structure.

Resilient India: Disaster free India

The first building of its kind is in Europe. There are a variety of 3D printing methods used at construction scale, these include the following main methods: extrusion (concrete/ cement, wax, foam, polymers), powder bonding (polymer bond, reactive bond, sintering) and additive welding. 3D printing at a construction scale will have a wide variety of applications within the private, commercial, industrial and public sectors. Potential advantages of these technologies include faster construction, lower labor costs, increased complexity and/or accuracy, greater integration of function and less waste produced. What is Light Weight Housing Technology Light material is most ideal and cost effective where time and financial budget is a constraint. This material saves time of construction due to light weight, handling is easier, needs less labour and sizes are large than conventional blocks and which needs less mortar as well. Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) is conventional concrete, where natural aggregate gravel) is exchanged for the best insulation medium available, namely air, embedded in organic and bio-degradable foam that offers no chemical reaction but solely serves as wrapping material for the air. Consequently CLC behaves, like conventional concrete, in particular concerning curing, hardening and most important “ageing“. CLC infinitely increases its strength by hydration (forming of crystals in cement) as long as exposed to humidity in the atmosphere.

Green Rating of buildings Green Buildings as structures that ensure efficient use of natural resources like building materials, water, energy and other resources with minimal generation of non-degradable waste. In rural India, conventional homes with baked red colour roof tiles and clay made walls is a really good example of energy efficient structures that are used to keep cool during summers and warm during the winters. Today we have advanced technologies that create smarter systems to control inside temperature, lighting systems, power and water supply and waste generation. Green buildings might be a bit heavy on the purse but are good for the environment. In this rapidly changing world, we should adopt the technology that helps us to save precious natural resources. This would lead us to true sustainable development. There are three primary Rating systems in India GRIHA, IGBC, BEE.

Objectives • Familiarize with Mission Housing for all by 2022 by Govt.

of India • To enhance professional capacity of engineers, architect and

town planners the country on the aspects of innovation in building materials and construction technologies

• To make aware of the fallacies in the ongoing construction practices in the country, pros and cons of building permit process and familiarize with correctives measure against impending hazards

• Familiarize with prefab construction, 3D printing, Building Information Management, Digital surveillance in the project sites, etc.

Capacity building framework • Awareness: Create awareness about disaster risk

reduction and preparedness among individuals and communities through electronic, print and folk media

• Education: Include disaster management education in curriculum of schools and professional courses

• Training: Train disaster managers at all levels to equip them with necessary knowledge and skills

• Retraining: Upgrade knowledge and skills through periodic training and exercises

• Sensitization: Sensitize policy and decision makers at national and provincial levels

• Building health & environics: To familiarize with geo-pathic stress and correcting measures for Mobile/Wi-Fi induced health hazards

• Technology Improvisation: Upgrade with current trends and feasibility of adopting the same for PM mission for housing by 2022

Target Group This programme is primarily designed for people across the humanitarian to development spectrum, who may in some capacity be involved in light-weight and Prefabricated

construction activities at different levels. The programme will be useful for architects, engineers, planners, administrators, and teaching faculties involved in teaching and research in this area. Classroom lectures by experts • Mission Housing for all by 2022: scope and current update

vis-à-vis with modern technology • Prefab technology – state of the art • 3D printing in construction and scope for PMAY-U &R • Introduction to Civic facilities, infrastructures developments,

past disaster events and their impact on national/state/local economy

• Familiarity with building bye-laws and National Building Code - 2016

• Sharing Lessons from Construction industries and demonstration/showcase of various technique

The programme will commence on Monday, June 25, 2018 and will conclude on Friday June 29, 2018 at NIDM, 4th Floor, NDCC-II, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110001. Registration The participants of the programme will assemble at NIDM and register themselves on Monday, June 25, 2018, at 9.00 a.m. onwards. NIDM Team will assist them in Registration. Programme Details The training programme schedule, list of participants, faculty involved and the Programme Staff assisting this programme are included. Faculty for the Programme Besides NIDM, faculty from various leading organizations working in the area of building construction will be invited for interaction with the participants of the programme. Evaluation of the Programme The final session of the programme will be devoted to panel discussion, evaluation of the course content and valediction, practical demonstration of prefab house and light weight housing technologies. The participants will be supplied with an evaluation proforma, which may be completed and handed over to the Programme staff. Certificate A Certificate of participation will be awarded to each participant on successful completion of the programme. For Contact: Dr Chandan GHOSH, [Course Director] Professor & Head [GeoHazards Division] National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India NDCC-II, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi 110 001, INDIA Tel: +91 11 2343 8297(direct), Cell +91 99686 68503 Email: cghosh24@gmail.com, Web: www.nidm.gov.in

Brochure

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT (NIDM) Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India

Nomination Form Name of the Program: BUILDINGS: PREFABRICATED/LIGHT WEIGHT/GREEN

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY” Date & Venue: 25-29 June 2018 at NIDM, New Delhi 110001

Name of the Nominee: _________________________________

Designation: Age: Name and Address of the Organisation:

Residential Address:

Telephone: STDCode:

Office: Residence:

Mobile:

Fax:

Email:

Expectation from the Course: Have you attended any NIDM training earlier? If yes please mention name of Trg & Date In what way do you think that this training will be useful for you? Accommodation requirement during training (Required/Not required)

Date: _________________

Name and Designation of the Nominating Authority (with Seal)

(Please fill this Nomination form for NIDM data base record: Last date: June 18, 2018) Address:NIDM,A-Wing,4thFloor,NDCC-IIBuilding,JaiSinghRoad,NewDelhi-110001,

Phone:011–23438297,Fax:011-23438290/8288Email:cghosh24@gmail.com

Page 1 of 1

Innovations in building materials vs. Prefabricated construction

practices

Prof. Chandan GhoshNIDM, New Delhi

• Kyocera co. Japan has installed EQ. early warning system to all its branches taking data from JMA

What has caused this train to derail?EQ early warning system and auto-brake applied on 23rd Oct 2004, Mid-Nigata EQ., Japan

Engineering approach…. To a project undertaking

• Feasibility vs. importance (projected loss/damage/danger..)• Cost/Affordability• Viable Technology vs. Natural selection• Sustainability and safety assurance • Environmental impact• Social impact…

3

Impact of Nepal (April 2015) earthquake on roads: Where to build upon when ground is not strong enough! Road engineering has to Doctor the ground and Earthquake effect in the conventional road-pavement design has to be incorporated

How to store surplus water? On River Bed!! Our Standards are ???

What we have known so far is the testing of piles…Delhi Metro..and checking load carrying capacity..

How to Improve foundation – simple means! No standards!

Long elevated passage NH-24 (Dasna road)….Improvisation!!

8

Speed of construction vs. labour force vs. skills vs. automation

9

Making flyover vs. under pass

10

Speed vs. efficiency vs cost escalation vs. skills

11

Slope protection works at Parwanoo, 35km from Chandigarh

What makes this standing Vertical? New types of Anchored earth Retaining wall

Nailed slope – No Dynamic methods fit but it’s stable

14

Sikkim Microzonation – 2006

Site response and predominant frequencies (S.K. Nath et al., 2008)

Damages due to Geotechnical Issues during Earthquake

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay 18

Mission re-construction..forall..trenchless technique..

19

Frequency of usage of rail track/day/population/cost incurred…containers

20

Building stock – what to do!

• Vulnerability check • Evaluation for retrofitting

• Assessment of expected loss if failed • IMPORTANCE factor = decision making => budget

• DPR• Cost – Tender-selection of agency

• Technology – transfer• Quality assurance

• Implementation..

21

Safeguarding Building Health

• Feasibility vs. • cost vs.

• availability of technology

22

Business continuity vs. time vs. affordability

26

Scope for Civil Engg. professional

Use of DAMPERS in GMR (T-3) office building - retrofitting

28

Retrofitting – office work undisturbed

29

Base isolators – cheapest in India! IIT-Guwahati

30

Gated vs. non-gated => toll collection system => Cost/feasibility

31

Walled vs. not walled slope

32

Poor constructions – Shimla, What are the ways to handle buildings showing such TILT?

We have known the technique for modern buildings BUT what about monuments?

34

What kind of decoration is enough on building with no Frame?

35

Masonry failure at corners

Safety assessment is more of judgement based on authentic records..than a simple ‘accounting” exercise..

What amt. of extra steel is reqd.? Rein. At Corners? Stirrup at 135 deg,bond length??

38

New approaches – new features –faster => Instrumentation

39

Safety vs. input vs. skill vs. quality assurance

40

RVS – what’s not possible to screen (later)

• Buildings that already constructed – without proper supervision; mostly by local masons/contractors with little or no knowledge of EQ resistant measures as per NBC-2005/IS codes

• Plans are passed – not structural details• Municipalities not bothering quality monitoring ONSITE• Compromise with quality and compounding fee after

conversions/alterations made

41

Building construction – as per sanctioned plan [not structural dwg.]

What amount of reinforcement is enough (Zone IV/V)? Who designs? Ers or STAADpro/SAP?

43

Srinagar, 3 storey Inst. Building – roof top

Delhi – such building could be the victim of architectural overtures during EQ.

Re-Bar: tailor made into Brick size and aligning them where-ever reqd.

Use of oversize bar is more apparent than lapping them as per Code

Lapping of bar is extension – not much of structural requirement

Owning extra space – basement => foundation adjustment for a 5 storey …

Construction materials not upto the mark – but expect that FE500 or 600 will take care of earthquake!

Constructions technologies are tailored such a way that BEAMs are hidden….and so many others=> RVS can bring nothing…

ENGINEERING APPROACHES FOR ACHIEVING HOUSING FOR ALL

Chandan Ghosh, Ph.D., Dr. Engg.Professor & Head [GeoHazards Divn.]

National Institute of Disaster ManagementMinistry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India

Cost of land vs. cost of unit flat

2

The Pradhan Mantri AwasYojna (Urban) launched on 25th day of June 2015,

set the target of delivering approximately 20 million houses by 2022 and subsequently Pradhan Mantri AwasYojna (Rural) launched on 1st day of April 2016 envisages 10 million houses in next three years

3

Mission Housing by 2022

Traditional building materials e.g. brick, cement, steel, aggregates, sand etc., they are either based on natural resources which are finite in nature or energy intensive or emit greenhouse during production.

4

cast-in-situ RCC framed construction which is primarily slow track construction methodology and is subjected to time & cost overruns.

5

BMTPC….

have been identifying, evaluating and certifying these systems and also in order to showcase these technologies, demonstration housing projects

..has been conducting capacity building programmes across India, in partnering with states, so as to educate practicing engineers & architects, students, policy makers, contractors and artisans about these technologies.

6

CPWD has included New

Technology Items in Delhi Schedule of Rates (DSR) 2016 Volume-2 namely

(a) Light Gauge Steel Framed System (Item No. 26.41 to 26.45),

(b) Expanded Polystyrene Core Panel System (Item No. 26.46 to 26.47), and

(c) Aluminum Formwork for Monolithic Construction (Item No. 26.48) and their detailed analysis is given in Delhi Analysis of Rates(DAR) 2016 (Volume-2).

7

National Building Code 2016 by BIS provisions have been updated to ensure utilization of number of new/alternative

building materials and technologies to provide for innovation in the field of building construction. Updated provisions on new alternate technologies for speedier construction have also been included in Part-5 BUILDING MATERIALS;

Part-6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN: Section 7 Prefabrication and Systems Building and Mixed/Composite Construction, 7A Prefabricated Concrete, 7B Systems Building and Mixed/Composite Construction;

and Part-7 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT, PRACTICES AND SAFETY

8

Formwork Systems

1 Monolithic Concrete Construction System –(a) using Plastic - Aluminium Formwork; and

(b) using Aluminium Formwork 2 Modular Tunnel form 3 Sismo Building Technology

9

Precast Sandwich Panel Systems 4 Advanced Building System – EMMEDUE 5 Rapid Panels 6 Reinforced EPS Core Panel System 7 QuickBuild 3D Panels 8 Concrewall Panel System 9 Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG)

Panel System

10

Light Gauge Steel Structural Systems 10 Light Gauge Steel Framed Structure

(LGSFS) 11 Light Gauge Steel Framed Structure with

Infill Concrete Panels (LGSFS-ICP)

11

Steel Structural Systems

12 Factory Made Fast Track Building System 13 Speed Floor System

12

Precast Concrete Construction Systems 14 Waffle-Crete Building System 15 Precast Large Concrete Panel System 16 Industrialized 3-S system using cellular

light weight concrete slabs & precast columns

13

Performance appraisal certification system (PACS) Structural performance against vertical & lateral loads • Fire resistance • Protection against rain & moisture. • Thermal behaviour • Acoustic • Ease of fixing services • Quality assurance • Durability

14

15

Quickbuild 3D panel

16

Structural Stability Durability Behavior in earthquake Water Tightness Thermal Performance Acoustic Performance

17

MAJOR WORKS COMPLETED

• Christ College, Kilacherry (T N) in February 2012 • Meridian Hotel, White Field, Bangalore in May 2013 • Bethany School, Koramangalka, Bangalore in October 2013 • Sure Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad (AP) in November

2013 • VTRC Ponmeni, Madurai (TN) in December, 2013 • Vineetha Industries, Adugodi, Bangalore in January 2014 • SERC Taramani, Chennai (TN) in February 2014 • VME Reality, Chembarabakkam (TN) in May 2014 • KPCL Wood House, Kovalam (TN), August 2014 • Champs Empowering Education, Hyderabad (AP) in August

2014 Performance Appraisal Certificate No. 1019-S/2015 issued to

Beardsell Ltd, Chennai by BMTPC.

18

19

More than 7000 people are killed/yryet it’s not in our Disaster counting list prepared in 1999..

20

Culture of questioning…

21

Whether our infrastructures are vulnerable to impending hazards

Economics of disaster – scientific or unscientific Mitigation measures – economically viable or

not

ANY ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT DONE SO FAR?

AS OF 2004 REPORT – WE LOSE 2% OF OUR GDP EVERY YEAR

Indian PARLIAMENT starred Q. on 22ndNov 2012

Culture of Risk-transfer

23

Insured vs. total economic losses in major natural catastrophes (Source: Swiss Re CatNet database, AXCO database)

June 29, 201824

Essence of Nat DM plan-2016 => Reducing Risk, enhancing resilience (DM plan for state-2007)http://ndma.gov.in/en/ndma-guidelines.htmlmore in BMTPC, NIDM, BIS..IRC..

Understanding Risk

Inter-Agency Coordination

Investing in DRR – StructuralMeasures

Investing in DRR – Non-Structural Measures

Capacity Development

DM vs. development

Country scenario – disaster statistics! Database – documentation deficiency! New technologies – adaptation in

Labs/models/equations! Microzonation – scientific Fantasy! Early warning (EQ), Weather – Instrumental! Landslides – more of warning than solving! Building construction – Ers vs.

contractor/architect /Authorities! Immediate needs

26

Product development vs. warrantee – Input vs. output

27

LPG costing Rs 40/day to Gifting a 2W Solar/Mobile/chargeable LED. Cost of Shoe Rs400-1000 => 3-5yrs warranty…

28

Taking stock of facilities in our cities Water supply Electricity Education Roads Sewerage Parks Toilets ....

Mapping of City fascilty/utility – LiDAR survey

SeeSuite thru’ 3D LiDAR

SeeCITY | Municipal Administration in Developmental Control and Regularization

SeeBOARD | Outdoor Media Planning and Management

SeeHAWK | Street Vendor Registration, Monitoring, Management, and

Zoning SeeESTATE | Estate / Township Management

Solution SeeSLUM | Slum Mapping and

Improvement/Rehabilitation Management Solution

SeeCURE | Safety and Security Management Solution in a Unified Interface

Safety and Security management solution in a unified interface

SeeCURE

• Digital reconnaissance of the city

• Assistance in understanding risks on critical facilities and infrastructure

• Situation assessment (plan/reports)

• Assign and assist first responders with mission critical information

URBAN DEVELOPMENT: APPLICATIONS

Technology vs. Natural selection

37

Vetiver applications in mined area greening..

These can’t be saved from earthquake ….threats !

Are these mkt place safe from….earthquakes? Never…can’t be…

42

Are these measures good enough as retrofitting?

43

RC JACKETING OF COLUMNS

What effect – do they bring?

Acts, Bye-laws, Rules and Regulations enforced by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) or local Urban Development Authorities.

Techno-Legal Regime are not strictly complied with

The techno-legal regime implemented in the jurisdiction of ULBs or local Urban Development Authorities do not have any regulatory control over building constructions in rural areas.

Empanelled professional architects, civil engineers, geo-technical engineers and structural engineers – shortcoming!!.

45

Totally collapsed & undamaged Builidings

Northridge CA 1964Kobe Japan 1995

TV Tower Ahmedabad Undamaged Transmission Tower near Epicentre

WHAT MIGHT GO WRONG TO OUR EXISTING BUILDING? COULD WE GIVE EARLY WARNING FOR NEPAL EQ. TO DELHI-ITES?

Frame without INFIL WALL will be broken easily

Not stable in this direction

Will collapse like a Card House

52

• Site specific concerns and other comments

• Maintenance concerns and other comments

• General environmental control – housekeeping and other comments

• Fire & Electrical Hazard Prevention and Safety Concerns And Other Related Comments

• General safety concerns and other comments

Name and designation of the field inspector/Engineer:_______________Signature:________

Experience of Inspector/engineer:Contact No.:

Name and Designation of the Evaluator:________________ Signature:___________

Email: Contact No. ________________

Q1. Does the building have an open storey with just columns and no Unreinforced Masonry Infill walls, either at the ground level or at any intermediate storey level

Seismic actions (IS: 1893-2002) If soft/flexible storeys exist in the building,

were the columns in that storey specially designed for additional effects?

Has the effect of unreinforced masonry infillsbeen accounted for in the structural stiffness and strength design of building?

Has analysis of the structure performed to include effects of torsion?

55

What is the Importance Factor used in estimating the design base shear?

What is the Response reduction Factor used in estimating the design base shear?

What is the natural period of the building for shaking in translation mode along the two horizontal plan directions?

What is the Design Base Shear, as a fraction of the weight of the building,• Seismic Coefficient Method• Response Spectrum Method

56

Soft storey at the ground

X-bracing takes care of shear forces due to earthquakes

Soft storey – fails but can be made safer too..

Portions where brick walls can be provided to prevent soft storey collapse

Crushed cars

Seismic response of building with soft ground storey

62

Does the building have floating columns or floating structural walls (discontinued in the lower levels)

Are the columns having transverse reinforcement with 90o hook ends?

64

Structural System

(a) What is the Structural System employed:• Regular frame,• Regular frame with shear wall,• Irregular frame,• Irregular frame with shear wall,• Shear wall building,• Soft storey building, or• Any other (please identify)?

65

Levels of Analyses

1. Rapid visual screening (RVS) procedure requiring only visual evaluation and limited additional information (Level 1 procedure). This procedure is recommended for all buildings.

2. Simplified vulnerability assessment (SVA) procedure requiring limited engineering analysis based on information from visual observations and structural drawings or on-site measurements (Level 2 procedure). This procedure is recommended for all buildings with high concentration of people.

3. Detailed vulnerability assessment (DVA) procedure requiring detailed computer analysis, similar to or more complex than that required for design of a new building (Level 3 procedure). This procedure is recommended for all important and lifeline buildings.

Use of RVSTo identify if a particular building requires further evaluation for

assessment of its seismic vulnerability.

2. To rank a city’s or community’s (or organisation’s seismic rehabilitation needs.

3. To design seismic risk management program for a city or a community.

4. To plan post-earthquake building safety evaluation efforts.

5. To develop building-specific seismic vulnerability information for purposes such as regional rating, prioritisation for redevelopment etc.

6. To identify simplified retrofitting requirements for a particular building (to collapse prevention level) where further evaluations are not feasible.

7. To increase awareness among city residents regarding seismic vulnerability of buildings.

DEVELOPMENT OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

Dr. Dhirendra SinghalProfessor and Chairperson

Department of Civil EngineeringDCRUST, Murthal 131 039

25 June 2018

Concrete can be defined as a constructionmaterial which consists of water andaggregates. These aggregates are bondedtogether with some binding material. Thebinding material is generally hydrauliccement. Conventional concrete which is usedat present is most widely used constructionmaterial. This is because

Concrete is economical and its ingredients are easily available in all parts of the world

Structural elements of various shapes andsizes can be formed as it is plastic in natureduring fresh state

Jubilee Church in Rome

DMRC-Delhi Metro

Lotus Temple New Delhi

Sydney Opera House

It has excellent water resistance

The Indus Valley civilization was entirely unknown until 1921, whenexcavations in what would become Pakistan revealed the cities ofHarappa and Mohenjo Daro. This mysterious culture emerged nearly4,500 years ago and thrived for a thousand years, profiting from thehighly fertile lands of the Indus River floodplain and trade with thecivilizations of nearby Mesopotamia.

Sanchi Stupa is India’s oldest stone structure, by Emperor Ashokaand built over the remains of Buddha in a glorious endeavour tohonour them. Sanchi Stupa is a magnificent exemplar of not justBuddhist and Mauryan art and architecture, but also of faith andreverence. Its foundation was overlain by Emperor Ashoka in 3rdcentury BC.

Pont du Gard, France

Nîmes was one of the greatest cities in Gaul when it became a colony under Romanlaw in 45 B.C. The population grew rapidly to reach some 20,000 inhabitants underthe dynamic influence of the Roman civilization.

The city's water requirements had previously been met by the Nemausus spring butconstruction of an aqueduct enabled Nîmes to flourish around a prestigious urbandevelopment including fountains, spas, sewage networks, monuments and thusacquire much sought after prestige.Nîmes aqueduct was a major construction operation that took some 15 years to buildbetween 40 and 60 A.D.

HISTORY OF CEMENT

The origin of hydraulic cements goes back toancient Greece and Rome. The materials usedwere lime and a volcanic ash that slowly reactedwith it in the presence of water to form a hardmass. This formed the cementing material of theRoman mortars and concretes of 2,000 years agoand of subsequent construction work in westernEurope. Volcanic ash mined near what is now thecity of Pozzouli in Italy, was particularly rich inessential aluminosilicate minerals, giving rise tothe classic pozzolana cement of the Roman era.

The invention of Portland cement usually isattributed to Joseph Aspidin of Leeds, YorkshireEngland, who in 1824 took out a patent for amaterial that was produced from a synthetic mixtureof limestone and clay. He called the product“Portland cement” because of a fancied resemblanceof the material, when set, to Portland stone, alimestone used for building in England.

China and India had become the world leaders incement production, followed by the United States,Brazil, Turkey, and Iran.

The Pulpit Rock is on the southern end of theIsle of Portland in Dorset. Portland stone isquarried on the island and was used in manyfamous buildings for example BuckinghamPalace, The White House, St Pauls Cathedral.

1.35 million tons of greenhouse gases are emitted through themanufacture of OPC each year.

CO2 is emitted from the calcination process of limestone, fromcombustion of fuels in the kiln, as well as from powergeneration.

During the production of the 1 Tonne cement, 0.85 Tonne CO2is emitted & consumes 120-130 electricity units.

7% of the global CO2 is caused by cement industries.

Hilly regions have been severely damaged for limestone, whichis the main raw material for the production of cement.

Extent of energy required to produce OPC isonly next to steel and aluminum.

Dumping of the waste materials into the ground is also a majorproblem.

Byproducts(fly ash, rice husk ash, GGBS etc.) of different naturalmaterials creates opportunity to utilize them.

Geopolymer Concrete is without Cement.

Siliceous material with Alkaline liquids are used as binding materialto replace cement.

Constituents of Geopolymer Concrete :(i) Source material with high Al and Si.

Fly ash, Rice husk ash, GGBS, Clays etc.These are mainly waste materials and requires significant efforts

for removal.(ii) Alkaline liquid.

NaOH(sodium hydroxide) and Na2SiO3(sodium silicate).

• From the above given data it can be concluded that achieved strength is not against the targeted strength.

• Less data is available regarding the workability of Geopolymer concrete.• Data is not available about the GGBS & Rice husk ash based GPC.

AUTHORS NAME

TARGET STRENGT

H(MPa)

FLY ASH(KG)

SAND(KG)

C.A(KG)

TEMP.(DEGREE CELCIUS)

WATERKG

Na2SiO3/NaOH(KG)

COMP. STRENGT

H(MPa) 28 days

WORKABILITY

(MM)

Malathy et. al

----------- 383 503 1078 N.M 110 160/80 29.00 220

LLOYED & RANGAN

----------- 408 554 1294 60 88 103/41 30.00 100

RAIJIWALA et. al

----------- 425 505 1005 60 100 148/59.5 40.00 N.M

PRABIR KUMAR

----------- 408 616 1232 70 NIL 103/55 66.00 N.M

Local available material (C.A, F.A & Waste Materials)was used for study in order to minimise the cost.

Ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide was kept2.5 as when this value increases , GPC becomesuneconomical than OPC.

Three different curing temperature (ambient(27), 60and 90 degree) were considered to study the effect ofcuring.

Three waste materials as a binder along with differentquantum were used to study the properties of GPC andto develop design aids for mix design of GPC.

Three different concentration of the NaOH wereconsidered in the study.

Rest period of 24hour was given to the GPC samples before heatcuring.

Alccofine was introduced into the GPC matrix to achieve the targetstrength at room temperature.

The testing was done after 3, 7 and 28 days using Indian standardmethods.

VARIABLES: Waste Material: - Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash, GGBS. NaOH concentration: - 8M, 12M and 16M Temperature: 27O , 60O ,90O C Binder quantum :- 350, 375 and 400 kg/cum.

Constants: Na2SiO3/ NaOH = 2.5 Rest Period = 1 Days W/GPB = 0.27 AAL/binder ratio = 0.45

FLY ASH

Composition

(%)

Processed Fly Ash

Un-Processed Fly Ash

IS 3812

requirement

Silica + alumina + iron oxide

(SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3): wt%

95.91 91.25 70.0 (Min)

Silica ( SiO2) : wt% 62.55 56.90 35.0 (Min)

Calcium Oxide (CaO) : wt% 0.87 0.85 Not specified

Magnesia (MgO) : wt% 0.39 1.21 5.0 (Max)

Sulphur trioxide (SO3) : wt% 1.32 1.38 3.0 (Max)

Sodium oxide (Na2O) : wt% 0.46 0.52 1.5 (Max)

Total chlorides : wt% 0.05 0.025 0.05 (Max)

Loss on ignition : wt% 0.52 1.85 5.0 (Max)

Fineness-specific surface,

m2/kg321.7 255.2 320 (Min)

RHA

Composition

(%)

Rice Husk Ash

Silica (SiO2) : wt% 92.96

Alumina (Al2O3) : wt% 0.14

Iron oxide (Fe2O3) : wt% 0.05

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) :

wt%

0.01

Calcium Oxide (CaO) : wt% 0.45

Magnesia (MgO) : wt% 0.19

Sulphur trioxide (SO3) : wt% 1.32

Sodium oxide (Na2O) : wt% 0.29

Potassium oxide K2O : wt% 2.38

P2O5 : wt% 0.29

Loss on ignition : wt% 3.24

Specific gravity 2.13

Specific surface area m2/kg 355

GGBS

Composition

(%)

GGBS

Iron oxide (Fe2O3): wt% 2.0

Silica (SiO2) : wt% 37.50

Alumina (Al2O3) 13.80

Calcium Oxide (CaO) : wt% 42.2

Magnesia (MgO) : wt% 3.70

Sulphur trioxide (SO3) : wt% 0.20

Loss on ignition : wt% 0.60

Specific gravity 2.60

Specific surface area m2/kg 375

ALCCOFINE

Chemical Composition Physical Properties

Constituents Composition (%) Physical Property Results

Fe2O3 1.20 Bulk Density (kg/m3) 680

SO3 0.13 Specific Gravity 2.70

SiO2 35.30 Particle Size Distribution d10

(in micro metre) d50

d90

1.8

MgO 8.20 4.4

Al2O3 21.40 8.9

CaO 32.20 Specific Surface Area 12000

cm2/gm

SODIUM SILICATE

Item Specification

Color Color-less

Density, gm/cm3 1.45-1.55

Total solids content, by

mass%45:52

SOD

IUM

HYD

RO

XID

E

MIXTURE PROPORTIONS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Mix No./ Designation Quantity of ingredients ( kg/m3)

Coarse aggregates Fine

Aggregates

Fly

Ash

Alccofin

e (%age

of fly

ash)

NaO

H

Na 2

SiO

3

Wat

er14 mm 10 mm 7

mm

M1A0/M1A0P 614 460 269 575 350 0.0 38 95 36.02

M1A0UP 614 460 269 575 350 0.0 38 95 36.02

M1A5 614 460 269 575 350 5 38 95 36.02

M1A10 614 460 269 575 350 10 38 95 36.02

M2A0/M2A0P 600 450 260 565 370 0.0 44.4 111 31.58

M2A0UP 600 450 260 565 370 0.0 44.4 111 31.58

M2A5 600 450 260 565 370 5 44.4 111 31.58

M2A10 600 450 260 565 370 10 44.4 111 31.58

M3A0/M3A0P 565 445 255 540 400 0.0 52.58 131.45 27.07

M3A0UP 565 445 255 540 400 0.0 52.58 131.45 27.07

M3A5 565 445 255 540 400 5 52.58 131.45 27.07

M3A10 565 445 255 540 400 10 52.58 131.45 27.07

MIX DETAIL FOR TRIAL PRILIMNARY LABORATORY WORK

Comparison of compressive

strength of processed and

unprocessed fly ash based

GPC.

Workability (slump) of fly ash

based geopolymer concrete

with different content of

alccofines from 0% to 10%. (

FA- Fly ash, AF-Alccofine)

Effect of variation of fly ash content, alccofine, curing type and age of

casting on the compressive strength of fly ash based geopolymer concrete.

MIXTURE PROPORTIONS FOR DESIGN AIDS

Mixture

Fine

Aggregate

[Kg/Cum]

Coarse

Aggregate

[Kg/Cum]

Fly Ash

[Kg/Cum]

Molarity:

NaOH

[M]

Total

Alkaline

Solution

[Kg/Cum]

NaOH

[Kg/Cum]Na2SiO3

Extra water

[Kg/Cum]Alccofine

[Kg/Cum]

Plasticizer

[Kg/Cum]

Curing

Temperature

(oC) / Rest

Period (hrs.)

M1FAGC 533 1243 350 8 157.5 45.00 112.5 26 35.0 7.0 90 / 24

M2FAGC 521 1215 375 8 168.7 48.21 120.5 28 37.5 7.5 90 / 24

M3FAGC 508 1186 400 8 180.0 51.42 128.5 28 40.0 8.0 90 / 24

M4FAGC 531 1239 350 12 157.5 45.00 112.5 30 35.0 7.0 90 / 24

M5FAGC 519 1210 375 12 168.7 48.21 120.5 30 37.5 7.5 90 / 24

M6FAGC 506 1181 400 12 180.0 51.42 128.5 32 40.0 8.0 90 / 24

M7FAGC 530 1236 350 16 157.5 45.00 112.5 32 35.0 7.0 90 / 24

M8FAGC 517 1207 375 16 168.7 48.21 120.5 34 37.5 7.5 90 / 24

M9FAGC 505 1178 400 16 180.0 51.42 128.5 36 40.0 8.0 90 / 24

M10FAGC 533 1243 533 8 157.5 45.00 112.5 26 35.0 7.0 90 / 24

M11FAGC 521 1215 521 8 168.7 48.21 120.5 28 37.5 7.5 60 / 24

M12FAGC 508 1186 508 8 180.0 51.42 128.5 28 40.0 8.0 60 / 24

M13FAGC 531 1239 531 12 157.5 45.00 112.5 30 35.0 7.0 60 / 24

M14FAGC 519 1210 519 12 168.7 48.21 120.5 30 37.5 7.5 60 / 24

M15FAGC 506 1181 506 12 180.0 51.42 128.5 32 40.0 8.0 60 / 24

M16FAGC 530 1236 530 16 157.5 45.00 112.5 32 35.0 7.0 60 / 24

M17FAGC 517 1207 517 16 168.7 48.21 120.5 34 37.5 7.5 60 / 24

M18FAGC 505 1178 505 16 180.0 51.42 128.5 36 40.0 8.0 60 / 24

M19FAGC 533 1243 350 8 157.5 45.00 112.5 26 35.0 7.0 27 / 24

M20FAGC 521 1215 375 8 168.7 48.21 120.5 28 37.5 7.5 27 / 24

M21FAGC 508 1186 400 8 180.0 51.42 128.5 28 40.0 8.0 27 / 24

M22FAGC 531 1239 350 12 157.5 45.00 112.5 30 35.0 7.0 27 / 24

M23FAGC 519 1210 375 12 168.7 48.21 120.5 30 37.5 7.5 27 / 24

M24FAGC 506 1181 400 12 180.0 51.42 128.5 32 40.0 8.0 27 / 24

M25FAGC 530 1236 350 16 157.5 45.00 112.5 32 35.0 7.0 27 / 24

M26FAGC 517 1207 375 16 168.7 48.21 120.5 34 37.5 7.5 27 / 24

M27FAGC 505 1178 400 16 180.0 51.42 128.5 36 40.0 8.0 27 / 24

Mixture

Fine

Aggregate

[Kg/Cum]

Coarse

Aggregate

[Kg/Cum]

Rice Husk

Ash

[Kg/Cum]

Molarity:

NaOH

[M]

Total

Alkaline

Solution

[Kg/Cum]

NaOH

[Kg/Cum]Na2SiO3

Extra water

[Kg/Cum] Alccofine

[Kg/Cum]

Plasticizer

[Kg/Cum]

Curing

Temperature

(oC) / Rest

Period (hrs.)

M1RHAGC 533 1243 350 8 157.5 45.00 112.5 26 35.0 7.0 90 / 24

M2RHAGC 521 1215 375 8 168.7 48.21 120.5 28 37.5 7.5 90 / 24

M3RHAGC 508 1186 400 8 180.0 51.42 128.5 28 40.0 8.0 90 / 24

M4RHAGC 531 1239 350 12 157.5 45.00 112.5 30 35.0 7.0 90 / 24

M5RHAGC 519 1210 375 12 168.7 48.21 120.5 30 37.5 7.5 90 / 24

M6RHAGC 506 1181 400 12 180.0 51.42 128.5 32 40.0 8.0 90 / 24

M7RHAGC 530 1236 350 16 157.5 45.00 112.5 32 35.0 7.0 90 / 24

M8RHAGC 517 1207 375 16 168.7 48.21 120.5 34 37.5 7.5 90 / 24

M9RHAGC 505 1178 400 16 180.0 51.42 128.5 36 40.0 8.0 90 / 24

M10RHAGC 533 1243 350 8 157.5 45.00 112.5 26 35.0 7.0 90 / 24

M11RHAGC 521 1215 375 8 168.7 48.21 120.5 28 37.5 7.5 60 / 24

M12RHAGC 508 1186 400 8 180.0 51.42 128.5 28 40.0 8.0 60 / 24

M13RHAGC 531 1239 350 12 157.5 45.00 112.5 30 35.0 7.0 60 / 24

M14RHAGC 519 1210 375 12 168.7 48.21 120.5 30 37.5 7.5 60 / 24

M15RHAGC 506 1181 400 12 180.0 51.42 128.5 32 40.0 8.0 60 / 24

M16RHAGC 530 1236 350 16 157.5 45.00 112.5 32 35.0 7.0 60 / 24

M17RHAGC 517 1207 375 16 168.7 48.21 120.5 34 37.5 7.5 60 / 24

M18RHAGC 505 1178 400 16 180.0 51.42 128.5 36 40.0 8.0 60 / 24

M19RHAGC 533 1243 350 8 157.5 45.00 112.5 26 35.0 7.0 27 / 24

M20RHAGC 521 1215 375 8 168.7 48.21 120.5 28 37.5 7.5 27 / 24

M21RHAGC 508 1186 400 8 180.0 51.42 128.5 28 40.0 8.0 27 / 24

M22RHAGC 531 1239 350 12 157.5 45.00 112.5 30 35.0 7.0 27 / 24

M23RHAGC 519 1210 375 12 168.7 48.21 120.5 30 37.5 7.5 27 / 24

M24RHAGC 506 1181 400 12 180.0 51.42 128.5 32 40.0 8.0 27 / 24

M25RHAGC 530 1236 350 16 157.5 45.00 112.5 32 35.0 7.0 27 / 24

M26RHAGC 517 1207 375 16 168.7 48.21 120.5 34 37.5 7.5 27 / 24

M27RHAGC 505 1178 400 16 180.0 51.42 128.5 36 40.0 8.0 27 / 24

MixtureFine Aggregate

[Kg/Cum]

Coarse

Aggregate

[Kg/Cum]

GGBS

[Kg/Cum]

Molarity:

NaOH

[M]

Total Alkaline

Solution

[Kg/Cum]

NaOH

[Kg/Cum]Na2SiO3

Extra water

[Kg/Cum]Plasticizer

[Kg/Cum]

Curing

Temperature (oC) /

Rest Period (hrs.)

M1GGBSGC 533 1243 350 8 157.5 45.00 112.5 15 7.0 90 / 24

M2GGBSGC 521 1215 375 8 168.7 48.21 120.5 15 7.5 90 / 24

M3GGBSGC 508 1186 400 8 180.0 51.42 128.5 15 8.0 90 / 24

M4GGBSGC 531 1239 350 12 157.5 45.00 112.5 20 7.0 90 / 24

M5GGBSGC 519 1210 375 12 168.7 48.21 120.5 20 7.5 90 / 24

M6GGBSGC 506 1181 400 12 180.0 51.42 128.5 22 8.0 90 / 24

M7GGBSGC 530 1236 350 16 157.5 45.00 112.5 27 7.0 90 / 24

M8GGBSGC 517 1207 375 16 168.7 48.21 120.5 27 7.5 90 / 24

M9GGBSGC 505 1178 400 16 180.0 51.42 128.5 27 8.0 90 / 24

M10GGBSGC 533 1243 350 8 157.5 45.00 112.5 15 7.0 90 / 24

M11GGBSGC 521 1215 375 8 168.7 48.21 120.5 15 7.5 60 / 24

M12GGBSGC 508 1186 400 8 180.0 51.42 128.5 15 8.0 60 / 24

M13GGBSGC 531 1239 350 12 157.5 45.00 112.5 20 7.0 60 / 24

M14GGBSGC 519 1210 375 12 168.7 48.21 120.5 20 7.5 60 / 24

M15GGBSGC 506 1181 400 12 180.0 51.42 128.5 22 8.0 60 / 24

M16GGBSGC 530 1236 350 16 157.5 45.00 112.5 27 7.0 60 / 24

M17GGBSGC 517 1207 375 16 168.7 48.21 120.5 27 7.5 60 / 24

M18GGBSGC 505 1178 400 16 180.0 51.42 128.5 27 8.0 60 / 24

M19GGBSGC 533 1243 350 8 157.5 45.00 112.5 15 7.0 27 / 24

M20GGBSGC 521 1215 375 8 168.7 48.21 120.5 15 7.5 27 / 24

M21GGBSGC 508 1186 400 8 180.0 51.42 128.5 15 8.0 27 / 24

M22GGBSGC 531 1239 350 12 157.5 45.00 112.5 20 7.0 27 / 24

M23GGBSGC 519 1210 375 12 168.7 48.21 120.5 20 7.5 27 / 24

M24GGBSGC 506 1181 400 12 180.0 51.42 128.5 22 8.0 27 / 24

M25GGBSGC 530 1236 350 16 157.5 45.00 112.5 27 7.0 27 / 24

M26GGBSGC 517 1207 375 16 168.7 48.21 120.5 27 7.5 27 / 24

M27GGBSGC 505 1178 400 16 180.0 51.42 128.5 27 8.0 27. 24

WORKABILITYMix Designation Fly ash /

Molarity

Slump

(mm)

Compacting

factor

M1FAGC 350 / 8M 60 0.79

M2FAGC 375 / 8M 110 0.87

M3FAGC 400 / 8M 160 0.95

M4FAGC 350 / 12M 55 0.76

M5FAGC 375 / 12M 105 0.85

M6FAGC 400 / 12M 155 0.93

M7FAGC 350 / 16M 50 0.75

M8FAGC 375 / 16M 100 0.82

M9FAGC 400 / 16M 140 0.90

FLY ASH BASED GPC

Mix Designation Rice husk ash /

Molarity

Slump

(mm)

Compacting

factor

M1RHAGC 350 / 8M 50 0.74

M2RHAGC 375 / 8M 95 0.80

M3RHAGC 400 / 8M 145 0.88

M4RHAGC 350 / 12M 45 0.71

M5RHAGC 375 / 12M 85 0.76

M6RHAGC 400 / 12M 135 0.85

M7RHAGC 350 / 16M 40 0.67

M8RHAGC 375 / 16M 75 0.70

M9RHAGC 400 / 16M 120 0.80

RHA BASED GPC

Mix

Designation

GGBS /

Molarity

Slump

(mm)

Compacting

factor

M1GGBSGC 350 / 8M 50 0.82

M2GGBSGC 375 / 8M 85 0.89

M3GGBSGC 400 / 8M 140 0.96

M4GGBSGC 350 / 12M 45 0.81

M5GGBSGC 375 / 12M 75 0.87

M6GGBSGC 400 / 12M 125 0.95

M7GGBSGC 350 / 16M 40 0.77

M8GGBSGC 375 / 16M 70 0.86

M9GGBSGC 400 / 16M 110 0.93

GGBS BASED GPC

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF FLY ASH BASED GPC

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF RHA BASED GPC

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF GGBS BASED GPC

COMPARISON OF MICRO GRAPHICALBEHAVIOR OF GPC WITH CC

Plate 1 Conventional concrete SEM images

Plate 2 Geopolymer concrete SEM images

Needle shaped crystals

Geopolymeric gel

Voids

Scanning Electron Micrograph of fly ash geopolymer concrete with 5% Alccofine atambient temperature curing.

Scanning Electron Micrograph of fly ash geopolymer concrete with 0% Alccofine at heat curing.

Scanning Electron Micrograph of fly ash geopolymer concrete with 5% Alccofine at heat curing.

THANKS

Built Environment and Governance

Ranit Chatterjee, PhD

Contents

1. Presentation on built environment and governance

2. Peer learning exercise to identify current problems and innovative solutions

Contrasting skylines in JapanTokyo

Kyoto

Disasters and city planning of Kyoto

Disasters and Amend to Building Codes

Revision of Building codes in 1981 There was a significant improvement in seismic design requirements in 1980. Ministry of Construction organized an integrated technical development project, entitled “Development of New Earthquake Resistant Design (1972-1977).”

The research findings were reflected in the revision of the building code; i.e., design seismic forces were specified

•By storey shear (resistance in each storey) rather than horizontal forces at floor levels

•In terms of fundamental period of the structure.

•Using traditional allowable stress design format for serviceability examination.

•Lateral resistance at failure for safety examination.

Revision of Building codes in 1981

Impact of Kobe Earthquake on Buildings

Impact of Kobe Earthquake on Buildings

No soft Storey

With soft Storey

School as safe shelter

Urban governance for Mitigating Disasters

Demolition of unoccupied houses for reducing fire• 6 months of no occupancy• Non payment of electricity and gas bills • Visit by city officials to check occupancy

Need for a Multi-stakeholder Approach

How to tackle issues of Built Environment

Part -2

Peer Learning Exercise

What is current status of Building code implementation?

What are possible reasons for this?

What are different urban/rural projects where building codes can be integrated

What are present limitations

What could be done to manage these problems

KALEIDOSCOPE INNOVATIONSAMOR KOOL

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

PART 11 – APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY

SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES IN CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY

UNDERSTANDING SUSTAINABILITY

EMOTIONAL RESPONSE

ANALYTICAL RESPONSE

SUSTAINABILITY GOALS• Building designed and constructed to

function as elegantly and efficiently as a living being

• Building informed by its bio-region’s characteristics

• Building generates its all energy

• Building captures and treats all of its water

• Building operates efficiently and for maximum beauty

• The development is: Socially Just, Culturally Rich, Economically Viable and Ecologically Benign

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

• Approach to Sustainability

• Siting Form and Design

• External Development and Landscape

• Envelope Optimization

• Materials

• Water and Waste Management

• Building Services Optimization

• Constructional Practices

• Operations and Maintenance

APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY

Need for Sustainable Development

• With increasing urbanization and rapid rise in people’s economic level and consumption pattern in many parts of the country, there is an increasing trend to consume more natural resources per capita.

• Realizing this fact, there are efforts for a changing approach towards nature from ‘humanization of nature’ to ‘naturization of human’ and more recently towards sustainable development. The concept is to ensure that every living being on earth will have equal opportunity to utilize the natural resources for survival and mutual sustenance.

APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY

APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY• Set the design parameters to be implemented to be equal to or higher than

benchmarking standards given in this Code.

• Make the basic performance requirements and set standards,applicable/selectively adaptable to the climatic zone and geologicalconditions.

• Have deep understanding of requirements of performance and humancomfort, considering building type and use, quality of building and plumbingservices desired.

• Question the need, identify their optimum levels in long term scenario, andtake the design provisions

APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY• Ensure what is sustainable today, remains that way in decades to

come, and ensure the required performance levels of systemsdesigned.

• Ensure that sustainability is not only in parts, but also a holistic effort.

• Make efforts to maximize the use of traditional wisdom in design,wherever applicable

• While having an open approach, assess new materials and technologies fortheir long term impact in the context of the country and its developmentpriorities.

• Take decision making processes to measurable levels wherever feasible, inorder to make judicious choices.

APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY• Encouraging and harnessing building materials out of agricultural, industrial and

bio-wastes, which have an enormous scope for regeneration.

• Encouraging indigenous environment friendly and acceptable cost-effectivetechnologies and practices in identifying and pursuing sustainable developmentsamenable to local, cultural and resource diversity.

• Identifying and encouraging appropriate technologies for more research anddevelopment applications.

• Making building construction more indigenous, more adaptable to local climaticzone and executionable to achieve the basic provisions for sustainabledevelopment

• Encouraging use of traditional materials, technologies, vernacular designand construction practices, which have stood the test of time and which maybe blended with the modern technology applications.

APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY

APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

• Identify the geomorphology; river, coastal and cyclonic proximity; and climaticzone related disasters risks.

• Identify population, business related disasters and vulnerabilities.

• Carry out risk assessment through hazard analysis and vulnerability analysisincluding possible combining effects of multiple hazards.

• Identify the socio-economic, sociopolitical hazards and vulnerabilities attributedto man-made disasters

• Prepare a disaster risk mitigation plan supported with sufficient budgetaryprovisions.

APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

• The disaster resistant building construction and infrastructure developmentfeatures shall form part of the submittal to the Authority for statutory approvals

• Establish/nominate a responsible senior person/safety officer as controller forregulating, planning and monitoring disaster preparedness plan for whole project

• Prepare and have mock drills at regular intervals for creating awareness andresponse preparation amongst stakeholder involved.

• Prepare operation manual for post-construction operation and up keep of disasterresistant features and equipment

APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY

APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY

The process flow from concept, design, construction,commissioning, operation and maintenance, and alsodecommissioning and disposal at the end of useful life ofstructure, should be planned and important steps chalkedout for sustainable development.

APPLICABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION

• This code is applicable to all buildings erected

• Owner can evaluate their existing building under this code

• May also be applicable for large development projects

• The code discusses options from sustainability point of view for guiding

• This part also prescribes provisions to be necessarily comply to achieveobjective of sustainability

SITING FORM AND DESIGN

SITING FORM AND DESIGNSite Assessment Prior to Design• Establish, if there are any protected areas such as floodplains; forest

department areas; water bodies such as sea, lakes, rivers, wetlands, tributaries and/or streams; coastal regulation protected areas; defenceareas; public parks and recreation areas; natural contours /terrain requiring protection and agricultural land and demonstrate that no critical natural resource is impacted by the project and/or dredging operations.

• Establish the degree to which the existing soil at site and hydrology has been disturbed prior to development and demonstrate various site erosion protection measures.

• Identify and ensure diversion, avoidance of existing water, power, communication, sewerage lines, saving/replanting of old trees, removal of existing invasive vegetation

• Identify and ascertain the natural resources available onsite and surrounding areas and ensure optimum utilization of the same

SITING FORM AND DESIGN

SITING FORM AND DESIGNBuilding Form Orientation and Shading• There is adequate provision for external shading of the facades during the

peak summer season;.• There is adequate provision for vertical shading to prevent direct solar

radiation and glare due to low altitude sun angles, specifically on theeastern and western facades

• The building is oriented optimally based on sun-path and engineeringanalysis.

• There is adequate protection for the building envelope against thermallosses, drafts and degradation by natural elements such as wind, dust,sand, snow, rainwater, hail, etc

• Refer Part 8 Section 1 ‘Lighting and Natural Ventilation’ for moreinformation.

• Refer IS: 7662 (Part I) Recommendations for Orientation of Buildings(Non-Industrial Buildings.)

SITING FORM AND DESIGN

SITING FORM AND DESIGNOptimal Daylighting

• A day lighting analysis study based on the proposed form of thebuilding for the project shall be carried out and a report thereofprepared. It shall be demonstrated that at least 25 percent of theregularly occupied areas of the building achieve sufficient day lightingwith a minimum day lighting factor of 2 percent or as described in SP41:1987 ‘Handbook on the Functional Requirements of Buildings(other than industrial building)’

• Daylight Factor (Refer IS 2440: Guide for Daylighting of Building)

SITING FORM AND DESIGN

SITING FORM AND DESIGNNatural Ventilation, Cooling and Wind Effect

• Respiration – Supply of fresh air to provide oxygen for the humanbody for elimination of waste products and to maintain carbon-di oxideconcentration in the air within safe limits.

• Vitiation by Body Odour – The amount of fresh air required for dilutionof inside air to prevent vitiation of air by body odour.

• Heat Balance of Body – Heat exchange of the human body withrespect to the surroundings is determined by the temperature andhumidity gradient between the skin and the surroundings and otherfactors and the latter depends on air temperature, relative humidity,radiation from the solid surroundings and rate of air movement.

SITING FORM AND DESIGN

By Wind Action:

Qw = K.A.V

By Stack Effect:

( )or tthQ −= A 7.0 T

Determining Rate of Ventilation

EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND LANDSCAPE

EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND LANDSCAPELandscape Design

• Microclimate conditions – Impacting irrigation requirements

• Barrier Free External Landscape - The external landscape shall be barrier free to enable access in the permitted areas to all (see Part 3 ‘Development Control Rules and General Building Requirements’).

• External Noise Reduction / Mitigation Practices Provisions of Part 8 ‘Building Services, Section 4 Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise Control’, shall be followed.

• Building shadow considerations on landscape - External landscapes shall be designed taking the shading pattern of the buildings into consideration.

EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND LANDSCAPEHard Landscape Design• Pervious Paving Design – Pervious paving helps in holding rain water,

reducing the rate of storm water flow, infiltrating storm water into the ground for reuse and also helps in filtering the rain water.

• Heat Island Effect and Parking Design - The heat island effect raises the localized temperature, impacting local climate/microclimate. Plants and animals that are sensitive to large fluctuations in day time and night time temperatures may not thrive in areas affected by heat island.

• Post Occupancy Maintenance - A site maintenance plan shall be developed that outlines the long-term strategies and identifies short term actions to achieve sustainable maintenance goals.

EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND LANDSCAPESoft Landscape Design• Preserving Top Soil - Healthy soils allow rainwater to penetrate, preventing

excess runoff, sedimentation, erosion, and flooding. Soils also help clean and store water, and recharge groundwater.

• Ecological Design / Conserving Bio-Diversity - A diverse range of species, especially native plants can provide habitat for native fauna, including important pollinator species (for example, insects, birds and bats) that are necessary for plant reproduction, including cultivation of crops. Also, biodiversity in landscapes helps in retaining soil nutrients and is more resistant to attacks by pests.

• Landscape Design for Controlling Solar Gain - Vegetation placed in strategiclocations around buildings provides an opportunity to reduce energyconsumption and costs associated with indoor climate control for cooling.Refer IS: 7662 (Part I) Recommendations for Orientation of Buildings(Non-Industrial Buildings.)

EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND LANDSCAPE

EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND LANDSCAPESoft Landscape Design

• Vertical Landscaping and Roof Garden - Roof garden and/or green walls or vertical landscaping may be provided as it helps in conserving energy by providing shading, reduces heat island.

• Urban Agricultural Practices / Social Forestry - Growth of cities puts a significant pressure on natural resources resulting in drastic reduction of green open spaces, depletion of trees, heat island effects, and floods and other natural disasters, further aggravated by the effects of climate change.

EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND LANDSCAPE

EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND LANDSCAPEExternal Access Design• Reduced environmental impact from parking facilities - Open parking areas, if

largely made of concrete and asphalt, absorb heat and contribute substantially to the heat island effect.

• Long term public and private transportation plan - Incorporating urban transportation as an important parameter at the urban planning stage rather than being a consequential requirement;

• Bicycle Lanes and pedestrian access, safety and comfort - Construction of cycle tracks and pedestrian paths in cities enhances safety and thereby enhances use of non-motorized modes. The safety concern of cyclists and pedestrians should be addressed by encouraging the construction of segregated rights of way for bicycles and pedestrians.

EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND LANDSCAPEExternal Access Design

• Off Street Parking - The off street parking shall be planned taking care of the following objectives as per National Building Code of India: Part 3 ‘Development Control Rules and General Building Requirements’.

• Discouraging Subsidized Parking in Public Realm - Subsidized parking in public roads and spaces, specially in urban areas with high traffic density or having likely projected high traffic density should be discouraged to reduce private vehicle usage and inducing a modal shift towards public transport.

• Providing Neighborhood Connectivity, Walkability and Safety - At the site design and block design level, several measures should be taken for reducing transportation demand and promoting walkability, and ensuring that the neighbourhood is a safe walkable place.

• Ecology of Streets – As streets constitute about 20 to 25 percent of the impervious cover of the city, they have a large detrimental effect on the heat island effect and ecological character of a city,

EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND LANDSCAPE

EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND LANDSCAPEExternal Lighting Design• Landscape Lighting Design, Allowable Lighting Power Density - Light pollution can

disrupt circadian rhythms and melatonin production, which has been linked to serious health concerns. Reasonable use of outdoor lighting restores dark night skies and preserves the ambiance of the night.

• External Signage Design - The signage shall be classified as external lit and internal lit and further classified based on functional requirements such as emergency, way finding, etc. The requirements of each type of signage are different and should be evaluated based on the same. The recommended lighting power density is 130 W/m2, maximum for internally illuminated signage, and 25 W/m2, maximum for externally illuminated signage.

• External Lighting - The facades may be lit with fixtures that are shielded, with less than 10 percent lumens above 90° from the nadir and the lighting power density of the facade lighting may be as given in Table 1.

EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND LANDSCAPE

EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND LANDSCAPE

BUILDING ENVELOPE

BUILDING ENVELOPE• Well designed building envelope maximizes daylight, natural ventilation

(access to fresh air) and views to the exterior, and enables to modulate solar heat gain and control/reduce noise. The building envelope may also be designed to integrate systems for renewable energy and rainwater harvesting. In general, the design strategies drawn from long experience in the country in its various climatic zones may be taken into account.

BUILDING ENVELOPE

BUILDING ENVELOPESl No. Climatic Zone Mean Monthly Maximum Temperature

(°C)Mean Monthly Relative Humidity

Percentage (%)

(1) (2) (3) (4)

i) Hot-Dry above 30 below 55

ii) Warm-Humid above 30above 25

above 55above 75

iii) Temperate between 25-30 below 75

iv) Cold below 25 all values

v) Composite see 3.2.2

BUILDING ENVELOPEWalls

• Walls are a major part of the building envelope, which are exposed to external environment conditions such as solar radiation, outside air temperature, wind and precipitation. The construction of wall and thereby its heat storing capacity and heat conduction property has a major impact on indoor thermal comfort in naturally ventilated buildings and on cooling loads in air conditioned buildings.

BUILDING ENVELOPEEnhancement of thermal performance - wallsThermal insulation – thermal insulation may be made from a variety of materials and in several forms.1. Rigid or semi-rigid blocks and boards (glass

wool, expanded polystyrene boards etc.)2. Boards with impact or weather resistant

surfaces suitable as exterior grade material.3. Loose fill (such as, cellulose, fibre glass)4. Foam and dry spray (such as, polyurethane or

polyisocyanurate)5. Blankets, felts or sheets (such as, fibre glass,

mineral wool, closed cell elastomeric nitrile foam sheet)

Enhancement of thermal performance - wallsThermal mass – Thermal mass in walls enables time delay in impact of external environment on internal conditions. Thermally massive walls have high thermal capacity, and thermal storage capacity increases with increasing compactness, density and specific heat capacity of the materials.

Air Cavities – Air cavities in wall reduces solar heat gain factor. Performance is improved if the cavity is ventilated. Heat is transmitted through air cavity by convection and radiation.

Surface finishes (Applying light coloured paints on walls) – Air cavities in wall reduces solar heat gain factor. Performance is improved if the cavity is ventilated. Heat is transmitted through air cavity by convection and radiation.

BUILDING ENVELOPE

BUILDING ENVELOPERoof

• The roofs of buildings receive most of heat throughout the day. Predominantly used construction practices in the country specially in urban areas, mainly involve reinforced cement concrete (RCC) as the roofing element, which has high thermal conductivity. If the roof is exposed to solar heat, the temperature inside will also rise as the day progresses. When buildings are air conditioned the purpose of the system is to maintain inside the building, a lower temperature than the ambient. If the roof slab is exposed to solar heat, it will allow continuous heat inside the building which in turn will add to the air conditioning load.

BUILDING ENVELOPEOverdeck Insulation - In this system a thermal barrier or insulation is provided over RCC roof, so that the amount of heat of the sun reaching the RCC slab of the roof is substantially reduced to prevent the slab from getting excessively heated up.

a) Use of preformed insulation materials

1. Expanded polystyrene

2. Extruded polystyrene

3. Polyurethane/polyisocynurate sheet.

4. Perlite board

5. Blankets, felts or sheets (such as, fibre glass, mineral wool, closed cell elastomeric nitrile foam sheet)

Overdeck Insulation

b) In-situ application using spray applied polyurethane - This is applied directly over the roof by spraying. This insulation has advantage of non-interference with internal constructional / operational activities of a building, joint less adhesion to the roof surface due to seamless and monolithic nature of spray, and speedy application

BUILDING ENVELOPEGreen Roof System – Green roofs have the potential to improve the thermal performance of a roofing system through shading, insulation, evapo-transpiration and thermal mass, thus reducing energy demand of building for space conditioning. The green roof moderates the heat flow through the roofing system and helps in reducing the temperature fluctuations due to changing outside environment.

1. Intensive Green Roof - It is like a conventional garden or park with almost no limit on the type of available plants including trees and shrubs.

2. Extensive green roof — It is designed for little maintenance or human intervention once it is established.

3. Modular block green roof — It is designed in modular units which interlock and each module contains drainage systems and plants.

BUILDING ENVELOPE

BUILDING ENVELOPEFenestration

Of all the elements of building envelope, windows and glazed areas are most vulnerable to heat gains. Windows are required to bring inside natural daylight and wind, however, with light it also bring in heat. Proper location, sizing and detailing of windows and shading form is therefore a very important aspect in a solar passive building design.

Window Size and Placement

• Height of the window head

• Sill height (height from the floor to the bottom of the window)

• Window to wall ratio

BUILDING ENVELOPE

BUILDING ENVELOPEGlazing

The most commonly used glazing material in openings is glass, though recently polycarbonate sheets are being used for skylights. The primary properties of glazing that impact energy use in buildings are,

• Visible transmittance (affecting daylight)

• Visible reflectance (affecting heat and light reflection)

• Thermal transmittance or u value (affecting conduction heat gains)

• Solar heat gain (affecting direct solar gain)

• Glazing color (affecting the thermal and visual properties)

BUILDING ENVELOPE

BUILDING ENVELOPEShading Devices

Direct sunlight can cause glare. Controls are therefore necessary to allow diffusednatural light. Windows shading devices may be employed which help in keepingout the heat, block uncomfortable direct sun, and soften harsh daylight contrasts.Shading devices are also critical for visual and thermal comfort and for minimizingmechanical cooling loads.

• External shading and screen / jalis

• Internal shading

• Use of solar control glass

• Horizontal /vertical or angled louvers

BUILDING ENVELOPE

BUILDING ENVELOPEShading and Adjusted SHGC

• Exterior or interior shading devices such as awnings, louvered screens,sunscreens, venetian blinds, roller shades, and drapes can complement andenhance the performance of windows with low SHGC. Many shading deviceshave an advantage that they can be adjusted to vary solar heat transmissionwith the time of day and season.

• Exterior shading devices are more effective than interior devices in reducingsolar heat gain because they block radiation before it passes through awindow.

BUILDING ENVELOPE

BUILDING ENVELOPE

BUILDING MATERIALS

BUILDING MATERIALS

Building Material - An ideal sustainable building material is not only environmentfriendly, causes no adverse impact on health of occupants, is readily available,can be reclaimed, can be recycled and is made from renewable raw material, butalso uses predominantly renewable energy in its extraction, production,transportation, fixing and ultimate disposal. Practically, this kind of idealmaterial may not be available, hence when selecting sustainable materials, itmay be best to choose materials which fulfill most of these criteria.

BUILDING MATERIALS

BUILDING MATERIALS

Environmental Concerns and Human Health and Safety Aspects to Building Material - Increased demand for building materials creates a major and diversified impact on the environment. Excessive extraction of raw material diminishes nonrenewable natural resources very rapidly. Even during some extraction process, waste is generated whose disposal may pose problems. Sometimes extraction processes may also affect the wildlife. Transportation of building materials from one place to another is also a major indirect factor leading to harmful effects.

BUILDING MATERIALS

Minimizing Green House Gas (GHG) Emission - Construction sector in the country is a major consumer of energy resulting in the largest share of CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. Cement, steel and bricks, the largest and bulk consumption items in the construction industry, are contributors of large CO2 emissions. It is estimated that close to a tonne of CO2 is emitted during the production of every tonne of cement, resulting in very high GHG emission.

BUILDING MATERIALS

BUILDING MATERIALS

• Materials and Recommended Sustainable Alternatives – For qualityrequirements of building materials reference shall be made to NationalBuilding Code of India: Part 5 ‘Building Materials’. General guidelines andconsiderations for use of different structural and surface finishing materialsand with alternatives for helping in sustainable construction.

• Construction phase material storage and handling – It is essential forconstruction industry to have proper material handling and storage to provide acontinuous flow of materials and components and ensure that materials areavailable when needed and to avoid wastage. For guidance on proper stackingand storage of building materials, a reference may be made to good practices“IS 4082:1996 Recommendations on Stacking and Storage of Constructionmaterials and components at site.”

BUILDING MATERIALS

WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Planning and Design of Water Supply System – Planning and design processbegins with use analysis for demand assessment, identification of projectconstraints and water sourcing. While the systems may be designed efficiently, thestrategies for water efficiency and conservation need to be built into the systemdesign.

• Water Sourcing – Based on functional assessment of need, availability,environmental concerns, and their optimization, the water sourcing is decided

1. Direct connection to existing water system

2. Indirect connection to existing water system (water hauling)

3. Development of ground water resources

4. Development of surface water resources

5. Revamping of traditional water resources

6. Rainwater harvesting

WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Strategies for Water Efficiency – Use of low flow fixtures for faucets, waterclosets, bath showers, hand held bidet sprays, dish washers, aerators, andclothes washers should be considered. The important consideration to ensureperformance of low flow products is to design systems with correctpressures.

• Strategies for Water Conservation – Rainwater harvesting and rainwaterrecharge, and rainwater storage / use have a significant scope of conservation,especially at the neighbourhood level of developments.

1. Storing rainwater for ready use, in container above or below ground.

2. Charging rainwater into the soil, to improve the underground water table. Thisneeds to be critically planned as recharge is governed by stratification, groundwater table level, and ground water quality.

WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Planning and Design of Waste Water System – This involves, quantity andquality assessment study, study of domestic water use-profile, and scope ofrecycled water use, system conceptualization, and integration, with other watersystems; planning for collection, treatment systems (combined andindependent sewage and sullage treatment plant), treatment of on-site greywater and reuse.

• Treated Waste Water Use for Landscape and Irrigation – Appropriatesystems to monitor the quality of treated waste water in accordance withstandard practices should be provided while designing and analyzing thebuilding use. Required safeguards should be provided and records of treatedwaste water parameters should be monitored on regular basis.

WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

Water and Waste Management during Construction• Water Use during Construction – It is suggested to consider use of treated

waste water from appropriate sources with quality of treated waste waterparameter confirming the quality required for us in construction activity. Waterquality for concreting work shall be in accordance to NBC 2016 Part 6‘Structural Design, Section 5 Concrete’

• Control and Use of De-Watering Output – Dewatering is essential forcarrying out construction works below water table. Organizations shouldexplore to store and use water obtained as a result of de-water either at thesite of construction or at another location productively.

• Management of Waste Water – Waste water at construction sites may containresidues of construction materials, oils and domestic waste. It should bepossible to treat water, and reuse the same in construction.

WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

Planning and Design of Solid Waste Management System• Documentation of Nature of Waste and Quantification – The study should

include identification of solid waste that may be generated during use, theircharacteristics and anticipated quantities.

• Identification of Strategies for Solid Waste Management – Considering the solidwaste characteristics, expected quantity, socio-cultural context of users andpossible technological solutions, strategic planning of solid waste managementshall be developed.

1. Solid waste minimization2. Space requirement for collection sorting3. Effectiveness of possible alternatives4. Environmental sensitivity for solid waste processing5. Organizational constraints of building occupants6. Economic considerations of technology and their reliability

WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

Planning and Design of Solid Waste Management System• Solid Waste System Planning – Planning and design shall include appropriate

physical space requirements for1. Provisions for collection at suitable locations for solid waste to facilitate the

occupancy function2. Need for ventilation, washing, isolation and provision for person performing

duties3. Provision of appropriate containers for waste4. Circulation planning for solid waste from individual collection locations to central

facility5. Segregation space with ventilation, illumination, washing and other provisions6. Treatment facility within building or building complex for compacting for recycling

and disposal7. Composting and manure generation systems in buildings, clusters, neighborhood,

districts and city levels

BUILDING SERVICES OPTIMIZATION

• Natural and Mechanical Ventilation Strategies

• Passive Heating Techniques

• Passive Cooling Techniques

• Pre-Cooling of Ventilation Air

• Low Energy Mechanical Cooling Techniques

• HVAC System Design

• Electrical System

• Lighting Design and Controls

• Lifts Escalators and Moving Walks

• Operation and Maintenance

• Renewable Energy Systems

CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES

• Pre-Construction and Pre-Requisite

• Planning for Construction

• Preparation of Construction Management Plan

• Planning, Monitoring and Control of Environmental Descriptors

• Work Execution Procedure

• Construction Waste Management

• Post Construction Closeout

• Heritage Building and New Construction

• Alternate Use, Deconstruction, Dismantling and Demolition

• Disaster Risk Mitigation during Construction

COMMISSIONING, OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND BUILDING PERFORMANCE TRACKING

• Commissioning and Project Handover Processes

• Requisites of Operations and Maintenance Program

• Building Performance Tracking (Measurement and Verification)

• Function and Capabilities of Energy Management and Control System

• Operator Skills and Training

TOO LATE TO BE A PESSIMIST

We cannot wait indefinitely to change our

designs and the way we perceive our

environment

THANK YOU

AMOR KOOL

Email ID: kaleidoscope.amor@gmail.com

Contact: +91-8826290805

Innovative Productfor Sustainability

AEREATED AUTOCLAVE CONCRETE BLOCK (AAC BLOCK)

Ashtech Buildpro lndia Pvt. Ltd.VILLAGE DEHRA, DISTRIC DHOULANA, OPPOSITE COCA COLA Factory, NEAR NTPC, District HAPUR

At ModCrete :-AAC is Modern Concrete

Modified ConcreteAnd Modulated Concrete

Lets leave a better World for our next generation.IS 2185: Part 3 : 1984CM/L-8700039213

AT NBCC SMART HUB WITH Secretary Urban Development

Lets leave a better World for our next generation.

Competitive Edge of ModCrete:-• Strategic Location Close to raw material.• Long term contract (20 years ) for Fly Ash.• A very high Capacity• Managed by technically qualified people.• Low overheads.• Credit line to select builders and contractors.• 100% Siemens Machinery.• Most Advanced technology.• Established Credentials of 25 years

Lets leave a better World for our next generation.

Good Usage:-• Individual houses.• Group Housing• Smart Cities• Hospitals.• Hotels.• Schools, Institutes and Medical Colleges.• Cinemas and Malls.• Hilly area construction.• Redevelopment like Nepal.

Lets leave a better World for our next generation.

Govt Departments frequently using ModCrete AAC Blocks:-• IIT Roorkee, Mandi, Ropar.• NIT , Hamirpur• PWD, CPWD• DDA in Rehabilitation at Kalka ji Extn• NOIDA, Greater Noida, Muradabad Authority• MDA, LDA, KDA, HIMUDA.• Patna Metropolitan Development Authority• SDMC, MCD, Delhi Irrigation Department• Jammu Development Authority, Jaipur Dev Authority• NBCC• UP Bridge Corporation • ETC

Lets leave a better World for our next generation.

Lets leave a better World for our next generation.

Build Fast, Build Safe and Build Green

Lets leave a better World for our next generation.

THANK YOU

ByProf. Chandan Ghosh

http://disasterresilientindia.blogspot.in/https://www.facebook.com/chandan.ghosh.9887117

https://twitter.com/cghosh24Email: cghosh24@gmail.com

Light-weight disaster resistant construction in hilly terrain

2

3

Light weight materials

4

In Hills Lighter building materials with stronger frame

6

Light weight- strength >5MPa

7

8

Cut slope protection by Gabion wall – a costly yet unavoidable problems

An (apparently) permanent solution but High cost

Retaining wall vs. cost of the road by NHAI

Slope protection works at Parwanoo, 35km from Chandigarh

context

Earthquake – a random process Ground facts and statistics, examples Characterising earthquake waves Earthquake effects on soil and Retaining walls Design criteria, codes, guidelines Shaking table Expt. On reinforced earth wall Unsolved domain – too little to achieve

BUT..miles to Go

13

M7.8, Gorkha Nepal EQ. Apr 25, 2015

15

Seismographs are recorded across the Globe About 70000 are deployed and 20000 signals

are codified by under Global Earthquake Model (GEM) group…

https://www.globalquakemodel.org/

19

Retaining walls –> dynamic Mode Interaction between Wall and retained soil Classical vs. numerical vs. displacement methods

of analysis Seismic Zone (As per IS Code)? Dynamic soil tests – machine foundation design

(Cu, CΦ, Cψ…) Earthquake impact, soil type, terrain, shape, size,

contact conditions… Seismic microzonation..

20

Why buildings are vulnerable during earthquakes?

What is an Earthquake ?

An earthquake is a sudden shaking of the ground. It generates seismic

waves which can be recorded on a sensitive instrument called a

seismograph.

The record of ground shaking recorded by the seismograph is called

a seismogram.

Action – A force, moment, strain, displacement, or other deformation resulting from the application of design load combinations => Shaking due to EQ.

Deformation-controlled action – An action for which reliable inelastic deformation capacity is achievable without critical strength decay.

Force-controlled action – An action for which inelastic deformation capacity cannot be assured

23

EQ. occurrence Return Period – The average time span between

shaking intensity that is equal to or greater than a specified value, also known as the recurrence interval; the annual frequency of exceeding a given intensity is equal to the reciprocal of the return period for that intensity.

Service Level Earthquake Shaking – Ground shaking represented by an elastic 2.5%damped acceleration response spectrum that has a return period of 43 years, approximately equivalent to a 50% exceedance probability in 30 years. 24

Site-Response Analysis – Analysis of wave propagation through a soil medium used to assess the effect on spectral shape of local geology.

Uniform Hazard Spectrum – A site-specific acceleration response spectrum constructed such that the ordinate at each period has the same exceedance probability or return period

25

Waves

Rayleigh, R Surface

Shear,S Secondary

Compression, P Primary

Earthquake Hazards: Material amplification

M-disc

G-disc

Locating Earthquakes

How is an Earthquake’s Epicenter Located?Seismic wave behavior– P waves arrive first, then S waves, then L and R– Average speeds for all these waves is known– After an earthquake, the difference in arrival times at a

seismograph station can be used to calculate the distance from the seismograph to the epicenter.

Conventional earth pressure on Walls vs. NO pressure => on many modern constructions Our approaches are limited to Classical Displacement (pseudo static/dynamic) IS code (zonation – Terrain effect, basin effect, soil

type, amplification, distance, magnitude?.. Microzonation and geo-logging of soils Effect of super/sub structure (combined)

32

Seismic design of retaining walls can offer a number of advantages including:

More reliable attainment of intended seismic performance

Reduced construction cost Accommodation of architectural features that

may not otherwise be attainable Use of innovative structural systems and

materials

33

Schematic diagram illustrating students performing wave simulations. Student holdsa poster board or cardboard circle in front of his or her body and walks forward (likethe seismic waves propagating in the Earth). While walking, the student moves theircircle forward and backward (“push and pull”, for the P wave), or up and down(transverse motion for the shear wave), or in a retrograde ellipse (for the Rayleighwave), or side to side horizontally (for the Love wave), as shown above.

…Indian and Tibetan tectonic plates, has gone through the labour pains of the earthquakes of 1255, 1408, 1681,1810,1833,1866 and 1934.

36

Impact of earthquake shaking :

On super structure – same type, diff. height On sub structure – unknown soil behaviour Near by and far away (beyond 300km)

39

Tindharia stabilisation, Darjeeling [dueto Sikkim EQ.-2011], has been more ofcontractual “logjam” till date than“technological challenge”

Ht. more than 100m – any retaining wall possible!

Seismic Analysis and Design of Retaining Walls Seismic analysis/design of retaining walls mainly consists of

› Determining magnitude of additional destabilizing forces that actduring an earthquake

› Determining seismic active and passive earth pressures due to alldestabilizing forces (static + seismic)

› Design section based on above parameters using1. Force based approach2. Displacement based approach

42

What will be dynamic impact!What mechanics justify the slope?

These walls – stable for yrs, no dynamic design procedure followed => aren’t they seemingly stable?

44

Yet to solve this problem – Kalimpong, WB (effect of Sikkim earthquake-2011)

45

46

Taking risk in Road making is Engineer’s job –how much of it is ” calculated” ? How close is “the God” to the traveler when “dangers” go unnoticed? => we must reduce the GAP!!

Thank you

48

Reshaping the Hills

Ranit Chatterjee, PhD

Email: ranit13@gmail.com

Contents

• Risk in the hills

• Cases studies

Top 10 Global Risks

What are the Risks to Built Forms in the HillsHazards

• Earthquake • Landslide/subsidence • Flash floods

Vulnerabilities

• Type of construction • Material of construction • Location • Usage • Maintenance • Adherence to building codes• Urbanization • Change in rainfall pattern Seismic Zonation Map of India

How Does Our Hills Look Today Darjeeling

How Does Our Hills Look Today

How Does Our Hills Look Today Rudraprayag

How Does Our Hills Look Today Shimla

Where is the Problem • Governance

• No control on development • No linkage between land use and risk maps • Stopping of natural drainage

• Change in community’s perception and construction techniques

Cases

Cases

Cases

Cases

Kiyomizu Temple, Kyoto

Cases Main temple

It is a structure of 58 m x 27 m, standing on a creek and supported by 139 wooden columns, which can reach up to 15 meters high.

The piles are placed on stone bases, without foundations.

Read: Seismic assessment of Japanese traditional wooden structureby dynamic interaction numerical analysis of surrounding ground

Cases Leppcha Houses in North

eastern India

Cases A three and a half story building incentral Srinagar, Kashmir, India, of taqtimber-laced construction partially

demolished for a street widening

Cases

This is an example with only rectangular panels. There is often in the present a belief thatdiagonals are necessary, just as they were in Lisbon in the Gaiola that was invented after the1755 earthquake, but there is increasing evidence that they are not necessary, and may evenbe counter-productive

Cases

Notice how thin the walls are in this form of construction. Despite this, it has proved to be remarkably resilient

in earthquakes.

Cases

Villager standing near his house in a remote village between Batagram and Besham, in NWFP, Pakistan with bhatar construction which survived the earthquake. This inspired the new

construction in bhatar.

Cases

Hanuman Dhoka Palace, Kathmandu after the earthquake showing a section with timber bands –visible as horizontal lines on the brick façades

Cases

Earthquake building in Baixa, Lisbon with interior walls of gaiola exposed during a remodeling

Are we Reinventing the Wheel ? Indigenous buildings evolved based on years of field research and practical experience. 1.Symmetric configuration: Most of the traditional buildings are rectangular in shape. These simple configurations in plan make the building more stable.

2. Small length to breadth ratio: In most of the buildings the length to breadth ratio was found to be 1.5 or less. (BCDP).

3. Symmetrically located small openings: The small symmetrical openings increase the length of the façade and substantially increase the stiffness of the building.

4. A low floor-height and a limited number of stories: In all cases the storey height was found less than 2.5 m and the number of storey limited to 2 story (BCDP).

Are we Reinventing the Wheel ? 5. Wooden bands: In temples wooden bands around the building at sill level, lintel level and at the floor level can be found curved as “Naga”. These bands protect the walls from out of plane failures as well as provide integrity between different structural elements by connecting orthogonal walls.

6. Vertical post at corners: These vertical posts at corners act as vertical tensile reinforcement. These protect the building from damage due to tensile cracks in the building. In some cases they provide some redundancy in the system which is very useful to withstand earthquake force.

7. Wooden corner stitch: In addition to wooden bands, corner stitch can be found which connects orthogonal walls and protects from separation at corner.

Are we Reinventing the Wheel ? 8. Wooden pegs: Proper connection of all wooden elements by wooden pegs can be seen in traditional buildings, which helps for proper connection of roof and floor with wall as well as the different elements of roof or floor.

9. Boxing of openings by wooden frames, either all around or along both edges of the masonry wall provided strength around the openings.

10. Use of wooden wedges, carpentry joints (dovetailing etc.) provided passage for easier energy dissipation.

Case of Nepal (NSET)Always put a wooden (tie) band around the building at sill level, lintel level and at the floor level. Carve it in "naga" (snake). It will protect your house.

• Secure every third or fifth or seventh joist to the wall plate by driving a lock wedge driven through the joist.

• Multistory high buildings, Arches, existence of numerous windows, brick wall without good “teeth joints”, use of brick pieces in the middle of wall width, masonry wall without bands, buildings with heavy upper stories, building in mud mortar are relatively weak.

• For larger buildings, the quality of materials is as important as the quality of construction. Better to consider both.

• For smaller, low-cost dwellings, 1) do not make more than 1 story if constructed with a combination of burnt and un-burnt bricks, 2) dress the stones for construction of stone-masonry buildings in the hills, 3) make the roof as light as possible, 4) use lime mortar for bricks, 5) limit height of brick masonrybuildings to 34 hat (50 ft), 6) assure good connection between walls at joints, the whole house should behalf like one structure during an earthquake, 7) construct in one wyeth rather than using pieces to increase the wall section in masonry construction, , 8) avoid columns in brick masonry; better use a timber column

• Build at those places where the past earthquake did not have much affect

• Dig the foundation right up to the rock

Case of Nepal (NSET)

Thank You