Predicting Laptop Usage : an Empirical Investigation Jacques Raynauld, Ph.D. HEC-Montréal Maison...
Transcript of Predicting Laptop Usage : an Empirical Investigation Jacques Raynauld, Ph.D. HEC-Montréal Maison...
Predicting Laptop Usage : an Empirical Investigation
Jacques Raynauld, Ph.D.HEC-Montréal
Maison des technologiesUniversity of Montréal
Overview
Genesis of this session HEC-Montréal Virtuose program Technology acceptance model (TAM) Survey Results Conclusions
Genesis of this session
ThinkTank 2001 at Wake Forest Difficult to assess the impact of laptop
programs on learning – indirect measures like usage
Immersed in the same environment, students report very different laptop usage intensity
Any evaluation of a laptop program must take into account students’expec-tations prior to entering the program
Genesis of this session
Work of some of our colleagues in IT (Henri Barki) which have studied the generic question of technology acceptance in a very rigorous way
Technology acceptance model will guide our analysis (TAM)
HEC-Montréal
Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales (HEC) is a large business school part of the University of Montreal campus
200 full time faculty 10 000 full-time and part-time students
HEC-Montréal
New building in 1996 All classes are wired and equiped with
a video-data projector 8 000 network outlets All faculty have laptops since 1996
Virtuose Program
First laptop initiative at the MBA level in 1997 ....
... undergraduate BBA in 1998 3-year program Most of our students commute - do not
live on campus
Virtuose Program
Phased-in approach Students buy from the student run co-
op HEC ThinkPad ensemble including the
laptop, software, carrying bag, etc. Over 3 200 students currently enrolled
Virtuose program
The laptop as a daily communication and working tool ...
... used in class in some chosen courses
... and during some exams (20-25 each term)
First year• 12 sections of 65+ students for the whole
year - imposed 9h to 3h schedule• 10 core courses (5 per semester)
Technology Acceptance Model
Davis, Fred D. et. Al. (1989), «User acceptance of computer technology : a comparaison of two theoretical models», Management Science, Vol. 35, No. 8, 982-1003.
Taylor, S. and P. A. Todd (1995), «Understanding Information technology Usage : a test of compiting models», Information System Research, Vol. 6, 144-176.
Technology Acceptance Model
Perceived Ease of Use
Perceived Usefulness
AttitudeBehavioralIntention
Usage Behavior
Survey
Two surveys were conducted electronically
77 questions N=755 in August 2001 when they first
took possession of their laptop 52.6% male – 47.4% female N=235 in April 2002 (31% response
rate, 42.4% male – 57.6% female) 4 $50 prizes were offered!
Technology Acceptance Model
Perceived Ease of Use
Perceived Usefulness
AttitudeBehavioralIntention
Usage Behaviour
Perceived usefulness• Using the laptop would enhance my study effectiveness
(5.54)
• Using the laptop would improve my performance in the BBA program (4.27)
• Using the laptop would increase my productivity (5.23)
• I would find the laptop useful in the BBA program (5.65)
Very unlikely 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Very likely
Technology Acceptance Model
Perceived Ease of Use
Perceived Usefulness
AttitudeBehavioralIntention
Usage Behavior
Perceived ease of use• It will be difficult to use correctly my laptop (5.21)
• Learning to use the laptop will be difficult for me (5.35)
• Using the laptop every day will be easy for me (5.26)
• I will be able to learn by myself how to use the software installed on my laptop (4.88)
Technology Acceptance Model
Perceived Ease of Use
Perceived Usefulness
AttitudeBehavioralIntention
Usage Behavior
Attitude• Using the laptop is a bad/good idea (5.82)
• Using the laptop is a foolish/wise idea (5.74)
• I dislike/like the idea of using the laptop (5.81)
• Using the laptop will be pleasant/ unpleasant (5.83)
Technology Acceptance Model
Perceived Ease of Use
Perceived Usefulness
AttitudeBehavioural
IntentionUsage
Behaviour
Behavioural intention• I intend to use the laptop frequently in the coming
year (6.24)
• I will bring the laptop regularly to HEC in the coming year (6.41)
• I will be a heavy user of the laptop in the coming year (6.12)
• In the coming year, the laptop will be my daily communication and working tool (6.17)
Technology Acceptance Model
Perceived Ease of Use
Perceived Usefulness
AttitudeBehavioural
IntentionUsage
Behaviour
Usage behaviour• I have used the laptop frequently in the last year
• I have brought the laptop regularly to HEC in the last year
• I have been a heavy user of the laptop in the last year
• In the last year, the laptop has been my daily communication and working tool
August vs. April respondents
5.17
5.17
5.79
6.26
5.22
5.32
5.91
6.43
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
Perceivedusefulness
Ease of use
Attitude
Behavioralintention
August April
Male vs. Female
5.16
5.46
5.87
6.30
5.16
5.17
5.71
6.21
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
Pu
Ease
Attitude
BI
Male Female
Perceived Usefulness - Ease of Use - Attitude
0.9
0.0
2.1
11.5
23.7
27.8
34.6
3.0
3.8
5.1
10.7
17.1
32.9
27.4
0.9
0.4
3.0
9.0
20.9
29.9
35.9
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Percieved usefulness Ease of use Attitude
Correlations
Perceived Ease of Use
Perceived Usefulness
AttitudeBehavioralIntention
Usage Behavior
.27
.29
.57 .43
.51
.13
August 01 April 02
.24
Behavioral Intention vs Usage
0.0
3.0
13.2
31.2
52.6
2.4
10.8
13.2
26.4
46.8
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
3
4
5
6
7
Behavioral Intention Usage
BI mean = 6.43
U mean = 6.14
76
54
3
4
5
6
7
0.29
0.11
0.07
0.04
0.01
0.14
0.08
0.040.04
0.010.000.00 0.00
0.00 0.020.010.00
0.000.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Usage
BI
Usage vs. BI : the laptop as a daily tool
76
54
3
4
5
6
7
0.28
0.15
0.06
0.02
0.01
0.06
0.100.09
0.04
0.01
0.02 0.030.05
0.03
0.010.000.02
0.000.00
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Attitude
BI
Attitude vs. BI : laptop as a daily tool
Conclusion
Very interesting and structured way to look at the question of laptop use
Expectations of laptop use are very high at the beginning of the semester
Behavioral intention are useful in predicting usage• Core group of heavy user (29%)• Significant group of converts (14%)• Back to earth group (20%)
Conclusion
Getting a better measure of usage Laptop as a learning tool!! Back to the 51 other questions …
Questions? Comments?