preanasthetic evaluation
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DR.CHARULATHA.RPreanaesthetic evaluation
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anaesthesiologist = perioperative physician
Use our unique knowledge and experience to manage medical complexities related to surgery
3 % of perioperative adverse events were related to inadequate preoperative assessment
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goals
1.patients can safely tolerate anaesthesia for planned surgical procedure
2.to mitigate risks associated with overall perioperative period
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How do we achieve it?
Document comorbid illness Perform focussed clinical
examination Optimize preexisting medical
conditions Make selective referrals to specialists Order preoperative investigations Initiate interventions to reduce
perioperative risk Discuss aspects of perioperative care
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Anaesthesiologist lead PAC More selective ordering of laboratory
tests Reduced healthcare costs Reduced patient anxiety Improved acceptance of regional
anaesthesia Fewer case cancellations on day of
surgery Shorter duration of hospitalization Lower hospital costs
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Medical consultation?
Management of unstable medical conditions before elective surgery
Preop optimization of poorly controlled medical diseases
Clinically relevant preop diagnostic workup
Uncommon medical disorder
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Detecting disease
All that is required is clinical examination
History taking -56% Physical examination -73% ECGs and chest Xrays -3% Stress tests -6 % Respiratory ,urinary,neurolgic-history
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Components of medical history Ask the right question Indication for surgery and planned
procedure Development of surgical condition
and prior related therapies Current and past medical
problems,pervious surgical procedures,types of anaesthesia ,any anaesthesia related complications
allergies
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Personal history
Tobacco, alcohol ,illicit drug use Quantitative documentation of tobacco
exposure Pseudocholinesterase deficiency/
Malignant hyperthermia Snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness Last menstrual period GE reflux Excessive bleeding problems
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Comorbid conditions
Severity,stability,exarcerbations Prior treatments,planned
interventions Degree of control Activity limiting nature of problems Medications and schedules Recent corticosteroid use
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METs
Assessment of functional capacity Metabolic equivalents of the task Measure of volume consumed during
an activity Poor exercise capacity may be the
cause or result of cardiopulmonary disease
Inability to perform average levels of exercise increases risk of perioperative complications
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Physical examination
Vital signs BMI Airway examiation Evaluation of heart,lungs ,spine Direct observation of exercise
tolerance Basic neurologic examination Carotid bruit
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Components of airway examination Length of upper incisors Visibility of uvula Compliance of mandibular space Thyromental distance Length and circumference of neck Range of motion of head and neck Relationship of upper incisors to
lower incisors
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Cardiovascular diseaase
Hypertension Ischemic heart disease Coronary stents Heart failure Murmurs and valvular abnormalities Rhythm disturbances in preoperative
ECG Peripheral arterial disease
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hypertension
Identify cause,other cardiovascular risk factors,end organ damage
BP measurement in both arms Investigations? Elective surgery delayed when systolic>
200 mm Hg or diastolic >115 mm Hg BP less than 180/110 mm Hg Future appropriate postop management of
inadequately treated hypertension ACE inhibitors and ARBs
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Ischemic heart disease Step 1-emergency surgery Step2- active cardiac conditions Step 3 –low risk surgery Step 4- functional capacity Step 5- clinical predictors
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Revised cardiac risk index High risk surgery Ischemic heart disease History of congestive heart failure History of cerebrovascular disease Diabetes mellitus requiring insulin Creatinine >2.0 mg/dL
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Preoperative anaemia is associated with increased perioperative cardiac events
Increasing blood transfusion rates does not decrease perioperative cardiac risk
Anaemia decreases effects of beta blocker therapy
Increased harm when the patient is bleeding
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ECG
Patients with symptoms /suggestive of ischemia
For intermediate to high risk surgical procedures
Not needed in superficial procedures or simply because of advanced age
Q waves,RBBB,LBBB - important
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Statins and beta blockers continued Beta blockers should be started
several days before the procedure Caution in patients with
cerebrovascular disease Aspirin is continued where the risk of
cardiac events exceeds risk of major bleeding
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Neurologic disease
Cerebrovascular disease- recent stroke or TIA is a very strong predictor of subsequent perioperative stroke
Asymtomatic bruit- carotid doppler studies
Seizure disorder- CBC and electrolytes
Parkinson disease Neuromuscular junction disorders
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Preoperative tests
Should be based on 1.patient ‘s medical history 2.proposed surgical procedure 3.potential for intraoperative blood
loss
Selective testing enhances the standing of speciality in perioperative medicine
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CBC
History of increased bleeding Hematologic disorders Renal disease Recent chemo or radiation Corticosteroid or anticoagulant
therapy Poor nutritional status Trauma Anticipated high blood loss
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Renal function testing
Diabetes and hypertension Cardiac disease Fluid overload Renal transplantation Recent chemotherapy Potential dehydration Hematuria,oliguria,anuria
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Liver function tests
History of hepatitis Jaundice Cirrhosis Hepatotoxic drug exposure Bleeding disorders Tumor involvement of liver
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Coagulation testing
Known bleeding disorders Previous excessive intraoperative
bleeding Hepatic disease Poor nutritional status Anticoagulants
Routine testing not needed unless coagulapathy is suspected or known
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Chest radiograph
No evidence indicates that routine preoperative chest radiographs provide prognostically important information for assessing patients perioperative risk
Rales or rhonchi Advanced copd/suspected pulmonary
edema Pulmonary/mediastinal masses Aortic aneursym
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Preoperative risk assessment Improves patient’s understanding Helps clinical decision making Improves perioperative outcomes
ASA PS classification John Hopkins Surgery Risk
Classification System
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ASA PS
1- a normal healthy patient 2- a patient with mild systemic
disease 3- a patient with severe systemic
disease 4- a patient with severe systemic
disease that is a constant threat to life
5- a moribund patient who is not expected to survive without operation
6-declared brain dead donor
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Role of specialized testingResting echocardiography-ValvesPulmonary hypertensionFixed wall motion abnormalitiesVentricular functionDyspnea of unknown originRecent altered clinical status in a
known heart failure patient
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CPET
Non invasive global assessment of exercise capacity
Involves a patient exercising on a treadmill or bicycle for 8 to 12 minutes
Continuous measurement of respiratory gas exchange
Poor exercise capacity associated with increased postoperative mortality/morbidity
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PFT
Help differentiate between pulmonary and cardiac cause of dyspnea
Assess perioperative risk in lung resection surgery
Prognostic value limited
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Medication management -stop Clopidogrel-7 days before surgery Ticlopidine -14 days Insulin- short acting –discontinue Type 1 diabetes- 1/3 rd of long acting
morning dose Type 2- upto ½ of long acting or
combination OHAs Diuretics –except thiazides
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stop
Warfarin- 4 days before surgery except for patients having cataract surgery withot bulbar block
NSAIDS – 48 hrs before surgery Sildenafil-24 hrs before surgery ACEI and ARBs
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continue
Antihypertensive medications Cardiac drugs Antidepressants,anxiolytics Thyroid Anticonvulsant Asthma Steroids Statins MAO inhibitors
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Preoperative fasting status Clear fluids -2 hrs Breast milk -4 hrs Formula milk -6 hrs Light meal -6 hrs Fried fatty meal -8 hrs
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Postoperative pain management Visual analog score McGill pain questionnaire Uses 1.patient’s concern 2.preoperative instructions 3.improves patient acceptance of
regional anaesthesia 4.patients with chronic pain
syndromes