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Pre-writing TechniquesPre-writing Techniques

English Comprehension English Comprehension

& Composition& Composition

Course Supervisor

Ayyaz Qadeer

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FREE WRITING

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FREE WRITING FREE WRITING

Free writing is the act of writing Free writing is the act of writing unstructured, stream-of-consciousness unstructured, stream-of-consciousness thoughts without pausing or making thoughts without pausing or making corrections.. corrections..

It’s an excellent way to think of ideas, It’s an excellent way to think of ideas, explore topics, or practice explore topics, or practice writing more often. .

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Free writing Example Free writing Example

so i need to think of something to write so i need to think of something to write but I cant think of anything really so but I cant think of anything really so here I am free writing for a couple here I am free writing for a couple minutes while watching TV. I should minutes while watching TV. I should probably turn it off since it’s so probably turn it off since it’s so distracting except I can’t find the remote distracting except I can’t find the remote and uh I should probably think about and uh I should probably think about what i’m gonna write instead of writing what i’m gonna write instead of writing about nothing. hmmm maybe I’ll just like about nothing. hmmm maybe I’ll just like write about free writing.. write about free writing..

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Variations of free writingVariations of free writing

1.1. Grammar and punctuationGrammar and punctuation Some prefer to write in complete sentences, Some prefer to write in complete sentences,

while others prefer not to use any while others prefer not to use any punctuation at all. at all.

2.2. TopicTopic You can either write about anything that You can either write about anything that comes to mind or stick to a focused topic comes to mind or stick to a focused topic

3.3. Time limitTime limit You can either time yourself (usually for a You can either time yourself (usually for a

short amount of time, like several short amount of time, like several minutes) or just write until you feel minutes) or just write until you feel

you’re done.  you’re done. 

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While Free writingWhile Free writing

Don’t stop writing! Don’t stop writing! Don’t read over your Free Don’t read over your Free

writing until after you’re done. writing until after you’re done. Ignore any mistakes you make. Ignore any mistakes you make. If you usually use the If you usually use the

computer, trying Free writing computer, trying Free writing by hand to see if it works by hand to see if it works better for you better for you

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After Free writing After Free writing

Once you’re done, read what you wrote. Once you’re done, read what you wrote. Take the main ideas from your Free writing Take the main ideas from your Free writing

and organize them with another and organize them with another prewriting technique, like mapping or , like mapping or outlining outlining

Take a word, a sentence, or the main Take a word, a sentence, or the main idea from your Free writing and use it as a idea from your Free writing and use it as a prompt for another Free writing exercise. prompt for another Free writing exercise.

Save it. If you’re ever in need of Save it. If you’re ever in need of inspiration, inspiration,

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Brain storming and Mind Mapping

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Why Use a Mind-map?Why Use a Mind-map?

It clearly defines the central idea, by It clearly defines the central idea, by positioning it in the centre of the page. positioning it in the centre of the page.

It allows you to indicate clearly the relative It allows you to indicate clearly the relative importance of each idea. importance of each idea.

It allows you to add in new information It allows you to add in new information without messy scratching out or squeezing without messy scratching out or squeezing in. in.

It allows you to figure out the links among It allows you to figure out the links among the key ideas more easily. the key ideas more easily.

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How to do a Map How to do a Map

Use unlined paper Use unlined paper Use paper with no previous writing on it. Use paper with no previous writing on it. Connect all words or phrases or lists with Connect all words or phrases or lists with

lines, to the centre or to other "branches." lines, to the centre or to other "branches." Go quickly, without pausing Go quickly, without pausing Write down everything you can think of Write down everything you can think of

without judging or editing without judging or editing You may want to use color-coding, to group You may want to use color-coding, to group

sections of the Map. sections of the Map.

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Some Graphic Organizational Some Graphic Organizational Patterns Patterns

Branches.Branches. An idea may branch many times to An idea may branch many times to include both closely and distantly related ideas. include both closely and distantly related ideas.

Arrows.Arrows. You may want to use arrows to join ideas You may want to use arrows to join ideas from different branches. from different branches.

Groupings.Groupings. If a number of branches contain If a number of branches contain related ideas, you may want to draw a circle related ideas, you may want to draw a circle around the whole area. around the whole area.

Lists. Lists. Explanatory/Exploratory notesExplanatory/Exploratory notes.. You may want to You may want to

write a few sentences in the Map itself, to explain, write a few sentences in the Map itself, to explain, question, or comment on some aspect of your Mapquestion, or comment on some aspect of your Map

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Graphic Organizers

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Graphic OrganizersGraphic Organizers

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Graphic OrganizersGraphic Organizers

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Graphic OrganizersGraphic Organizers

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Graphic OrganizersGraphic Organizers

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Graphic OrganizersGraphic Organizers

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Graphic OrganizersGraphic Organizers

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Graphic OrganizersGraphic Organizers

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Graphic OrganizersGraphic Organizers

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Graphic OrganizersGraphic Organizers

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Graphic OrganizersGraphic Organizers

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LET’S MAKE A LET’S MAKE A MIND MAPMIND MAP

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Stage 1: brainstorming = Stage 1: brainstorming = free thinking —> producing free thinking —> producing

ideas ideas Write your topic or area of study in the Write your topic or area of study in the

centre of a blank page. centre of a blank page.

Use colours, pictures, words and symbols Use colours, pictures, words and symbols to record any other ideas, topics, authors, to record any other ideas, topics, authors, theories or anything else associated with theories or anything else associated with the topic. You can put these anywhere on the topic. You can put these anywhere on the page. At this point anything and the page. At this point anything and everything is OK. everything is OK.

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Stage 2: mind mapping = Stage 2: mind mapping = identifying relationships —> identifying relationships —>

organizing ideasorganizing ideas

Circle the key points or ideas you have identified. Circle the key points or ideas you have identified. Identify gaps in your knowledge, and any Identify gaps in your knowledge, and any

questions you have. questions you have. Look at each item and consider, "How does this Look at each item and consider, "How does this

point relate to the others, and to the topic as a point relate to the others, and to the topic as a whole?" whole?"

Map the relationships between the ideas or key Map the relationships between the ideas or key points using lines, arrows, colours and words to points using lines, arrows, colours and words to link them. link them.

Identify the type of relationship between points:Identify the type of relationship between points:

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Major thought Major thought relationships relationships

1.1. Exemplification: Exemplification: 'An illustration of this is the...''An illustration of this is the...'

'Characteristics such as...''Characteristics such as...' 'For instance,...''For instance,...'

2.2. Contrast: Contrast: 'As opposed to,...''As opposed to,...'

'This differs from X in that...''This differs from X in that...' 'Whereas,...''Whereas,...'

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Major thought Major thought relationshipsrelationships

3.3. Comparison: Comparison:

'Like X, Y is...''Like X, Y is...'

'X resembles Y in that...''X resembles Y in that...'

'In the same way,...''In the same way,...'

4.4. Enumeration: Enumeration:

'There are several kinds of...''There are several kinds of...'

'These can be divided into three 'These can be divided into three types,...'types,...'

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Major thought Major thought relationshipsrelationships5.5. Chronology: Chronology:

'The earliest...''The earliest...' 'Thereafter,...''Thereafter,...' 'By the time,...''By the time,...'

6.6. Causality: Causality: 'As a consequence,...''As a consequence,...'

'This resulted in...''This resulted in...' 'Hence,...''Hence,...'

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Major thought Major thought relationshipsrelationships7.7. Process: Process:

'Step 1 involves... Step 2...''Step 1 involves... Step 2...'

'Initially, ... then ... finally ...''Initially, ... then ... finally ...'

8.8. Spatial Order: Spatial Order:

'The base is positioned next to ...''The base is positioned next to ...'

'X moves outwards to the ...''X moves outwards to the ...'

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ExerciseExercise

Select one topic and Make a Mind Map Select one topic and Make a Mind Map

How to eliminate poverty from How to eliminate poverty from PakistanPakistan

Status of English Language in our Status of English Language in our societysociety

Islam in a religion of peace not Islam in a religion of peace not terrorism.terrorism.