Pre-industrial political power system: C 9 th -15 th A.D. : Feudalism:
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Historically, why did developing countries fail to advance in their economic development while the AICs advanced?
World System Theory explains:• Power structure: Colonialism/Imperialism• Unequal Trade relations: Core vs. periphery• Technology: Manual/Industrial• ODL/NDL based on:
o Racist ideology: Subjection/Dominance o Investment: Labour/Capital
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Pre-industrial political power system:
C 9th -15th A.D. : Feudalism: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68VfakYDxd4 5 min 2010
• A system of political organization• Elite called a "lord" controlled the land • Common peasants, called "vassals" tilled the
lord’s land• These peasants were serfs and served as
warriors in the lord’s army
16th C -Enclosure movement & cheap labour http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0nM5DU4ADI 9.4min
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Major forces that shaped modern geopolitics:18th C: Two major forces:• Imperialism & the rise of Colonialism • Industrial revolution:
o affected one-third of the world’s population.
19th C– mid 20th C:• Colonial capitalism
Later 20th C : • Neo-liberalism• Global Corporate capitalism• Communication Revolution o affects most of the global population
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lO-4DkFh5ww 7min imperialism 2012
Imperialism gave rise to global colonialism:
Colonial exploitation increased the colonizers’wealth through industrial revolution
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Imperialists:
• Established their colonies
• Military & political control
• Economic exploitation of colonial land and labour
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Colonialism (15th – 20thC)
• A system in which a state claims sovereignty over territory and people outside its own boundaries.
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Imperialism and the Balance of Power
http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/1907powr.htm
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L.Am:date of independence
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Latin_American_independence_countries.PNG
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Imperialism led to :
• Colonialism• Industrial revolution : • Rise of the Nation State:• Separation of the state from church• Rule of Law• Taxes and military replaced feudal serfdom• Capital accumulation (from 19 C)
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http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/departments/isa/ninvest/imperial/impandworld.htm#bargraphs
1939
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http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/departments/isa/ninvest/imperial/impandworld.htm#bargraphs
1939
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What was the colonialist ideology?
• Ideology of “White Man’s Burden”
o “Cultural superiority of the West”
o Rejection of the uniqueness of each country’s social and political culture
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The White Man's Burden (R. Kipling’s poem)
Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.
(7 stanzas)http://www.kipling.org.uk/rg_burden1.htm
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Colonialist ideology of Racial Superiority
What is White Man’s Burden? It suggests that White people have a duty to rule over other ethnic/ cultural groups for advancing their cultural development by adopting the superior western values.
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White Man’s Burden (cont’d)
• A racist view of non-European people as childlike and demonic
• a metaphor for a condescending view of non-Western cultures & economic traditions
• Emphasizes European ascendancy and dominance known as "cultural imperialism".
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Man's_Burden
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Man's_Burden
The white man's burden - a satirical view
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Imperialism led to :
• Colonialism• Industrial revolution : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Efq-aNBkvc 3.3 min
2009
• Rise of the Nation State:• Separation of the state from church• Rule of Law• Taxes and military replaced feudal serfdom• Capital accumulation (from 19 C)
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Industrial revolution
• Begins in 18th C • Establishment of the capitalist economy
Colonialism:
http://www.public.iastate.edu/~cfford/342WorldHistoryModern.html
Industrial revolution dates and inventions:
http://www.victorianweb.org/technology/ir/irchron.html
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Imperialism led to :
• Colonialism• Industrial revolution : • Rise of the Nation State:• Separation of the state from church• Rule of Law• Taxes and military replaced feudal serfdom• Capital accumulation (from 19 C)
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What is a nation state?
• A state with a single national identity,e.g.: In Switzerland and U.S.A: national identity despite religious, ethnic, or linguistic differences
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Imperialism led to :
• Colonialism• Industrial revolution : • Rise of the Nation State:• Separation of the state from church• Rule of Law• Taxes and military replaced feudal serfdom• Capital accumulation (from 19 C)
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Separation of church and state:
The spheres of power of organized religion and the nation state are distinctly separated by conventions and judicial decisions:
Thomas Jefferson (A Founding Father of the US) wrote in his letter to the Danbury Baptists Association in 1802: "wall of separation between church and state,"
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States with no state religions States with state religions States with ambiguous data or no data
Separation of church and state around the world.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Ancient_history
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Imperialism led to :
• Colonialism• Industrial revolution : • Rise of the Nation State:• Separation of the state from church• Rule of Law (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAJVu9LK7WE) 4 min 2011
• Taxes and military replaced feudal serfdom• Capital accumulation (from 19 C)
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Rule of law: (as a term, used since the 17th C)
• No one is above the law
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Imperialism led to :
• Colonialism• Industrial revolution : • Rise of the Nation State:• Separation of the state from church• Rule of Law• Taxes and military replaced feudal serfdom• Capital accumulation (from 19 C)
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Governments’ Revenues in the Early 20th C :
• Colonizers taxed their colonies (see, Map)
an important scholarly paper on how colonial non-slave labour was taxedhttp://www.cfeps.org/pubs/wp-pdf/wp25-forstater.pdf
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Government Revenues in the Early 20th Century:The size of the flag shows the relative size of the government's incomehttp://users.erols.com/mwhite28/frnc-emp.htm
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Africa in the Early Twentieth Century
http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/afri1914.htm
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Imperialism led to :
• Colonialism• Industrial revolution : • Rise of the Nation State:• Separation of the state from church• Rule of Law• Taxes and military replaced feudal serfdom• Capital accumulation (from 19 C)
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Today’s Emerging economies’ past: For 18 centuries until 1820, they produced 80% of world GDP • 18th C: Colonialism and Europe’s hegemony - In
1950 DW’s share fell to 40%. Now, economies of Emerging Countries, e.g., India, Brazil & China:• Past 10 yrs: Rapid growth of their share of capital
flows and trade in world market
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China and India:
• Re-Emerging economies
• 2010: EM share of global GDP at PPP : 51%.
• From the 21st C: the world's two biggest economies.
http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2011/020711.htm
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http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/08/emerging-vs-developed-economies
2010 data
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http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2011/06/straight.htm
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Purchasing power parity (PPP) A formula for comparing the purchasing power of different currencies
How?: It estimates the extent to which the exchange rate between countries have to be adjusted according to its currency’s purchasing power.
Why?: To measure the equivalence (parity) of currencies in terms of their purchasing power, i.e.
• How much money would be needed to purchase the same goods and services in different countries?
• When PPP rate is used, the amount of a country’s money thus has the same purchasing power in that country compared to that in other countries.
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http://www.tradingeconomics.com/Billing/Analytics.aspx?Source=RankButtonInChart
GDP and GDP growth rate 2010
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Market economy:• primarily relies on interactions between buyers
and sellers to allocate resources
World Market :
• Commodity traded globally • Trade based on supply and demand• Bid for buying