Pre-Edo fort (16th c. sengokuperiod)

“Three unifiers” and emergence of “Baku-han” order

• Oda Nobunaga

• Toyotomi Hideyoshi

• Tokugawa Ieyasu

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Images from “D-project”

1855 map of Japan by Richard Hildreth (Phillips, Sampson and Co.) Map courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin

UT library site 1855 map

Edo-era castle

Kumamoto castle

Tokugawa-era castletownBrown=high-ranking SamuraiTan=lower-level samuraiOrange/yellow=merchant areasBlue=shrines and temples

4 status system

• Samurai– Ruling class, 10% of population

• Peasant– Agrarian-based society/economy

• Artisan• Merchant

• Artisan• Peasant• Merchant• Samurai

Troubles within

• Urbanization• Commercialization• Bureaucratization

• Peasant disturbances• Samurai intellectual discourse

Peter Duus, “Weapons of the weak, weapons of the strong:--the development of the Japanese political cartoon.” Journal of Asian Studies 60.4 (Nov. 2001).

Motoori Norinaga

• Deciphers Kojiki• Mito domain• National Learning (Kokugaku)

• Aizawa Seishisai (active 1820s), kokutai, and sonno joi.

“Revere the Emperor; Expel the barbarian”

“national body”

End of Baku-han order I

• Perry visit, 1853-54• Abe requesting all daimyo opinions

• Hotta requesting imperial sanction of Harris Treaty

• Ii Naosuke signing treaty, Ansei purge, his assassination (Mito and Satsuma shishi)

Perry’s landing (1853)

Perry’s landing (1853) alternate print

Townsend Harris at Zempukuji

Ii Naosuke

End of Baku-han order I

• Perry visit, 1853-54• Abe requesting all daimyo opinions

• Hotta requesting imperial sanction of Harris Treaty

• Ii Naosuke signing treaty, Ansei purge, his assassination (Mito and Satsuma shishi)

End of Baku-han order II

• Union of Court and Camp (kobu gattai), 1860-64

• “Men of high spirit,” escalation of political violence: – 1862 Richardson killed--Satsuma bombed 1863

– 1863 firing on ships off Shimonoseki (Choshu)--foreign retaliation 1864

Final showdown

• Tokugawa self-strengthening• Satsuma-Choshu alliance• Shifting meaning of sonno joi, “revere the Emperor, expel the barbarian.”

Satsuma residence in Edo

Satsuma samurai at Heian (Kyoto) temple

Saigo Takamori

• Saigo statue in Ueno Park, erected 1890s.

• Symbol of loyalty

Meiji emperor

Western trading ships

Older samurai

Samurai and attendant

Fukuzawa in Paris (1862)

Fukuzawa Yukichi (1898)

Bank of Japan10,000 yen note, 2002-

Saigo Takamori

• Leader of Satsuma forces taking possession of imperial palace 1868--Meiji Restoration

• Leader of Satsuma Rebellion 1876/77