Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas
-
Upload
juliana-ortiz -
Category
Documents
-
view
34 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas
![Page 1: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 6Chapter 6
![Page 2: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Early Human Migrations
![Page 3: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Major Pre-Colombian Civilizations
![Page 4: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Early Civ in the Americas2 centers of early civ in the Americas (Olmec
and Inca) developed in total isolation from developments elsewhere in the world, so they lacked certain advantages that come from the ability to copy and react to other societies.
Lacked tech. like the wheel and iron working, but they were considerably ahead of Europe during the same time.
Demonstrate common tendency of humans to move from agriculture to est. civ.
![Page 5: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The OlmecThe earliest American civilization (600-400
B.C.E.) developed along the Mexican Gulf Coast simultaneously w/ classical world, though in isolation.
Provided Central America w/ equivalent of river valley civ in Asia & Mid East. Cultivation of maize.
Olmecs did not build cities, but ceremonial centers made up of pyramid-shaped temples and other buildings (inspired Mayans).
Influence spread through trade.
![Page 7: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Mysteries of the OlmecsOlmecs did not develop writing, so
archaeologists know very little else about the Olmecs. However, they know from the tombs and temple ruins that priests and aristocrats stood at the top of Olmec society.
The most famous remains of Olmec civilization are the giant carved stone heads at La Venta. No one knows how they moved these 40-ton stones from distant quarries without wheeled vehicles.
Olmecs disappeared w/o a trace around 400 B.C.E., but Maya successors soon evolved.
![Page 8: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Colossal Olmec Heads
![Page 10: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Lands of the Mayans
The Yucatan
Peninsula
The Yucatan
Peninsula
![Page 12: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
About the Mayans…300-900 A.D.Mayans lived in what is now southern Mexico and Guatemala. Yucatan Peninsula. Influenced by their predecessors, the Olmecs.Descendents of the Mayans still live today in Guatemala.
![Page 13: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Mayan SocietyThe Mayan Empire was made up of city-states. Each had its own chief, or king. He was assisted by nobles who served as military chiefs, and officials who managed public works, collected taxes, and enforced laws. Rulers were usually men, but some women governed on behalf of their sons. Priests were very powerful b/c only they could conduct religious ceremonies needed to ensure good harvest and success in war. Used pyramid temples like this one:
![Page 14: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Ms. Barton’s Brainchild: Chichen-Itza Pizza
![Page 15: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The importance of pyramid temples
Priests climbed to the top of the temple to make sacrifices as people watched from below.Also served as burial places for nobles and priestsMayan pyramids at Tikal were tallest structures in the Americas until 1903 when Flatiron Building was built in NYC.
![Page 16: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Religious Syncretism Today:
Mashimone: The divine intermediary whom the indigenous people of Antigua go through to ensure their prayers to God are answered. In exchange for answering your prayers you must give him money, cigarettes and shots of rum. The candles at his feet mean different things. Black magic.
![Page 17: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Advances in LearningMayan priests needed to measure time accurately in order to hold ceremonies at the right time. Therefore, many priests became mathematicians and astronomers. Developed and accurate 365-day solar calendar.Invented numbering system and understood concept of zero.
![Page 18: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Chichen-Itza Astronomical Observatory
![Page 19: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Pakal: The Maya Astronaut
![Page 20: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Quetzalcoatl:The God of Wisdom
& Learning
![Page 21: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Mayan Glyphs
![Page 22: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Advances in LearningMayans developed a hieroglyphic writing system.Mayan scribes kept sacred knowledge in books made of bark. Spanish conquerors later burned many of these books, but a few were taken to European museums.
![Page 23: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Mayan Glyphs
Mayan Mathematics
sky king house child city sky king house child city
![Page 24: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Chichen-Itza - Ball Court
![Page 25: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Mayan Ball GamesSpectators watched as 2 teams competed to drive a rubber ball through a stone ring that hung from a wall. Opposing players moved the ball using their bodies, but not their hands and feet. Similar to soccer, which is modern Mexico’s most popular spectator sport.
![Page 26: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Mayan Cultivation of
Maize
Chac, God of Rain Chac, God of Rain
![Page 27: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Importance of Farming (Maize)Most Mayans were farmers. Mayan farmers cleared the rain forests and built fields that held and drained rainwater. With their advanced system of farming, Mayans cultivated maize (corn), beans, and squash to support the heavily populated cities. Farmers paid taxes in food: helped build temples.
![Page 28: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Mayan Underground Granaries: Chultunes
![Page 29: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Overview of Tikal (Guatemala)Temple of the
MasksTemple of the
Masks
![Page 31: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Tikal Jungle View at Sunset
![Page 32: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
My sister zip-lining through that jungle
![Page 33: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Tikal - Main Court
![Page 34: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Tikal: Temple of the Masks
My sister<Laura
![Page 35: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Tikal - Wall Mask of the Rain God
![Page 37: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Mayan Drinking Cup for Chocolate
![Page 38: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Mayans Today
A Mayan woman and child in Antigua, Guatemala. Photo complements of my sis.
![Page 39: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Modern Mayans in traditional textiles
![Page 40: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Toltecs
Maya civ collpased around the 8th c C.E. Nomads in n. Yucatan took advantage of
political vacuum to move into richer lands. Among them was the Toltecs. Toltec accomplishments often confused with Mayan and Aztecs.
Toltec Empire lasted until 1150 when Aztecs rose to power.
![Page 41: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Lands of the Aztecs
![Page 43: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Arrival of Aztecs in Valley of MexicoIn the late 1200s, nomads migrated into the
Valley of Mexico from the north. Would become known as the the Mexica or Tenocha people. Better known as Aztecs.
According to Aztec legend, the gods told them to search for an eagle perched on top of a cactus holding a snake in its beak. They found it on a swampy island in Lake Texcoco. It was here that they built the capital city of Tenochititlan (modern Mexico City), founded about 1325.
![Page 44: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The Codex
Mendoza :The
Foundingof
Tenochtitla
n
![Page 45: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Aztec View of Tenochtitlan
![Page 46: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Ruins of the City Center, Tenochtitlan
![Page 47: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Tenochtitlan: The Venice of the Americas
![Page 48: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Spread of the Aztec Empire In the 1400s, the Aztecs expanded their empire
throughout most of Mexico. Their methods of conquest included fierce warfare, and shrewd alliance.
By 1500, there were 30 million people in the Aztec empire.
Their skillful warfare resulted in wealth and power. Tribute, or taxes forced on conquered peoples, helped the Aztecs turn Tenochtitlan into a magnificent city which rivaled its European counterparts.
![Page 49: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Aztec Government and Society
Unlike Mayan city-states, each of which has its own king, the Aztecs had only one central ruler. The emperor was chosen by a council of nobles and priests. Emperor was seen as a representative of the gods on Earth.
Nobles served as officials, judges, and governors of conquered territories.
Next came the warriors who could rise to noble status by capturing or killing enemy soldiers.
The rest of society (the majority) was composed of commoners who farmed the land.
Slaves were at the bottom of society. They could own land and buy freedom.
![Page 50: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
ChinampasAs the population of Tenochtitlan grew, the
Aztecs discovered an ingenious way to create more farmland.
Built chinampas, or artificial floating islands made of dirt piled on top of reed mats that were anchored to the shallow lake bed.
They mimicked nature, as much of the land of Tenochtitlan itself was a chinampa in origin.
Raised maize (corn), squash, and beans on these.
Also built canals in the lake for transportation.
![Page 51: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Aztec Chinampa or Floating Garden:
15ft. to 30ft. wide
![Page 52: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Tenochtitlan - Chinampas
![Page 53: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Fierce Aztec Warriors
![Page 54: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Wall of Skulls, Tenochtitlan
![Page 55: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Aztec Gold
![Page 56: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Aztec Religious BeliefsAztec religion was a vast, uniting, and often oppressive force. Priests were of high rank in society, in their own class. Priests performed rituals they believed pleased the gods and prevented natural disasters. Practiced human sacrifice like Mayans and Olmecs, but on a larger scale. Used captured enemy soldiers as sacrificial victims. Alliances with the conquered peoples who were used as sacrificial victims would later form alliances with the conquistadors, and would help to bring down the Aztec Empire.
![Page 57: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring Tribes to the Sun God
![Page 58: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Aztec gods Deities incl. gods of rain, fire, water, corn, the sky, and the
sun. Each deity had a male and female form, b/c basic duality was recognized in all things.
Huitzilopochtli, the sun god, was the chief Aztec god. Believed he battled the forces of darkness at night, and that there was no guarantee he would rise again the next day. They offered human sacrifices to him so he would have strength to rise each day.
Priests offered the hearts of thousands of victims to him and other Aztec gods.
Despite the brutality of human sacrifice, Aztecs were still concerned with spiritual questions about life after death and the meaning of life?
Aztec relig also involved a complex mythology.
![Page 59: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Heart Sacrificeon an Aztec Temple
Pyramid
![Page 60: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Sacrificial Statue, Tenochtitlan
![Page 61: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Aztec Sun Motifs
![Page 62: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Aztec LearningPriests were the keepers of knowledge. Recorded laws and historical events. Used knowledge of astronomy and math to foretell the future. The Aztecs, like the Mayans, had an accurate calendar.
![Page 63: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Aztec Sun Stone -- Calendar
![Page 64: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Aztec Math
Aztec Writing
![Page 65: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Aztec Codex (15c Manuscript)
![Page 66: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Fall of the Aztec EmpireIn 1519, the Spaniard Hernan Cortes and the conquistadors reached Tenochtitlan. They were amazed by the magnificent city.Was as large as contemporary Seville or Paris. Spanish compared its anals to Venice. Cortes and his men overpowered Montezuma (the king) and the Aztecs. The empire fell and became a Spanish colony. “Montezuma’s Revenge”
![Page 67: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Colombian ExchangeThe term used to describe the widespread exchange of plants, animals, food, human populations (slaves, mestizos), communicable diseases, and ideas between the “Old World” and “New World.” Began with Christopher Columbus’ 1492 voyage. European diseases decimated native populations while American crops such as potatoes revolutionized farming in Europe.
![Page 68: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Who do you think got the fuzzy end of the lollipop?
![Page 69: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
![Page 70: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Lands of the Incas
![Page 71: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Birth of the Incan EmpireThe Andean region (modern Peru, Chile, and Ecuador) was home to several civilizations before the Incan empire was established.Chavin, Mochica, and Nazca civilizations thrived here before the arrival of Pachacuti, the founder of the Incan Empire, in 1438. Pachacuti proclaimed himself Sapa Inca, or emperor, and set up a kingdom at Cuzco, high in the Andes Mountains. (Present Peru)
![Page 72: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
PachacutiPachacuti took over neighboring lands, and eventually expanded the Incan Empire from Ecuqdor in the north to Chile in the South. Exercised absolute power over empire. Claimed he was the divine son of the sun itself. Also the chief religious leader. He owned all lands and resources. His wife, Coya, governed in his absence.
![Page 73: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Quipu and QuechuaSpecially trained officials kept records on a quipu, a collection of knotted, colored strings. Noted dates and statistics on population and crops. To unite the empire, the Incas imposed their language, Quechua, and their religion on conquered peoples.
![Page 74: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
The Quipu: An Incan Database
![Page 75: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Incan Road SystemIncans developed an advanced system of roads. 12,000 miles through mountains and desert. Built ridges spanning deep gorges and rivers. Roads allowed armies to move rapidly across the empire. Relay runners carried messages and news swiftly between provinces and capital (Cuzco).
![Page 76: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Incan Suspension Bridges
Incan Suspension Bridges
![Page 77: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Cuzco: Ancient Capital of the Inca
(11,000 ft. above sea level)
![Page 78: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
CuzcoCapital of the Incan empire. Temple of the Sun stood at the heart of the city. Architecture and walls constructed from polished stone blocks. Amazingly, construction was accomplished without mortar.
![Page 79: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Machu Picchu
![Page 80: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Machu Picchu
![Page 81: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
FarmingFarmers carved out strips of land into the steep hillsides held in place by stone walls. Made farming possible where flat land was scarce. Also prevented rains from washing away the soil. Land was communal, and the government took harvests to divide among the people. They stored part of each harvest in case of famine.
![Page 82: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Incan Terrace Farming
![Page 83: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Over 100 Different Types of Potatoes
Cultivated by the Incans
![Page 84: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Produce from a Typical Incan Market
![Page 85: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Maize in Incan Pottery
& Gold Work
![Page 86: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Incan Ceramic Jars
PeanutPeanut PotatoPotato SquashSquash
Cacao God
Cacao God
Cacao PodCacao Pod
![Page 87: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Incan ReligionPolytheistic- worshiped gods linked to the forces of nature. Monthly festivals were held to honor the gods. People offered food, clothing, and drink to the gods. Inti, the sun god, was the chief god.
![Page 88: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Inca Gold & Silver
![Page 89: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
The End of the Incan EmpireLike the Aztecs, the Incans eventually fell to Spanish invaders around 1525. It was relatively easy for the Spaniards to conquer the Incans. They arrived at a time of plague and civil war which weakened the empire at this crucial moment.
![Page 90: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
![Page 91: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Ocmulgee Indian Mounds
In the Maconga
![Page 92: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
The Inuits of the ArcticThe Inuits are better known as Eskimos. Lived in the far north in a harsh climate.Lived by hunting and fishing. Made food, skins for clothing, bones for tools, and oil for cooking from seals and other sea mammals. Used dog sleds as transportation across ice and kayaks as transportation across water. Lived in igloos made from ice blocks.
![Page 93: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Igloo & Aurora Borealis
![Page 94: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Inuit in Kayak: Hunting for Seal
![Page 95: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Indians of the Northwest CoastLived in what is now the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. and parts of Canada (British Columbia). Had an abundance of salmon, dear, wolves, and bears. People built permanent villages of wood (area also rich in timber).
![Page 96: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
PotlatchIn this “land of plenty” the Indians shared their wealth at potlatch ceremonies. At these ceremonies, which continue in Canada today, a person of wealth would distribute lavish gifts to many guests. By accepting the gifts, the guests acknowledge the hosts high status. Also carved totem poles to tell family histories.
![Page 97: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Potlatch and Totem Poles
![Page 98: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
The IroquoisThe Iroquois people populated area between Atlantic Coast and the Great Lakes. Built villages in the forests. Rivaling Iroquois nations united in the 1500s to form the Iroquois League. Alliance of 5 nations who spoke the same language and practiced similar traditions. Iroquois League decline after the arrival of the British and French in North America.
![Page 99: Pre-Colombian Civilizations In the Americas](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56813105550346895d97340b/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Ellis, E.G., & Esler. (2005). A. World History: Connections to Today. Upper Saddle
River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Thanks to Laura Barton for the great
photographs of the Mayan ruins!