Pre-Austronesian origins of seafaring in Insular Southeast ... · Early sailing routes attributed...
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Pre-Austronesian origins of seafaring in Insular Southeast Asia
Waruno Mahdi
Fritz Haber Institute • Berlin~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
“Cultural Transfers in Historical Maritime Asia: Austronesian-Indic Encounters”Conference:
Singapore, 2–3 December 2013
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Early sailing routes attributed to Malay shipping
Bay ofBengalArabian
Sea
ISEAYavadvipa
Indian Ocean
China
India
Sofala
Taiwan
Pacific Ocean
Taruma
Dunsun
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Sea crossings to and beyond Sahul, and high-sea fishing
28,000 BP
49,000 ÷ 43,000 BP
> 42,000 BP
Sunda
Sahul
> 35,000 BP
Pacific OceanSouthChinaSea
Indian Ocean
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from Late Pleistocene through Middle Holocene The rising sea and inundation of Sunda-Sahul
Sunda
Sahul
Kuk•
Pacific OceanSouthChinaSea
Indian Ocean
14,000 – 7,000 BP (... 4,000 BP)
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Primeval developments of watercraft constructionin ISEA and around the South China Sea
from a raft tapered raft
multiple canoewith dugout hulls
elements of a
five-part hull
double canoewith dugout hulls
double canoewith five-part hulls
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Protoforms of words for ‘person’ in Austronesian languages
(1) Taiwan; (2) the Philippines; (3) Sulawesi & surroundings; (4) west of Sulawesi;(5) Nusa Tenggara; (6) Maluku; (7) West Papua & Papua-New Guinea; (8) Further Oceania
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Development of the Chinese junk from a double canoezhōu ‘boat’ as reflected in the form of the character
770 – 250 BCE 1300 – 1046 BCEmodern bamboo raft
Modern & Eastern Zhou (770 – 250 BCE):
fǎng‘two boats lashed together’
chuán‘boats, ship’
(Karlgren 1940)
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Words for ‘two boats lashed together’ in Chinese
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Protoforms of words for ‘boat’ in Austronesian languages
(Blust 2009)
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Derivations of the root *liu ~ *liw ‘change, exchange, return’
Secondary protoform *ba-liw > *beli ‘buy’
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Distribution of reflexes of the Malayo-Polynesian protoform *beli “buy”
Bugotu voli
Fiji voli
Mota wolKwaio foli
Arosi horiM
otu hoiWandamen bori
Fordata veli
Yamdena béli-n
Asilulu heli
Wetan w
eli
Leti weli
Tetun foli-n
Roti be
li
Kambe
ra w
íli
W.-Cham play Rhade bley Ta
galog
bilí
Tirur
ay be
ley
Malay beli
Aceh blòè
Kadazan bohi
Bintulu beley
Iban beliKayan belé
Toba- Batak boli
Simalur feli
Nias õliRejang bley
Lampu
ng be
li
Sunda
nese
beuli
Old-Ja
vane
se a-
weli
Baline
se be
liSangir belli
Bolaang-Mongondou boli
Makassar balli
Mangg
arai w
eli
Taga
bili b
eli
Kelabit belih
Ngaju bali
Paiwan veli
© Waruno Mahdi
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The Malayo-Polynesian dispersal (2500 – 1000 BCE) andISEA – South China Sea maritime communication (2100 BCE – 500 CE)
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From‘boat’ to ‘coffin’ East of the straits:
West of the straits:
Ship-of-the-dead cult: (Steinmann 1937)
Toba Batak
Kroë Lampung
SE Kalimantan
West Papua
Alor
Ngoc-lu (on bronze drum)
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Pacific-Ocean cultivar
Indian-Ocean cultivar
The coconut in Valmiki’s Ramayana:
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Book 1 of the Mahabharata,the Adiparva
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Ptolemaic atlas of the Indian “Sea”
naked people
anthropophági (cannibals)-
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Nâga “sea pirates” in the Bay of Bengal submitted toemperor Asoka after the latter adopted the Buddhistreligion (c. 260 BCE).´
(according to Ksemendra).
The Mons called these sea rovers Raksasa ‘cannibal demons’ .In Burmese tradition they were called Bilù ‘kind of
monster which eats human flesh and possessessuper-human eyes’
Bilù-gyùnisland
Moken(Mergui islands)
´
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Hypothetical routes of pre-500 CE maritime communication by Malayo-Polynesian and Negrito shipping
)(
Arabia
Harappa
Mohenjo-daro
Azania
Persia
Sri Lanka
Cham
Sofala
Mal
agas
yViêt
YavaSri Vijaya
Barus
Khmer
Taruma
Saba
Kaling
a
Ophir Tamil-akam
TaiwanGuang-zhou
Luzon
MuaraKaman
Maluku
Regiocinnamomifera
Rmañ
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Thank youTerima kasih