Pre-AP Final Review

What is Utopia?

• An ideal place• A book written by Thomas More • Northern Renaissance

Italian Renaissance

• Leonardo da Vinci• Michelangelo• Petrarch – sonnets• Machievelli’s The Prince• Humanism• The Medici Family

Leonardo da Vinci

• Artist• Inventor• Italian Renaissance• Painted Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

Who were the Medici’s?

• Wealthy family in Florence• Patrons of the arts• Ruled Florence absolutely – even though it

was a republic

What is a Renaissance Man?

• Someone who excels in many fields

• Ex: Leonardo da Vinci

Where did the Renaissance start?

•Italy

What were the results of the Plague?

• Social Unrest• Population declined• Labor shortages• Breaking of feudal ties• Disruption of trade

What caused decline in Papal authority?

• Deaths from the Plague

• Loss of the Holy Land in the Crusades

• The Great Schism

What was the goal of the Crusades?

• Recapture the Holy Land from the Ottoman Turks

What is Manorialism?

• Peasants are usually serfs• Economic System• Self-sufficient• Loyalty is exchanged for land and

protections

Magna Carta

• Nobles forced King John of England to sign it

• Limited the King’s powers

• Meant to protect the nobles

Results of the Crusades

• Facilitated trade between Europe and the Middle East

• Increased Cultural and Economic ties between Europe and the Middle East

• Increased tensions between Christians, Muslims, and Jews

What led to weakening of Middle Ages institutions?

• Bubonic Plague – Broke Feudalism, decrease Church authority

• Hundred Years War- No more knights, increased nationalism

• Great Schism- Decrease in church authority

What describes Incan religion?

• Ancestor Worship• Polytheism• Sun Worship• Animism

What was the stable crop of Mesoamerican tribes?

• Maize

Mali

• Mansa Musa ruled• Pilgrimage to Mecca• Islam• Trans-Saharan trade

route• Tolls collected in gold

and salt

What was traded on the Trans-Saharan trade route?

• Gold and Salt

Shinto

• Animistic religion• Japan• Later blended with Buddhism

Clovis

• King of the Franks• Merovingian Dynasty• Brought Christianity to the

Franks

Feudalism• Political system where loyalty is exchanged for

land and protection• Used to safe-guard against Viking attacks

What was the one unifying factor in the Middle Ages?

• Catholic Church

What purpose did monasteries serve in the Middle Ages?

• Preserved ancient manuscripts• Served as the foundation for universities

What caused the Sunni-Shi’a split?

• Death of Ali• Disagreement over who has a right to be the

caliph• Shia believe it should be a relative, Sunni don’t

believe this…

What helped lead to expansion of Islamic Empire?

• Devotion of people to the cause• Religious persecution and unrest in the

Byzantine and Persian Empires

What are some similarities between Hammurabi’s Code and Justinian’s Code?

• Written law codes• Became basis for laws • Lasted after death of creators

Divided Roman Empire

Western Rome• Attacked by pastoral

nomads• Spoke Latin• Practiced Roman

Catholicism• Authority is Pope• Falls in 5th century to

Germanic tribes

Eastern Rome• Attacked by pastoral

nomads• Spoke Greek• Practiced Eastern Orthodox • Authority is Emperor and

Patriarch• Lasted hundreds of years

after the fall of the western empire in the 5th century

What led to the spread of Eastern Orthodoxy?

• Creation of the Cyrillic Alphabet

Which religions are monotheistic and sent out missionaries to spread religion?

• Christianity and Islam

Julius Caesar

• Member of 1st Triumvirate• General• Led forces in Gaul• Defeated Pompey• Named dictator for LIFE• NOT EMPEROR• Killed by Senate

Athenians and Roman Government

Athenian Democracy• Direct democracy• Every citizen votes on every

bit of legislation• Built splendid buildings to

beautify Athens• Insisted on proper worship

of the gods for protection

Roman Republic• Citizens elect

representatives to rule for them

• Built splendid buildings to beautify Rome

• Insisted on proper worship of the gods (with the exception of the Jews)

How did the Roman Republic evolve over time?

• More power was given to the plebeians after the patricians abuse their power.

Who did cross-Asian trade (Silk Roads) connect?

• Roman Empire was now connected with Chinese textile producers.

What is classical culture?

• A blend of Roman and Greek culture.

Timeline in Rome

Roman Republic (500s BCE-27 BCE)Punic Wars (200s BCE)Roman Expansion

Julius Caesar and 1st Triumvirate (50s-40s BCE)collapse of Republic 27 BCE

Augustus Caesar and Imperial Rome (27 BCE- 476 BCE)Pax Romana (27 BCE- 180 CE)“Bad Emperors” (37-224 CE)Christianity (1st century CE)Germanic Invasions (Late 2nd century to 476 CE)Fall of Western Rome 476 CE

Han China and Rome

Han China• Centralized government

ruled by Emperor• Women were subordinated-

dictated by Confucianism- and in home

• Confucianism emphasized ancestor worship, obedience, filial piety

• Rapid expansion and trade with Rome

Imperial Rome• Centralized government

ruled by an Emperor• Women were subordinated-

dictated in religion as well as society- and in home

• Rapid expansion and trade with China

Motives for the CrusadesReligious Economic PoliticalPope Urban II promised those who fought and died a place in Heaven.

They wanted to “take back” the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks

Knights and commoners were fired up by their religious zeal.

Younger sons wanted to gain land and prestige by either fighting in this or gaining land from their deceased brothers

Land was promised to those who went and fought on behalf of the Christians.

Lords and kings wanted to give the feuding knights something to do. They always fought and this threatened the peace in the kingdom.

Kings gained favoritism and prestige for leading troops in the war.

Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy

Roman Catholicism• Centered in Rome• Far from seat of power in

the Roman Empire• Pope in head• Pope has authority over

kings and emperors• Latin in liturgy• Priests never marry and

practice celibacy

Eastern Orthodoxy• Centered in Constantinople• Closer to seat of power in

Roman Empire• Patriarch is head• Emperor has authority over

the Patriarch• Greek in liturgy• Priest can marry• Use icons to aid devotions

American Civilization

Aztec• Headed by Emperor• Agricultural and collect tribute• Live in the desert• Tenochtitlan and Teotihuacan • Human sacrifice large scale for

worship• Worship sun god - polytheistic• Constantly warring and taking

over new territories• Fell because of the

conquistadores• Written language

Inca• Headed by emperor• Primarily agricultural – divided

cities up by growing abilities• Live in mountains – high-altitude

agriculture• Cuzco and Machu Picchu• Ancestor worship through

mummies• Worship sun god – polytheistic• Fell because of conquistadores• Built road system with runners,

single language, and accounting system

• No written language